Career Guidance - Self-Awareness

7/22/2019 Career Guidance - Self-Awareness

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PLANNING


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CAREER PLANNING

is the continuous process of:

thinking about your interests, values, skills andpreferences;

exploring the life, work and learning optionsavailable to you;

ensuring that your work fits with your personalcircumstances; and

continuously fine-tuning your work and learningplans to help you manage the changes in your lifeand the world of work.


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STAGES IN CAREER PLANNING

1.SELF-AWARENESS

2. THE CAREER SEARCHPROCESS

3. THE JOB SEARCH


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SELF-AWARENESS

Self-awareness is the capacity forintrospection and the ability to recognizeoneself as an individual separate from the

environment and other individuals.

Introspection is examination of one's ownconscious thoughts and feelings.


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LOCUS OF CONTROL


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Is a generalized expectancy for internal as opposedto external control of reinforcements. It is a theoryused in personality psychology that refers tocausation as perceived by individuals in responseto personal outcomes or other events. The theory

was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and hassince become an aspect of personality studies. Aperson's "locus" (Latin for "place" or "location") isconceptualized as either internal or external.


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In Rotters (1966) terms, Internal locus-of-controlmeans that I believe I am in charge of my life.

External locus-of-control means I believe thatsomething or someone other than myself isin charge of my life.


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In Levensen (1974), He expanded Rottersconceptof locus-of-control (L-O-C) by relating it to locus-

of-responsibility (L-O-R). This results in fourpossible combinations

1.

Internal L-O-C

Internal L-O-R, representscongruence between choices and consequences.We realize that we have choices and we takeresponsibility for the outcomes of our choices.


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Implicit in the internal control internal responsibility

approach is the awareness of the choices andconsequences before we act. It is commendable to takeresponsibility for our actions; however, it is much morecommendable to think through the choices andconsequences and then act responsibly.

Responsibility according to Erich Fromm (socialpsychologist). Today, responsibility is often meant to

denote duty, something imposed upon one fromoutside. But responsibility, in its true sense, is anentirely voluntary act; it is my response to the needs,expressed or unexpressed, of another human being.


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2. Internal L-O-CExternal L-O-Rrepresents a lackof congruence between choices and consequences. Werealize that we have choices, but deny that there areconsequences or we refuse to take responsibility for theoutcomes of our choices. Another way this combinationmanifests itself is in the denial of consequences. Or wedo something we want to do instead of doing

something we should do and then feel guilty that wedid what we did.

Sue (1979) says that individuals in this combination may believe intheir ability to shape events in their own life if given a chancetheyalso realistically perceive that external barriers of discrimination,prejudice, and exploitation block their path to the successfulattainment of goals. The issue here is how to best overcome theexternal barriers so that an individual can attain his goals.


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3. External L-O-C External L-O-R, althoughcongruent, represents a complete denial of choices

and consequences. Rather than take responsibilityfor choices or consequences, many of us place thecontrol outside ourselves. We shift the controloutside ourselves and they deny any responsibility

for the consequences. I didnt choose therefore Iam not responsible. Or we deny that we have achoice. We have convinced ourselves that we haveno options that we must do something for

whatever reasons and therefore, we are notresponsible.


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The issues in this combination are more complex.First, the individual needs to reestablish

confidence that he can take control of his life andthat he can be responsible for what happens tohim. After the confidence is reestablished, the nextstep is to determine how to overcome the external

barriers.


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4.External L-O-C Internal L-O-R, representsanother form of incongruence. This is most likelythe worst of the combinations in that we

feel/believe we are not in control yet takeresponsibility for the outcomes. It is the no winapproach. The term co-dependency for example,the spouse of an alcoholic, drug addict, who takes

responsibility for the othersbehavior.


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The issue here is a complex one. Changing thisapproach to life requires a great deal of soulsearching, objective examination of societal forces

and the development of self-worth as an individualand a member of a particular culture.


