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Page 1: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

1

Vol 24 / No. 2 / November 2016

Caribbean

Ecocriticism

Special Issue

Page 2: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

Published by the discipline of Literatures in English,

University of the West Indies

Volume 24

Number 2

November 2016

Elaine Savory Guest Editor, Special Issue on

Caribbean Ecocriticism

Page 3: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

CREDITSOriginal image: Urchin Skeleton, 2015 by Nadia Huggins

Anu Lakhan (copy editor)Nadia Huggins (graphic designer)

2?14�Q[�X]JTQ[PML�_Q\P�\PM�ÅVIVKQIT�[]XXWZ\�WN �\PM�,MXIZ\UMV\[�WN �4Q\MZI\]ZM[�QV�-VOTQ[P�WN �<PM�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �\PM�?M[\�1VLQM[

Enquiries should be sent to THE EDITORS

2W]ZVIT�WN �?M[\�1VLQIV�4Q\MZI\]ZM�,MXIZ\UMV\�WN �4Q\MZI\]ZM[�QV�-VOTQ[P��=?1�5WVI�

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OR

5[��)VOMTI�<ZW\UIV�,MXIZ\UMV\�WN �4IVO]IOM��4QVO]Q[\QK[�IVL�4Q\MZI\]ZM�.IK]T\a�WN �0]UIVQ\QM[��=?1�+I^M�0QTT�+IUX][�8�7��*W`�����*ZQLOM\W_V��*):*),7;��?�1��M�UIQT"�IVOMTI�\ZW\UIV(KI^MPQTT�]_Q�ML]

SUBSCRIPTION RATE=;����XMZ�IVV]U��\_W�Q[[]M[��WZ�=;����XMZ�Q[[]M+WXaZQOP\��������Journal of West Indian Literature

1;;6��WVTQVM�"�����������

Page 4: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE -^MTaV�7¼+ITTIOPIV��-LQ\WZ�QV�+PQMN�5QKPIMT�)��*]KSVWZ��;MVQWZ�-LQ\WZ�

/TaVM�/ZQٻ\P:IKPMT�4��5WZLMKIQ

Lisa OutarIan Strachan

BOOK REVIEW EDITOR )V\WVQI�5IK,WVITL

EDITORIAL BOARD -L_IZL�*I]OPVictor Chang)TQ[WV�,WVVMTT�5IZS�5K?I\\�

5I]ZMMV�?IZVMZ�4M_Q[

EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD 4I]ZMVKM�)��*ZMQVMZ

:PWVLI�+WJPIU�;IVLMZ,IVQMT�+WTMUIV

Anne Collett:IXPIMT�,ITTMW

,MVQ[M�LM+IQZM[�6IZIQV+]ZLMTTI�.WZJM[

Aaron KamugishaGeraldine Skeete

.IQ\P�;UQ\P-UQTa�<IaTWZ

Page 5: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

THE JOURNAL OF WEST INDIAN LITERATURE� PI[� JMMV� X]JTQ[PML� \_QKM�aMIZTa� Ja� \PM�,MXIZ\UMV\[�WN �4Q\MZI\]ZM[�QV�-VOTQ[P�WN �\PM�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �\PM�?M[\�1VLQM[�[QVKM�7K\WJMZ��! ���-LQ\ML�Ja�N]TT�\QUM�IKILMUQK[�IVL�_Q\P�UQVQUIT�N]VLQVO�WZ�QV[\Q\]\QWVIT�[]XXWZ\��\PM�2W]ZVIT�WZQOQVI\ML�I\�\PM�[IUM�\QUM�I[�\PM�ÅZ[\�IVV]IT�KWVNMZMVKM�WV�?M[\�1VLQIV�4Q\MZI\]ZM��\PM�JZIQVKPQTL�WN �-L_IZL�*I]OP��5MZ^aV�5WZZQ[� IVL�5IZS�5K?I\\�� 1\� ZMÆMK\[� \PM� KWV\QV]ML�KWUUQ\UMV\�WN � \PW[M�_PW� NWTTW_ML�\PMQZ�TMIL�\W�XZW^QLM�I�NWZ]U in the region NWZ�\PM�LQ[[MUQVI\QWV�IVL�LQ[K][[QWV�WN �W]Z�TQ\MZIZa�K]T\]ZM��1VQ\QITTa�NMI\]ZQVO�KWV\ZQJ]\QWV[�NZWU�[KPWTIZ[�QV�\PM�?M[\�1VLQM[��Q\�PI[�JMKWUM�IV�QV\MZVI\QWVITTa�ZMKWOVQbML�XMMZ�ZM^QM_ML�IKILMUQK�RW]ZVIT��<PM�-LQ\WZ[�QV^Q\M�\PM�[]JUQ[[QWV�WN �IZ\QKTM[�QV�-VOTQ[P�\PI\�IZM�\PM�ZM[]T\�WN �[KPWTIZTa�ZM[MIZKP�QV�TQ\MZIZa�\M`\]ITQ\a��ÅK\QWV��XZW[M��LZIUI��ÅTU��\PMWZa�IVL�KZQ\QKQ[U��WN �\PM�-VOTQ[P�[XMISQVO�+IZQJJMIV���?M�IT[W�_MTKWUM�KWUXIZI\Q^M�I[[M[[UMV\[�WN �VWV�)VOTWXPWVM�+IZQJJMIV�\M`\[�XZW^QLML�\ZIV[TI\QWV[�QV\W�-VOTQ[P�WN �\PM�ZMTM^IV\�XIZ\[�WN �[]KP�\M`\[�IZM�QVKWZXWZI\ML�QV\W�\PM�[]JUQ[[QWV��2?14�_QTT�IT[W�X]JTQ[P�JWWS�ZM^QM_[��;]JUQ[[QWV�O]QLMTQVM[�IZM�I^IQTIJTM�I\�___�R_QTWVTQVM�WZO�

THE%20JOURNAL%20OF%20WEST%20INDIAN%20LITERATURE%20has%20been%20published%20twice-yearly%20by%20the%20Departments%20of%20Literatures%20in%20English%20of%20the%20University%20of%20the%20West%20Indies%20since%20October%201986.%20Edited%20by%20full%20time%20academics%20and%20with%20minimal%20funding%20or%20institutional%20support%2C%20the%20Journal%20originated%20at%20the%20same%20time%20as%20the%20first%20annual%20conference%20on%20West%20Indian%20Literature%2C%20the%20brainchild%20of%20Edward%20Baugh%2C%20Mervyn%20Morris%20and%20Mark%20McWatt.%20It%20reflects%20the%20continued%20commitment%20of%20those%20who%20followed%20their%20lead%20to%20provide%20a%20forum%20in%20the%20region%20for%20the%20dissemination%20and%20discussion%20of%20our%20literary%20culture.%20Initially%20featuring%20contributions%20from%20scholars%20in%20the%20West%20Indies%2C%20it%20has%20become%20an%20internationally%20recognized%20peer-reviewed%20academic%20journal.%20The%20Editors%20invite%20the%20submission%20of%20articles%20in%20English%20that%20are%20the%20result%20of%20scholarly%20research%20in%20literary%20textuality%20%28fiction%2C%20prose%2C%20drama%2C%20film%2C%20theory%20and%20criticism%29%20of%20the%20English-speaking%20Caribbean.%20%20We%20also%20welcome%20comparative%20assessments%20of%20non-Anglophone%20Caribbean%20texts%20provided%20translations%20into%20English%20of%20the%20relevant%20parts%20of%20such%20texts%20are%20incorporated%20into%20the%20submission.%20JWIL%20will%20also%20publish%20book%20reviews.%20Submission%20guidelines%20are%20available%20at%20
Page 6: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

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<IJTM Contentsof

4QbIJM\P�8IZI^Q[QVQ�/MJMZ\

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Eric Prieto

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2IKY]MTQVM�*Q[PWX

Elaine Savory

.WWL��*QWLQ^MZ[Q\a��-`\QVK\QWV["�+IZQJJMIV�.I]VI�IVL�\PM�;\Z]OOTM�NWZ�.WWL�;MK]ZQ\a�L]ZQVO�\PM�+WVY]M[\�WN �\PM�6M_�World

¹*TIKS�_I[�VM^MZ�UWZM�*MI]\QN]Tº"�-KWTWOa��+]T\]ZM��IVL�\PM�7QT�*WWU�QV�<ZQVQLIL

1VNWZUIT�=ZJIVQ[U�IVL�\PM�0IZL�9]M[\QWV�WN �\PMAnthropocene

Patrick Chamoiseau’s Texaco�WZ�\PM�-KWTWOa�WN �+IZQJJMIVIdentity

4Q\MZI\]ZM�NWZ�+PQTLZMV�IVL�AW]VO�)L]T\[�I[�8I\P�\WEnlightenment Emancipation

¹;MMQVOº�/WI\�1[TIVL�+TMIZTa"�)�9]M[\QWV�WN¹,M^MTWXUMV\º

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109

104

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115

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Elaine Savory

Sarah Phillips Casteel

;XMK\IK]TIZ�;]ٺMZQVO"�?Q\VM[[QVO�;TI^MZa�QV�\PM�-QOP\MMV\P�+MV\]ZaBritish Atlantic

