cao dao tuc ngu voi hoa hoc

8/8/2019 cao dao tuc ngu voi hoa hoc

1/15

Ca dao tc ngvi Ha hc

Dnh tng nhng ngi yu Ha hc

Copyright V NgcBnh, http://ngocbinh.webdayhoc.net



2/15


1. Gii thch cu ca dao

Anh ng bc bc lm cao

Phn chua em nh nc no cng trong

Gii thch:

Phn chua l mui sunfat kp ca nhm v kali. dng tinh th

ngm 24 phn t H2O nn c cng thc ho hc l

K2SO4.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O.

Phn chua cn c gi l phn nhm, ngi ta bit phn nhm

cn trc c kim loi nhm.

Phn nhm c iu ch t cc nguyn liu l t st (c thnh

phn chnh l Al2O3), axit sunfuric v K2SO4.

Phn chua khng c, c v cht chua, t tan trong nc lnh nhng tan

rt nhiu trong nc nng nn rt d tinh ch bng kt tinh li trong nc.

Cng do to ra kt ta Al(OH)3 khi khuy phn vo nc dnh

kt cc ht t nh l lng trong nc c thnh ht t to hn, nng v

chm xung lm trong nc.

Anh ng bc bc lm cao

Phn chua em nh nc no cng trong

Phn chua rt cn cho vic x l nc c cc vng l c

nc trong dng cho tm, git.

V cc phn chua trong v sng cho nn ng y cn gi l minh

phn (minh l trong sng, phn l phn).

Theo y hc c truyn th:

Phn chua, chua cht, lnh lngGii c, to thp, st trng ngoi da

D dy, vim rut, thp t

Dng liu tht t, thuc rt hay


3/15


Phn chua lm ht nga, st trng v vy sau khi co mt xong, th

ct tc thng ly mt ming phn chua to xoa vo da mt cho khch.

Phn chua dng bo ch ra cc thuc cha au rng, au mt,

cm mu, ho ra mu (cc loi xut huyt).

2. Theo ng y, hn the c v ngt mn, tnh mt dng h st, tiu

vim, cha bnh vim hng, vim hnh nhn hch, sng lot rng li.

Nn c cu cao dao sau:

Hn the ngt, mn, mt thay

Tiu vim, h st, li hay au u

Vim hng, vim li luVim hch, vim mt thuc u snh bng.

Ty y dng dung dch axit boric long lm nc ra mt, dng

natri tetraborat ch thuc cha au rng, li. Vy hn the l cht g ?

Gii thch:

Hn the l cht natri tetraborat (cn gi l borac) ng y gi l

bng sa hoc nguyt thch, dng tinh th ngm 10 phn t H2O

(Na2B4O7.10H2O). Tinh th trong sut, tan nhiu trong nc nng, khng

tan trong cn 900.

Trc y ngi ta thng dng hn the lm cht ph gia cho vo

gi la, bnh ph, bnh cun cho nhng th ny khi n s cm thy

dai v gin. Ngay t nm 1985 t chc th gii cm dng hn the lm

cht ph gia cho thc phm v n c, c th gy sc, try tim, co git v

hn m.

Natri tetraborat to thnh hp cht mu vi nhiu oxit kim loi khi

nng chy, gi l ngc borac.

Trong t nhin, borac c dng khong vt tinkan, cn kenit cha

Na2B4O7.4H2O. Borac dng sn xut men mu cho gm s, thu tinh

mu v thu tinh quang hc, cht lm sch kim loi khi hn, cht st


4/15


trng v cht bo qun, cht ty trng vi si. Hn the cn c dng

bo ch dc phm.

Theo ng y, hn the c v ngt mn, tnh mt dng h st, tiu

vim, cha bnh vim hng, vim hnh nhn hch, sng lot rng li.

Hn the ngt, mn, mt thay

Tiu vim, h st, li hay au u

Vim hng, vim li lu

Vim hch, vim mt thuc u snh bng.

Ty y dng dung dch axit boric long lm nc ra mt, dng

natri tetraborat ch thuc cha au rng, li.

3. Gng c nhiu cng dng nn c cu dao:

"Chua, cay, mn, ngt tng.

Gng cay, mui mn xin ng qun nhau"

Gng c nhng cng dng g ?

