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Carbon Footprint of Air Travel

August 2019

“A Breathing Planet, Off Balance” - https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1407

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Purpose

This report is to guide you to understand and calculate emissions caused by air travel.

Introduction

Human activity in the atmosphere is primarily caused by air travels. They leave behind a trail of CO2

emissions. Around 2% of all human-induced carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is from air travel. And,

air travel is around 9% of CO2 emissions of all transports sources, compared to 74% from ground

transportation.

Standard Flying Cycle

https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf

U.S. Transportation Sector GHG Emissions by Source, 2017

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Fuel

Most aircraft use one of two types of fuel: gasoline and kerosene. Gasoline is used in small piston

engined aircraft only. Most other aircraft run on kerosene. Both these fuels typically consist of 85%

carbon, 15% hydrogen, and various additives. The fuel use and resulting emissions will be dependent

on the fuel type, aircraft type, engine type, engine load and flying altitude. The exact composition of

jet fuel itself can vary depending on the origin of the crude, the refining process, the climate of the

area at time of flight, and some other minor factors.

Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil

http://i-how.co/how-it-works/science/Chemistry/how-does-fractional-distillation-work.html

Distillation basics: thick, heavy crude oil is warmed up, small, light molecules escape first, heavier

molecules follow, in the end, a sticky substance like tar is left. The lighter molecules are gases, and

the longer hydrocarbon chain, the heavier the hydrocarbon products becomes.

One octane molecule, for example, becomes eight CO2 molecules. Octo comes from ancient Greek

ὀκτώ (oktṓ, “eight”) and Latin octō (“eight”).

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The 87 on the Regular pump means that 87% of the fuel is octane. The 93 on the Supreme pump

means that 93% of that fuel is made up of Octane molecules. The rest is typically made up of

heptane molecules. A heptane has 7 carbons in the molecular chain, and comes from the Greek

hepta, or ‘seven’. Aviation fuels are more kerosene like, with carbon chains ranging from 8 to 16.

Gasoline molecule, C8H18 Diesel molecule, C16H18 - diesel is heavier, and slower to burn

https://images.app.goo.gl/1dmXEovqEpGNgrC5A

The chart below describes the variable aspects of several fuels, listed in alphabetical orders.

Note that Kerosene is 85% carbon and weighs about 780 kilogram per cubic meter, and when it burns, is about 2,300

degrees Kelvin, equivalent to around 2,000 degree centigrade and 3,600 degree Fahrenheit

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The table below illustrates the Landing and Takeoff cycle for aircraft typically found in everyday air travel.

The vast majority of climate related emissions (during the LTO cycle) are in the first column, CO2

The table below shows that the percentage of LTO fuel consumption relative to

the total fuel burn varies relative to the total distance of flight

Dep

airport

Arr

airport

Dist.

(Km)

Time Air craft fuel

burn (Kg)

LTO fuel consumption

(Kg/LTO)

LTO fuel

percentage

Paris London 346 0+50 2546 780 28%

Miami New York 1756 2+36 9918 1510 15%

Incheon Singapore 4625 5+55 38320 3600 9%

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Characteristics of Jet Fuel Emissions

The UN has published a document regarding civil aviation, listing it as one category of

transportation fuels. It was published in 2006 under the title of IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on

Climate Change) Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. It states that emissions from

aviation come from the combustion of jet fuel (jet kerosene and jet gasoline) and aviation gasoline.

Emissions depend on the number and type of aircraft operations; the types and efficiency of the

aircraft engines; the fuel used; the length of flight; the power setting; the time spent at each stage of

flight; and, to a lesser degree, the altitude at which exhaust gases are emitted.

According to the recent update of the IPCC guidelines (KYOTO, Japan, May 13), the new report, the

2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories includes

changes in four sectors except the transportation sector. The following table thus can be used as a

standard source for GHG inventory purposes. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_fuel

CO2 emissions for national inventory purposes are expressed in kilogram relative to

the energy provided - in Terajoule - as opposed to by the fuel's weight

https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/n1/pub/57-601-x/00105/4173282-eng.htm

Carbon dioxide emission factors are based on the fuel type and native carbon content. National

emission factors for CO2 should not deviate much from the default values because the quality of

fuels is well defined. Also, CO2 should be estimated on the basis of the full carbon content of the

fuel.

