Canola: A Multipurpose Alternative Crop for the Region

Dr. Sangu AngadiCrop Stress Physiologist

Dr. Sultan BegnaAgriculture Research Scientist

New Mexico State UniversityAgricultural Science Center at Clovis

Outline

Canola Introduction

Benefits of Canola

Challenges of Growing Canola

Lessons Learned

Canola Research

Summary

What is Canola?

Canola Development

Rape Seed Canola

Univ. of Manitoba, Canada (1970’s)

• Reduced Erucic Acid• Reduced Glucosinolates

Species

Brassica napus(Argentine canola)

Brassica rapa(Polish canola)

• Longer duration• Higher yielding

• Shorter duration• Lower yielding

Brassica juncea(Indian mustard)

• More heat & drought tolerance• More arid areas

Brassica carinata(Euthiopean mustard)

• Even More heat & drought tolerance• Jet fuel development

(www.research.bayer.com)

Spring Canola Area

Spring Canola Area

Spring Canola Area

WinterCanolaArea Brassica

CarinataBrassica Carinata

Canola Seed Canola Oil

Canola Meal (Amazon.com)

(Alibaba.com)

Canola Production

Mustard

Canola

Wheat

Apr May June Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Months

Bio

mass

Freeze Kill

2

4

6

Apr May June Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Months

Bio

mass

Regrowth

Freeze Kill

Harvest2

4

6

Bolting

Flowering

Pod Development

Apr May June Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Months

Bio

mass

Canola Benefits

Water Use

Pro

ducti

vit

y

Ideal Crop for the Region

W-W 10bu/ac C-W 25bu/ac

Wheat Yields

Same Planting Date, Variety, and Fertility in the middle of the drought

Canola makes wheat growers a better wheat formers- Heath Sanders-Canola Agronomist

Dec 12, 06

Resource Use Efficiency

Shallow Rooted Crop

Deep Rooted CropNutrients,

water

Multispecies cover cropping uses similar principle.

Changing Consumer Demand:Food for ‘Energy, etc’ vs. ‘Nutrition, healthy living’

Healthy Oil

Honeybees on Canola 04/18/16

Glycerin

Protein supplement

Mustard Safflower

Camelina

Canola SunflowerSeeds

Alternative Biodiesel Crops

Biodiesel Plant in Canola

Canola Production

Canola Production

Canola Production

Processing

Processing

NewProcessing

Oil Export

Biodiesel Export

Meal distribution to local dairies

Buffer Seasonal Extremes (Crop Diversity):‘Low and high rainfall’, ‘hail storm’, ‘wind storm’, ‘heat and freeze

temperatures’

Ra

in (

in)

1

3

5

Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

1

3

52007

1950-2005

1

3

52009

(16.8 in)

(18.5 in)

(17.5 in)

1

3

5(8.2 in)

1

3

5

2011

2012 (9.5 in)

1

3

5

1

3

5

2013 (13.8 in)

2014 (12.9 in)

1357 2015 (30.4 in)

Clovis Monthly Rainfall

Hail Storm, Clovis (June 8, 2014)

Canola and Wheat at Harvest

≈ 50% canola yield (combined)

Not harvested

Alternative Crops: Hail Damage

Corn: Hail damaged Safflower: Zero Hail damage Canola: Hail damaged

(Clovis, 8/8/2012)

Non-shattering Canola

(www.research.bayer.com)

Canola Freeze Injury & Recovery

(Clovis, NM)

Late Spring Frost

(Mar 28, 09)

Freeze Injury

(Apr 17, 09)

Recovery

(Apr 30, 09)

Winter Canola Freeze Damage & Recovery

What are challenges of growing Canola?

