Canrbon Capture and Sequestration_.doc

8/10/2019 Canrbon Capture and Sequestration_.doc

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CARBON CAPTURE AND SEQUESTRATION

Contents1. Introduction:........................................................................................................................ 1

2. Capture ............................................................................................................................... 2

3. Transport ............................................................................................................................. 3

4. Storage ............................................................................................................................... 3

i. Geological storage ........................................................................................................... 3

ii. Ocean storage.............................................................................................................. 4

iii. Mineral storage............................................................................................................. 4

5. Leakage .............................................................................................................................. 4

6. Sequestration and tili!ation ............................................................................................... 4

". #iscussion and $n%iron&ental $''ects ................................................................................ 5

(. )i*liograp+, ........................................................................................................................ 6

-u&*er o' Ta*le

Ta*le/1:$&issions to air 'ro& plants 0it+ CCS kg+.............................................. 6


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Capturing and compressing CO2 ma! increase the fuel needs of a coal/red CCSplant b! 29587.%8'"hese and other s!stem costs are estimated to increase thecost of the energ! produced b! 2&56&7 for purpose built plants.%8'ppl!ing thetechnolog! to existing plants would be more expensi#e especiall! if the! are farfrom a sequestration site.


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gas consists of mainl! carbon dioxide and water #apour, the latter of which iscondensed through cooling. "he result is an almost pure carbon dioxide stream thatcan be transported to the sequestration site and stored. ower plant processesbased on ox!fuel combustion are sometimes referred to as Jero emissionJ c!cles,because the CO2 stored is not a fraction remo#ed from the Hue gas stream (as inthe cases of pre/ and post/combustion capture) but the Hue gas stream itself. certain fraction of the CO2generated during combustion will ine#itabl! end up in

the condensed water. "o warrant the label Jero emissionJ the water would thusha#e to be treated or disposed of appropriatel!. "he technique is promising, but theinitial air separation step demands a lot of energ!.

n alternate method under de#elopment is chemical looping combustion(CAC).Chemical looping uses a metal oxide as a solid ox!gen carrier. Metal oxide particlesreact with a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel in a Huidied bedcombustor, producingsolid metal particles and a mixture of carbon dioxide and water #apor. "he water#apor is condensed, lea#ing pure carbon dioxide, which can then be sequestered.

"he solid metal particles are circulated to another Huidied bed where the! react

with air, producing heat and regenerating metal oxide particles that arerecirculated to the Huidied bed combustor. #ariant of chemical looping is calciumlooping, which uses the alternating carbonation and then calcination of a calciumoxidebased carrier as a means of capturing CO2.%&&'

3. Transport

fter capture, the CO2 would ha#e to be transported to suitable storage sites. "hisis done b! pipeline, which is generall! the cheapest form of transport. $n 20,there were approximatel! 9,0 m of CO2 pipelines in the Knited States, used totransport CO2 to oil production elds where it is then in*ected into older elds to

extract oil.

4. torage

3arious forms ha#e been concei#ed for permanent storage of CO2. "hese formsinclude gaseous storage in #arious deep geological formations (including salineformations and exhausted gas elds), and solid storage b! reaction of CO2 withmetal oxidesto produce stable carbonates.

i. Geological storage

lso nown as geo/sequestration, this method in#ol#es in*ecting carbon dioxide,generall! in supercriticalform, directl! into underground geological formations. Oilelds, gas elds, saline formations, unmineable coal seams, and saline/lled basaltformations ha#e been suggested as storage sites. 3arious ph!sical (e.g., highl!impermeable caproc) and geochemical trapping mechanisms would pre#ent theCO2 from escaping to the surface.%&2'

CO2 is sometimes in*ected into declining oil elds to increase oil reco#er!.pproximatel! - to 9 million metric tonnes of CO2 are in*ected annuall! in theKnited States into declining oil elds. "his option is attracti#e because the geolog!of h!drocarbon reser#oirs is generall! well understood and storage costs ma! bepartl! o:set b! the sale of additional oil that is reco#ered.%&8'=isad#antages of old

oil elds are their geographic distribution and their limited capacit!, as well as the

age 3of ;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_looping_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_looping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_looping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_seamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-Energy_Institute-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-26http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_looping_combustionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluidizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_looping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calcium_looping&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-18http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercritical_fluidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coal_seamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprockhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-Energy_Institute-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_oil_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-26


