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1 Cardiovascular system

Cardiovascular system€¦ · Conduction System of Heart pumps 6 quarts of blood/ 1000 times per day cardiac muscle can contract spontaneously, not needing a nerve impulse contraction

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Page 1: Cardiovascular system€¦ · Conduction System of Heart pumps 6 quarts of blood/ 1000 times per day cardiac muscle can contract spontaneously, not needing a nerve impulse contraction

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Cardiovascular system

Page 2: Cardiovascular system€¦ · Conduction System of Heart pumps 6 quarts of blood/ 1000 times per day cardiac muscle can contract spontaneously, not needing a nerve impulse contraction

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How does the structure of the heart allow it to function in pumping blood?

Essential Question:

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Function?

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Location of Heart

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Heart coverings

double sac of serous membrane ­ pericardium• visceral pericardium (epicardium)

­hugs external heart surface­part of heart wall

• parietal pericardium ­anchors heart to  surrounding structures• filled with serous fluid ­ why?• pericarditis­ inflammation of pericardium

­decrease in serous fluid­layers stick together­painful

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Walls of heart• epicardium 

­outer most layer­visceral pericardium­connective tissue

• myocardium­middle layer­mostly cardiac muscle

• endocardium­lines heart cavities­epithelial tissue

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Chambers of the heart

atria

• receiving chambers

ventricles• pumping chambers

interventricular septum ­ divides right side from left side

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Heart external structure

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Pulmonary circulation

from right side of heart (rightventricle), to pulmonary arteries, to lungs, to pulmonary veins andthen back to left side of heart (left atrium)

function ­ gas exchange­get rid of carbon dioxide­pick up oxygen

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systemic circulation

from left ventricle, to aorta, to arteries,to body tissues (capillaries), to veins, to inferior and superior vena cavas, to right atrium

function: ­brings oxygen to tissues­picks up wastes

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Heart Valvesfunction ­ one way flow of bloodAtrioventricular valves:tricuspid valve ­ between right atrium and right ventricle

Mitral (bicuspid valve) ­ between left atrium and left ventricle

pulmonary semilunar valve ­ between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

aortic semilunar valve ­ between left ventricle and aorta

http://www.medicinenet.com/heart_valve_disease/article.htm

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Chordinae tendinae ­ "heart strings that anchor the valves 

each set of valves works at different times.

Incompetent valve ­ valve does not close properly, blood back flows

valvular stenosis ­ valve flap becomes stiff­ can be due to repeated bacterial infections­forces heart to contract more vigorously

Treatment: Valve replacement

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Cardiac Circulationcoronary arteries ­ feed heart muscle with nutrientscardiac veins ­ drain heart musclecoronary sinus­ vein that empties into right atrium

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Problems with blood flow to heart muscle

angina pectoris ­ chest pain due to lack of oxygen to cardiac muscle

Myocardial infarction = heart attack or coronary

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Conduction System of Heart

­pumps 6 quarts of blood/ 1000 times per day ­cardiac muscle can contract spontaneously, not needing a nerve 

impulse­contraction occur regularly­atrial cells beat 60 times/minute­ventricular cells beat 20­40 times/minute

So how do they beat at the same time?

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two controlling systems:

1. nerves from autonomic nervous system­accelerate or slow heart rate

2. Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)­built in heart tissue­regulates at ~75 beats/minute

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Intrinsic conduction system

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sinoatrial node (SA)­ located in right atrium= Pacemaker

atrioventricular node (AV) ­ located at junction of right atrium and right ventricle

atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)

bundle branches ­ located in interventricular septum

Purkinje fibers ­ muscle of ventricle walls

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Problems with heart conduction:

1. heart block ­ damage to AV node, causes ventricles to beat at own rate (slower)

2. damage to SA node ­ slower heart rate­install artificial pacemaker inserted

3. ischemia ­ lack of blood supply to heart muscle leads to fibrillation ­ rapid uncoordinated contractions(looks like a bag of worms)­heart cannot pumptreatment ­ defibrillator

