cardiovascularsystem

7/25/2019 cardiovascularsystem

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2 The cardiovascular system

(a) The structure and function of arteries,capillaries and veins to includeendothelium, central lumen, connectivetissue, elastic bres, smooth muscle andvalves. The role of vasoconstriction andvasodilation in controlling blood ow.


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Structure of theCardiovascular System


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hat is the Cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system,

also "nown as the circulatorysystem, is composed of blood,blood vessels and the heart.

The heart functions as apump to move blood throughthe blood vessels of the body.

# circulatory system isessential for large, multi$cellular organisms, such ashumans and animals, andprovide at least ve ma%orfunctions that are necessary

for life.


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The ve ma%or functions of thecardiovascular system are&

Transporting o'ygen andremoving carbon dio'ide

Transporting nutrients andremoving wastes

ighting diseaseTransporting hormones

egulating body temperature


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Cardiovascular system

http&**www.youtube.com*watch!v+C%-b/$cw#
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjNKbL_-cwAhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CjNKbL_-cwA


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Components of the CVS

The CVS consists of

a double pump (the

heart) and a complex

system of blood

vessels.


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The cardiovascular system

The cardiovascular system is made upof the heart along with the bloodvessels.


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0lood vessels

A layer of cells called the endothelium lines thcentral lumen of all blood vessels. It is surrounlayers of tissue. These surrounding layers diffeach type of blood vessel.

The middle of the vessel is called the central l


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#T121S Carry blood away from

the heart

1ndothelium 3ne cell thic"

1lastic tissues 4 smoothmuscles

ebounds 1vens ow

ibrous tissue Tough

esists stretch


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Contraction of the smooth muscle:

vasodilation and vasoconstriction


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#rteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart. The further t

travels away from the heart, the lower the blood pressur

They have an outer layer of connective tissue containing fibres and a middle layer containing smooth muscle with mfibres. The elastic walls of the arteries stretch and recoaccommodate the surge of blood after each contraction o

heart.

The smooth muscle can contract, called vasoconstriction. decreases the blood flow. It can also relax, causing vasodThis increases blood flow. Movement of these muscles co

blood flow.


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512S

Carry blood towards

the heart 1ndothelium

arger lumen thanarteries

Thinner musclelayer 4 few elasticbres

0lood at lowerpressure

ibrous tissue


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512S

Contain valves 6revents bac"ow of

blood

Situated betweens"eletal muscles

7uscle compresses

vein whencontracted

0lood 8s9uirted:towards heart


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5eins

Veins have an outer layer of connective tissue

containing elastic fibres but a much thinnermuscular wall than arteries. They containvalves to prevent back flow of blood as bloodis at a lower pressure in veins than arteries.


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C#62#21STransport blood

between arteries andveins

orm large networ"s(capillary beds)

1'change of materialsbetween blood and

cellsTheir walls are only

one cell thick,allowing nutrients andwaste to difusethrough with ease.


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Capillaries

ArterioleCapillaries

(capillary bed)

Venule


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Capillaries

apillaries are only one cell thick to allow

exchange of substances with tissues.


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(i) The e'change of materials betweentissue uid and cells through pressureltration and the role of lymph vessels.

Similarity of tissue uid and blood plasmawith the e'ception of plasma proteins.


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Tissue luid and the ymphatisystem


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ymphatic system


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http&**www.youtube.com*watch!v+;?@'t3

C i f t t f l d ti
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q530H1WxtOwhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q530H1WxtOw


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Plasma Tissue fluid

!rotein e.g. red blood cells "o protein

#xygen and carbon dioxide #xygen and carbon dioxide

glucose, amino acids glucose, amino acids

water water

Comparison of contents of plasma and tissueuid

Ti id


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Tissue uid

$issolved substances move out through thecapillary walls by pressure filtration, formingtissue fluid. Tissue fluid is similar to bloodplasma except it does not contain plasmaproteins e.g. red blood cells. Tissue fluidsurrounds cells and supplies them with glucosamino acids, oxygen and other useful

substances. arbon dioxide and othermetabolic waste %waste produced by chemicareactions in the cell& diffuse out of the cellsand into the tissue fluid to be excreted.