+IZQJJMIV�IVL�8W[\KWTWVQIT�-KWKZQ\QKQ[U"�:M^Q[QWVQVO�QV�IV�=ZOMV\�Time

+ITaX[W�2M_["�2M_Q[PVM[[�QV�+IZQJJMIV�4Q\MZIZa�1UIOQVI\QWV

Notes on contributors

Book reviews

Page 7: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

7

-LQ\WZQIT�8ZMNIKM�

1�_ZQ\M�\PQ[�R][\�IN\MZ�\PM������MTMK\QWV�NWZ�8ZM[QLMV\�WN �\PM�=VQ\ML�;\I\M[��_WV�Ja�,WVITL�<Z]UX��0M�PI[�JMMV�[SMX\QKIT�IJW]\�KTQUI\M�KPIVOM��0M�PI[�KTQUI\M�KPIVOM�LMVQMZ[�QV�PQ[�QVVMZ�KQZKTM��*MQRQVO��WVKM�IT[W�VW\�[]XXWZ\Q^M�WN �MV^QZWVUMV\IT�XZW\WKWT[��PI[�[IQL�<Z]UX�_QTT�JM�LMNaQVO�\PM�_Q[PM[�WN �\PM�_PWTM�XTIVM\�QN �PM�ZM[Q[\[�SMMXQVO�\PM�=;�[MZQW][Ta�MVOIOML�_Q\P�\PM�KWV\ZWT�WN �MUQ[[QWV[��<PM�=;�UIa�NIKM�IK\QWV�NZWU�I�KWITQ\QWV�WN �VI\QWV[�_PQKP�_QTT�\Za�\W�MV[]ZM�PQOP�KIZJWV�][IOM�Q[�X]VQ[PML��;W�\PQ[�Q[�JW\P�I�UWUMV\�\W�JW\P�realize that huge progress has been made in raising consciousness where it counts and a KPQTTQVO�[MV[M�\PI\�I�VM_Ta�MUXW_MZML�LM[\Z]K\Q^MVM[[�WN �W]Z�MIZ\P�UIa�[WWV�JM�]VLMZ_Ia�

<PMV�QV�\MZU[�WN �\PM�ÅMTL�\W�_PQKP�\PQ[�Q[[]M�KWV\ZQJ]\M[��\PMZM�Q[�<QUW\Pa�+TIZS¼[�ÅMZKM�KWVKMZV�QV�Ecocriticism on the Edge �������\PI\�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U�Q[�\WW�WN\MV�ZML]K\Q^M��:M[XWVLQVO�\W�I�ZMILQVO�WN �8I]TM�5IZ[PITT¼[�The Chosen Place, the Timeless People and to the ]ZOMVKa�WN �W]Z�XZM[MV\�\QUM��\PM�)V\PZWXWKMVM�MZI��+TIZS�[Ia[�Q\�_QTT�¹JM�PIZLMZ�QV�\PM�N]\]ZM�\W�JM�[I\Q[ÅML�_Q\P�IV�MKWKZQ\QKIT�UM\PWL�_PW[M�KWV\ZQJ]\QWV�\W�SVW_TMLOM�ZMUIQV[�WVTa�\W�\ISM�]X�I�_WZS�WN �ÅK\QWV�IVL�IٻZU�QV�Q\�^IT]M[�IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�\Z]Q[U[�UW[\�ZMILMZ[�WN �\PM�KZQ\QKQ[U�_W]TL�PWTL�IVa_Ia�º�

1V�\PM�NIKM�WN �ITT�\PQ[��Q\�KIV�JM�PIZL�\W�PI^M�KWVÅLMVKM�\PI\�_ZQ\QVO�IV�MKWKZQ\QKIT�M[[Ia�PI[�[WUM�XW[[QJQTQ\a�WN �UISQVO�I�XW[Q\Q^M�QUXIK\��*]\�XIZ\�WN �\PM�ZMI[WV�\PI\�XZWOZM[[�Q[�JMQVO�UILM�QV�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�UI\\MZ[�Q[�\PI\�QVNWZUI\QWV�IVL�KWV[KQW][VM[[�IZM�QVKZMI[QVO��IVL�\PQ[�Q[�_PMZM�VW\�WVTa�TQ\MZIZa�\M`\[�\PMU[MT^M[��J]\�MV^QZWVUMV\ITTa�I_IZM�QV\MZXZM\I\QWV[�WN �\PMU��LW�KWV\ZQJ]\M��7\PMZ_Q[M�\PMZM�Q[�R][\�I�OIX�JM\_MMV�\PM�TMILQVO�MLOM�WN �KPIVOM�QV�TQ\MZI\]ZM�IVL�TQ\MZIZa�[\]LQM[�IVL�WTL�_Ia[�WN �\PQVSQVO�IJW]\�JW\P�\M`\�IVL�\PM�_WZTL��-KWKZQ\QKQ[U�Q[�NWZ\]VI\MTa�U]T\Q�[\ZIVLML��NWZ�Q\�XMZUQ\[�I�_QLM�^IZQM\a�WN �\WWT[�IVL�IXXZWIKPM[�\W�JM�MUXTWaML��_Q\P�\PM�KWUUWV�OWIT�WN �ML]KI\QVO�IVL�ZIQ[QVO�KWV[KQW][VM[[�IJW]\�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�Q[[]M[�\PZW]OP�\PM�UMLQ]U�WN �TQ\MZIZa�\M`\[��IVL�KIV�IT[W�XZW^QLM�XIZ\QK]TIZ�SQVL[�WN �LQ[KW]Z[M�_Q\PQV�\PM�ÅMTL�WN �MV^QZWVUMV\IT�P]UIVQ\QM[��1UXWZ\IV\�TQ\MZIZa�\M`\[�IZM�M`XZM[[ML�QV�XW_MZN]TTa�MٺMK\Q^M�TIVO]IOM�IVL�NWZU��_PQKP�VW\�WVTa�[PIXM�[\WZa�IVL�\PMUM�J]\�M^MV�JMKWUM�XZQUIZa�^MPQKTM[�WN �UMIVQVO��IVL�TIVO]IOM�Q[�\PM�^MPQKTM�IVL�\PM�IZMVI�NWZ�KPIVOM�JMNWZM�Q\�JMKWUM[�\PW]OP\N]T�IK\QWV��+TIZS¼[�]ZOQVO�NWZ�ZMQV^MV\QWV�WN �MKWKZQ\QKIT�UM\PWL[�Q[�KWUXTM\MTa�^ITQL�IVL�VMKM[[IZa��J]\�Q\�Q[�\PM�UWZM�TQSMTa�\W�PIXXMV�QN �I�^IZQM\a�WN �MKWKZQ\QKIT�XZIK\QKM[�\PZQ^M�\PIV�QN �\PMZM�Q[�VW\PQVO�J]\�\PM�UW[\�KPITTMVOQVO�

Elaine Savory Guest Editor, Special Issue on Caribbean Ecocriticism

Page 8: Caribbean Ecocriticism - WordPress.com

8

8W[\KWTWVQIT�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U�PI[�ITZMILa�M^WT^ML�I[�I�LQ[\QVK\�ÅMTL��IVL�_Q\PQV�\PQ[�+IZQJJMIV�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U�Q[�R][\�MUMZOQVO�I[�I�[\ZWVO�JWLa�WN �_WZS��.WZ�\PW[M�_PW�VMML�I�JQ\�WN �I�UIX�PMZM��/ZMO�/IZZIZL¼[�OMVMZIT�Ecocriticism��������ZMUIQV[�I�^IT]IJTM�ÅZ[\�[\IOM��[WTQL�QV�_PI\�Q\�[]Z^Ma[��J]\�Q\�LWM[�VW\�MVOIOM�_Q\P�\PM�XW[\KWTWVQIT��-^MV�\PM�ZMKMV\�-KWKZQ\QKQ[U"�<PM�-[[MV\QIT�:MILMZ��ML��3MV�0QT\VMZ��������QVM`K][IJTa�JIZMTa�LWM[�[W��*]\�Å^M�aMIZ[�MIZTQMZ��I�V]UJMZ�WN �JWWS[�JMOIV�\W�M[\IJTQ[P�I�OTWJIT�^Q[QWV��<PQ[�Q[�[WUM\PQVO�_PQKP�Q[�VMKM[[IZa�\W�M[\IJTQ[P�QN �MV^QZWVUMV\IT�LQ[I[\MZ�Q[�\W�JM�I^MZ\ML"�PW_M^MZ�I�NWK][�WV�\PM�TWKIT�Q[�IT[W�WN �KZQ\QKIT�QUXWZ\IVKM��/ZIPIU�0]OOIV�IVL�0MTMV�<QٻV¼[�8W[\KWTWVQIT�-KWKZQ\QKQ[U"�4Q\MZI\]ZM��Animals, Environment��������[M\[�W]\�\PM�KI[M�NWZ�\PM�ÅMTL��8IZ\�WN �\PMQZ�IZO]UMV\�_I[�\PI\�XW[\KWTWVQIT�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U�KPITTMVOM[�?M[\MZV�¹QLMWTWOQM[�WN �LM^MTWXUMV\�º�IVL�\PMa�XWQV\ML�W]\�\PI\�[WUM�_ZQ\MZ[��[]KP�I[�3MV�;IZW�?Q_I��_PW�_I[�M`MK]\ML�NWZ�PQ[�IK\Q^Q[U�IZW]VL�WQT�XWTT]\QWV�QV�6QOMZQI��IZM�LMMXTa�MVOIOML�_Q\P�XWTQ\QKIT�IK\QWV��4I]ZI�?ZQOP\¼[�Wilderness