• Insects• Weather

Canola Flea Beetles

(Clovis 07)

Diamond Back Moth

Aphids

(Clovis 09)

False Chinch Bug

(Clovis 08)

Thrips

(Clovis 09)

Harlequin Bug

Lessons Learned

Winter Canola Variety Trial

Winter Canola Irrigation Trial

Dual Purpose Canola Production

National Winter Canola Variety Trial

Season # of Varieties Seed Yield Rangelb/ac

Average Yieldlb/ac

Gross Income$

2009-10 16 (3162-3799) 3643 546

2010-11 44 (608-2418) 1759 264

2011-12 45 (1563-3930) 2724 409

2012-13 50 (1680-3494) 2707 406

2013-14 47 (807-2061) 1271 191

2014-15 54 (2666-4641) 3811 572

2015-16 48 (1777-4477) 3548 532

2016-17 39 (928-1887) 1251 188

(7.50 $/bushel used)

Winter Canola: Deficit Irrigation Management

(Clovis, 2014)

Winter Canola Root System and Water Needs

16 19 22 25 28

Soil

dep

th (

cm)

30

50

70

90

110

130

150

Soil Moisture Content (m3 m

-3)

16 19 22 25 28 16 19 22 25 28

(Clovis, 2009)

Water Extraction

300 mm

Begining

(Winter Canola)

End of season

150 mm0 mm

(Winter Canola & Wheat)

47 mm 39 mm 12 mm

59 mm 56 mm 51 mm

(Clovis, 2009-11)

Water Use and Forage ProductionBy Winter Canola & Wheat

See

dY

ield

(M

g h

a-1

)

1

2

3

4

5

6

Canola (DKW41-10)

20102009 2011

200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Bio

ma

ss Y

ield

(M

g h

a-1

)

5

7

9

11

13

15

17

19

200 300 400 500 600 700 800 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

Canola (Rally)Wheat (TAM 111)

Total Water Use (mm)

Winter Canola Variety Critical Stage Based Irrigation Trial

Pre-SeasonIrrigation

Critical Stage Irrgation

Seed Yieldlbs/ac

Pods/Plant Seeds/pod 1000 Seed Weight (g)

Pre-season Irrigated 1863 102 16 4.38

Vegetative

Stress1787 85 12 4.50

Reproductive

Stress1252 82 13 4.51

Rainfed 931 58 10 4.57

No-Pre-

season Irrigated 1616 127 16 4.38

Vegetative

Stress1136 75 12 4.74

Reproductive

Stress852 62 13 4.37

Rainfed 513 39 9 4.64

Dual Purpose Crops

What’s for me!!!

Dual Purpose Canola

Australian Dual Purpose Canola

(Clovis, 2012-13)

Forage Productivity

Forage Harvest

Fo

rag

e B

iom

ass

(t

ac-1

)

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0 Griffin

DKW 44-10

Saffron

Wheat

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

(Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13) (Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)

Regrowth Harvest(Apr 17, 14)

(Clovis, 2012-13)

Forage Quality

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

(Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13)

Forage Harvest

Rel

ati

ve

Fee

d Q

ua

lity

(R

FQ

)

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0

350.0

Griffin

DKW 44-10

Safran

Wheat (Tam 111)

(Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)

(Clovis, 2012-13)

Forage Nitrate Content

Forage Harvest

Nit

rate

(p

pm

)

0.0

500.0

1000.0

1500.0

2000.0

2500.0 Griffin

DKW 44-10

Safran

Wheat (TAM 111)

1st 2nd 3rd 4th

(Nov 29, 12) (Feb 13, 13) (Mar 13, 13) (Apr 17, 13)

Canola for Silage, Clovis 2016

Farmer’s field near Melrose (3/24/16)

Declining resources and increasing uncertainty are creating an opportunity to assess alternative crops and cropping systems in the region.

Crop diversity will be the need of the future.

Changing consumer needs will be a major player in adoption of alternative crops.

Winter CanolaLiterature

(K-State)

(Clovis, 2013)

Acknowledgements:Ag. Expt. Station, NMSUUSDA-NIFA- Alternative CropsSouth Central SunGrant

Technical Help:Aaron Scott, Eldon Hays, Maria Nunez, Miguel Nunez, JoleenSzaloy

Temperature Extremes: Cold!!!

, David Rodriguez