Carbon Black Uses

8/10/2019 Carbon Black Uses

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Overview of Uses

Traditionally, carbon black has been used as a reinforcing agent in tires. Today,

because of its unique properties, the uses of carbon black have expanded to include

pigmentation, ultraviolet (UV) stabilization and conductive agents in a variety of

everyday and specialty high performance products, including:

Tires and Industrial Rubber Products: Carbon black is added to rubber as both a

filler and as a strengthening or reinforcing agent. For various types of tires, it is used in

innerliners, carcasses, sidewalls and treads utilizing different types based on specific

performance requirements. Carbon black is also used in many molded and extruded

industrial rubber products, such as belts, hoses, gaskets, diaphragms, vibration isolation

devices, bushings, air springs, chassis bumpers, and multiple types of pads, boots, wiper

blades, fascia, conveyor wheels, and grommets.

Plastics: Carbon blacks are now widely used for conductive packaging, films, fibers,moldings, pipes and semi-conductive cable compounds in products such as refuse sacks,

industrial bags, photographic containers, agriculture mulch film, stretch wrap, and

thermoplastic molding applications for automotive, electrical/electronics, household

appliances and blow-molded containers.

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Compounds: Carbon blacks are carefully designed to

transform electrical characteristics from insulating to conductive in products such as

electronics packaging, safety applications, and automotive parts.

High Performance Coatings:Carbon blacks provide pigmentation, conductivity, and

UV protection for a number of coating applications including automotive (primer

basecoats and clearcoats), marine, aerospace, decorative, wood, and industrial coatings.

Toners and Printing Inks:Carbon blacks enhance formulations and deliver broad

flexibility in meeting specific color requirements.

Carbon blackFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the climate forcing agent, seeBlack carbon.

Carbon black(subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lampblackand thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion ofheavypetroleumproducts such asFCCtar,coal tar,ethylene crackingtar, and a small amountfromvegetable oil.Carbon black is a form ofparacrystallinecarbonthat has a highsurface-area-to-volume ratio,albeit lower than that ofactivated carbon.It is dissimilar to soot in its much highersurface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable)PAH (polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbon)content. However, carbon black is widely used as a model compound fordiesel soot for diesel oxidation experiments.[1]Carbon black is mainly used as a reinforcingfillerin
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tires and other rubber products. In plastics, paints, and inks carbon black is used as acolorpigment.

[2]

The currentInternational Agency for Research on Cancer(IARC) evaluation is that, "Carbon black ispossiblycarcinogenicto humans (Group 2B)".

[3]Short-term exposure to high concentrations of

carbon black dust may produce discomfort to theupper respiratory tract,through mechanicalirritation.

Contents

[hide]

1 Common uses

2 Reinforcing carbon blacks

3 Pigment

4 Surface chemistry

5 Carcinogenicity studies

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

Common uses[edit]

A small mound of carbon black.

Total production was around 8,100,000 metric tons (8,900,000 short tons) in 2006.[4]

The mostcommon use (70%) of carbon black is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires.Carbon black also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermaldamage and increasing tire life. Carbon black particles are also employed in someradar absorbentmaterialsand in photocopier and laser printer toner, and other inks and paints. The high tintingstrength and stability of carbon black has also provided use in coloring of resins and films.[5]About20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, and other non-tire rubber goods. The balance ismainly used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics. For example, it is added

topolypropylenebecause it absorbsultravioletradiation, which otherwise causes the material todegrade.

Carbon black from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, in Europe known as additive E152. Itis approved for use as additive153(Carbon blacks or Vegetable carbon)

[6]in Australia and New

Zealand[6]but has been banned in the USA.[7]

Carbon black has been used in various applications for electronics. As a good conductor ofelectricity, carbon black is used as a filler mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives, and
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paints.[5]

Application of carbon black as an antistatic agent has provided uses as an additive for fuelcaps and pipes for automobiles.

Additionally, the color pigment Carbon Black has been widely used in food and beverage packagingaround the world for many years. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europeand Asia, and South Africa, and in items like microwavable meal trays and meat trays in NewZealand.

Within Australasia the safe use of the colour pigment Carbon Black in packaging must comply withthe requirements of either the EU or US packaging regulations and if any colourant is used it mustmeet European partial agreement AP(89)1.

[8]

The Canadian Governments assessment (an extensive review of Carbon Black) in 2011 concludedthat Carbon Black should continue to be used in productsincluding food packaging for consumers

in Canada. This was because in most consumer products carbon black is bound in a matrix andunavailable for exposure, for example as a pigment in plastics and rubbers and it is proposed thatCarbon Black is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentrations or under conditions thatconstitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health.

