CARBOHYDRATESCARBOHYDRATESA. Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogenA. Composed of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen

B. Ratio of atoms: 1 C : 2 H : 1 O orB. Ratio of atoms: 1 C : 2 H : 1 O or(CH(CH22O)O)nn n= n=# Carbon Atoms# Carbon Atoms

C. Exists as rings or long chainsC. Exists as rings or long chains

D. D. Energy storageEnergy storage molecule due to C-H bonds molecule due to C-H bonds- - C-H bonds contain a lot of energy- Why do people Carbo-Load?C-H bonds contain a lot of energy- Why do people Carbo-Load?

E. 3 major groupsE. 3 major groups

monosaccharidesmonosaccharidesdisaccharidesdisaccharides

polysaccharidespolysaccharides

MonosaccharidesMonosaccharidesMono= 1 Saccharide= SugarMono= 1 Saccharide= Sugar

1. Simple sugars 1. Simple sugars

2. no digestion—absorbed directly2. no digestion—absorbed directly

3. Provides 3. Provides quick bursts of energyquick bursts of energy, , not long lastingnot long lasting

4. Fructose & Glucose4. Fructose & Glucose

DisaccharidesDisaccharidesDi= 2 Saccharide = sugarDi= 2 Saccharide = sugar1. two simple sugars together1. two simple sugars together

2. 2. Must digest firstMust digest first

3. Common food additive3. Common food additive

4. Sucrose = table sugar = glucose + 4. Sucrose = table sugar = glucose + fructosefructose

5. Lactose= milk sugar = glucose + galactose5. Lactose= milk sugar = glucose + galactose

PolysaccharidesPolysaccharidesPoly= manyPoly= many1. Long complex chains of glucose 1. Long complex chains of glucose

moleculesmolecules

2. Insoluble in water- molecule is too big2. Insoluble in water- molecule is too big

3. 3. Stored energyStored energy- lots of C-H bonds - lots of C-H bonds Timed Release- convert to glucose when Timed Release- convert to glucose when energy is neededenergy is needed

4. 3 groups (starch, cellulose, and glycogen)4. 3 groups (starch, cellulose, and glycogen)

a. Glycogena. Glycogen - energy storage found - energy storage found in liver and muscles of animalsin liver and muscles of animals

-can be converted to glucose for -can be converted to glucose for energy when neededenergy when needed

b. Starchb. Starch- stable food storage - stable food storage compound in plantscompound in plants

- 22 to 28 glucose molecules long= - 22 to 28 glucose molecules long= pretty bigpretty big

- baking or boiling starches will break the - baking or boiling starches will break the long chains into useable sugars- so long chains into useable sugars- so does digestiondoes digestion

-Athletes Need This!! -Athletes Need This!!

c. Cellulosec. Cellulose- found in plant cell - found in plant cell wallswalls

-100-200 glucose molecules long-100-200 glucose molecules long

-can not be digested by humans- but -can not be digested by humans- but eaten all the time- do you eat your eaten all the time- do you eat your veggies?veggies?

Where do we get carbs Where do we get carbs from?from?• Simple Sugars- sweet things- candySimple Sugars- sweet things- candy• Double Sugars- Table Sugar(Sucrose) Milk Double Sugars- Table Sugar(Sucrose) Milk

(Lactose) etc(Lactose) etc• Complex SugarsComplex Sugars

– Starch- Potatoes, Corn, Rice, Wheat (Breads)Starch- Potatoes, Corn, Rice, Wheat (Breads)– Cellulose- Plant Cell Walls- Undigestable but Cellulose- Plant Cell Walls- Undigestable but

still eaten- Called Dietary Fiber- aids in still eaten- Called Dietary Fiber- aids in digestiondigestion

– Glycogen- we make it! (Liver and musclesGlycogen- we make it! (Liver and muscles))

How Do You Make Organic How Do You Make Organic Compounds?Compounds?• 2 Reactions2 Reactions• Dehydration Synthesis- Puts togetherDehydration Synthesis- Puts together• Hydrolysis- Breaks apartHydrolysis- Breaks apart

A. Dehydration Synthesis - small units are A. Dehydration Synthesis - small units are joined together by removing waterjoined together by removing water

B. Hydrolysis -large compounds are broken B. Hydrolysis -large compounds are broken down into smaller units by adding waterdown into smaller units by adding water