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4. tachycardia ­ rapid heart rate, over 100 beats/min­prolonged could lead to fibrillation

5. bradycardia ­ slower than normal heart rate <60 beats/min

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Cardiac cycle and heart soundsSystole­ heart contractiondiastole ­ heart relaxation

cardiac cycle = one complete heartbeat when both atria and ventricles contract and relax­ 0.8 seconds/ cycle based on 75 beats/min

heart sounds:"lub ­ dup"­ lub = AV valves closing­ dup = semilunar valves closing

Heart murmur  = abnormal sounds, caused by valve problem

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Cardiac events

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Cardiac output

= amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in 1 minute 

= heart rate X stroke volume

stroke volume = volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle per heartbeat

ex. cardiac output = 75 beats/min X 70 ml/beat  = 5250 ml/min

therefore: the entire amount of blood in your body passes through your body per minute

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regulation of stroke volume

normally pump 60% of blood in ventricles

regulated by:1.  the stretching ability of the heart muscle before 

contraction­more stretched = stronger contraction

2. amount of venous return to heart­ more blood = more stretching

if volume or speed increased = higher stroke volume

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regulation of heart rate

­regulated by autonomic nervous system­ sympathetic division ­ increases heart rate­ parasympathetic  = decreases heart rate

epinephrine, thyroxine ­ hormones that increase heart rate

also affected by age, gender, exercise, body tempfemales­ 72­80 beats/minmales ­ 64­72 beats/min

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regulation of cardiac output

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congestive heart failure ­ heart is "worn out" ­ heart is weak­progressive condition­cause ­ atherosclerosis, high blood pressure, myocardial 

infarcts­treatment = digitalis ­ slows and steadies the heart rhythm

Pulmonary congestion ­ if left heart fails, right side still pumps blood to lungs

­blood vessels in lungs swell­fluid leaks into lung air spaces ­ pulmonary edema­if untreated­suffocation

Peripheral congestion ­ right side fails­edema in distal parts of body­ puts strain on heart ­ heart fails

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Blood Vessels ­ What are the differences?

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Artery vs. Vein

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Tunics

1. tunica interna ­ lines the lumen (interior of vessel)­endothelium on connective tissue­helps decrease friction

2. tunica media ­middle coat­smooth muscle, elastic tissue­if constrict ­ blood pressure increases­if dilate ­ blood pressure decreases

3. tunica externa­outermost tunic­fibrous connective tissue­supports and protects vessels

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Structural Differences between Arteries, Veins, and Capillaries

Arteries Veinsthick tunica media thin tunic media

smaller lumen larger lumen

no valves has valves

close to heart in terms of far from heart in terms of circulation circulation

high pressure low pressure

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Ways blood gets back to heart against gravity

1. valves in veins

2. "milking" by skeletal muscles

3. larger lumen for more blood carrying capacity

4. pressure when we inhale fills veins near heart

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Capillaries

one cell thick­ tunica interna only

form networks called capillary beds

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Problems with blood vessels

varicose veins ­ ­cause standing for long periods, obese, pregnancy­inefficient venous return­blood pools­valves do not work­veins get twisted and dilated

­thrombophlebitis  ­inflammation of a vein that results in clot

­pulmonary embolism ­ clot that breaks and goes to lung

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Arteries

­moves blood away from heart

­"most" carry oxygenated bloodexceptions:

pulmonary arteriesumbilical arteries

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Veins

­ bring blood to the heart

­"most" carry deoxygenated   bloodexceptions:

pulmonary veinsumbilical vein

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Special Circulations

1. The brain

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Brain fed by carotids and vertebral arteries­internal carotid arteries ­enter skull through temporal bone­vertebral arteries ­ enter back of brain and then becomes basilar  artery

Circle of Willis­basilar and internal carotids connected by communicating arteries­purpose­ protects brain

      ­ provides alternate route for blood flow if clot or imparied    blood flow

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2. Hepatic Portal circulation­ circulation of  digestive organs

