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Cancersurvivorshipandresilience:aframeworkforcoping
TimothyPearman,PhD,ABPPDirector,Suppor:veOncologyRobertH.LurieComprehensiveCancerCenterProfessorDepartmentofMedicalSocialSciencesDepartmentofPsychiatry&BehavioralSciencesNorthwesternUniversityFeinbergSchoolofMedicine
Overview
I. CancerSurvivorship:facts,figuresandtrendsII. Briefdescrip:onofmostcommonlyreportedsymptomsIII. WaystoenhancecopingwithchronicillnessIV. Normaladjustmentandtheconceptof“posttrauma:c
growth”
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Survivorship: Definition • “An individual is considered a cancer survivor from the time of diagnosis through
the balance of his or her life”1,2
• Some definitions also acknowledge the impact of cancer on families, friends and caregivers2,3
• To many, “cancer survivor” may indicate someone who “beat cancer” – this is not always the case1
1.Na:onalCoali:onforCancerSurvivorship.TimelineofAchievements.Availableat:hgp://www.canceradvocacy.org/about-us/what-weve-done/.2.HewigM,etal.Washington,DC:Na:onalAcademiesPress;2006.3.Na:onalCancerIns:tute.AboutCancerSurvivorshipResearch:SurvivorshipDefini:ons.Availableat:hgp://cancercontrol.cancer.gov/ocs/sta:s:cs/defini:ons.html.
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Whileapa:entbecomesacancersurvivoratthe:meofdiagnosis,thispresenta:onwillfocusontheen:recancer
experience,includingpost-primarytreatment
Cancerfactsandfigures
• Cancersurvivorsnownumber15.5million(NCI,2016)• Cancersurvivorscompriseapproximately5%oftheUSpopula:on
• 67%ofpeoplediagnosedwithcancertodaycanexpecttolive>5years
• 17%ofcancersurvivorsare>20yearsurvivors• S:llnotabledispari:esincancersurvivaldependingonspecificcancertypeandstage
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Bluethmann,ShirleyM.etal.An:cipa:ngthe“SilverTsunami”:PrevalenceTrajectoriesandComorbidityBurdenamongoldercancersurvivorsintheUnitedStates.CancerEpidemiolBiomarkersPrev;July201625(7),pg1029.
268
Estimated cancer prevalence by age in the US population from 1975 to 2040
Why the Increase in U.S. Cancer Survivors? • Cancer is primarily a disease of aging. The number of older
people in the U.S. is rapidly increasing1
• Widespread screening efforts have led to early diagnosis and improved prognosis2
• Clinical trials
• Advances in multi-modal cancer treatment have improved survival2
1. Cancer.net.AgingandCancer.Availableat:hgp://www.cancer.net/coping/age-specific-informa:on/cancer-older-adults/aging-and-cancer.
2. HewigM,etal.Washington,DC:Na:onalAcademiesPress;2006.
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Long-termandLatePhysicalEffectsofCancer
• Oneinfourcancersurvivorsreportpoorphysicalhealth1• Theterms“lateeffects”and“long-termeffects”canbeusedto
dis:nguishhealtheffectsaccordingtotheironset2
1. AmericanCancerSociety.StudiesShowCancerSurvivors’PhysicalandEmo:onalProblemsOrenGoUntreated.Availableat:hgp://www.cancer.org/cancer/news/studies-show-cancer-survivors-physical-and-emo:onal-problems-oren-go-untreated.
2. HewigM,etal.Washington,DC:Na:onalAcademiesPress;2006.
• Prevalentearlyonandmaylastforweeksormonths
• Persistfollowingacutecareandbecomechronicproblems
Long-termeffects:
• Arisemonths,yearsarertreatmentLateeffects:
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Examples:Long-termandLateEffects
• Symptomsdifferfrompersontopersonandwitheachdifferenttherapy1• Examples:
Long-termEffects
• Treatment-relatedfa:gue,andneuropathies2
• Persistentpain1• Skinsensi:vity,andlymphedema2• Cogni:vechanges3• Infec:ons1• Fer:lityissues1• Prematuremenopause,andropause1• Skinintegrityrelatedtoostomies1
LateEffects• HeartProblems2
• NerveProblems2
• Increasedriskofothercancers2• Osteoporosis1
1.LeighS.AJN.2006;106(S3):12-14.2.Na:onalCancerIns:tute.ChemotherapyandYou.Availableathgp://www.cancer.gov/publica:ons/pa:ent-educa:on/chemotherapy-and-you.pdf.3.DickermanJ.Pediatrics.2007;119;554-568.
