Carbon Capture and StorageDr Jon GibbinsSenior Lecturer

Energy Technology for Sustainable Development GroupMechanical Engineering Department

Imperial College LondonSW7 2AZ, UK

Principal InvestigatorUK Carbon Capture and Storage Consortium

www.ukccsc.co.uk

OSI UK/China Focal Point Scheme contact for Climate Change & Environment

Tel: 020 7594 7036Mob: 07812 901244Fax: 020 7594 1472email: j.gibbins@imperial.ac.uk

Anglo-French Scientific Discussion Seminar, Organised by the Science and Technology

Department of the French Embassy in the UK and Imperial College London

27 September, 2007

FOSSIL FUELS: CLIMATE AND ENERGY

STERN REVIEW: The Economics of Climate Change(already at 430 ppm CO2e and currently rising at roughly 2.5 ppm every year)

CRITICAL ROLE FOR CCS

http://www.ipcc.ch/

CARBON IN

FOSSIL FUELS

CARBON THAT CAN BE EMITTED TO ATMOSPHERE

1990-2100

‘Unconventional oil’ includes oil sands and oil shales. Unconventional gas’ includes coal bed methane, deep geopressured gas etc. but not a possible 12,000 GtC from gas

hydrates.

Coal Oil Gas Uranium*

Australia/New Australia/New ZealandZealand

Sources: BP Statistical Review 2005; WEC Survey of Energy Resources 2001; Reasonably Assured Sources plus inferred resources to US$80/kg U 1/1/03 from OECD NEA & IAEA Uranium 2003; Resources, Production & Demand updated 2005; *energy equivalence of uranium assumed to be ~20,000 times that of coal

N o rth A m e ric a

C e n tra l/S o u th A m e ric a

O th e r A sia /P a c ific in c In d ia n S u b c o n tin e n t

M id d le E a st

A fric a

C h in a

E u ro p e (e xc l. R u ssia n F e d )

R u ssia n F e d e ra tio n

A u stra lia /N e w Z e a la n d

AfricaAfrica

World Energy Reserves 2004 (Mtoe)

EuropeEurope

Russian Russian FederationFederation

Middle EastMiddle EastChinaChina

Other Other Asia/PacificAsia/Pacific

North AmericaNorth America

South AmericaSouth America

Brendan Beck, World Coal Institute, Coal, 3M Sustainable Energy Engineering, Imperial College, 12 October 2006

COAL IS AN ENERGY ASSET AND A CLIMATE THREAT

GEOLOGICAL STORAGE

Carbon Storage Options

IPCC (2005)

Geological Storage Options for CO21. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs2. Use of CO2 in enhanced oil recovery3. Deep unused saline water-saturated reservoir rocks4. Deep unmineable coal seams5. Use of CO2 in enhanced coal bed methane recovery6. Other suggested options (basalts, oil shales, cavities)

270 GtC2700 GtC

185 GtC 245 GtC55 GtC<4 GtC

www.ipcc.ch

Sleipner, aquifer storage for 1Mt/yr CO2

www.statoil.com, 2002

www.statoil.com, 2002

www.statoil.com, 2002

Time lapse (4D) seismic trackingof injected CO2

Will it leak?

• Storage sites won’t have a design leakage rate

• Remediation possibilities – remake wells, depressurise reservoir etc.

• Leakage most likely in the short/medium term

• Even then, hard to extract all of the CO2once it is spread out in a porous rock layer

Figure from IPCC (2005)

CO2 CAPTURE

After Jordal, K. et. al. (2004) Oxyfuel combustion for coal-fired power generation with CO2 capture – opportunities and challenges Proceedings of 7th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, www.ghgt7.ca

O2

CO2 dehydration, compression transport and

storage

CO2 separationPower & Heat

Air separation

Gasification + shift + CO2 separation

Air separation

Coal

Air

Power & Heat

Power & Heat

Flue gas

N2, O2, H2O

CO2

Air

Coal

Air

H2

N2, O2, H2O

CO2

Coal

O2Air N2

CO2 (with H2O)

Recycle

POST-COMBUSTION CAPTURE

PRE-COMBUSTION CAPTURE

OXYFUEL (O2/CO2 RECYCLE COMBUSTION) CAPTURE

Tilbury. Capture ready- photo montage(some details omitted)

Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower R&D, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGECOMBUSTION DIVISION OF THE COAL RESEARCH FORUM . 17 April 2007, http://www.coalresearchforum.org/pastmeetings.html

Tilbury. Capture ready- photo montage(some details omitted)

Richard Hotchkiss, RWE npower R&D, RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CARBON CAPTURE AND STORAGECOMBUSTION DIVISION OF THE COAL RESEARCH FORUM . 17 April 2007, http://www.coalresearchforum.org/pastmeetings.html

IEA GHG (2006), CO2 capture as a factor in power station investment decisions, Report No. 2006/8, May 2006

Costs include compression to 110 bar but not storage and transport costs. These are very site-specific, but indicative aquifer storage costs of $10/tonne CO2 would increase electricity costs for natural gas plants by about 0.4 c/kWh and for coal plants by about 0.8 c/kWh.

Natural gas plants Coal/solid fuel plants

IGCC or PC?SIMILAR COST TRENDS FROM A NUMBER OF GENERIC UK

AND US STUDIES, BUT ACTUAL PROJECTS MORE VARIABLE

? ? ? ?