Gii thch:

Trong n ung gng c nhiu cng dng nh:

- Chng lnh cho thc n c tnh lnh nh bu b, cc loi ci, cc mn thusn (c, cua, c), gia cm ( min Nam, vt luc phi chm nc mm gng),

gia sc nh tht tru, tht b c hp gng l mn c sn.

- Lm dy mi thm bnh mt, ch, ru, bia

- Chng nhim vi sinh vt (da, kim chi)

Trong phng cha bnh, gng c nhiu tc dng:

- Cha cm lnh, ri lon tiu ho

- Trong gng c cht jamical c tnh dit nm, mecin c tnh dit khun.

- Lm gim m mu, h thuyt p, kch thch tiu ho... Do gng c nhiu

cng dng nn c cu dao:

"Chua, cay, mn, ngt tng.

Gng cay, mui mn xin ng qun nhau"


5/15


4. Ming tru mang rt nhiu ngha:

Ming tru dng trong giao tip, ming tru l u cu chuyn:

"Tin y n mt ming tru

Hi rng qu qun u chng l "

Ming tru dng trao duyn:

"Tru ny tru qu, tru hoa

Tru Loan, tru Phng, tru ta, tru mnh"

Ming tru dng trch ngi bn trai chm chn:

"Ba ng mt m tru cay

Sao anh khng hi nhng ngy cn khng

By gi em c chngNh l c chu, chim lng bit sao "

Ming tru dng khuyn nh la i

"C phi duyn nhau th thm li

ng xanh nh l, bc nh vi"

Ming tru dng ni khi gip vic ci xin:

"Gip cho quan tm tin cheo

Quan nm tin ci li o bung cau"

Ming tru dng trang im:

"Tru ny tru tnh, tru tnh

n vo thm mi mnh, mi ta"

Ming tru dng o thi gian:

"Lng ging n u

Ch em n gip b tru em sang

i ta cng mt lng

Cng i mt ng vi vng chi anh"

Hoc l:

"Ngi chi mi gip b tru

Mong anh nn li, i cu gii by"


6/15


ng cha ta dng ming tru din t cc cung bc ca tnh cm.

Cy cau, gin giu (tru) i vo vn th ca.

Th Nguyn Bnh:

"Nh em c mt gin giu

Nh ti c mt hng cau lin phng

Thn oi ngi nh thn ng

Cau thn oi nh giu khng() thn no ? "

V:

"Ci ngy em i ly chng

Giu khng dy chng bun leo vo gin"

Dn ca quan h Bc Ninh""Cau non snh vi tru vng

Con non kt bn, tru vng kt duyn"

Hay:

"Tng t mi d su

Cha n m thy say ming tru"

V:

"Say nhau quan h cng say

Nng niu mt ming tru ny mi nhau

thng n tn vn cau

yu xin gi ming tru lm tin"

V lc gi bn:

"Ming tru cnh phng hng mi

Dt do cu ht ngi i ng v"

Vn ho tru cau c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no ?

Giu khng l tn cy cho l n tru (n giu)


7/15


Gii thch:

Truyn thuyt dn gian "tru

cau" c lu truyn t i Vn

Lang n nay. Ngy nay cn rt t

ngi n tru nhng ming tru

i vo i sng vn ho, t nh cm

v phong tc ca dn tc ta hng

my ngn nm vn hin. Vn ho

"Tru cau" mang tnh c o ca

ngi Vit Nam. Tch truyn "Tru

cau' c in nh Vit Namdng thnh phim truyn hp dn,

cn ca khc v tch "tru cau" c t trc cch mng thng 8 (1945)

ngha ho hc :

Trc y ngi ta thng mi nhau n ming tru cho vui, cho

m ngi, cho thm ming... c ng n tru s lm cho vui, m v sch

ming hay khng ?

L tru c cha t 1,8 - 2,4% tinh du, ch yu l chavibetol v

chavicol cng mt s phenolic khc. Nc p l tru c tc dng tng p,

gim mch ngoi vi v tnh khng sinh rt mnh. ng y dng tru nh

gi, cha cm cm, bng, cha vt thng.

Trong ht cau (y hc c truyn gi l - inh lang) c khong 18%

tanin, 14% cht du, 2% mui khong v cc hp cht ancaloit, c bit

l arecolin (C6H13NO2) chim 0,5%. Chnh arecolin c tc dng lm tit

nc bt, lm co ng t mt, kch thch thn kinh ph giao cm.