QV\W�+Q^QTQbML�;PIXM["�:MILQVO�\PM�8W[\KWTWVQIT�-V^QZWVUMV\��������M`XTWZM[�_WZS�Ja�;W]\P�)NZQKIV��6QOMZQIV��3MVaIV��1VLQIV��=;�IVL�6M_�BMITIVL�_ZQ\MZ[��;PM�XW[Q\QWV[�PMZ�JWWS�I[�TQ\MZIZa�IVITa[Q[�_PQKP�UISM[�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�Q[[]M[�^Q[QJTM��8W[\KWTWVQIT�/ZMMV"�-V^QZWVUMV\IT�8WTQ\QK[�and World Narratives �ML[��*WVVQM�:WW[�IVL�)TM`�0]V\��������QVKT]LM[�8IJTW�5]SPMZRMM¼[�\PW]OP\N]T�M[[Ia�WV�The God of Small Things �:Wa���0M�TQVS[�\PM�[\aTM�IVL�[\Z]K\]ZM�WN �\PQ[�VW^MT�\W�<ZW\[Sa¼[�QLMI�WN �]VM^MV�LM^MTWXUMV\��[XMKQÅK�QV�\PQ[�KI[M�\W�1VLQI��-KW�1UIOQVI\QWV"�African and Diasporan Literatures and Sustainability��ML[��L¼)TUMQLI��>QISQVVW]�*ZQV[WV�IVL�8QV\W���IVL�*aZWV�+IUQVMZW�;IV\IVOMTW¼[�,QٺMZMV\�;PILM[�WN �/ZMMV"�)NZQKIV�4Q\MZI\]ZM��Environmental Justice, and Political Ecology��JW\P������ UMM\�\PM�VMML�NWZ�UQLLTM�ZIVOM�NWK]["�VW\�\PM�OTWJM�J]\�WVM�KWV\QVMV\��P]OM�IVL�^IZQW][�I[�Q\�Q[��)NZQKI�Q[�WN �XIZ\QK]TIZ�KZQ\QKIT�QV\MZM[\�\W�\PM�MKWTWOQKITTa�UQVLML��JMKI][M�WN �Q\[�^I[\�ZIVOM�WN �LQٺMZMV\�KTQUI\M[��\MZZIQV[�IVL�MKWTWOQM[��\PM�PQ[\WZa�WN �ZIXIKQW][�KWTWVQITQ[U�IVL�\PM�[WKQW�MKWVWUQK�IVL�XWTQ\QKIT�[\Z]OOTM[�WN �Q\[�XMWXTM[�\W�J]QTL�XW[\KWTWVQIT�[WKQM\QM[�IN\MZ�\PI\�PQ[\WZa�

*]\��QUXWZ\IV\Ta��LQ[\]ZJQVO�Y]M[\QWV[�PI^M�JMMV�I[SML�IJW]\�\PM�ZMTI\QWV�JM\_MMV��XW[\KWTWVQIT�IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�[\]LQM[��<QUW\Pa�+TIZS¼[�The Cambridge Introduction to Literature

and the Environment �������I[S[��¹1[�MV^QZWVUMV\ITQ[U�IVW\PMZ�NWZU�WN �KWTWVQITQ[U'º�1V�Slow Violence and the Environmentalism of the Poor��IT[W��������:WJ�6Q`WV�I[S[��¹?PI\�_W]TL�Q\�UMIV�\W�JZQVO�MV^QZWVUMV\ITQ[U�QV\W�I�N]TT��XZWL]K\Q^M�LQITWO]M�_Q\P�XW[\KWTWVQITQ[U'º�0M�M`XTWZM[�\PQ[�I\�TMVO\P�IVL�QV�^MZa�QV\MZM[\QVO�_Ia[�

)TT�WN �\PQ[�Q[�XZWNW]VLTa�ZMTM^IV\�\W�\PQVSQVO�IJW]\�+IZQJJMIV�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U��_PQKP�got an important start with +IZQJJMIV�4Q\MZI\]ZM�IVL�\PM�-V^QZWVUMV\"�*M\_MMV�6I\]ZM�IVL�+]T\]ZM �ML[��-TQbIJM\P�,M4W]OPZMa��:MVuM�/W[[WV�IVL�/MWZOM�0IVLTMa��������IVL�What is the

-IZ\PTa�8IZILQ[M"�-KWKZQ\QKIT�:M[XWV[M[�\W�\PM�+IZQJJMIV��ML[��+PZQ[�+IUXJMTT�IVL�-ZQV�;WUMZ^QTTM���������,M4W]OPZMa�M\�IT��UIZS�\PMQZ�KI]\QW][VM[[�QV�¹OZIN\QVOº�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U�WV\W�+IZQJJMIV�KWV\M`\[��+IUXJMTT�IVL�;WUMZ^QTTM¼[�KWTTMK\QWV�WN �KWVNMZMVKM�XIXMZ[�JZQVO[�\WOM\PMZ�I�UQ`�WN �XIXMZ[�WV�+IZQJJMIV�MV^QZWVUMV\[�IVL�WV�+IZQJJMIV�TQ\MZIZa�\M`\[��;IZIP�8PQTTQX[�Casteel’s ;MKWVL�)ZZQ^IT["�4IVL[KIXM�IVL�*MTWVOQVO�QV�+WV\MUXWZIZa�?ZQ\QVO�WN �\PM�)UMZQKI[�(2007) QVKT]LM[�[]J[\IV\QIT�LQ[K][[QWV�WN �6IQXI]T�IVL�?ITKW\\�_Q\PQV�PMZ�NWK][�WV�\PM�XI[\WZIT�IVL�

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TIVL[KIXM��:WJ�6Q`WV�WVKM�_ZW\M�WV�¹XW[\KWTWVQIT�XI[\WZITº�QV�ZMTI\QWV�\W�6IQXI]T¼[�_WZS���!!����*a�\PM�\QUM�,M4W]OPZMa�IVL�0IVLTMa�KW�MLQ\ML�8W[\KWTWVQIT�-KWTWOQM["�4Q\MZI\]ZM[�WN �\PM�-V^QZWVUMV\ (2011), the \Q\TM�Q\[MTN �_I[�NIZ�UWZM�I[[MZ\Q^M�WN �KWVVMK\QWV�JM\_MMV�XW[\KWTWVQIT�TQ\MZI\]ZM�IVL�MKWTWOQKIT�KWVKMZV[��

<PW]OP�\PMZM�IZM�I[�aM\�NM_�JWWS[�MV\QZMTa�LM^W\ML�\W�\PM�+IZQJJMIV��\PMZM�PI[�JMMV�[][\IQVML�QV\MZM[\�QV�QVKT]LQVO�\PM�ZMOQWV�QV�KWTTMK\QWV[�WN �M[[Ia[��Postcolonial Green PI[�I�[MK\QWV�WN �M[[Ia[�WV�South America and the Caribbean (there is an essay on Walcott’s Omeros�PMZM��I�\M`\�XZW^QVO�[WUM_PI\�XWX]TIZ�_Q\P�MKWKZQ\QK[���*W\P�-KW�1UIOQVI\QWV and Ecocriticism of the Global South �ML[��;TW^QK��:IVOIZIRIV�IVL�;IZ^M[_IZIV��������QVKT]LM�I�TQUQ\ML�IUW]V\�WN �+IZQJJMIV�UI\MZQIT��1V�Slow Violence, 6Q`WV�UISM[�[WUM�JZQMN �ZMNMZMVKM[�\W�+IZQJJMIV�TQ\MZI\]ZM��IVL�0]OOIV�IVL�<QٻV�QVKT]LM�I�LM\IQTML�IVL�QV\MZM[\QVO�LQ[K][[QWV�WN �3QVKIQL¼[�A Small Place, \PW]OP�\PMQZ�ZMNMZMVKM[�\W�+IZQJJMIV�TQ\MZI\]ZM�IZM�OMVMZITTa�JZQMN��9]M[\QWV[�I[�\W�UM\PWL��QV\MV\QWV�IVL�N]VK\QWV�ZQOP\Ta�[\QTT�IJW]VL��

<PM�[Q`�^MZa�QV\MZM[\QVO�IVL�QVVW^I\Q^M�XQMKM[�WN �_WZS�X]JTQ[PML�PMZM�ZMXZM[MV\�\PQ[�MKTMK\QK�[XZMIL�WN �IXXZWIKPM[�\W�MKWKZQ\QKIT�ZMILQVO��<_W�IZM�TQ\MZIZa�KZQ\QKQ[U�_Q\P�IV�MKWKZQ\QKIT�I_IZMVM[[��WVM�Q[�I�XPW\W�M[[Ia�IVL�\PZMM�\ISM�IV�QV\MZLQ[KQXTQVIZa�IXXZWIKP��<PQ[�ZIVOM�ZMXZM[MV\[�QUXWZ\IV\�LQٺMZMVKM[�QV�IXXZWIKP�_PQKP�IZM�JZW]OP\�\WOM\PMZ�PMZM�QV�IV�QUXTQKQ\�KWV^MZ[I\QWV��)�XPW\W�M[[Ia�MVKW]ZIOM[�QUIOQVI\QWV�IJW]\�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\��NWK][ML�IZW]VL�XIZ\QK]TIZ�QUIOM[�_PQKP�UIa�ZIQ[M�KMZ\IQV�Y]M[\QWV[��4Q\MZIZa�KZQ\QKQ[U�ZMIL[�I�\M`\�WZ�\M`\[��NWK][QVO�WV�M`XTQKQ\�WZ�QUXTQKQ\��LMTQJMZI\M�WZ�[]JTQUQVIT��ZMXZM[MV\I\QWV[�WN �\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\��<PM�QV\MZLQ[KQXTQVIZa�JZQVO[�\PM�UM\PWL[�IVL�SVW_TMLOM�WN �IVW\PMZ�LQ[KQXTQVM��WZ�[M^MZIT��\W�\PM�QV\MZXZM\I\QWV�WN �\PM�TQ\MZIZa��<PM�M`XMZQMVKM�WN �ZMILQVO�PQOPTa�IKPQM^ML�QUIOQVI\Q^M�TQ\MZI\]ZM�\ISM[�\PM�MVOIOML�ZMILMZ�JMaWVL�\PM�TQUQ\[�WN �TQ^ML�M`XMZQMVKM�IVL�QVLQ^QL]IT�SVW_TMLOM��IVL�IT[W�QV\W�ZMKWV[QLMZQVO�PW_�TIVO]IOM�Q\[MTN �XIZ\QKQXI\M[�QV�IXXZMPMVLQVO�\PM�_WZTL"�ITT�QV^IT]IJTM�I[�XIZ\�WN �LM^MTWXQVO�IV�MKWTWOQKIT�I_IZMVM[[��

<PQ[�Q[[]M�Q[�VW\�WVTa�KWVKMZVML�_Q\P�TQ\MZI\]ZM��J]\�_Q\P�QUIOM[��<PM�^Q[]IT�Q[�WN\MV�SMa�QV�IXXZMPMVLQVO�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�Q[[]M[��<PW]OP�VW\�QVKT]LML�QV�LQ[K][[QWV�PMZM��1�U][\�JZQVO�\PM�ZMILMZ¼[�I\\MV\QWV�\W�\_W�ÅTU[�_PQKP�ILLZM[[�+IZQJJMIV�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�KWVKMZV[��4IVL[KIXM�IVL�5MUWZa"�5IZ\QVQKIV�4IVL�8MWXTM�0Q[\WZa�NMI\]ZM[�2MIV�*MZVIJu��8I\ZQKS�+PIUWQ[MI]�IVL�:IXPIxT�+WVÅIV\��8ZWNM[[WZ�:QKPIZL�8ZQKM��Caribbean Studies Journal) LM[KZQJM[�\PM�ÅTU�I[�I�¹_ISM�]X�KITTº�IJW]\�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�LM[\Z]K\QWV��;]J[KZQJMZ[�\W�The Journal of West Indian Literature IZM�IT[W�WٺMZML�I�WVM�\QUM�chance to view Small Change��I�LWK]UMV\IZa�XZWL]KML�Ja�1)57>-5-6<��I�<ZQVQLIL�IVL�<WJIOW�6/7��Small Change�TWWS[�I\�KTQUI\M�KPIVOM�_Q\P�NWK][�WV�\PM�XZM[MV\�[\I\M�WN �\PM�TWKIT�MKWVWUa�IVL�tries to start conversations in multiple spaces: grassroots, private and public sectors hoping to better the [\I\M�WN �\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\�IVL�JZQVO�[WKQIT�IVL�MKWVWUQK�JMVMÅ\[�

8I[[_WZL"�;5)44+0)6/-G)G����G��G��

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It has been particularly rewarding to edit this issue because it has widened and deepened my [MV[M�WN �\PM�PQOP�KITQJZM�WN �\PM�NIUQTa�WN �[KPWTIZ[�_WZSQVO�QV�\PM�ÅMTL��1�PI^M�I�OZMI\�LMJ\�WN �OZI\Q\]LM�\W�\PM�I]\PWZ[�WN �\PM�XIXMZ[�X]JTQ[PML�PMZM�IVL�IT[W�\W�\PM�XMMZ�ZM^QM_MZ[�IVL�\PM�XZWL]K\QWV�\MIU�I\�2?14"�M^MZaWVM�PI[�JMMV�[]XMZJTa�XZWNM[[QWVIT�IVL�]\\MZTa�ZM[XWV[Q^M�\W�\QOP\�LMILTQVM[��<PQ[�Q[[]M�LMUWV[\ZI\M[�\PM�QV\MTTMK\]IT�IK]UMV�IVL�ZIVOM�WN �\PQ[�VM_�ÅMTL��IVL�1�\PIVS�2?14¼[�*WIZL�^MZa�U]KP�NWZ�PI^QVO�\PM�NWZM[QOP\�\W�UISM�[XIKM�NWZ�Q\�

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11

.WWL��*QWLQ^MZ[Q\a��-`\QVK\QWV["�+IZQJJMIV�.I]VI�IVL�\PM�;\Z]OOTM�NWZ�.WWL�Security during the Conquest WN �\PM�6M_�?WZTL�4QbIJM\P�8IZI^Q[QVQ�/MJMZ\

1V�*WWS�7VM��+PIX\MZ�@111��WN �/WVbITW�.MZVnVLMb�LM�7^QMLW¼[�La historia general y

natural de las Indias���������\PM�;XIVQ[P�IL^MV\]ZMZ�\]ZVML�PQ[\WZQIV�\MTT[�\PM�LZIUI\QK�\ITM�WN �\PM�LM[XMZI\M�[\Z]OOTM�NWZ�NWWL�NIKML�Ja�\PM�MIZTQM[\�KWVY]Q[\ILWZ[�QV�\PM�+IZQJJMIV�ZMOQWV��1V���!���IN\MZ�\PM�<IyVW[�WN �0Q[XIVQWTI�LM[\ZWaML�\PM�ÅZ[\�-]ZWXMIV�[M\\TMUMV\�QV�\PM�6M_�?WZTL��4I�6I^QLIL¸J]QT\�Ja�+WT]UJ][�NZWU�\PM�ZMUIQV[�WN �PQ[�TMILQVO�KIZI^MT��\PM�;IV\I�5IZyI��WV�_PI\�Q[�VW_�0IQ\Q¼[�VWZ\PMI[\MZV�KWI[\¸\PM�)LUQZIT�M[\IJTQ[PML�I�[MKWVL�[M\\TMUMV\��4I�1[IJMTI��QV�\PM�^QKQVQ\a�WN �XZM[MV\�LIa�8]MZ\W�8TI\I�QV�\PM�,WUQVQKIV�:MX]JTQK��<PM�[UITT�[M\\TMUMV\��_PQKP�QVQ\QITTa�KW^MZML�IJW]\�Å^M�IKZM[��_I[�QV\MVLML�I[�I�JI[M�NZWU�_PQKP�\W�M`XTWZM�\PM�QV\MZQWZ�NWZ�OWTL�IVL�[QT^MZ�IVL�PW][ML�I�XWX]TI\QWV�WN �[IQTWZ[��[WTLQMZ[��I�^IZQM\a�WN �[SQTTML�_WZSMZ[��IVL�XZQM[\[��1\[�NW]VLI\QWV�UIZSML�\PM�QV\ZWL]K\QWV�QV\W�\PM�6M_�?WZTL�WN �-]ZWXMIV�LWUM[\QK�NI]VI��XQO[��PWZ[M[�IVL�LWO[��IVL�KZWX[��KPQMÆa�_PMI\�IVL�[]OIZKIVM���

Source: Wikipedia

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<PM�[M\\TMUMV\�_I[�\PM�\M[\QVO�OZW]VL�NWZ�[WUM�WN �\PM�NMI\]ZM[�\PI\�_W]TL�KWV[\Q\]\M�;XIQV¼[�\MKPVWTWOa�WN �KWVY]M[\�IVL�KWTWVQbI\QWV"�\PM�[a[\MU�WN �LQ[\ZQJ]\QWV�IUWVO�KWTWVQbMZ[�WN �TIVL[�IVL�indigenous workers known as encomiendas#�\PM�QV\ZWL]K\QWV�WN �QV^I[Q^M�NI]VI�IVL�ÆWZI�[XMKQM[�\W�PMTX�IKKTQUI\QbM�\PM�-]ZWXMIV�XWX]TI\QWV�\W�\PM�VM_�TIVL[�IVL�WXMV�I�[XIKM�NWZ�\PM�K]T\Q^I\QWV�WN �KZI[P�KZWX[�QV\MVLML�NWZ�-]ZWXMIV�KWV[]UX\QWV#�\PM�QUXW[Q\QWV�WN �\PM�;XIVQ[P�TIVO]IOM�IVL�\PM�+I\PWTQK�ZMTQOQWV�WV�\PM�QVLQOMVW][�XWX]TI\QWV#�IVL�\PM�LM^MTWXUMV\�WN �IV�MKWVWUa�JI[ML�WV�\PM�M`XTWQ\I\QWV�WN �TWKIT�ZM[W]ZKM[�IVL�\PM�QVLQOMVW][�_WZSNWZKM�\W�XZWL]KM�KWUUWLQ\QM[�NWZ�-]ZWXMIV�UIZSM\[��<PM�XZWNW]VL�[WKQIT��XWTQ\QKIT�IVL�MKWVWUQK�]XPMI^IT�WN �QVLQOMVW][�TQNM�Q\�ZMXZM[MV\ML�_W]TL�[WWV�TMIL�\W�_PI\�-TQVWZ�5MT^QTTM��_ZQ\QVO�IJW]\�\PM�KWVY]M[\�WN �5M`QKW�QV�A Plague of Sheep, would call an ¹MKWTWOQKIT�ZM^WT]\QWVº¸¹IV�IJZ]X\�IVL�Y]ITQ\I\Q^M�JZMIS�_Q\P�\PM�XZWKM[[�WN �MV^QZWVUMV\IT�IVL�[WKQIT�KPIVOM�\PI\�PIL�LM^MTWXML�QV�[Q\]º�������1\�_W]TL�IT[W�]VTMI[P�I�XI\PWOMVQK�I[[I]T\�WV�IV�QVLQOMVW][�XWX]TI\QWV�LM^WQL�WN �QUU]VWTWOQKIT�LMNMV[M[�IOIQV[\�LQ[MI[M[�VM^MZ�JMNWZM�XZM[MV\�QV�\PM�ZMOQWV��_PQKP�QV�\]ZV�_W]TL�TMIL�\W�I�KI\I[\ZWXPQK�IVL�LMMXTa�\ZI]UI\QK�LMKQUI\QWV�WN �\PM�WZQOQVIT�QVPIJQ\IV\[�WN �\PM�/ZMI\MZ�)V\QTTM[�

1\�Q[�QV�\PQ[�KWV\M`\�WN �[WKQIT�IVL�K]T\]ZIT�]XPMI^IT��JQWTWOQKIT�I[[I]T\�IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�KPIVOM�\PI\�1�_W]TL�TQSM�\W�XTIKM�I�VIZZI\Q^M�\PI\�KW]TL�JM�LM[KZQJML�I[�\PM�6M_�?WZTL¼[�ÅZ[\�NWWL�ÅOP\¸WVM�\PI\�\WWS�I�[_QN\�IVL�^QWTMV\�\WTT�UMI[]ZML�QV�\MZU[�WN �P]UIV�TW[[M[�IVL�IVQUIT�[XMKQM[�W[\MV[QJTa�OWVM�M`\QVK\�WV�\PM�Q[TIVL��1�_W]TL�TQSM�\W�NWK][�PMZM�WV�IV�MIZTa�\ITM�WN �IK]\M�NWWL�QV[MK]ZQ\a�IVL�Q\[�KWV[MY]MVKM[��I[�Q\�QTT]UQVI\M[�\PM�_Ia[�QV�_PQKP�NWWL�IV`QM\QM[�UIZSML�\PM�MIZTa�KWTWVQbI\QWV�XZWKM[[��IVL�Q\[�\M`\[��IVL�]T\QUI\MTa�ZM[]T\ML�QV�IK\QWV[�\PI\�QVLMTQJTa�QUXIK\ML�\PM�[]ZZW]VLQVO�+IZQJJMIV�MKW[a[\MU[��<PM�[XMKQÅK�VI\]ZM�WN �\PM�1[IJMTI�[M\\TMUMV\�L]ZQVO�\PM�MIZTQM[\�aMIZ[�WN �\PM�KWTWVQbI\QWV�XZWKM[[�KZMI\ML�KWVLQ\QWV[�\PI\�[M^MZMTa�QUXIK\ML�Q\[�NWWL�[MK]ZQ\a¸¹\PM�KWVLQ\QWV�QV�_PQKP�ITT�XMWXTM��I\�ITT�\QUM[��PI^M�XPa[QKIT��[WKQIT�IVL�MKWVWUQK�IKKM[[�\W�[]ٻKQMV\�[INM�IVL�V]\ZQ\QW][�NWWL�\PI\�UMM\[�\PMQZ�LQM\IZa�VMML[�IVL�NWWL�XZMNMZMVKM[�NWZ�IV�IK\Q^M�IVL�PMIT\Pa�TQNMº��.)7�#�;XIVQ[P�ZM[XWV[M[�\W�\PQ[�NWWL�KZQ[Q[�_W]TL�PI^M�LMMX�ZM^MZJMZI\QWV[�IKZW[[�\PM�ZMOQWV�

<PM�M^MV\[¸I[�VIZZI\ML�Ja�7^QMLW¸WXMVML�_Q\P�\PM�VI\Q^M[¼�¹M^QT�[KPMUMº�WN �ZMN][QVO�\W�XTIV\�\PMQZ�IVV]IT�KZWX[�\W�XZW\M[\�\PM�;XIVQIZL[¼�IXXZWXZQI\QWV�WN �\PMQZ�TIVL[��)�SMa�MTMUMV\�QV�\PQ[�ZM[Q[\IVKM�[\ZI\MOa�_I[�\PM�QV^ILMZ¼[�LMXMVLMVKM�WV�\PM�QVLQOMVW][�XWX]TI\QWV�\W�XZW^QLM�NWWL�¹\PZW]OP�NWZUIT�IVL�QVNWZUIT�\ZQJ]\M�IZZIVOMUMV\[º��?QT[WV�������<PM�XTW\¸WN �_PQKP�\PM�;XIVQIZL[�_MZM�QVQ\QITTa�]VI_IZM��JMQVO�¹[W�VM_�\W�\PM�TIVLº¸TML�\W�_QLM[XZMIL�P]VOMZ�IVL�KW[\�\PM�TQ^M[�WN �PITN �\PM�;XIVQ[P�XWX]TI\QWV�IVL�¹KW]V\TM[[º�)UMZQVLQIV[�QV�\PM�[M\\TMUMV\��<PM�IOWVQbQVO�LMI\P[�NZWU�_QLM[XZMIL�P]VOMZ��NZWU�7^QMLW¼[�LM[KZQX\QWV��TMN\�¹I�XMZ^I[Q^M�XM[\QNMZW][�[\MVKP�W^MZ�\PM�TIVLº���!�1��<PW[M�IUWVO�\PM�VI\Q^M[�_PW�KW]TL�M[KIXM�;XIVQ[P�KWV\ZWT�ÆML�QV\W�\PM�QV\MZQWZ�WZ�_MZM�[]KKWZML�Ja�W\PMZ�VI\Q^M�KWUU]VQ\QM[��<PM�JM[QMOML�KWVY]MZWZ[�ZM[WZ\ML�\W�MI\QVO�M^MZa\PQVO�QV�[QOP\��_Q\P�LQZM�KWV[MY]MVKM[�NWZ�[WUM�[XMKQM[�WN �NI]VI¸IVL�\PMU[MT^M[��<PM�[KPMUM¸_PQKP�[\MUUML�NZWU�\PM�VI\Q^M�XWX]TI\QWV¼[�ZMKWOVQ\QWV�WN �\PMQZ�KWV\ZWT�W^MZ�\PM�NWWL�[]XXTa¸[W]OP\�\W�KW]V\MZ�\PM�QUXW[Q\QWV�WN �I�;XIVQ[P�[WKQW�MKWVWUQK�WZOIVQbI\QWV�\PI\�XTIKML�\PM�¹UI\MZQITQ\aº�WN �\PM�QVLQOMVW][�XWX]TI\QWV��IVL�Q\[�NIUQTQIZ�NI]VI��¹I\�\PM�MKWVWUQK��XWTQ\QKIT�IVL�R]ZQLQKIT�LQ[XW[IT�WN �\PM�;XIVQ[P�KWVY]MZWZ[º��+M[IZMW������

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Oviedo described the crisis thus:

,]ZQVO�\PM[M�\QUM[�WN �[W�U]KP�_IV\��\PM�+PZQ[\QIV[�I\M�ITT�\PM�LWO[�\PI\�_MZM�\W�JM�NW]VL�WV�\PM�Q[TIVL��_PQKP�_MZM�U]\M��\PMa�LQL�VW\�JIZS#�IVL�\PMa�IT[W�I\M�\PW[M�\PMa�PIL�JZW]OP\�NZWU�;XIQV��IVL�\PMa�I\M�ITT�\PM�hutías�\PI\�_MZM�\W�JM�NW]VL��IVL�ITT�\PM�quemis, and other animals they called mohuy, and all the ones they call coris, that are like young WZ�[UITT�ZIJJQ\[��<PM[M�NW]Z�\aXM[�WN �IVQUIT[�_MZM�P]V\ML�_Q\P�\PM�PMTX�WN �\PM�LWO[�\PI\�PIL�JMMV�JZW]OP\�NZWU�;XIQV#�IVL�_PQKP�_MZM�MI\MV�QV�\PMQZ�\]ZV¸QV�XIaUMV\�NWZ�\PMQZ�[MZ^QKM[¸IN\MZ�\PMa�ÅVQ[PML�Wٺ�\PM�WVM[�NW]VL�QV�\PQ[�TIVL��

)VL�\PMa�VW\�WVTa�JZW]OP\�\W�IV�MVL�\PM[M�Å^M�[XMKQM[�WN �NW]Z�TMOOML�IVQUIT[��_PQKP�WVTa�M`Q[\ML�WV�\PQ[�island��J]\�WVKM�\PM[M�_MZM�OWVM��\PMa�JMOIV�MI\QVO�I�\aXM�WN �[MZXMV\�SVW_V�I[�IV�Q^IVI� _PQKP�PI[�NW]Z�TMO[��IVL�Q[��\W�\PW[M�_PW�KWUM�\W�SVW_�Q\��I�LZMILN]T�IVQUIT. <PMa�LQL�VW\�[XIZM�TQbIZL[��[ITIUIVLMZ[��[VISM[¸WN �_PQKP�\PMZM�_MZM�UIVa�\aXM[��J]\�VWVM�XWQ[WVW][��

;W�\PI\��QV�WZLMZ�\W�TQ^M��\PMa�LQL�VW\�[PW_�IVa�UMZKa�\W�JMI[\�WZ�IVQUIT#�IVa�IVQUIT�\PMa�KW]TL�ÅVL�MVLML�]X�QV�\PM�ÅZM��JWQTML�WZ�ZWI[\ML��\PMZM�_I[�VW�TIKS�WN �IXXM\Q\M�NWZ�MI\QVO�\PQVO[�\PI\�_MZM�NZQOP\N]T�\W�\PM�MaM��(Oviedo, my emphasis, 50)

7^QMLW¼[�\ITM��NWK][ML�I[�Q\�Q[�WV�\PM�XTQOP\�WN �\PM�JMTMIO]MZML�KWVY]Q[\ILWZM[��JMUWIV[�\PMQZ�NI\M�IN\MZ�I�\WW�XZWTWVOML�LQM\�WN �ZMX\QTM[��_PQKP�TMN\�M^MV�\PW[M�NWZ\]VI\M�MVW]OP�to be able to return to Spain looking as yellow as the gold they were seeking so eagerly, having turned the colour WN �[]TN]Z��UIVa�WN �\PMU�LaQVO�IN\MZ�\PMQZ�ZM\]ZV�\W�;XIQV�I[�I�ZM[]T\�WN �_PI\�\PMa�PIL�MVL]ZML�QV�0Q[XIVQWTI��8ZWTWVOML�MI\QVO�WN �ZMX\QTM�UMI\��I[�\PMa�PIL�VW�XW[[QJQTQ\a�WN �SVW_QVO��KIV�cause severe health problems through diseases like trichinosis, pentastomiasis, gnathostomiasis, and sparganosis, to which we can add microbiological ZQ[S[�NZWU�PIVLTQVO�IVL�XZMXIZQVO�\PM�IVQUIT[�NWZ�KWV[]UX\QWV�IVL�_PQKP�

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Verlyn Klinkenborg, in the QV\ZWL]K\QWV�\PI\�IKKWUXIVQM[�\PM��!!��NIK[QUQTM�MLQ\QWV�WN �\PM�UIV][KZQX\��LM[KZQJM[�the scenes captured in the paintings as depicting “a world already shaped and overlaid by two highly sophisticated K]T\]ZM[��WVM�-]ZWXMIV��WVM�1VLQIVº��[MM�3TQVSMVJWZO���<PM�IZ\Q[\�XIa[�XIZ\QK]TIZ�I\\MV\QWV�\W�\PM�MKWVWUQK�MV\MZXZQ[M�WN �Spanish colonization in drawings depicting \PM�UQVQVO�IVL�[UMT\QVO�WN �OWTL�IVL�[QT^MZ�by indigenous populations (whose “great [SQTT�IVL�QV\MTTQOMVKMº�PM�XZIQ[M[�QV�PQ[�KWUUMV\IZa��IVL�\PM�LQ^QVO�NWZ�XMIZT[�Ja�)NZQKIV�[TI^M[� but weaves his most charming VIZZI\Q^M�\PZW]OP�PQ[�LM[KZQX\QWV�WN �\PM�LWUM[\QK�TQ^M[�WN �\PM�)UMZQVLQIV[�IUWVO�_PWU�PM�XTIKM[�PQ[�W_V�[MTN�XWZ\ZIQ\��<PM[M�images, as Klinkenborg argues, are the most MVOIOQVO��[QVKM�\PMa�[I\Q[Na�¹[QUXTM�P]UIV�K]ZQW[Q\a�º�

6W\PQVO�XQK\]ZML�QV�\PMU�KW]TL�PI^M�XZWÅ\ML�I�-]ZWXMIV��IVL�aM\�VW�-]ZWXMIV�KW]TL�PI^M�ZM[Q[\ML�\PMQZ�KPIZU��?WUMV�\MVL�JIJQM[��JI\PM�KPQTLZMV��JZQVO�Å[P�PWUM�NZWU�\PM�[MI��OZQVL�UIQbM�QV�_WWLMV�UWZ\IZ[��5MV�LZQ^M�I_Ia�I�_WUIV¼[�TIJWZ�XIQV[�Ja�XTIaQVO�U][QKIT�QV[\Z]UMV\[�I[�\PMa�UIZKP�IZW]VL�\PM�PW][M�_PMZM�[PM�OQ^M[�JQZ\P��)�LWO�TMIX[�\W�\PMQZ�U][QK�IVL�NZWU�\PM�ZWWN �I�XM\�UWVSMa�_I\KPM[�W^MZ�\PM�MV\ZIVKM��7\PMZ�UMV�\MVL�JIZJMK]M[��[XQV�KW\\WV��IVL�_MI^M�Å[PQVO�VM\[�IVL�PIUUWKS[��)VL�]VTQSM�\PM�ZM[\�WN �\PM�manuscript, where each drawing and caption stands on its own, a continuous narrative WN �KW]Z\[PQX�JMOQV[�\W�M^WT^M��I�[\WZa�\PI\�ITT]LM[�\W�MIZTQMZ�LZI_QVO[�IVL�IZKPM[�IKZW[[�several scenes, culminating in The Drake Manuscript¼[�ÅVIT�\IJTMI]���3TQVSMVJWZO��

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¹+WUM�4QVLQMV�>QMV\�,]�*WQ[�+PMZKPMZ�,M[�.Z]Q\b��0W_�\PM�1VLQIV�:M\]ZV[�NZWU�\PM�?WWL[�4WWSQVO�NWZ�.Z]Q\�º��.WTQW������LM\IQT��NZWU�0Q[\WQZM�6I\]ZMTTM�LM[�1VLM[�(Illustrated UIV][KZQX\��KI���� ����*MY]M[\�WN �+TIZI�;��8MKS��+W]Z\M[a�WN �<PM�5WZOIV�4QJZIZa�IVL�5][M]U�

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KW]Z\[PQX¸I�[\WZa�\WTL�\PZW]OP�I�[PWZ\�[MZQM[�WN �_I\MZKWTW]Z[¸]VLMZ[KWZM[�I�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�\W�NWWL�XZWL]K\QWV�\PI\�[XWSM�\W�\PM�^IT]M[�WN �\PM�KWUU]VQ\a� It goes like this: a young man visits his loved WVM¼[�XIZMV\[��JZQVOQVO�_Q\P�PQU�\PM�\WWT[��KIVWM��IZZW_[��Å[PQVO�VM\[��\PI\�KIV�ZMI[[]ZM�\PMU�IJW]\�PQ[�IJQTQ\a�\W�XZW^QLM�NWWL�NWZ�\PMQZ�LI]OP\MZ��0M�LWM[�VW\�[PIZM�NWWL�_Q\P�\PMU�]V\QT�PM�ZM\]ZV[�\PM�VM`\�LIa�JMIZQVO�\PM�OIUM�PM�PI[�P]V\ML��<PMQZ�_MLLQVO�XWZ\ZIQ\¸QV�_PQKP�\PM�aW]VO�UIV�PWTL[�I�ZIJJQ\�IVL�PQ[�JZQLM�OZQVL[�KWZV¸MUXPI[QbM[�¹NMZ\QTQ\a�IVL�IJ]VLIVKMº"�¹AW]�VMML�\PQ[�aW]VO�UIV�º�\PM�NI\PMZ�\MTT[�PQ[�LI]OP\MZ��¹0M�_QTT�NMML�aW]�_MTT#�aW]�[MM�\PI\�PM�JZQVO[�I�TW\�WN �OWWL�\PQVO[�NWZ�][�\W�MI\��PM�_WZS[�PIZL�I\�Å[PQVO�I[�_MTT�I[�P]V\QVO��PM�XTIV\[��OI\PMZ[�NZ]Q\�QV�\PM�_WWL��IVL��QV�[PWZ\��LWM[�M^MZa\PQVO�VMMLML�\W�NMML�\PM�_PWTM�PW][M�������CI[E�_PMV�\PMa�IZM�UIZZQML��PMZ�XIZMV\[�VW�TWVOMZ�_IV\�\W�_WZS�IVL�K][\WUIZQTa�\PMQZ�KPQTLZMV�NMML�\PMUº��0Q[\WQZM�6I\]ZMTTM, .WTQW����Z���<PM[M�^IT]M[¸QV�_PQKP�TIJW]Z�Q[�KMV\ZML�IZW]VL�\PM�XZWL]K\QWV�WN �NWWL�NWZ�\PM�NIUQTa�IVL�\PM�KWUU]VQ\a¸IKSVW_TMLOM�IVL�PWVW]Z�\PM�LIUIOM�P]UIV[�QVÆQK\�WV�\PM�TIVL��I[�¹_PMV�\PMQZ�TIVL�VW�TWVOMZ�JMIZ[�NZ]Q\�WZ�Q[�\QZML�WN �producing, they leave it and go to live in another place where they cultivate the land where they know \PMZM�Q[�NZM[P�_I\MZ��<PMV�IN\MZ�\PZMM�WZ�NW]Z�aMIZ[��\PMa�ZM\]ZV�\W�\PMQZ�ÅZ[\�TIVL�_PMZM�\PMa�[M\\TM�LW_V�I[�\PMa�PIL�LWVM�JMNWZMº��0Q[\WQZM�6I\]ZMTTM��.WTQW����^���

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-TIJWZI\QVO�WV�\PM�\MVLMVKa�NWZ�WQT�JWWU[�\W�PI^M�I�XMZVQKQW][�MٺMK\�WV�JW\P�\PM�XZWL]K\Q^M�MKWVWUa�IVL�UWLMZV�[\Z]K\]ZM[�WN �OW^MZVIVKM��?I\\[�[]OOM[\[�\PI\�WQT�¹[QU]T\IVMW][Ta�MTM^I\M[�IVL�M`XIVL[�\PM�KMV\ZITQ\a�WN �\PM�VI\QWV�[\I\M�I[�I�^MPQKTM�NWZ�UWLMZVQ\a��XZWOZM[[��KQ^QTQbI\QWV��IVL�I\�\PM�same time produces conditions which directly challenge and question those very same, and hallowed, \MVM\[�WN �VI\QWVITQ[U�IVL�LM^MTWXUMV\º��¹8M\ZW�>QWTMVKMº��� ���;]KP�LaVIUQK[�_MZM�KTMIZTa�^Q[QJTM�QV�<ZQVQLIL�L]ZQVO�\PM�JWWU��VW\�WVTa�QV�\PM�NWZU�WN �\PW[M�_PQ\M�MTMXPIV\�LM^MTWXUMV\�XZWRMK\[�[]KP�I[�1;+7<<��J]\�IT[W�I\�\PM�TM^MT�WN �\PM�[\I\M�IVL�WN �XWTQ\QKIT�QV[\Q\]\QWV[��<PM�JWWU�¹MVIJTML�\PM�ZMOQUM��\PZW]OP�I]\PWZQ\I\Q^M�LMKQ[QWV�UISQVO��\W�MUXTWa�\PM�[\I\M�I[�IV�QV[\Z]UMV\�NWZ�ZMITTWKI\QVO�\PM�XPMVWUMVITTa�M`XIVLML�WQT�QVKWUM�QV\W�XWTQ\QKITTa�[\ZI\MOQK�[MK\WZ[�WN �\PM�LWUM[\QK�MKWVWUaº��0QV\bMV�������<PM�<ZQVQLILQIV�[\I\M��UIZSML�Ja�\PM�QUXZQV\�WN �KWTWVQIT�PQ[\WZa��_I[�ITZMILa�KPIZIK\MZQbML�Ja�I�KMZ\IQV�XZMJMVLITQ[U��6W_��_Q\P�Q\[�¹\ZMUMVLW][Ta�QVKZMI[ML�ZM^MV]M��\PM�ZMOQUM�_I[�IJTM�\W�[][\IQV�IVL�M`XIVL�\PM�[a[\MU�WN �XI\ZWVIOMº�IQUML�I\�Q\[�MTMK\WZIT�JI[M�QV�\PM�JTIKS�TW_MZ�KTI[[M[��U]KP�\W�\PM�QZM�WN �\PM�Z]ZIT�1VLQIV�XWX]TIKM���_PQTM�IT[W�UMM\QVO�¹\PM�IKK]U]TI\Q^M�KTIQU[�WN �\PM�KW]V\Za¼[�UQLLTM�IVL�]XXMZ�KTI[[M[º��0QV\bMV�������<PM�MٺMK\�WN �[]KP�KTQMV\MTQ[U�_I[�\W�N]Z\PMZ�PWTTW_�W]\�ITZMILa�XZMKIZQW][�LMUWKZI\QK�[\Z]K\]ZM[�IVL�QV\MV[QNa�KTI[[�IVL�M\PVQK�LQ^Q[QWV[�

7VKM�IOIQV�Q\�_I[�\PM�KITaX[W�\PI\�TML�\PM�_Ia�QV�KZQ\QY]QVO�\PM�XPMVWUMVWV�WN �WQT�JIKSML�XI\ZWVIOM��5W[\�[\ZQSQVO��XMZPIX[��_I[�*TIKS�;\ITQV¼[�¹8QMKM�WN �\PM�)K\QWVº���!���"

Oil drilling, money making

5Z�,Q^QLMZ�PMZM�Q[�I�_IZVQVO

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So when you sharing your oil bread