The below table illustrates emissions on a per person basis for various distances flown in common day aircraft

Commuter Regional Short-haul Medium-haul Long-haul

kgCO2e per passenger per

100 km 11.43 8.01 6.58 6.95 7.45

max range in km 560 1220 1900 6300 13300

max kgCO2e per

passenger per trip at max

range of category

64 98 125 438 990

max range in miles 348 758 1181 3915 8264

kgCO2e per passenger -

per mile flown 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.11 0.12

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The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) uses the following formula

to determine the portion of an individual on a routine flight

[((No. Passengers*100Kg) + (No. of seats * 50 Kg))/1000] (tonnes) + Freight (tonnes) + Mail (tonnes)

To calculate accurate aviation emissions, you can refer to the methodology in this following document - ICAO Carbon

Emissions Calculator Methodology Ver. 10, page 8 - in order to obtain the total mass of airplane

https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/CarbonOffset/Documents/Methodology%20ICAO%20Carbon%20Calculator_v10-2017.pdf

Air Travel efficiency varies by distance flown

Commuter flights

For flights of 300 nmi (560 km)

Model Seats Fuel burn Fuel efficiency per seat

ATR 42-500 48 1.26 kg/km

(4.5 lb/mi) 3.15 L/100 km (75 mpg - US)

ATR 72-500 70 1.42 kg/km

(5.0 lb/mi) 2.53 L/100 km (93 mpg - US)

Beechcraft 1900D

(226 nm) 19

1.00 kg/km

(3.56 lb/mi) 6.57 L/100 km (35.8 mpg - US)

Bombardier

CRJ100 50

2.21 kg/km

(7.83 lb/mi) 5.50 L/100 km (42.8 mpg - US)

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Regional flights

For flights of 500–660 nmi (930–1,220 km)

Model Seats Sector Fuel burn Fuel efficiency per seat

Airbus A319neo 144 600 nmi

(1,100 km)

3.37 kg/km

(11.94 lb/mi) 2.92 L/100 km (80.6 mpg - US)

Airbus

A220 100 115

600 nmi

(1,100 km)

2.8 kg/km

(10.1 lb/mi) 3.07 L/100 km (76.7 mpg - US)

Boeing 737-300 126 507 nmi

(939 km)

3.49 kg/km

(12.4 lb/mi) 3.46 L/100 km (68 mpg - US)

Bombardier

CRJ200 50

580 nmi

(1,070 km)

1.80 kg/km

(6.39 lb/mi) 4.49 L/100 km (52.4 mpg - US)

Short-haul flights

For flights of 1,000 nmi (1,900 km)

Model Seats Fuel Burn Fuel efficiency per seat

Airbus A220-300 160 2.56 kg/km

(9.08 lb/mi) 2.00 L/100 km (118 mpg - US)

Airbus A220-300 135 2.30 kg/km (8.17 lb/mi)

1.85 L/100 km (127 mpg - US)

Boeing 737-600 110 2.77 kg/km

(9.8 lb/mi) 3.15 L/100 km (75 mpg - US)

Quest Kodiak 9 0.71 kg/km

(2.52 lb/mi) 6.28 L/100 km (37.5 mpg - US)

Medium-haul flights

For flights of 1,750–3,400 nmi (3,240–6,300 km)

Model Seats Sector Fuel burn Fuel efficiency per seat

Airbus A320 150 2,151 nmi

(3,984 km)

2.91 kg/km

(10.3 lb/mi) 2.43 L/100 km (97 mpg - US)

Boeing 737

MAX-8 168

3,400 nmi

(6,300 km)

2.86 kg/km

(10.1 lb/mi) 2.13 L/100 km (110 mpg - US)

Boeing 787-8 291 3,400 nmi

(6,300 km)

5.26 kg/km

(18.7 lb/mi) 2.26 L/100 km (104 mpg - US)

Irkut MC-21 163 1,750 nmi

(3,240 km)

3.04 kg/km

(10.8 lb/mi) 2.33 L/100 km (101 mpg - US)

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Long-haul flights

For flights of 4,650–7,200 nmi (8,610–13,330 km)

Model Seats Sector Fuel burn Fuel efficiency per seat

Airbus A330-

200 241

6,000 nmi

(11,000 km)

6.4 kg/km

(23 lb/mi) 3.32 L/100 km (71 mpg - US)

Airbus A380 544 6,000 nmi

(11,000 km)

13.78 kg/km

(48.9 lb/mi) 3.16 L/100 km (74 mpg - US)

Boeing 747-400 416 6,000 nmi

(11,000 km)

11.11 kg/km

(39.4 lb/mi) 3.34 L/100 km (70 mpg - US)

Boeing 787-9 294 4,650 nmi

(8,610 km)

5.85 kg/km

(20.8 lb/mi) 2.49 L/100 km (94 mpg - US)

For more details, please visit following web page: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft

Make your own calculations

This Table can be used to calculate aviation related GHG emissions. In the first column, you enter

the fuel type then the chemical formula followed by the emission rate and fuel quantity to calculate the total.