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Inherent in the concept of choices and consequencesis the desirability of the actions or outcomes. Itappears to be easier to make a choice when one

option is desirable and one option is undesirable orwhen there does not appear to be any unfavorableoutcomes or consequences for a particular choice.Unfortunately, it is not always that simple. Most

choices involve both desirable (approach) andundesirable (avoidance) actions or outcomes.


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Dollard and Miller developed a model of conflictinvolving approach and avoidance behaviors.

4 Types of Conflict

Approach Approach

Approach Avoidance

Avoidance Avoidance

Double Approach Avoidance


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4 Assumptions about the strength of approach oravoidance behavior

1. The closer one comes to a goal, the more stronglyone pursues it

2. The nearer one comes to a feared stimulus, the

stronger the tendency to shun it

3. The inclination to avoid operates more potentlythan does the desire approach

4. The strengths of drives govern the vigor of thepropensity/tendency to approach or avoid.


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Approach Approach

Is a conflict between two desirable alternatives. Theconflict in choosing between two desirable

alternatives, although present, does not tend tocause serious problems for us. We choose one andthen move on with few or no regrets. The onlydanger in this type of choice is to spend too much

time wondering WHAT IF?


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Approach Avoidance

Is the choice between a desirable and an undesirablealternative. The conflict increases when the choices

involve outcomes beyond the immediate positive ornegative one. It is the choice between somethingthat has to be done and something we would like todo. Ex. A choice between studying for an exam

(avoidance) or going to a party (approach).


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Avoidance Avoidance

Is a choice between two undesirable alternatives. Theconflict is greater when the choice is between two

undesirable options and we have to chose.Choosing between studying for two exams is anexample of this. Quite often this is when vacillationand or procrastination occur and we dontchoose.


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Double Approach Avoidance

The first three conflicts involve choices between twoor more clear cut alternatives. The fourth, is less

obvious. Conflict is generally greatest in thisapproach. We approach an alternative until theavoidance factors becomes stronger than theapproach factors, then we retreat and approach the

other alternative until the avoidance factorsbecomes stronger than the approach factors.


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LIFE SKILLS

AND

KNOWLEDGE


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Assertiveness

The ability to exercise your own rightswhile respecting the rights of others.

Balance in LifeIs the even distribution of energy withinand between our physical, mental and

spiritual activities. Balance within each isnecessary for balance between the threeaspects.


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Capability for love and Intimacy

To be capable of loving, we need to understandwhat is meant by love. For Fromm (Art of Loving),love is an activity, not a passive effect; it is a

standing in, not a falling for. In the mostgeneral way, love is primarily giving, not receiving.Giving is not some duty; rather it is the sharing ofthe very essence of our being. Giving is an act of

joy, not duty.


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To be capable of loving, Fromm lists four basicelements care, responsibility, respect and

knowledge

Care is the active concern for the life and growthof that which we love.

Responsibility means to be able to respond to theother. It is a voluntary act in the response to theneeds of another human being.

Respect is to accept the other as that person is,not as we would like that person to be.

Knowledge is to know the self and the other.


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Change Managementinvolves the understanding and application of a

few simple steps.

1 .Recognize that change is inevitable.

2. Recognize that change has physiological andpsychological effects

3. Recognize the things which are under ourcontrol and the things which are not under our

control4. To delay making unnecessary changes while we

deal with the changes which we are unable todelay or prevent.


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Communication skills

Most of us know how to talk, few of us know how tocommunicate. Basic to communication is theability to listen to the other. Listening means

attending fully to what the other is saying.Communication is a process whereby we take anidea or thought that we have in our mind, translateinto words and then say the words to the other.


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Conflict Resolution

Conflicts will always occur. They are inevitable.Conflict, in and of itself, is neither good nor bad.How we resolve conflicts is what is important.

3 Types of Conflict Resolution Win-winis when both or all parties are reasonably

satisfied with the resolution

Win-loseis when one party controls the outcome to

the conflict to detriment of the other party or parties. Lose-lose is when the conflict is not resolved and

continues to be a problem to the parties involved.


