Cardiovascular SystemCardiovascular System

Function: Transports nutrients, gases, Function: Transports nutrients, gases, and wastes to cells in order to maintain and wastes to cells in order to maintain homeostasishomeostasis– Heart- transport system pumpHeart- transport system pump– Blood- medium of oxygen, carbon dioxide, Blood- medium of oxygen, carbon dioxide,

nutrients, wastes, cells, other substancesnutrients, wastes, cells, other substances– Blood Vessels- interconnecting tubes that Blood Vessels- interconnecting tubes that

move to and past body cellsmove to and past body cells

Blood:Blood:It’s what’s inside.It’s what’s inside.

Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy & Physiology

Chapter 18Chapter 18

General Blood InfoGeneral Blood Info

Major transportation Major transportation fluid; maintain fluid; maintain homeostasishomeostasis

body has 5-6 Litersbody has 5-6 Liters makes up 8% of body makes up 8% of body

weightweight pH 7.4pH 7.4 composed of plasma composed of plasma

(55%) & blood cells (55%) & blood cells (45%)(45%)

FunctionsFunctions

1.1. supplies food and oxygen to cellssupplies food and oxygen to cells

2.2. picks up wastes from cellspicks up wastes from cells

3.3. transports hormones, enzymestransports hormones, enzymes

4.4. maintains pHmaintains pH

5.5. regulates body heatregulates body heat

6.6. carries blood cells & antibodies to carries blood cells & antibodies to fight infectionfight infection

Blood contains many Blood contains many componentscomponents

PlasmaPlasma

composed of 90% water and 10% composed of 90% water and 10% plasma solutes and proteinsplasma solutes and proteins

Solutes: glucose, lipids, proteins, Solutes: glucose, lipids, proteins, vitamins, hormones, uric acid, lactic vitamins, hormones, uric acid, lactic acid, O2, CO2acid, O2, CO2

2. Protein: Albumin, carries 2. Protein: Albumin, carries molecules, maintains osmotic molecules, maintains osmotic pressurepressure

Red Blood Cells (RBC)-Red Blood Cells (RBC)- AKA AKA erythrocyteserythrocytes

Transports oxygen with hemoglobinTransports oxygen with hemoglobin NO nucleus so only live 120 daysNO nucleus so only live 120 days not capable of cell repairnot capable of cell repair flat discs with depressed centersflat discs with depressed centers 300 million molecules of hemog. per 300 million molecules of hemog. per

cellcell formed in red bone marrow formed in red bone marrow

(hematopoiesis)(hematopoiesis) 25 trillion in body at one time 25 trillion in body at one time

White Blood Cells (WBC)-White Blood Cells (WBC)- AKA AKA leukocytesleukocytes

only 2 for every 1000 RBConly 2 for every 1000 RBC much larger than RBCmuch larger than RBC have NO hemoglobin and do have have NO hemoglobin and do have

nucleusnucleus 7,500 WBC in body at one time.7,500 WBC in body at one time.

Granulars:Granulars: spherical; lobed spherical; lobed nuclei; made by red marrownuclei; made by red marrow

NeutrophilsNeutrophils- phagocytosis of - phagocytosis of invading bacteria; most invading bacteria; most numerous & active WBCnumerous & active WBC

Eosinophils-Eosinophils-battle allergens; battle allergens; release antihistamines; release antihistamines; phagocytosis of parasitesphagocytosis of parasites

Basophils-Basophils- nucleus is U or S- nucleus is U or S-shaped; allergies; histamine; shaped; allergies; histamine; least numerous WBCleast numerous WBC

Agranulars:Agranulars: nucleus spherical or nucleus spherical or kidney-shaped; made by lymphatic kidney-shaped; made by lymphatic systemsystem Lymphocytes-Lymphocytes- produce produce

antibodies; proteins that antibodies; proteins that inactivate antigens; inactivate antigens;

– Two kinds:Two kinds: 1. B cells - become plasma cells and 1. B cells - become plasma cells and

produce antibodiesproduce antibodies 2.T cells - attack cells2.T cells - attack cells

Monocytes-Monocytes- largest; work with largest; work with neutrophils to phagocytize neutrophils to phagocytize bacteria and viruses; become bacteria and viruses; become wandering macrophages to wandering macrophages to “clean up” after infection“clean up” after infection

Breakdown of leukocytesBreakdown of leukocytes

Neutrophils Neutrophils 65-65-75%75%

Eosinophils Eosinophils 2-5%2-5% Basophils Basophils 0.5-1%0.5-1% Lymphocytes Lymphocytes 20-20-

25%25% Monocytes Monocytes 3-8%3-8% Total Total 100%100%

ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSIS:ANALYSIS FOR DIAGNOSIS: – When neutrophils up, bacteria invading. When neutrophils up, bacteria invading. – When monocytes up, chronic infection. When monocytes up, chronic infection. – When eosinophils and basophils up, allergic When eosinophils and basophils up, allergic

reaction.reaction.– When lymphocytes up, antibiotic reaction.When lymphocytes up, antibiotic reaction.

Platelets- Platelets- AKA thrombocytes; cell AKA thrombocytes; cell fragments with NO nucleus; very fragments with NO nucleus; very small, biconcave disks (smaller than small, biconcave disks (smaller than RBCs); initiate blood clotting; live 7-10 RBCs); initiate blood clotting; live 7-10 days; produced in red bone marrow; days; produced in red bone marrow; 250,000 in body at one time.250,000 in body at one time.

G. Blood ClottingG. Blood Clotting•involves at least 15 factors and a few enzymes•initiated with the release of thromboplastin

thromboplastinprothrombin ----------------------- thrombin

thrombinfibrinogen ----------------------- fibrinFibrin, RBCs, and platelets clump to

form a clot (or scab)

Heparin, an antithrombin, can prevent clotting; used in transfusions.

Hematopoiesis:Hematopoiesis: AKA hemopoiesis; AKA hemopoiesis; formation of blood cells in red bone formation of blood cells in red bone marrowmarrow

starts with hematocytoblast or starts with hematocytoblast or hematopoietic stem cells hematopoietic stem cells differentiates differentiates into 5 kinds of cells (takes about 4 days) into 5 kinds of cells (takes about 4 days)

ErythropoiesisErythropoiesis: RBC formation= hematocytoblast : RBC formation= hematocytoblast proerythroblast proerythroblast basophilic erythroblast basophilic erythroblast normoblast normoblast reticulocyte (nuclei disintegrates) reticulocyte (nuclei disintegrates) erythrocyteerythrocyte