Fuel Type Formula kgCO2/L Fuel Quantity (L) Resulting kgCO2

Gasoline C8H18 2.3

Kerosene (JP-1A/4/8, etc.)

C12H26 2.48

CO2 on a molecular level

The below sequence shows how one molecule of Methane - commonly known as Natural Gas -

recombines with Oxygen to become one Carbon Dioxide and two Waters

https://images.app.goo.gl/v9V1TG4fJKXiXHPj6

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The table below shows the progression of atoms as they gain electrons and become bigger.

Note that Carbon is identified with the capital C and Oxygen with the capital O

https://sciencenotes.org/2016-2017-colorful-periodic-table-118-element-names/

Weight of Oxygen atom is 15.9994 => 16

The number 8 denotes the quantity of protons in the nucleus, which is matched by the number of

electrons in the outer shells - 16 is the weight of the neutrons and the protons combined, making up

the nucleus, whereas the electrons weigh almost nothing.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Atomic_Theory/Atomic_Structure

There are 2 Oxygen and 1 Carbon in CO2 > 16 + 16 + 12 = 44. The majority of the weight comes

from the Oxygen. Carbon has an atomic weight of 12, Oxygen has an atomic weight of 16.

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44 is the atomic weight of CO2 - because 12 is of carbon and 32 is of oxygen > therefore, 44/12

or 3.67 is the ratio of carbon dioxide to carbon.

Aircraft Emissions - a global view

The number of flights performed globally by the airline industry has been steadily increasing since

the early 2000s and is expected to reach 40 million annual in 2019. This figure represents an increase

of over 50 percent from a decade prior. Since 1990, CO2 emissions from international aviation have

increased 83 per cent. Globally, aviation is responsible for around 2% of anthropogenic CO2

emissions, but its impact is projected to rise by 200% to 360% by 2050.

Airliners.net, an aviation enthusiast website, states that there are about 39,000 planes in the world –

including all commercial and military planes. According to the CAPA Fleet Database, the total

number of commercial aircraft delivered in 2017 reached another record high. The database recorded

1,740 deliveries in 2017, which was 1.5% more than the 1,714 aircraft delivered in 2016. This was

the seventh consecutive year of rising delivery numbers.

Global commercial aircraft annual deliveries : 2008 to 2017

Source: CAPA Fleet Database

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Total distance traveled by air

How many airplanes fly each day in the world? , There are around 102,465 flights per day. The

average which we are going to use for this calculations is a medium-haul flight, which based on

Eurocontrol, is about 2300 km so 1430 miles.

So everyday planes travel:

1,430 x 102,465 = 146,524,950 miles per day

But your question was per year so in that case:

146,524,950 miles per day x 365 days = 53,481,606,750 miles per year – 53 billion miles per year

http://www.travelweek.ca/news/exactly-many-planes-world-today/

https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/travel-truths/how-many-planes-are-there-in-the-world/

Number of flights / day / year - passenger airborne now / year / miles flown

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Aircraft Types

Passenger Airplane Private Airplane

Agricultural Airplane Rescue Helicopter

Military Jet Cargo Airplane

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Visualization of CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere (Released by NASA)

Notice that the concentration of Carbon Dioxide is much higher in the northern hemisphere.

NASA, 3D Simulation, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Goddard Space Flight Center,

Greenhouse Gas, OCO-2, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Global

“Following Carbon Dioxide Through the Atmosphere”

https://youtu.be/syU1rRCp7E8

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Flying vs. Other Transportation

The mode of transportation we choose can have a big impact. It can affect time, comfort, cost, and

other factors. But how we travel can also have a big impact on the planet. In this graphic, we break

down the most efficient ways to travel on a typical trip:

New York to Boston

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The fuel economies across transit modes can be compared with a metric known as passenger miles

per gallon. The bus is the most energy-efficient way to travel between Toronto and New York.