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Creativity

It is not necessarily a gift given to us, but a talent

developed by us. It is a way of making somethingnew, useful, beautiful, etc.

Critical ThinkingThe ability to look at a situation or problem with adegree of objectivity is essential to critical thinking.

We need to develop and use our critical thinking

skills if we are to give our lives some sense ofcoherency and continuity.


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Decision-making

Our life is one long series of decisions: some

important, some routine. Some require greatertime and effort: some are automatic. Whicheverthe case, knowing and using a systematic decision-making model is an important part of being

successful in attaining our goals.

Discipline

We all have discipline. All we need is the

motivation to exercise it and that both themotivation and discipline come from within theself.


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Ethics and Principles

These are the things that we believe and will not

violate. They are our anchor, the place we comehome to when in doubt in a given moral situation.

FlexibilityBeing able to adapt to varying situations isessential to a satisfying and productive life. Weneed to recognize what is happening in a given

situation, what we can do in that situation andwhat is most likely to be rewarding for us in ouractions in that situation.


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Goal Setting and Attainment

involves establishing specific, measurable, achievable,

realistic and time-targeted (S.M.A.R.T ) goals

Locus-of-Control

Believing that you are in charge of your own life, thatyou have control is fundamental in any endeavor.

Organizational Skills

We need to be able to make some sense out of all thethings that are happening in our lives. The ability to

organize our tasks and to set priorities will not onlymake our lives easier but will make our lives morecomplete.


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Problem Solving

Understanding problem solving skills. Usually,

problems are more immediate and tend to be moreemotional at the time they are occurring. The essenceof problem solving is to clearly define the problem, tounderstand who owns the problem, to recognize the

long and short term effects of the problem and to knowwhat and when to compromise. It is also helpful to useyour past experiences in problem solving and to seekhelp from other people.

Search for MeaningLife without meaning is no life at all. We all need tohave meaning in what we do and or experience. How

we come to that meaning is highly personal and

individual.


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Self-AwarenessWe need to be aware of our own being. We need to be intune with our body, mind and spirit. It is a matter of

listening to the self.

Self-ConfidenceThe belief that I can and I will.

Self-EsteemIs the outcome of love of oneself. Iam a worthwhile human

being and I am worthy of my respect.

Stress Management

Managing stress is an important part of living a successfuland rewarding adult life. It is important to recognize thatstress is the result of positive as well as negative change.


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Time Management

It is a fundamental part of being organized in your life.What needs to be stressed is that it is a skill that will beuseful throughout your life.

Tolerance and Understanding

If we are to live in peace and harmony, we need tounderstand and respect those that may be differentfrom us.

Values ClarificationValues determine our goals and our behavior. It makessense that we have a clear understanding of what our

values are and their effects on our goals and behavior.


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PERSONALCHARACTERISTICS


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People are different in fundamental ways. Theywant different things and have different

motivations, purposes, aims, values, needs,impulses, urges, goals. There are many reasons

why people are different, but one of the mainreasons is the unique combination of personalcharacteristics that defines each of us.Understanding these differences can help usunderstand why people behave differently.Understanding why people behave differently canthen help us accept others as they are: not as we

would like them to be.


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Two theoretical approaches (CarlJungs and John Hollands

Approaches)

Jungs(Myers-Briggs) Theory

Jungs personality theory postulates twofundamental attitudes (Extroversion andIntroversion) and four psychological functions(Thinking Feeling and Sensing Intuitive) ascharacteristics of individual personality. Myersadded a fourth polarity (Perceiving Judging).


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Extrovert focused on the outer world of people andthings, expanding her energy

Introvert focused on the inner world of thoughtsand ideas and tends to conserve her energy

Perceiving the gathering of information Judging is coming to conclusions or resolutions

about what is there Sensing is perceiving through the use of the five

senses- objective stimuli Intuitive an inner knowing the hunch or gut

feeling

Thinking is the rational, logical approach the useofonesintellect Feeling is generally based on beliefs and or values


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Putting the four polarities into the differentcombinations results in sixteen personality types.