­drains digestive organs, spleen, and pancreas and deliver to liver viahepatic portal vein

­ liver processes nutrients from dig. system then goes to inf. vena cava

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3. fetal circulation

­all nutrients, excretory and gas exchange through placenta

­umbilical vein ­ blood rich with oxygen

­2 umbilical arteries ­oxygen poor

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ductus venosus­ vessel that bypasses liver

foramen ovule ­ hole between left and right atrium

ductus arteriosus ­ connects aorta and pulmonary trunk (bypasses lungs)

ligmentum arteriosum ­ collapsed ductus arteriosus after birth

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Physiology of circulation

­pulse = alternating expansion and recoil of an artery

pulse rate = heart rate

pulse points are also pressure points ­ points where put pressure to stop bleeding

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Blood pressure= the pressure the blood exerts against the inner walls of the blood vessels

­keeps blood circulating

= mean pressure within the large systemic arteries

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Blood pressure in various areas of the cardiovascular system

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measuring blood pressure

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Effects of various factors on Blood pressure

1. peripheral resistance ­ amount of friction by blood when it flows

­ if vessel is narrow ­ increase in resistance­ if blood is viscous ­ increase­ if blood volume increases ­ increase

a. neural factors ­ autonomic nervous system­parasympathetic NS ­ no effect­sympathetic NS­ vasoconstricts blood vessels ­ increases

               blood pressureex. when getting up suddenly from lying down ­ b.p. initially drops, get vasoconstriction to bring b.p. backup

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b. renal factors: kidney­alters blood volume to regulate arterial pressure­If b.p. too high ­ kidneys release more urine (water from the 

bloodstream)­ excreted­if b.p. too low ­ kidneys retain water­ if b.p. too low ­ kidney releases renin that helps form 

angiotensin II ­ vasoconstrictor

c. temperature­cold = vasoconstriction­ heat vasodilating

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d. chemicals­ epinephrine ­ increases heart rate and b.p.­nicotine increases b.p. by vasoconstriction­ alcohol/ histamine ­ vasodilation, decrease b.p.

e. diet­ low salt, low saturated fats, low cholesterol prevents 

hypertension (high b.p.)

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Problems with blood pressurenormal blood pressure: systolic 110­140 mm Hg                                   diastolic 75­80 mm Hg

1. Hypotension = low blood pressure­systolic below 100 mm Hg­ athletes may have this, not a real problem

­orthostatic hypotension ­ elderly condition­ dizziness when getting up from reclining or lying down

­ chronic hypotension can indicate poor nutrition, low levels of blood proteins

­circulatory shock ­ blood vessels are not filled with enough blood and cannot circulate normally, cause is blood loss

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2. Hypertension ­ high blood pressure"The Silent Killer"140/90 or higher­ makes heart overwork­ can cause small tears in blood vessels (accelerate 

artherosclerosis)­ factors that affect blood pressure: diet, obesity, heredity, race, 

stress

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Capillary exchange

diffusion through interstitial fluid

4 methods of transport

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bulk fluid exchange depends on hydrostatic pressure

pressure high on arterial end    pressure low on venous endhigh low

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Artherosclerosis

damaging process of blood vessel wallsSteps: 1. damage to tunica interna2. platelets initiate clotting3. immune system and inflammatory process repair damage4. repeated damage5. increase in permeability to fatsand cholesterol that sits under tunica interna6. causes narrowing7. arteriosclerosis ­ end stage,    lose elasticity, get scar tissue

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What can be done?

1. balloon angioplasty

2. stent  implantation

3. clot busting medicines

4. cholesterol lowering medicationsLipitor, Crestor,  etc. 

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Developmental Aspects ­ fourth week heart is pumping ­ 4th ­7th week heart develops 4 chambers ­ after birth bypass structures become blocked ­ becomes more powerful and efficient if exercise ­ as age ­ get: 

varicose veinsartherosclerosishypertension

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