Cardiovascular Disorders

• Athesclerosis– Hardening of the arteries

• Aneurism– Weakening of wall of major

blood vessel causing ballooning and possible bursting

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Cardiovascular Disorders

• Coronary Bypass– Renewing blood flow to the

heart– Bypassing blockages

• Angioplasty– Use of a balloon to create

an opening in an obstructed vessel

Cardiovascular Disorders

• Blood Clots and Thinners

– Traveling clot lodges and causes an embolism

– Chemical given to break up the clot is a blood thinner. One source of blood thinner is hirudin, which comes from the saliva of a leech

Swiftness of Blood Flow, Capillary Exchange & Tissue Fluid

• Arterial End is under Pressure– Pressure is higher than osmotic pressure for water trying to

get in, there H20 flows out with nutrients like glucose and aminos

• Venuous End experiences Less Pressure

– Lower pressure means water flows in. Wastes, CO2 follow.

Blood Types:

• Antigens:– Trigger immune response– Most are proteins– On cell membranes—surface antigens– Presence or absence of these surface

antigens on RBC cell membranes determines blood type

– Surface antigen glycoproteins, glycolipids

• Individuals may have:– Either A or B surface antigens– Both A and B– Neither A or B

• Type A = antigen A• Type AB = antigen A and antigen B• Type O = neither antigen

• US population: (blacks and Asian % differ)– O = 46%– A = 40%– B = 10%– AB = 4 %

• Rh factor:– Rh surface antigen– + present/ - not present

• Your immune system ignores own RBC surface antigens

• Plasma contains antibodies—that attack antigens on foreigh RBC

• Transfusion– Usually not whole blood– Plasma usually not transferred

• O blood—given to anyone (donor)

• AB blood—no antibodies to attack (recipients)—so donate RBC

Another Blood Protein Marker The Rhesus Factor(Rh)

• Rh individual does not always contain “+” antibodies

• These antiRH antibodies only present if individual exposed to Rh+ red blood cells (by transfusion, pregnancy)

– Rh- mom with Rh+ fetus

In the first pregnancy, the mother’s immune system becomes aware and produces antibodies

If another Rh+ baby is conceived, it will most likely be rejected by the mother’s immune system

Fetal CirculationPrenatal Gas, Nutrient and Waste

Exchange

Placenta & the Umbillical Chord• The umbilical cord stretches between the placenta and

the fetus and contains the umbilical arteries and veins.

• Placenta functions:– Exchange of gases and nutrients between maternal and fetal

blood takes place in the umbilical arteries.

– Umbillical artery carries deoxygenated blood in need of cleaning to the placenta. Then, the Umbilical vein carries blood and oxygen away from the placenta to the fetus with nutrients & oxygen

– Produce hormones to maintain pregnancy (estrogen, progesterone, HCG)

Figure 21.35a, b

Important Animation Click me

• As the mother’s placenta cleanses the blood of the embryo there is no need for blood to flow to the liver.

• So, the ductus venosus bypasses the liver carrying blood with oxygen and nutrients from the umbilical cord, directly to the right side of the heart.

• The ductus venosus closes shortly afterbirth when the umbilical cord is cut.

The Placenta, Cleansing the Blood & the Role of the Ductus Venosus

Fetal Circulation of the Heart and Great Vessels

• Because the developing embryo cannot receive oxygen from the lungs, Mother nature had to come up with a different approach

• There are 2 shunts that bypass the pulmonary circuit

1. Foramen ovale 2. Ductus arteriosus

Fetal Circulation

• Consider that the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs

• Now, if an unborn child does not breathe to exchange 02 and C02, what point is there of sending blood to the lungs?

THE FORMAEN OVALE

Helps Blood bypass the Right Ventricle (mostly)

Blood coming from lungs is deoxygenated, but mixes with rich placental blood

Figure 21.35a, b

Important Animation Click me

Cardiovascular Changes at Birth

• The lungs and pulmonary vessels expand and propel into use

• The Ductus arteriosus constricts and is no longer used as a shunt

• The Formamen Ovale closes

• Circulation proceeds normally. Blue babies flush pink as oxygen courses through their bodies.

Onto the Lymphatic System

• Filters blood for infections

• Returns excess fluid from organs and tissues to the blood

Overview of the Lymphatic System

• Consists of

A) Lymphatic vesselsB) Lymphatic organs

• Lymphatic Vessels – Take up excess fluid and return to

bloodstream

– Lacteals in small intestine absorb lipids and lipoproteins and transport them to the bloodstream

– Have valves, just like veins

Lymphatic Vessels

• Lymphatic capillaries– LactealsLacteals

• Specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the villi of the intestinal mucosa

• Assist in the absorption of digested fats from the small intestine

• Contain a milky white lymph known as chylechyle

Lymphatic Vessels

• Lymphatic Collecting Vessels– Receive lymph from lymphatic capillaries– Have valvesvalves, like veins, but are thinner

• Lymphatic Trunks– Large drainage areas where many lymph

vessels meet

Without proper return of lymphatic fluid to the blood stream, pooling may occur.

ELEPHANTIASIS

Lymphatic Vessels collect fluid from the Blood

• Lymphatic Capillaries– Blind structures that collect interstitial fluids

Lymph Nodes• Nodes are clusters of

lymph vessels

• Large clusters are found in the neck, throat, shoulder regions

• 3 Functions:

1. Filter lymph2. remove

microorganisms and debris

3. Activate the immune system

Other Lymphoid Organs

• Includes:– SpleenSpleen– ThymusThymus– TonsilsTonsils– Peyer’s PatchesPeyer’s Patches– Red Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow

The Lymphatic OrgansLymphatic OrgansLymphatic Organs

Most lymph nodes are found in the groin, armpits, throat, Most lymph nodes are found in the groin, armpits, throat, neck and filter lymphatic fluid. As such, they are full of neck and filter lymphatic fluid. As such, they are full of WBC’s and are the first areas to locate infection / cancerWBC’s and are the first areas to locate infection / cancer

1.1. TonsilsTonsils• Back of throatBack of throat• Believed they have some immuneBelieved they have some immune

function, such as preventing respiratory function, such as preventing respiratory infectionsinfections

2.2. SpleenSpleen• Upper left of abdominal cavityUpper left of abdominal cavity• Cleanses bloodCleanses blood• Filters bacteria and recycles Filters bacteria and recycles • blood cellsblood cells

Tonsils

• Form a ring of lymphoid tissue around the entrance to the windpipe

• Many types of Tonsils:

– Palatine Tonsils• When infected cause tonsillitis

– Nasal Pharyngeal • Found in the back wall of the

nasal region• Called adenoids when

infected

Spleen

• Largest lymphoid organ. About the size of a fist.• Role = stores blood, disintegrates old blood cells, filter foreign

substances from the blood, and produces lymphocytes • Location:

– Left side of the abdominal cavity, beneath the diaphragm

3. Thymus Gland- Along trachea, under sternum

- Shrinks as we age- Where T-LymphocytesT-Lymphocytes mature!

4. Red Bone Marrow – RBC’s / WBC’s- stem cells

The Lymphatic System

Thymus• Home for T lymphocyte maturationT lymphocyte maturation

• Prominent in newborns, it increases in size throughout childhood. In adolescence, it begins to atrophy and is fatty/ fibrous in adults.

• Only lymphoid organ that does not fight germs