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fact that subsequent burning of the additional oil reco#ered will o:set much or allof the reduction in CO2 emissions.%&-'

Knmineable coal seams can be used to store CO2because the CO2moleculesattach to the surface of coal. "he technical feasibilit!, howe#er, depends on thepermeabilit! of the coal bed. $n the process of absorption the coal releasespre#iousl! absorbedmethane, and the methane can be reco#ered (enhanced coal bed

methane recovery). "he sale of the methane can be used to o:set a portion of thecost of the CO2storage. Durning the resultant methane, howe#er, would negatesome of the benet of sequestering the original CO2.

Saline formations contain highl! mineralied brines, and ha#e so far beenconsidered of no benet to humans. Saline aquifers ha#e been used for storage ofchemical waste in a few cases. "he main ad#antage of saline aquifers is their largepotential storage #olume and their common occurrence. "he ma*or disad#antage ofsaline aquifers is that relati#el! little is nown about them, especiall! compared tooil elds. "o eep the cost of storage acceptable, the geoph!sical exploration ma!be limited, resulting in larger uncertaint! about the aquifer structure. Knliestorage in oil elds or coal beds, no side product will o:set the storage cost.

Aeaage of CO2 bac into the atmosphere ma! be a problem in saline aquiferstorage. Current research shows, howe#er, that trapping mechanisms such asstructural trapping, residual trapping, solubilit! trapping and mineral trapping couldimmobilie the CO2 underground and reduce the ris of leaage.%&2'

ii. Ocean storage

$n the past, it was suggested that CO2could be stored in the oceans, but suchpractices ha#e been made illegal under specic regulations, and ocean storage isno longer considered feasible.%;'

iii. Mineral storage

$n this process, CO2 is exothermicall!reacted with a#ailable metal oxides, which inturn produces stable carbonates. "his process occurs naturall! o#er man! !earsand is responsible for a great amount of surface limestone."he reaction rate canbe made faster, for example b! reacting at higher temperatures andLor pressures,or b! pre/treatment of the minerals, although this method can require additionalenerg!. "he $CCestimates that a power plant equipped with CCS using mineralstorage will need ;5&07 more energ! than a power plant without CCS.%8'

!. "ea#age

ma*or concern with CCS is whether leaage of stored CO2 will compromise CCSas a climate change mitigation option. or well/selected, designed and managedgeological storage sites, $CC estimates that riss are comparable to thoseassociated with current h!drocarbon acti#it!. lthough some question thisassumption as arbitrar! citing a lac of experience in such long termstorage. CO2 could be trapped for millions of !ears, and although some leaageoccurs upwards through the soil, well selected storage sites are liel! to retain o#er667 of the in*ected CO2 o#er & !ears. Aeaage through the in*ection pipe is agreater ris.%&9'

age 4of ;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_coal_bed_methane_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_coal_bed_methane_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-Energy_Institute-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-greenfacts.org-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-IPCC_CC-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-27http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_coal_bed_methane_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhanced_coal_bed_methane_recoveryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-Energy_Institute-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-greenfacts.org-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exothermichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-IPCC_CC-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-41


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$. e%uestration and &tili'ation

Carbon se%uestrationis the process of captureand long/term storage ofatmospheric carbon dioxide(CO2)%&;'and ma! refer specicall! toE

o J"he process of remo#ing carbon from the atmosphere and depositing it in a

reser#oir.J +hen carried out deliberatel!, this ma! also be referred to

as carbon dioxide remo#al, which is a form of geo/engineering.

o "he process of carbon capture and storage, where carbon dioxide is remo#ed

from Hue gases, such as on power stations, before being stored inunderground reser#oirs.

o ?atural biogeochemical c!clingof carbonbetween the atmosphereand

reser#oirs, such as b! chemical weatheringof rocs.

o Carbon sequestration describes long/term storage of carbon dioxideor other

forms of carbonto either mitigate or defer global warmingand a#oid

dangerous climate change. $t has been proposed as a wa! to slow theatmospheric and marine accumulation of greenhouse gases, which arereleased b! burning fossil fuels.

