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Carbonate Diagenesis From soft sediment to hard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner Maximilian Schaidt Johannes Sucke 25.04.2018

Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

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Page 1: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Carbonate Diagenesis

From soft sediment to hard rockM.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2

A Presentation by:  Falko MalisStephan SarnerMaximilian SchaidtJohannes Sucke

25.04.2018

Page 2: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

25.04.2018 Flügel, 2004

Page 3: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018 Scholle, 2003

Carbonate classification after Folk

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Page 4: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Carbonate classification after Dunham

Scholle, 2003

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Page 5: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018Scholle, 2003

Carbonate classification after Dunham

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Page 6: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

• Diagenetic factors:

• Dolomitization

• Physical compaction

• Chemical processes• Cementation• Chemical compaction• Dissolution• Inversion• Recrystallization

25.04.2018

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 7: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Two basic models for dolomitization are discussed:

•Primary production of dolomite:• Microrganisms break down MgSO4, dolomite is produced• Only produces small amounts of dolomite

•Secondary transformation of calcite or aragonite:• Calcite or aragonite comes in contact with Mg‐rich fluids and reacts with them• Applies to most of global dolomites• 6 (or more) different types can be distiguished

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Dolomitization

Page 8: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Models for secondary poduction:

• Coroong lagoon‐type:

• Lagoons are filled with marine water and Mg‐rich  groundwaters• Water in the lagoons evaporates• The Mg‐rich brine seeps through the porous carbonates and reacts with them

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 9: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Models for secondary poduction:

• Sabkha‐evaporation‐type:

• The areas behind the shore lines become hit by storms

• The marine water is evaporated and a brine is formed

• The brine reacts with the upper layers of the carbonates 

• Associated with saltflats

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 10: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Models for secondary poduction:

• Seepage‐ reflux‐type:

• Tides fill up lagoons behind the shore line

• This water is evaporated and poduces a brine that seeps back to the ocean

• Associated with evaporites

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 11: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Models for secondary poduction:

• Burial compaction‐type:

• Some carbonates are compacted and by this can loose some of their porewater

• Clayminerals transform and Mg is expulsed

• Porewater is rich in Mg and reacts with carbonates in higher areas

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 12: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Models for secondary poduction:

Mixing formation‐type:

•Marine water and fresh water are mixed in the underground

•Can be located more landward than the other forms of dolomitization

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 13: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Models for secondary poduction:

Seawater dolomitization‐type:

•Ocean current and Tides press seawater into the underground

•Geothermal heat warms up the water and makes it rise

•The warm water produces dolomite

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 14: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Physical Compaction

Two phases:

1. Deposition of sediments, change of packing density, dewatering

• Reduction to about 75% of  original porosity

• Often happens within the burial depth of just one meter

2. Deformation of grains• Reduction to 50% of porosity at several 100m

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

No contact point contact tangential contact sutured +concave‐convex contact

Page 15: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Dynamic  factors: 

•Overburden•Temperature•Pressure•Duration of burial stress•Pore pressure•Pore‐water chemistry

• Inheritited factors

• Sedimentary fabric• Skeletal architecture and mineralogy

• Clay content• Grain size, sorting, shape• Cementation• Preburial dolomitization

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CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Page 16: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Chemical compaction

25.04.2018

• Result of rock‐fluid interaction

• Most important process:• Pressure solution

• Driving force:• Porespace fluid pressure 

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Choquette, James; 19

Page 17: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Pressure solution

• „Riekesche Prinzip“

• Dissolution of minerals at contact

• Diffusion towards pore space

• Precipitation at less‐stressed faces of the grains 

25.04.2018

Pressure solution process

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

wikipedia.org

Page 18: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 19: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Stylolites

• Dissoluted mineral material from pressure solution

• Typically alongside layer surfaces (vertical by tectonic avtivity)

• Insoluble minerals (clays, pyrite and oxides)remain within the stylolites and make them visible

25.04.2018

Chemical dissolution/ formation of stylolites

Pressure solution forms

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003Scholle, 2003

Page 20: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Stylolite classification

25.04.2018

stylolitized ooids

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003

Flügel, 2004

Page 21: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Diagenetic changes

• Example of physical and chemical processeson an octacoral

• A – D: cementation of vugs inside the coral

• E & F: deep burial compaction resulting in grain breakage

• G: refilling with clasts and cementation 

25.04.2018

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 22: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Types of diagenesis

•1) Meteoric

•2) Marine

•3) Burial 

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 23: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

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1) Meteoric vadose environment

•Above water table•Pores filled with freshwater & air•Two processes:

• a) extensive dissolution of unstable minerals (aragonite & high Mg‐calcite)• b) reprecipitation of stable carbonate (low Mg‐calcite)

•Strong effect on permeability•Cement fabrics reflect selective dissolution of water environment•Karstic features (sinkholes, caves, collapse breccias)

steady state

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 24: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

Dissolution of ooids & meniscus fabric

Microstalactitic cement

Low‐Mg„needle

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003Scholle, 2003

Page 25: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 26: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

1) Meteoric phreatic environmentIsopachous low‐Mg calcite cementation

Complete filling ofprimary porosity &high dissolution of

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003

Scholle, 2003

Page 27: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 28: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

2) Marine phreatic environmentEarly stage cementamicrocrystalline gra

Thick micrite enve& aragonitic need

Botryocemen

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003

Scholle, 2003

Page 29: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

25.04.2018

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Flügel, 2004

Page 30: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

3) Burial environment

25.04.2018

Physical compaction & reorientation of grains

Brittle defo

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003

Scholle, 2003

Page 31: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

3) Burial environment

25.04.2018

Chemical dissolution/ formation of stylolites

Physicacompa

CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

Scholle, 2003

Scholle, 2003

Page 32: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Hydrocarbon in carbonates

• Carbonates  are typical reservoir rocks• large porespace and high fissuringespecially Dolomite (highly stable)

• ~50% of world‘s oil and gas are stored in carbonate rocks

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CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

https://sofia.usgs.gov/

Page 33: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

• Fluid migration from source rock due tolower density of hydrocarbon (0,5‐1,2 g/cm³)

• Accumulation of hydrocarbons under impermeabel caprock (seal)

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CarbonatesCarbonates – Diagenetic Mechanisms – Environments – Hydrocarbon

sepmstrata.or

Page 34: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

Thank you for your attention!

Page 35: Carbonate Diagenesis - uni-goettingen.de Diagenesis... · Carbonate Diagenesis Fromsoft sediment tohard rock M.Geo.136b: Beckenanalyse 2 A Presentation by: Falko Malis Stephan Sarner

References

• Flügel, E.: Microfacies of Carbonate Rocks; Berlin, Heidelberg; 2004

• Scholle, S.; Ulmer‐Scholle, D.: A Color Guide to the Petrography of Carbonate Rocks; Tulsa; 2003

25.04.2018