(SEE MBTI CHARACTER TYPES)

HollandsTheory

Holland postulated six occupational orientations

(personalities) and six occupational environments Artistic, Social, Enterprising, Conventional, Realistic,and Investigative. Holland believe that if there is amatch between the occupational orientation and

occupational environment, an individual is likely to besatisfied in her occupational choice.

(SEE HOLLAND CODES)


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NEEDS, WANTS

and VALUES


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NEEDS

Genuine needs are those things we need to survive without which we could not continue to exist.Needs are those things which are necessary forsurvival.

Cribbin defines a need as a potentiality,requirement or capacity inherent in a person thatmust be reasonably satisfied or actualized if he is todevelop into a relatively complete and integrated

human being.


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These needs are:

Psychological Needs

The need to be different, for independence andself-expression, to experience success, adequacyand self-esteem, for development and for defense.

Social NeedsThe need for attention and approval, to belong

and conform, to participate and contribute

It should be considered that not all of theneeds can or will be satisfied at the same time andor to the same degree.


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Maslows Structure of Needs

A hierarchial one in which the satisfaction of abasic need is a prerequisite to the search forsatisfaction o the next need in the hierarchy.

Highest to Most Basic

Need for Cognitive Understanding

Need for Self-Actualization

Esteem Needs

Need for Belongingness and Love

Safety Needs Physiological Needs


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Physiological needs are primary. Without air, waterand food we cannot physically survive.

Safety needs. We cannot get on with the business ofliving if we do not have some sense of safety.

Need for Belongingness and Love To meet ourneed for love and belonging, we must be able and

willing to give freely to the other. We must have an

active concern for the loved one; knowledge of theloved one as an individual; the ability to respond to theloved one; and respect for the loved one as they are, notas we would like them to be.


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Esteem needsCarl Rogers developed the concept of

unconditional positive regard as a basic part of theesteem needs. What Rogers meant is that we areregarded positively because we are not because we do

what others demand or expect from us. We are;therefore, we are worthy. Unconditional positivereagard is something we need from others, but it is alsosomething that we need from ourselves. It is notenough coming from others. It must also come fromourselves. We need to know that we are of worth toourselves and to others.

Self-ActualizationWe need to become more fully that which we are

capable of being.


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WANTS

Can be met in a variety of ways at a time other thanright now

Our wants come from two areas: that whichinnately feels or is good for us and that which wehave been socialized to believe feels or is good for

us.


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VALUES Values indicate desirable or preferred end-stated or

end goals or explicit purposes, and values arestandards in terms of which specific criteria may beestablished and choices made among alternatives.

Values are also defined as modes of conduct, such asprudence, honor, courage, civility, honesty, fairness.Modes are sometimes goals in themselves but they arealways means by which human enterprises should beconducted, and thus we will call these modal values.

Some values are both ends in themselves intrinsicvalues and the means in achieving further end states extrinsic or instrumental values


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End values as goals and or standards; are those

which determine our goals that which we arestriving for ; modal values as ways of behaving how we act in attaining our goals; intrinsic values

which are meaningful in their own right; and

extrinsic values which are meaningful notnecessarily in and of themselves but because theycan lead to other values or goals.

We are an action oriented species and what

determines our actions are our goals and whatdetermines our goals are our values.


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To look at our values, it is helpful if we understandthe concept of values clarification

4 Step Process to Values Clarification

1. Determine the current value system one can usvalues inventories, checklists and exercises

2. Determine the effects that these values have on ourlives we need to look at what we do and what arethe consequences of our actions. We need tounderstand our priorities.

3. Determine where our current values came from internalize a set of values which they came from

4. Take ownership of our own value system


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THANK YOU

Documents

Career Guidance - Self-Awareness