o Carbon dioxide is naturall! captured from the atmosphere through biological,

chemical or ph!sical processes. Some anthropogenic sequestrationtechniques exploit these natural processes, while some use entirel! articialprocesses.

o Carbon dioxide ma! be captured as a pure b!/product in processes related

to petroleum reningor from Hue gases from power generation. CO

2 sequestration includes the storage part of carbon capture and storage,which refers to large/scale, permanent articial capture and sequestration ofindustriall! produced CO2 using subsurface salineaquifers, reser#oirs, ocean water, aging oil elds,or other carbon sins.

(. )iscussion and *n+ironmental *,ects

"he theoretical merit of CCS s!stems is the reduction of CO2 emissions b! up to67, depending on plant t!pe. 1enerall!, en#ironmental e:ects from use of CCS

arise during power production, CO2 capture, transport, and storage.

dditional energ! is required for CO2 capture, and this means that substantiall!more fuel has to be used to produce the same amount of power, depending on theplant t!pe. or new super/critical pul#eried coal (C) plants using currenttechnolog!, the extra energ! requirements range from 28 to 87, while for naturalgas combined c!cle (?1CC) plants the range is &&5227 and for coal/basedgasication combined c!cle ($1CC) s!stems it is &85297 %$CC, 29'.%&B'Ob#iousl!, fuel use and en#ironmental problems arising from mining andextraction of coal or gas increase accordingl!. lants equipped with Hue/gasdesulfuriation(1=) s!stems for sulfur dioxidecontrol require proportionall!

greater amounts of limestone, and s!stems equipped with selecti#e catal!tic

age !of ;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_refininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_fixationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sequestration#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_removalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoengineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue_gaseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_stationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogeochemical_cyclinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospherehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_weatheringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitigation_of_global_warminghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avoiding_dangerous_climate_changehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_refininghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_generationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquifershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_sinkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-136http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_dioxidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction


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reductions!stems for nitrogen oxides produced during combustionrequireproportionall! greater amounts of ammonia.

$CC has pro#ided estimates of air emissions from #arious CCS plant designs (seetable below). +hile CO2 is drasticall! reduced though ne#er completel! captured,emissions of air pollutants increase signicantl!, generall! due to the energ!penalt! of capture. Gence, the use of CCS entails a reduction in air qualit!. "!peand amount of air pollutants still depends on technolog!. CO2 is captured withalaline sol#ents catching the acidic CO2 at low temperatures in the absorber andreleasing CO2 at higher temperatures in a desorber. Chilled mmonia CCS lantsha#e ine#itable ammonia emissions to air. Junctionalied mmoniaJ emit lessammonia, but amines ma! form secondar! amines and these will emit #olatilenitrosamines%&0'b! a side reaction with nitrogen/dioxide, which is present in an!Hue gas e#en after =e?Ox. ?e#ertheless, there are ad#anced amines in testingwith little to no #apor pressure to a#oid these amine/ andconsecuti#e nitrosamineemissions. ?e#ertheless, all the capture plants amines ha#e in common, thatpracticall! &7 of remaining sulfur dioxide from the plant is washed out of theHue gas, the same applies to dustLash.

Table-1:*missions to air from plants ith CC /#g0/h

Natural gas combined cycle Pulverized

coal

Integrated gasification combined

cycle

CO2 43 (-!"# $%& ('&"# !& ('"#

NO %)$$ (*22"# %)&& (*3$"# %)$ (*$$"#

+O - %)%%$('!!)&"# %)33 (*$&)!"#

,mmonia %)%%2 (before %# %)23 (*22%%"# -

.ased on /able 3)0 in 1IPCC 2%%0) .eteen brac5ets the increase or decrease com6ared to a

similar 6lant ithout CC+

age $of ;
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-137http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NOxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage#cite_note-137


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5. 6ibliography

&. J$CC Special


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&8. J1ood plant design and operation for onshore carbon capture installations

and onshore pipelines / Carbon dioxide storageJ. @nerg! $nstitute. "echnieI pril 26I CCS leaage riss

&;.

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Canrbon Capture and Sequestration_.doc