Lighter materials, improved aerodynamic design, and more fuel-efficient engines have increased the

distance each mode can travel on one gallon of fuel.

Non-CO2 emissions

The calculations above don’t take into account the radiative forcing – the impact on the overall

energy balance of the planet – caused by non-CO2 warming pollutants, such as water vapor, aerosols

and nitrogen oxides.

The impacts of non-CO2 aircraft emissions at high altitudes came to prominence back in 1999

following publication of a special report by the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) on

aviation. This estimated the total historic impact of aviation on the climate to have been two to four

times higher than for CO2 emissions alone.

But while it has been well established for more than a decade that air traffic affects the climate

through emissions other than just CO2, putting a number on the overall effect of these emissions has

proven tricky.

CO2 emission Non-CO2 emission

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CO2 emissions at altitude

The atmosphere above the cloud deck is silent, cold, and has 1/5th the molecules we experience on

the ground. The air moves in a mostly consistent, wide and uniform manner, without obstruction,

such as a mountain range or afternoon thunderstorm. Aircraft bring to that layer the carbon rich fuel

whose powerful brew traps wavelengths of a certain size - 100,000 flights a day - in flight corridors

several miles wide, a thousand or so meters high.

The movement of aircraft through tunnels designed for efficiency, optimal ground control and cost

considerations, results in bands of emissions strapping the

atmosphere between popular coordinates. Like a belt that gets

thicker every day, the continuous injection of high density

molecules in a low density environment is altering its

morphology.

This is a new science, challenging to study, and one where no

nation or organization has taken a clear lead. Emissions at

altitude are increasing day by day - and more and more

understood as something that is fundamentally altering the

chemistry - likely irreversibly - of a transparent, vacuus,

subzero layer of planet earth.

https://youtu.be/A5H1qmWSubY https://multimedia.scmp.com/news/world/article/2165980/flight-paths/index.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratosphere

Definitions of specialist terms

Carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) a term for describing different greenhouse gases in a common

unit

nmi A nautical mile is a unit of measurement defined as exactly 1852 meters (about 6,076 feet or

1.1508 statute miles)

mpg a measure of the average distance traveled per unit of energy consumed

kg basic unit of mass in the metric system. A kilogram is very nearly equal (it was originally

intended to be exactly equal) to the mass of 1,000 cubic cm of water. The pound is defined as equal

to 0.45359237 kg, exactly

LTO cycle Landing and Take-off cycle

Parts per million (ppm) the number of units of mass of a contaminant per million units of total mass

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Reference

Eggleston, S., Buendia, L., Miwa, K., Ngara, T., & Tanabe, K. (Eds.). (2006). 2006 IPCC guidelines for

national greenhouse gas inventories (Vol. 5). Hayama, Japan: Institute for Global Environmental Strategies.

Rypdal, K. (2000). AIRCRAFT EMISSIONS-Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories-IPCC.

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2019-06/documents/420f19047.pdf

https://images.app.goo.gl/kn5GbLWjRGte64Sh6

https://images.app.goo.gl/v9V1TG4fJKXiXHPj6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_economy_in_aircraft

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-07/documents/emission-factors_2014.pdf

https://images.app.goo.gl/1dmXEovqEpGNgrC5A

https://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/iawg_cbtl_report.pdf

https://www.quora.com/How-many-miles-do-airplanes-fly-in-the-world-each-year#iMfwu

http://i-how.co/how-it-works/science/Chemistry/how-does-fractional-distillation-work.html √

https://images.app.goo.gl/zsFrDjxZ5NsPa3JG8

https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/bgp/2_5_Aircraft.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/energy/greenhouse-gases-equivalencies-calculator-calculations-and-references

https://www.statista.com/statistics/564769/airline-industry-number-of-flights/

IATA. (n.d.). Number of scheduled passengers boarded by the global airline industry from 2004 to 2019 (in

millions). In Statista - The Statistics Portal. Retrieved June 20, 2019, from

https://www.statista.com/statistics/564717/airline-industry-passenger-traffic-globally/

https://images.app.goo.gl/R7mExHEpJCTLGoEA8

www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sres/aviation/index.php?idp=4

https://www.ipcc.ch/2019/05/13/ipcc-2019-refinement/

https://images.app.goo.gl/hDirmFJpzQAoHSs56

https://davidsuzuki.org/what-you-can-do/air-travel-climate-change/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/features/carbon-footprint-transportation-efficiency-graphic/

https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/UEET/StudentSite/engines.html

https://images.app.goo.gl/guR3t6MGjnibWpWD6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keeling_Curve