Summary Tissue luidand ymphatic System


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0loarriv

tarteh

pres

0loodleaving in

venule

lowpressure

ymphvessel

capillary

espirincell

Tissue uid

Some tissueuid enterslymphatic

system

Some plasmaforced out ofcapillary

Some tissueuid enterscapillary byosmosis

ymphpasses intolymphaticsystem

and ymphatic System


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Case study on disorders of the lymphatic systemSuitable e'amples include the eAect of "washioruid balance and elephantiasis.

mphatic s stem


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ymphatic system

'xcess tissue fluid is absorbed by lymphaticvessels which are found around cells in eachtissue, forming lymph fluid. The lymph fluideventually returns to the blood.


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(b) The structure and function of the heart

(i) Cardiac function and cardiac output.

Benition of cardiac output and its

calculation.


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Cardiac unction and Cardiac3utput


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?eart ate (?)

umber of times heart beats in one minute

ormal values around Dbpm

ormal range is between E>$F>

Stro"e 5olume (S5)


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Stro"e 5olume (S5) 5olume of blood e%ected by each ventricle

during contraction

The heart pumps the same volume of bloodthrough the ventricles during each beat.

G >ml

Cardiac Output


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Cardiac OutputCardiac Output is the volume of blood pumped by

each ventricle per minute and is the function of

two factors:

Heart rate (beats per minute)

Stroke volume (the volume of blood ejected by

each ventricle during each contraction)

CO = H ! S"


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7easuring pulse rate in arteries using pulsometeCalculate cardiac output under diAerent conditio

S t i l l f di t t t i l l


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Activity

Level

Heart rate

(bpm)

Stroke

Volume(ml)

Cardiac

Output(l/min)

Rest #$ #% &

Mild '%% ''% ''

Moderate '$% ''$ '*

Heavy(athlete)

$%% '&% %

Some typical values for cardiac output at varyin+ levels

activity

Cardiac output


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Cardiac output

Heart rate (HR)( number of beats of the heaper minute %bpm&

Stroke volume (SV)( volume of blood e)ectedeach ventricle during contraction %ml&.

The left and right ventricles pump the samevolume of blood through their arteries each ti

Cardiac output (CO)measures the volume ofblood pumped out by each ventricle per minuteTo calculate this*

CO = HR x SV


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Cardiac function


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The ?eart

Semi,lunar valve

-trioventicular valve

Semi,lunar valve

-trioventricular valv


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The opening and closing of the AV and +valves are responsible for the heart soundswhich can be heard with a stethoscope.


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(ii) The cardiac cycle to include thefunctions atrial systole, ventricular systolediastole. 1Aect of pressure changes onatrio$ventricular (#5) and semi lunar (S)valves.


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TH CO!"#CT$!%S&ST' O( TH H)RT


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Stuart brown H stooibrownIyahoo.

Cardiology. #s a youngster 2 had a cardiac paceTwo, actually. 2 still have one of them, plus the 'the damn thing in my chest. So 2 can tal" a bit awhat it did for me (and what it didnKt do) and theof tests which were done on me to e'amine my performance.

di l


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Cardiac cycle

The cardiac cycle consists of three stages

-. Atrial systole. Ventricular systole

/. $iastole


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C di l


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Cardiac cycle

-. Atrial systole

!ressure in the atria builds up as muscles of the atria walls contract,

forcing blood through the AV valves into the ventricles. AV valves open, +

valves shut.

. Ventricular systole

!ressure in the ventricles build up as muscles of the ventricle walls

contract, forcing blood through the + valves into the arteries. + valves

open, AV valves shut.

/. $iastole

!ressure decreases in both atria and ventricles as muscles relax.

0lood flows back into the atria and starts to flow into the ventricles. The

higher pressure in the arteries closes the + valves. AV valves open, +

valves shut.

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6ure Science Specials 3f ?earts a7inds

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(iii) The structure and function of cardiacconducting system including nervous andhormonal control.

Control of contraction and timing by cells the sino$atrial node (S#) and atrio$ventricular node (#5). 2nterpretation ofelectrocardiograms (1CM).