Tru cau khng th thiu vi, khng c vi ming tru khng th

chuyn sang mu . Vi l cht kim, khi tc dng vi arecolin, cht ny

c tnh c v chuyn thnh arecaidin khng c m c tc dng gy

hng phn.


8/15


Ngi ta thng thm vo ming tru mt lt v r cy chay. V

c tc dng tng thm tanin cho ming tru. Nhai ming tru khong 15 -

20 pht, bt u "gip b tru", nhit c th 370C, cc phn ng ho

hc, phn ng sinh mu gia cc phenolic, arecolin, arecaidin, tanin v

cc cht khc trong mi trng kim xy ra. Chnh cc phn ng ny

to cho ngi n tru cm gic say, hng phn, m p lm cho da mt

hng ho, mi thm, chng cm cm, dit khun, lm sch ming, lm

cht chn rng. n tru chnh l mt cch trang im ca ngi ph n

trc y. Ming tru lm cho i m thm hng, i mi thm thm,

cho lng thm say.

ngha nhn vn:

L tru, qu cau l hai th khng th thiu trong cc t l, th

cng thn thnh, t tin. Ngi ta thng ni "hng, hoa, ph, tu, bc

l chi nghi" (hng, hoa, tru, ru, bc l l nghi thc).

Ming tru c mt trong mi l nghi, ci hi, gi chp, tang gia...

tr thnh phong tc, truyn thng ca ngi Vit Nam. Ngy nay tuy

khng n tru nhng trong cc l nghi ngi ta vn gi phong tc truyn

thng ngha l vn c tru, cau. L dm hi cn gi l l "b ci tru".

5. Ngy xa, cc c c cu: Nam v tu nh k v phong ni ln

tc dng hng phn ca ru. Ru ngm thuc gi l ru thuc dng

cha bnh v tm b cth.

Ci nguy him l ai cng bit ung nhiu ru l c hi nhng hay

b qu chn v d nghin khi nghin th rt kh t b . i vi mt

s ngi n nh tnh yu. Nh th Tn vit:Say sa ngh cng h i

H th h tht, say thi (th) vn say

Trong cc cuc vui chng ta nn tu bt kh p v ngn ng Nga

c cu: Khi say bin ch n u gi m nghin th Tri ch b bng


9/15


vung. L Bch mt nh th ln i ng Trung Quc, qu say

khi lm th m nhy xung sng vt nh trng vng.

Vn ho ru c ngha ho hc v nhn vn nh th no? V

sao ru gi c th lm cht ngi?

Gii thch:

Ru ung tn ho hc l etanol

c cng thc C2H5OH. Ru trng

l dung dch ca C2H5OH trong

nc vi nng khc nhau.

ru l phn trm th tch caru trong dung dch nc. Ru

400

l loi ru m 100 ml dung

dch ru ny th c 40ml ru v

60ml nc. Ru c nng cao khong 80 0 90 gi l cn.

V ho hc, ru l dn xut ca hidrocacbon trong mt hoc

nhiu nguyn t hiro c thay th bng nhm hidroxyl (OH). l

khi nim chung v ru, nhng ch c etanol mi ung c. Trn th

gii, chng dn tc no khng dng ru, c khc chng ch l khu v

tng vng.

Ru l con dao hai li, nu dng t v hp l th c li cn khi

lm dng dn n nghin li l k th nguy him.

V mt y hc, ru c tnh gy ng v an thn, c ch thn kinh,

gim au, nu ung t s tng tit dch v, tng hp th, tng nhu ng rut,

n ngon ming... V vy s l bt cng v thiu khch quan nu ch hon

ton ln n ru, coi ru l k th nguy him nh ma tu v thuc l.

Ngy xa, cc c c cu: Nam v tu nh k v phong ni

ln tc dng hng phn ca ru. Ru ngm thuc gi l ru thuc

dng cha bnh v tm b c th.


10/15


Ci nguy him l ai cng bit ung nhiu ru l c hi nhng hay

b qu chn v d nghin khi nghin th rt kh t b . i vi mt

s ngi n nh tnh yu. Nh th Tn vit:

Say sa ngh cng h i

H th h tht, say thi (th) vn say

Trong cc cuc vui chng ta nn tu bt kh p v ngn ng Nga

c cu: Khi say bin ch n u gi m nghin th Tri ch b bng

vung. L Bch mt nh th ln i ng Trung Quc, qu say

khi lm th m nhy xung sng vt nh trng vng.

