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Carbon Compounds
Learning Objectives• Describe the unique qualities of carbon.
• Describe the structures and functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules. For each macromolecule you will need to know:
The name of the monomer
Identify a picture of the monomer
Identify functional groups
The functions in living things
Examples of specific types of this organic compound.
Life’s molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon
Chain Ring Branching chain
The Chemistry of Carbon
• : carbon based
• Carbon can make 4 covalent bonds
• The foundation of organic chemistry are
Made of carbon and hydrogen only
Non-polar therefore
Important Functional Groups in Carbon Compounds• Keep your eye out for these 5 functional groups (all are
polar and hydrophilic)
Macromolecules
• are very large molecules Ex. DNA, proteins, carbohydrates and fats
• Macromolecules are made by piecing small molecules ( ) into chains of repeating units ( )
• 2 important chemical reactions for making and breaking down macromolecules:
: building reaction, monomers are linked together into polymers (polymerization)
: breaking reaction, polymers are dissembled into monomers Animated
examples
Monomers
Polymer
(Sugars)
• Structure (what it is made of) C, H, O (usually following the ratio 1C:2H:1O)
Contain –OH groups and C=O groups
Monomers:
Polymers:
Often, names end in –ose
• Function (purpose) Energy
Structure (building material for cells)
Carbohydrates Examples
• (Quick Energy) Monosaccharides
(blood sugar)
(honey)
(made of 2 monosaccharides)
(table sugar): combination of fructose and glucose
(milk)
•
(Energy Storage and Structure) Made in animals:
(energy storage)
(structure)
Made in plants:
(energy storage)
(structure)
Lipids (Fats)• Structure:
Mostly C and H
Contain –OH and –COOH groups
Non-polar (hydrophobic)
(closest thing to a polymer)
(kind of a monomer)
Three (kind of a monomer)
• Functions
Energy storage
Chemical barriers
Waterproof coverings
Chemical messages (steroids)
Lipid Examples
• Triglycerides Store energy in adipose
(fat) cells
fatty acids
Contain at least 1 C-C double bond
Liquid at room temp
Ex. Oils
fatty acids
No double bonds
Solid at room temp
Ex. Butter
•
Protect plants and animals from water
• : fats that create barriers (membranes) in cells Made of 2 fatty acids (like in
triglycerides) and 1 phosphate group
Have a end and a hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail
•
Made of 4 fused carbon rings
Send messages in living things (testosterone and estrogen)
Nucleic Acids
•StructureContain C, H, O, N and P
Monomers are called and are made
of 3 smaller subunits:
Nitrogen base
Phosphate group
5-carbon sugar
Polymer:
• Functions and Examples Store and transmit
information ( and )
Acts as a battery for the cell ( )
Proteins Structure• Proteins are polymers made of monomers called
• All Amino acids have 3 functional groups and contain C, H, O and N
Carboxyl group (-COOH)
Amino group (-NH2))
(portion of the amino acid that makes each unique)
• AA can be joined using covalent bonds called , a chain of an amino acid is a
• The information for how to create the correct sequence of AA’s is contained in DNA
• There are 20 different AA
• AA have chemical diversity they can be…
Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic
Neutral, positively charged or negatively charged
Acidic/basic or neutral
Protein Function/Examples• : control the rate of reactions in the body ( )
• Regulate processes in the body ( )
• Building material ( )
• Transportation of materials ( )
• Fight disease ( )
A Protein’s Shape Meets its Function• The shape of a protein is what determines its specific function
because most proteins recognize and bind to some other molecule in order to function.
• 4 levels of protein structure:
: The sequence of the amino acids
: local patterns of folding
Alpha helix
Beta sheet
: overall three dimensional shape of a polypeptide
: when proteins consist of two or more polypeptide chains, or subunits – quaternary structure results from how the subunits fit together.