The medulla regulates the rate of the S#through the antagonistic action of theautonomic nervous system (#S).Sympathetic accelerator nerves releaseadrenaline (epinephrine) and slowingparasympathetic nerves releaseacetylcholine.


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egulation of the CardiacCycle

Sino$atrial node (S#) and #trial


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( )5entricular node (#5)

1lectrical activity of the heart


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1lectrical activity of the heart

http&**www.youtube.com*watch!v+v=b$NhOm;uP

e+related

Cardiac conducting system
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The heart beat is regulated by both nervousand hormonal control.

Nervous control: ells of the sino atrial node %+A"&, also know

as the pacemaker, in the right atrium set thepace at which cardiac cells contract withoutconscious thought. They are calledautorhythmic.

The +A" generates an electrical impulse whispreads throughout the atria, causing atrialsystole. The impulse reaches the AV" whichthen carries the impulse across the ventriclecausing ventricular systole.

#utonomic ervous System


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The autonomic nervous system %A"+& consistsf i i % i & b h


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of antagonistic %opposing& branches

+ympathetic nerve

!arasympathetic nerve

Sympathetic


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+ympathetic acceleratornerves

1elease adrenaline%epinephrine&

Increases heart rate

6arasympathetic


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!arasympathetic slowingnerves

1elease acetylcholine

$ecreases heart rate


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The medulla region in the brain regulates the rate the +A" through the Autonomic "ervous +ystem%A"+&. It contains two branches which work in

Antagonistic %opposing& ways.

+ympathetic accelerator nerves releaseadrenaline %epinephrine& which increases heart rate+lowing parasympathetic nerves release

acetylcholine which decreases heart rate.

#062 schools


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#062 schools

#drenaline animation&

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?ormonal egulation of the ?eart
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Qnder certaincircumstances e.g.stress or e'ercise thesympathetic nervoussystem causes theadrenal glands toproduce adrenaline

which travels in theblood to act on the S#,which generatesimpulses at a higherrate, increasing heartrate



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Qnder certaincircumstances e.g.stress or e'ercise thesympathetic nervoussystem causes theadrenal glands toproduce adrenaline

which travels in theblood to act on the S#,which generatesimpulses at a higherrate, increasing heartrate


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Hormonal control*

2nder circumstances such as stress and exercise, thsympathetic nervous system causes the adrenal glanproduce the hormone adrenaline which acts on the +increase heart rate.


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The impulses generated by the +A" creates


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The impulses generated by the +A" createscurrents that can be detected by anelectrocardiogram %'3&.

! wave 4 atrial systole

51+ waves 4 ventricular systole

+ wave 6 diastole

)*!OR')+ C%,S


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#trial utter

apid contraction of the atria

#tria contract = times for every ventricula

)*!OR')+ C%


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5entricular tachycardia

5entricles beat rapidly and independently

)*!OR')+ C%,S


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5entricular brillation

Qnco$ordinated electrical activity

6umping cannot ta"e place

atal if not corrected

Bebrillation

(iv) 0lood pressure changes, in response tcardiac cycle and its measurement


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cardiac cycle, and its measurement.

0lood pressure changes in the aorta durinthe cardiac cycle. 7easurement of blood

pressure using a sphygmomanometer. #typical reading for a young adult is @D>*>mm?g. ?ypertension is a ma%or ris" factofor many diseases including coronary headisease.


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blood pressure measurement


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http&**www.youtube.com*watch!v+1lCb;7i0CE#

0lood pressure
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElCbQMiBC6A&NR=1http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ElCbQMiBC6A&NR=1


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0lood pressure changes in the aorta during the card

cycle. It can be measured using a sphygmomanomete


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An inflatable cuff stops blood flow and deflates gra

The blood starts to flow %detected by a pulse& at sypressure. The blood flows freely through the arterypulse is not detected& at diastolic pressure.

A typical reading for a young adult is -7897 mm:g.


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:igh blood pressure, known as hypertension, is

ma)or risk factor for many diseases includingcoronary heart disease.

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