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Symptomprevalence
• Cella,SeminarsinOncology,1998
0 20 40 60 80
Fatigue
Pain
Anxiety
Sadness
Nausea
Consequencesofemo:onaldistressandfa:gue
• QOLimpairment
• Decreasedemploymentfunc:oning
• Decreasedmedicaladherence
• Increasedmedicalcosts
• Increasedhealthriskbehaviors
• Decreasedhealthprotec:onbehaviors
Whymusttheseeffectsbeaddressed?
• Needs,opportuni:es&op:onsareorenhidden:orenpa:entsdon’tdiscussthesesymptomswithprovidersandprovidersdon’talwaysask
• 94%ofoncologyspecialistsseesupportservicesasapriorityfortheirpa:ents.
• Pa:entsandfamilieswantsupport
• Forpa:entsexperiencingdepression,anxiety,andfa:guethereAREGOODTREATMENTSAVAILABLE
Components of Healthy Behavior: Self-Care
PhysicalacMvity1,2 NutriMonalrecommendaMons1,2
StressreducMon1 Medicalcare1
1. Livestrong.org.PlanningforHealthyLiving.Availableathgps://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/healthy-living-arer-treatment/planning-for-healthy-living.
2. RockCL,etal.CACancerJClin.2012;62:242-274. 275
EXERCISE! • Exercise is the most strongly
supported behavioral intervention for fatigue
• Consult with physician and/or physical therapist
• Surgeon General recommends 30 min moderate activity most days
• Generally, easy to find community resources: look for senior centers, churches, cancer support communities
Exercise parameters • Ac:vitypacing:startwith10minutes,increase:meby20%perweek
• Lowtomoderateintensitytostart(e.g.walking,swimming,taichi)
• Weightbearingexercisetostrengthenbones(esp.inmenopausalwomen)
• Gentlestretchingandbreathingexercises
• Yoga:mostrigorouslyvalidatedfa:gueinterven:oninoncologypa:ents
Nutrition • Choose food and drinks in amounts to
get to and maintain ideal body weight
• Limit amounts of processed meat and red meat
• Eat at least 2½ cups of vegetables and fruits each day
• Choose whole grains instead of refined grains
• Limit alcohol to no more than 1 drink per day for women or 2 per day for men
RockCL,etal.CACancerJClin.2012;62(4):243-274.
279
Stress Reduction
• Engaging in activities that are enjoyable and create laughter1,2
• Scheduling daily leisure time and social activities2
• Writing in a journal1,2
• Practicing relaxation techniques (e.g., meditation, guided imagery, breathing exercises, yoga)2
• Prioritizing tasks2
• Asking for help with daily activities2
• Attending a support group or counseling1,2
1. Livestrong.org.PlanningforHealthyLiving.Availableat:hgps://www.livestrong.org/we-can-help/healthy-living-arer-treatment/planning-for-healthy-living.
2. Cancer.net.ManagingStress.Availableat:hgp://www.cancer.net/all-about-cancer/cancernet-feature-ar:cles/quality-life/managing-stress.
ThereareseveralbasicacMviMesthatsurvivorscanusetomanagestress:
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Adjustmentarerdiagnosis
• Manycancersurvivorsshowposi:veadjustmentwithin1-2yearspost-diagnosis(Stantonetal.,2005)
• Posi:velifechangesarereportedbythemajorityofsurvivors(Stantonetal.,2006)
• Reportedbenefitsinclude:- Greatercompassion- Enhancedin:macy,rela:onshipquality- Apprecia:onforlife- Enhancementofskillsandstrengths- Deepenedspirituality
281
Aboutgrowthandresilience
• Manysurvivorsshowevidenceofresilienceandgrowth• Resilienceand/orgrowthmayhappeninoneareaoflifeexperience,yetnotanother
• Growthanddistresscan,anddo,co-exist!
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Whatispost-trauma:cgrowth?
• Posi:vechangeorgrowth(Tedeschietal.,1998)• Basedontwocondi:ons:- Presenceormajorthreatortrauma(e.g.cancer)- Evidenceofposi:vegrowthoradjustmentrelatedtothetrauma(“despite”or“becauseof”)
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Whyfocusonpost-trauma:cgrowth?
• “Thelawoffloata:onwasnotdiscoveredbycontempla:ngthesinkingofthings,butbycontempla:ngthefloa:ngofthingswhichfloatednaturally,andthenintelligentlyaskingwhytheydidso.”
• -ThomasTroward
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Respondingtocancerinthecontextofalife
• Ovariancanceristhe“trauma”thatbroughtustogethertoday
• Foreachsurvivor,however,thattraumaisjustonepieceofhis/herlifeandlifespan
• Survivorquotes:- “Idon’tsweatthesmallstuffanymore.”- “Itakemore:meformyfamily…Idon’ttakethemforgranted.”- “Havingthisdiseasemademerealizethatthereweres:llthingsIwantedtodo,andplacesIwantedtogo.”
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Thankyou!