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https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/co2-comfort-level-d_1024.html

https://www.forbes.com/sites/kevinmurnane/2016/12/20/nasas-spectacular-new-video-shows-previously-

unseen-changes-in-CO2-in-the-atmosphere/#16602a555055

http://www.carbonify.com/carbon-calculator.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius

https://images.app.goo.gl/KZ69YrMxzSsQuLR99

How does a jet engine work?

The engine sucks air in at the front with a fan. A compressor raises the pressure of the air. The

compressor is made with many blades attached to a shaft. The blades spin at high speed and

compress or squeeze the air. The compressed air is then sprayed with fuel and an electric spark lights

the mixture. The burning gases expand and blast out through the nozzle, at the back of the engine. As

the jets of gas shoot backward, the engine and the aircraft are thrust forward. As the hot air is going

to the nozzle, it passes through another group of blades called the turbine. The turbine is attached to

the same shaft as the compressor. Spinning the turbine causes the compressor to spin.

https://youtu.be/KjiUUJdPGX0

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https://images.app.goo.gl/wyMeHdWJSKB5hKKm8

The air temperature at cruising altitude is

around -44 degree Celsius. Oxygen at that

altitude is sparse, and drops to 5% from

21% at ground level

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Atmospheric-and-partial-pressures-of-oxygen-at-different-altitudes_tbl1_8601541

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Temperature and air density levels in the image below are based on the atmosphere at sea-level

https://images.app.goo.gl/Q6atatJGYLBBp6MB9

Notice that 99% of atmosphere consists of nitrogen and oxygen

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is the first

molecule in the atmosphere made up of

three elements.

The elements are held together by a

strong molecular bonds.

It is those bonds that enables CO2 to snare

infra red waves traveling through our

atmosphere.

When infrared waves are caught and

bounced back, the energy inside the wave

stays in our atmosphere, as opposed to

traveling into space.

https://images.app.goo.gl/aLVinFnBenVwjaxW8

http://www-users.math.umn.edu/~mcgehee/Seminars/ClimateChange/presentations/2013-1Spring/20130212ThermalIRandCarbonDioxideintheAtmosphere.pdf

http://www.physics.upenn.edu/~pcn/Ms/18PhysTeacher.pdf

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https://climate.ncsu.edu/edu/Composition

Note that the Turquoise - Neon Aqua Blue - is Carbon dioxide - the first real molecule present in our atmosphere. As a molecule, it has unique characteristics. The feature most important to heat retention in our atmosphere, comes from molecular strength and wobbly nature between the carbon and the two oxygens. This flexible strength prevents infrared radiation from leaving our atmosphere. Were it not for the bonds between oxygen and carbon, our planet would be beautiful white ball of ice spinning around the sun.

Sliding table

The atmosphere is composed of a mix of several different gases in differing amounts. The permanent

gases whose percentages do not change from day to day are nitrogen, oxygen and argon. Nitrogen

accounts for 78% of the atmosphere, oxygen 21% and argon 0.9%. Gases like carbon dioxide,

nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone are trace gases that account for about a tenth of one percent of

the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide is the first real molecule in the atmosphere.

Explain CO2 level today vs 1919 - one 100 year ago

Note that the concentration of CO2 rises around 100 parts per million - ppm - in the last 100 years.

Today it is a bit over 400ppm, and 100 years ago it was a bit over 300ppm.

This is equivalent 7.76 billion tonnes of CO2 per ppm. Thus, in the last 100 year, the atmosphere has

absorbed and retained from the terrestre 212 billion tonnes of carbon, resulting in 776 billion tonnes

of additional carbon dioxide.