[9]

There are strict guidelines available and in place to ensure employees who manufacture CarbonBlack are not in a working environment where they are at risk of inhaling unsafe doses of Carbon

Black in its raw form.[10]

Reinforcing carbon blacks[edit]

The highest volume use of carbon black is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires.While a puregum vulcanizateofstyrene-butadienehas atensile strengthof no more than 2.5MPa,and almost nonexistent abrasion resistance, compounding it with 50% of its weight of carbon blackimproves its tensile strength and wear resistance as shown in the below table. It is used often in the

Aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts.

Types of carbon black used in tires

Name Abbrev.ASTM

desig.

Particle

Size

nm

Tensile

strength

MPa

Relative

laboratory

abrasion

Relative

roadwear

abrasion

Super Abrasion Furnace SAF N110 2025 25.2 1.35 1.25

Intermediate SAF ISAF N220 2433 23.1 1.25 1.15

High Abrasion Furnace HAF N330 2836 22.4 1.00 1.00

Easy Processing Channel EPC N300 3035 21.7 0.80 0.90
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Fast Extruding Furnace FEF N550 3955 18.2 0.64 0.72

High Modulus Furnace HMF N683 4973 16.1 0.56 0.66

Semi-Reinforcing Furnace SRF N770 7096 14.7 0.48 0.60

Fine Thermal FT N880 180200 12.6 0.22 --

Medium Thermal MT N990 250350 9.8 0.18 --

Practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are crucial use carbonblack, so they are black in color. Where physical properties are important but colors other than blackare desired, such as white tennis shoes, precipitated orfumed silicahas been used as a substitutefor carbon black in reinforcing ability. Silica-based fillers are also gaining market share in automotivetires because they provide better trade-off for fuel efficiency and wet handling due to a lower rollingloss compared to carbon black-filled tires. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wearproperties, but the technology has gradually improved to where they can match carbon blackabrasion performance.

Pigment[edit]

Carbon black (Colour Index International,PBK-7) is the name of a common black pigment,

traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood or bone. It appears blackbecause it reflects very little light in the visible part of the spectrum, with an albedonear zero. Theactual albedo varies depending on the source material and method of production. It is known by avariety of names, each of which reflects a traditional method for producing carbon black:

Ivory black was traditionally produced by charring ivory or bones (seebone char).

Vine black was traditionally produced by charringdesiccatedgrape vines and stems.

Lamp blackwas traditionally produced by collecting soot, also known as lampblack, from oillamps.

Newer methods of producing carbon black have superseded these traditional sources, althoughsome materials are still produced using traditional methods. Forartisanalpurposes, carbon blackproduced by any means remains a commonly used item.

[5]

Surface chemistry[edit]

All carbon blacks havechemisorbedoxygen complexes (i.e.,carboxylic,quinonic,lactonic,phenolicgroups and others) on their surfaces to varying degrees depending on theconditions of manufacture. These surface oxygen groups are collectively referred to as volatilecontent. It is also known to be a non-conductive material due to its volatile content.
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The coatings and inks industries prefer grades of carbon black that are acid oxidized. Acid issprayed in high temperature dryers during the manufacturing process to change the inherent surfacechemistry of the black. The amount of chemically-bonded oxygen on the surface area of the black isincreased to enhance performance characteristics.

Carcinogenicity studies[edit]

Carbon black is consideredpossibly carcinogenic to humansand classified as a Group 2Bcarcinogen, because there is sufficient evidence in experimental animals with inadequate evidencein humanepidemiologic studies.

[3]The body of evidence of carcinogenicity in animal studies comes

from two chronic inhalation studies and two intratracheal instillation studies in rats, which showedsignificantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposed animals.

[3]An inhalation study was tested on

mice, but did not show significantly elevated rates of lung cancer in exposedanimals.

[3]Epidemiologic data comes from three differentcohort studiesof carbon black production

workers. Two studies, from the United Kingdom and Germany, with over 1,000 workers in eachstudy group, showed elevated mortality from lung cancer in the carbon black workers.

[3]Another

study of over 5,000 workers in the United States did not show elevated mortality from lung cancer inthe carbon black workers.[3]Newer findings of increased lung cancer mortality in an update from theUK study may suggest that carbon black could be alate-stage carcinogen.

[11][12]However, a more

recent and larger study from Germany did not confirm this hypothesis that carbon black acts as alate-stage carcinogen.[13]

In order to properly protect workers from inhalation of carbon black, respiratorypersonal protectiveequipmentis recommended. The type of respiratory protection varies, depending on theconcentration of carbon black used.

[14]
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Documents

Carbon Black Uses