NEED TO GET PROJECT-SPECIFIC

COSTS

FIRST TRANCHE

Demonstration

SECOND TRANCHE

Commercial &Regulatory Drivers

Overall effortalso important

to maintain continuity

GLOBALCCS

ROLLOUTBig prize is getting two learning cycles

from two tranches of CCS projects before

global rollout

EUCCS

ROLLOUT

Earliest demo plants?Last plants in first tranche

First plants in second trancheLater plant in second tranche

First EU rollout plantsFirst global rollout plants

PLANTSCOMINGINTO SERVICE

TIMING FORDesignConstructionLearning time

2015DEMO

PROJECTSIN PLACE

2020CCS

STANDARDIN EU

2025GLOBAL

CCSROLLOUT

Feedback fromfirst tranche intosecond tranche Feedback from

second tranche intoEU and global rollout

12 plants by 2015 in

EU

CCS build-up plus all plants built capture-readyCCS retrofit on capture-ready plants

How to make plants capture-ready Must:• Have access to suitable geological storage• Have space and access for capture equipment• Have reasonable confidence it will work (feasibility study)

Also consider:• Up-front expenditure with savings later, e.g.

Bigger/better equipment?Move near cheaper/better CO2 storage?

But only pre-investments with very good returns justifiedSee IEA GHG report on capture-ready

E.ONRobin IronsDoosan-BabcockGnanam SekkappanImperialMathieu Lucquiaud,Hannah ChalmersJon GibbinsIEA GHGJohn Davison

POLICYBACKGROUND

CCS DEMONSTRATION PROJECT COMPETITIONFollowing the 2007 Budget announcement, the Government is engaged in designing a competition framework for the UK CCS demonstration. Our intention is to launch the competition in November 2007. The criteria against which proposals will be assessed are likely to include the need for any project proposal to:– be located in the UK;– cover the full chain of CCS technology on a commercial scale power station (capture, transport and storage);– be based on sound engineering design (reliable and safe) underpinned by a full front-end engineering and design study;– set out the quantum of financial support requested;– be at least 300MW, and capture and store around 90% of the carbon dioxide and thereby contribute at least an additional 0.25 Mt/yr of carbon savings to the UK’s domestic abatement targets (relative to a gas-fired power station of equivalent size without CCS);– start demonstrating the full chain of CCS at some point between 2011 and 2014;– address its contribution to the longer term potential of CCS in the UK, (for example, through the potential of shared infrastructure) and to theinternational development of CCS; and– be supported by a creditworthy developer entity.

CCS Proposals – UK

PC, CR, new supercritical3 x 800MWCoalRWE, Blyth

PC, CR, supercritical retrofit, (oxyfuel?)~ 2400 MWCoalScottish Power, Longannet

PC, CR, new supercritical, post-com2 x 800 MWCoalRWE, Tilbury

PC, CR, supercritical retrofit, oxyfuel1 or 2 x 500MWCoalSSE, Ferrybridge

PC, CR, new supercritical, post-com2 x 800MWCoalE.ON, Kingsnorth

PC, CR, supercritical retrofit, (oxyfuel?)~ 1200 MWCoalScottish Power, Cockenzie

IGCC + shift + precombustion450 MWCoal(+petcoke?)

E.ON, Killingholme, Lincolnshire coast

IGCC+CCS addition to planned NGCC CHP plant

450 MW (or more, with retrofit)

Coal(+petcoke?)

Conoco-Phillips, Immingham

IGCC + shift + precombustionShell gasifier

~900 MWCoalPowerfuel/KuzbassrazrezugolHatfield Colliery

IGCC + shift + precombustion800 MWCoal (petcoke)

Progressive Energy/Centrica, Teeside

Capture technologyPlant outputFuelProject

Proposed full-scale (~300 MWe and above) CCS projects - indicative only

Powerfuel Power Ltd

UK Geological Storage

Future Thames Estuary CO2 gathering hub?

Powerfuel Power Ltd (plus Imperial Thames Estuary proposal)

POTENTIAL FOR BIOMASS WITH CCS

Tyndall Centre'Decarbonising the UK’http://www.tyndall.ac.uk

Tyndall UK aviation emissions projections for 2050 ~ 30 MtCRCEP estimates for max UK biomass production by 2050 ~ 60 Mt Carbon content of biomass available for conversion ~ 24 MtCCarbon captured using biomass with CCS ~ 90%Energy recovered compared to use without CCS ~ 75%Oil price equivalent of $50/tonne CO2 $22/barrelTransport Atmosphere carries CO2 from plane to plant for free!

But need to supply biomass to CCS plants

WHAT ADVANCES ARE NEEDED?• Start on first tranche plants – will immediately trigger R&D• Get new technologies working:

IGCC - mainly engineeringoxyfuel - basic research and engineering in parallel

• Get the best out of existing PC technologypost-combustion capture optionscapture-ready and retrofit strategies

• Storage issues: ETS, capacity optimisation, safety, monitoring, long term liability – rapid progress needed

• Transport and storage systems – pipeline routing issues• Political, regulatory, fiscal backup – post-Kyoto process• Build capacity: people, expertise, manufacturing capacity• Decarbonised electricity=new uses in transport & buildings CCS systems will operate in new ways in new markets

CCS OR THE END!