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2.12 1 IPCC and Gilbert Masters

one tonne carbon becomes 44/12 tonne CO2

1 3.67

2.12 gigatonne carbon equals 2.12 x 44/12 GtCO2

2.12 7.77

one part per million of CO2 equals 7.7 billion tonnes of CO2

1 7.77

ppm CO2 above 'normal' GtCO2 above 'normal'

100 777

number of people on earth, in billion amount of 'extra' CO2, in billion

7.5 777

number of people on earth extra tonne CO2

7,500,000,000 777,333,333,333

extra tonne CO2 per person

104

Coefficients assembled by Mark van Soestbergen - 080719

mark@icbe.com - 352.284.8221 mobile

https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/pns/faq.html

http://www.grisanik.com/blog/how-much-carbon-is-in-the-atmosphere/

https://scied.ucar.edu/carbon-dioxide-400-ppm-diagrams

In the Word version of this document - the table above can be tapped to generate a formulated Excel sheet

https://images.app.goo.gl/R7mExHEpJCTLGoEA8

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The below image shows CO2 from factories being absorbed by trees and

oceans with the help of the energy from the sun.

https://images.app.goo.gl/xKvxivAHwWSGNAs8A

This picture shows how land and sea play in an important role in the management of CO2

as it circulates from the air to the water and the land.

https://images.app.goo.gl/wA8Wqm2Tk6cyPn1m6

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Carbon is essential for life on this planet.

Carbon is found in every life form on the land, in the soil, in the ocean, and in the air.

https://images.app.goo.gl/sM9wjxGcVhBHUe5r5

This shows the interaction How the oceans absorb carbon dioxide is critical for predicting climate change.

https://images.app.goo.gl/2k5nzT5TBQEfjmF17

“The carbon cycle”

https://youtu.be/E8Y6L5TI_94

“NASA's Earth Minute: Gas Problem”

https://youtu.be/K9kga9c0u2I

A Breathing Planet, Off Balance

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/details.php?id=1407

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How many trees it would take to offset the emissions caused by an air travel from Paris to

London?

Aircraft : Boeing 747 - about 500 passengers including cargo (freight and mail) weight

Total distance flown : 215 miles / 345 kilometer

Total tonnes of CO2 produced by 747 : 5.238 tonnes

Total tonnes CO2 per passenger : 0.0105

No. of trees to offset per 1 passenger : 0.5238 - tree breathing for one year

Total no. of trees breathing one year to offset per flight (Paris - London, OW) : 0.5238 x 500 =

262 trees

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S008207840400061X

http://irina.eas.gatech.edu/EAS8803_Fall2009/Lec6.pdf

https://scied.ucar.edu/carbon-dioxide-absorbs-and-re-emits-infrared-radiation

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About this Report / Research Paper

This paper was generated in late Spring and early Summer of 2019.

The researcher and author is Kyuyong Shim, a student at the University of Florida, pursuing a

Master's in Mechanical Engineering. Kyuyong applied for an academic internship with a local entity,

and selected to combine his professional experience with the project research goals; to enhance the

understanding of man's role in earth's climate.

http://www.mae.ufl.edu/

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering

University of Florida

231 MAE-A, P. O. Box 116250

Gainesville, FL 32611

Kyuyong is a Major in the Korean Air Force, and team pilot of the 53rd Air Demonstration Group,

nicknamed Black Eagles, the flight display team of the Republic of Korea Air Force based at Wonju

AB, Gangwon Province.

He currently resides in Gainesville, with his wife and sport loving son, who is also a talented and

prolific author of Man-wha.

ky.shim@ufl.edu

We'd like to also thank Randy Wells, Director of the Greater Gainesville International Center, who

organized the study locale and access to meeting space, the Innovation Hub at the University of

Florida for their fantastic outdoor balcony views, Curia on the Drag and Volta Coffee, for the

delicious ambiance and creative atmosphere.

About CarbonSolutions

CarbonSolutions was founded in 1998 as the consulting arm of the International Carbon Bank and

Exchange, Inc. Since then we have helped numerous national and international clients establish

greenhouse gas inventories, certify emission reduction projects and generate climate strategies.

Toward Climate Stability™

FED-ID 59-3495721 International Carbon Bank and Exchange®, Inc DUNS 12-000-0497

6651 NW 23rd Avenue, Gainesville, FL 32606-8400, US Phone: +1.352.367.1144 info@icbe.com www.icbe.com

081419 This exercise was an eye opener for me, had never really looked at the idea of spray painting the top layer of the Troposhere, Kyu-Yong did a stellar job, so glad that we have access to such genuine talent here in the GNV. I have a sneaky feeling this paper will help us in the journey forward. - Mark Mark van Soestbergen mark@icbe,com +1.352.284.8221

"This is the coolest summer for the rest of our lives." Director Stephen Humphrey, SNRE, 2019