T chc y t Th gii ku gi mi ngi b ru v qu nhiu tc

hi: hng nm tiu tn 50 t la M; 96 t mc c; 70% tai nn xec; t l nghin v cht cao (26% do ng c cp bi cc tp cht c h i

nh anhit, metanol c trong ru).

Th nhng, mt s nc nh Lin X (c), C - oet cm ru

m khng thnh cng. Chng ta khng khuyn khch ung ru, nhng

ru vn tn ti trong cuc sng hng ngy. V vy cng nn tm hiu v

vn ho ru (Drrinking Culture)

Ru c 2 loi: Loi ch t hoa qu v loi ch t ng cc.

Ru ch t hoa qu, trc tin phi k n ru nho (vang nho).

C vang trng, vang (cho ph n) vang Bordeaux, Alsace (Php), vang

Alazan (Georgie), vang Mnavi, vang Bungari v.v...

Loi vang si bt, sm banh mang a danh Champagne (Php) c

bit vng Reims, cch th Pari (Php) 140 km. Hng Piper - Heidseik

vng ny, thnh lp t 200 nm trc, c hm ru di ti 16 km,

thng xuyn cha c 15 triu chai v mt bo tng di lng t

chuyn lu gi cc loi sm banh ca hu ht cc vng trn Tri t.

Cu k hn l ru Cognac. Cogac l mt a danh cch Pari 600

km. Ru Cognac t v c lm t loi nho c bit do c chn

ging k. Qua qu trnh ln men chng ct, trong cc thng g si c sn


11/15


(loi si Limousin hoc Troncais do nh nc qun l) vi thi gian kh di

t 3 n 40 nm.

Nu trong khong 3 - 5, ru c nhn V * S *; nu trn 5 nm:

nhn VSOP; t 25 - 35 nm: nhn XO. Loi ny c 4 hng sn xut:

Hennesy, Martel, Remy Martin, hay Martel c gi t vi trm n vi

ngn la. C loi Cognac dnh cho vua cha hay t ph - nhn XO tr

gi 19000 franc Php, hoc 4000 USD (40 triu ng Vit Nam).

nc ta do iu kin kh hu, th nhng khng c cc loi nho

ngon nn dng vang to, m, mn, du... cng theo nguyn tc ln men,

chng ct ni trn v ch trong thi gian ngn. H Ni c lng ru

M ni ting, tn ti cch y 6, 7 trm nm vng Bch mai - HongMai - Tng mai nay l x Hong Vn Th, Trng nh thuc qun

Hai B Trng. l ru ngon nht H Thnh, bt m bt tri k v.

Trong Tam Quc, To Tho v Lu B ung ru m mi khi

bn lun anh hng. Vua Tn khi u c vi Chung V Dim cng dng

ru m.

Ru ch t ng cc (tinh bt); trc ht phi k n ru

Whissky, tiu biu v thng gp l Whissky Chivas Regal vng

Scotland pha Bc nc Anh. Whisky loa ny c lm t mch nha vi

3 loi thun chng: Glenlivet, Long mann v Glen Grant do mt th

chuyn nghip pha ch. Ru c trong thng g si t nht 12 nm.

Ru c sn xut t nm 1801, do hng Chivas and Glenlivet Group

thnh lp t nm 1786. Vi ngt 2 th k kinh nghim, hng cho ra th

trng mt loi ru ngon c ting, khong 430, mi nm 3 triu thng,

mi thng 12 chai 750 ml, 150 nc trn th gii.

Sau ny c hng Seagram Spiret to hn, bao trm c Whisky

Bourbon, Canda v Bc M, cn c gi l ng hong Whissky

(Prince of Whisky)


12/15


Nga, Ba Lan, ng u c Vodka cng l ru trng, ngon nu t

ng cc. Cu ba c ru Rhum t ma, Nht c ru Sak t go, Trung

Quc c ru Mao i, ch t cao lng, chng ct v trong 6 nm ti mt

a danh tn l mao i cch Bc Kinh 700 km. Ru Mao i c huy

chng vng hi ch Panama do M t chc nm 1913.

Vit Nam c La Mi, ru ( min Nam). u l cc loi

ru ch t ng cc, c nng cao t 40 - 600. min Bc ngy xa c

ru Tm, ru Ngang. Ru Tm l loi ru m khi lc mnh chai cho

tm ru bc mnh ln nh reo, ri chai ng yn, th tm ln ngay

lp tc. Ct 10 lt ru thng mi ct c mt chai ru tm, v th

nn mi c cu : Gip em mt thng xi v, mt con ln bo mt vru tm. Cn ru Ngang l th ru trng m ngi bn phi ng

vo bong bng, tht ngang lng che mt cc nh thi hnh php lut, v

ngy xa cm nu ru lu.

Ngy nay, trong cc quy ru ta cn gp mt th gi l liqu

(liqueur). Chng cng c ch t ng cc (go, ng, khoai, sn...) ri

qua chng ct cng nghip thnh ru nng (trn 900) sau tinh ch loi b

bt cht c (anehit, metanol; thu c cn thc phm c cnthp hn, khong 40 - 600 . Cc c s sn xut ru dng loi cn thc

phm ny pha thm ng, mu thc phm v tinh du chanh, cam, du,

to...thnh cc loi liqu nh, ngt m d ung m ta vn quen gi l

ru mi (ru mu).

nc ta, trong phong tc truyn thng, th cng t tin, ma chay,

ci hi u phi c tru v ru, l nhng th khng th thiu c,

nht l khi ci hi:

Cao tay nng chn ru hng

Mng em, em sp ly chng xun nay


13/15


V sao ru gi c th lm cht ngi?

Ung ru gi c th b ng c, c trng

hp m c mt, thm ch c t vong. Nhng ngi

lm ru gi khng phi em ru trng trn thm

nc v lm nh vy s bit ngay bi n nht.

Thng bn chng dng ru metylic thay mt

phn ru etylic. Loi ru gi ny rt c.

Ru etylic v ru metylic c cng h nhng tnh cht ca chng

khc nhau. Ru etylic l cht lng trong sut, mi thm d chu, khng

c. Ru metylic c phn t khi b hn, n chnh l cht lng trong

sut rt c, n c nhiu ng dng, n c th thay xng lm nhin liunhng khng dng pha ung.

Ru metylic rt c i vi c th ngi. N tc ng vo h thn

kinh v nhn cu, lm ri lon chc nng ng ho ca c th gy nn s

nhim c axit. Sau khi ung khong 8 gi bt u triu chng nhim c

axit, hn m, au u, bt tnh, lo s, co git, m mt, nn ma, th lc

gim nhanh, trng hp nng c th b m hn. Nghim trng hn l

mch p nhanh v yu, h hp kh khn cui cng dn n t vong.


14/15


6. Tc ng Vit Nam c cu: Nc chy mn,cu ny mang hm

ca khoa hc ho hc nh th no?

Gii thch:

Trong thng thng ch yu l CaCO3nn trong nc s tn ti

phng trnh in ly:

CaCO3 Ca2+

+ CO32-

Khi nc chy s cun theo cc ion Ca2+, CO32-

, theo nguyn l

chuyn dch cn bng ho hc th cn bng(*) chuyn dch theo pha

chng li s gim nng Ca2+, CO32-

, (chiu thun) nn theo thi gian

nc chy qua s mn dn.

C th gii thch b sung thm nguyn nhn khc: V trong nc

c ln kh CO2 nn s xy ra phn ng:

CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O Ca(HCO)2

Khi nc chy s cun Ca(HCO3)2 tri theo, qua thi gian s b mn dn.


15/15


7. Cao dao Vit Nam c cu:

La chim lp l u b,

H nghe ting sm pht c m ln

Cu ny mang hm ca khoa hc ho hc nh th no?

Gii thch:

Cu ca dao nhc nh ngi lm la: V chim khi la ang tr

ng ng m c trn ma ro, km theo sm chp th s rt tt v cho

nng sut cao sau ny.

Do trong khng kh c ~ 80% kh N2 v ~ 20% kh O2, khi c chp

(tia la in) s to iu kin cho N2 hot ng:

N2 + O2 2NO (khong 30000C) Sau : 2NO + O2 2NO2

Kh NO2 s tan vo trong nc ma:

4NO2 + O2 + 2H2O 4HNO3

HNO3 H+

+ NO3-

Nh hin tng ny, hng nm lm tng 67 kg N cho mi mu

t.Ngy nay, ngi ta iu ch Ure [(NH2)2CO] t khng kh ch

ng bn cho cy trng. Trong nn nng nghip hin i cn phi dng

nhiu phn bn v nhim v ca nghnh cng nghip ho cht hng v

khng kh i lng thc l cng ln.

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