Ah say remember me

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39

Ah cyar get butter

And when Ah get rice the thing so dear

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And my old bus stalling

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Prior to Is Just a Movie, however, Lovelace’s work had already demonstrated a capacity to KWVNZWV\�\PM�\WX[a�\]Z^a�TWOQK�WN �\PM�WQT�NZWV\QMZ��<ISM�<PM�,ZIOWV�+IV¼\�,IVKM���!�!���X]JTQ[PML�I\�\PM�XMIS�WN �\PM�JWWU��)[�_Q\P�6IQXI]T¼[�Guerrillas��M`XTQKQ\�ZMNMZMVKM[�\W�\PM�WQT�MKWVWUa�IZM�IJ[MV\�PMZM��J]\��]VTQSM�6IQXI]T��\PM�VW^MT¼[�NWZUIT�QV^MV\Q^MVM[[�ITTW_[�NWZ�\PM�VIZZI\Q^M�QV\MZVITQbI\QWV�WN �\PM�JWWU¼[�ZMWZOIVQbI\QWV�WN �TQNM��IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\�UISQVO�QV�[]KP�I�_Ia�I[�\W�XZWL]KM�Q\�I[�IV�WJRMK\�WN �KZQ\QY]M��<MTTQVOTa��Dragon�MZMK\[�I�NWZU�WN �VIZZI\Q^M�[KIٺWTLQVO�\PI\�_QTT�JM�ZM^MITML�\W�TIKS�I�KWZZM[XWVLQVO�QV\MZQWZ�[]J[\IVKM��1V�\PM�ÅZ[\�Å^M�IVL�TI[\�\_W�KPIX\MZ[��\PM�\M`\�VIZZI\M[�\PM�TQ^M[�WN �Q\[�UIRWZ�XZW\IOWVQ[\[�Ja�LMLQKI\QVO�I�KPIX\MZ�\W�MIKP��LM[QOVI\QVO�\PMQZ�ZWTM�^QI�KPIX\MZ�PMILQVO[�[]KP�I[�¹<PM�8ZQVKM[[�º�¹<PM�,ZIOWV�º�WZ�¹<PM�*IL�2WPV�º�<PM[M�TIJMT[��PW_M^MZ��IZM�[PW_V�QV�\PM�KPIX\MZ[�\PI\�NWTTW_�\W�JM�QVILMY]I\M�\W��WZ�M^MV�I\�WLL[�_Q\P��\PM�XMZ[WVPWWL�WN �\PM�ZM[XMK\Q^M�KPIZIK\MZ[��<PM�allotted roles or identities come to be recognized as hollow shells, the meaning they may once have XW[[M[[ML�M^IK]I\ML��_Q\P�\PM�KPIZIK\MZ[�VMMLQVO�\W�[PML�\PM[M�KIZIXIKM[�QN �\PMa�IZM�\W�IKPQM^M�I�SQVL�WN �M`Q[\MV\QIT�N]TTVM[[¸_PI\�4W^MTIKM�WN\MV�ZMNMZ[�\W�I[�¹ITQ^MVM[[�º�1\�Q[�_WZ\P�[\ZM[[QVO�PMZM�\PM�VW^MT�NWZU¼[�N]VLIUMV\IT�I[[WKQI\QWV�_Q\P�UWLMZVQ\a�IVL�\PM�UWLMZV�VI\QWV�[\I\M"�I[�.ZMLZQK�2IUM[WV�PI[�WJ[MZ^ML��QV�\PM�<PQZL�?WZTL�¹\PM�QUXWZ\ML�NWZU�_PQKP�Q[�\PM�VW^MT�Q[�N]TTa�I[�U]KP�I�KWUXWVMV\�WN �UWLMZVQbI\QWV�I[�\PM�QUXWZ\I\QWV�WN �I]\WUWJQTM[º��������1V�\PQ[�ZMOIZL��\PM�TIKS�WN �I�[]J[\IVKM�corresponding to Dragon¼[�VIZZI\Q^M�[KIٺWTLQVO�UQOP\�JM�ZMIL�I[�\PM�IM[\PM\QK�KWZZMTI\Q^M�\W�\PW[M�UWLMZVQbQVO�LM^MTWXUMV\�XZWRMK\[��[]KP�I[�1;+7<<��_PQKP�\PM�WQT�JWWU�MVIJTML�aM\�ZMVLMZML�PWTTW_�\PZW]OP�Q\[�MZW[QWV�WN �\PM�XZWL]K\Q^M�MKWVWUa�

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Works Cited

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*QZJIT[QVOP��.ZIVS��¹;IU�;MT^WV�IVL�\PM�?M[\�1VLQIV�4Q\MZIZa�:MVIQ[[IVKM�º�1V�Critical Perspectives on

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1VNWZUIT�=ZJIVQ[U�IVL�\PM�0IZL�9]M[\QWV�WN �\PM�AnthropoceneEric Prieto

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Image courtesy Nadia Huggins

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Climate change and informal urbanism

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\PM�8MZ]^QIV�MKWVWUQ[\�0MZVIVLW�LM�;W\W��\W�[]OOM[\�QVKZMUMV\IT�WZ�UIZSM\�JI[ML�[WT]\QWV[��_PQKP�PM�[MM[�I[�I�NWZU�WN �KWTT][QWV�_Q\P�KIXQ\IT��*]\�PM�IT[W�PI[�[MZQW][�ZM[MZ^I\QWV[�IJW]\�\PM�M`\MV\�\W�_PQKP�\PM�¹QVNWZUIT�XZWTM\IZQI\º�WN �[T]U�L_MTTMZ[�KIV�\PMU[MT^M[�JM�[IQL�\W�XW[[M[[�PQ[\WZQKIT�IOMVKa��������1V�these conditions, it is not at all clear how, or by whom, radical change could be brought about, and so ,I^Q[�MVL[�PQ[�JWWS�_Q\P�XM[[QUQ[\QK�[XMK]TI\QWV�IJW]\�\PM�TQSMTQPWWL�\PI\�I\I^Q[\QK�NWZU[�WN �ZM[Q[\IVKM��_Q\P�ZMTQOQW][�M`\ZMUQ[U�IVL�VIZKW�\ZIٻKSQVO�I\�\PM�NWZM��_QTT�KWUM�QVKZMI[QVOTa�\W�LMÅVM�]ZJIV�XW^MZ\a���?WZS[�TQSM�8IWTW�4QV[¼�City of God�IVL�5IPQ�*QVMJQVM¼[�Les étoiles de Sidi Moumen provide some []XXWZ\�NWZ�\PQ[�KTIQU���

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An eco-pragmatic approach to the informal city

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The geopoetics of eco-urbanism

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Waste management

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Seale takes care to emphasize the important distinction between the symbolic and physical ^IT]M[�WN �\ZI[P�XQKSQVO�IVL�ZMKaKTQVO��[WUM\PQVO�\PI\�Q[�IT[W�MUXPI[QbML�QV�Quarto de despejo��7VM�WN �\PM�ZMK]ZZMV\�ZMNZIQV[�WN �LM�2M[][¼[�UMUWQZ�Q[�\PM�QLMI�\PI\�[PM��IVL�W\PMZ�favelados TQSM�PMZ��Q�M���\PW[M�WV�\PM�^MZa�TW_M[\�Z]VO�WN �\PM�MKWVWUQK�TILLMZ���IZM�\PMU[MT^M[�LQ[KIZL[�WZ�ZMRMK\[��despejo���9]IZIV\QVML�QV�\PMQZ�NI^MTI[��\PMa�KIV�JM�MI[QTa�QOVWZML�Ja�\PM�KQ\a¼[�JM\\MZ�Wٺ�KQ\QbMV[��TQSM�\ZI[P�WVKM�Q\�PI[�JMMV�KIZ\ML�

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Wٺ�\W�\PM�L]UX��,M�2M[][�UISM[�\PQ[�I[[WKQI\QWV�WV�[M^MZIT�WKKI[QWV["�¹1¼U�IT[W�I�NI^MTILW��1¼U�WVM�WN �\PM�LQ[KIZLML��1¼U�QV�\PM�OIZJIOM�L]UX�IVL�\PW[M�QV�\PM�OIZJIOM�L]UX�MQ\PMZ�J]ZV�\PMU[MT^M[�WZ�\PZW_�\PMU[MT^M[�QV\W�Z]QVº���!#�[MM�IT[W�����IVL�XI[[QU���1\�Q[�MI[a�\W�]VLMZ[\IVL�_Pa��OQ^MV�\PM�[WKQIT�[\QOUI�WN �\ZI[P�XQKSQVO��\PM�ÅZ[\�ZMIK\QWV�WN �\PM�[]JRMK\[�WN �+W]\QVPW¼[�ÅTU�]XWV�[MMQVO�\PM�KIUMZI�Q[�\W�PQLM�\PMQZ�NIKM["�\PMa�LW�VW\�_IV\�\PMQZ�X]JTQK�QUIOM�\W�JM�LMÅVML�Ja�I[[WKQI\QWV�_Q\P�\ZI[P�5�*]\�LM�2M[][¼[�book, whose English translation was titled Child of the Dark��_I[�M`XTQKQ\Ta�_ZQ\\MV�\W�JZQVO�\PM�[\WZQM[�WN �\PM[M�PQLLMV��[QTMVKML�[]ٺMZMZ[�W]\�WN �\PM�LIZS�IVL�QV\W�\PM�TQOP\�WN �X]JTQK�I_IZMVM[[��;PM�LZMIU[��NWZ�M`IUXTM��WN �OM\\QVO�PMZ�_ZQ\QVO�X]JTQ[PML�QV�\PM�=VQ\ML�;\I\M[�[W�\PI\�^Q[Q\WZ[�_QTT�SVW_�¹\PI\�\PM�UW[\�NIUW][�KQ\a�QV�;W]\P�)UMZQKI�Q[�QTT�_Q\P�]TKMZ[¸\PM�NI^MTI[º�������<PQ[�Q[�I�KZ]KQIT�N]VK\QWV�WN �[PIV\a�TQ\MZI\]ZM"�IUXTQNaQVO�\PM�^WQKM�WN �\PM�_WZTL¼[�UW[\�LQ[IL^IV\IOML�[]JIT\MZV�XWX]TI\QWV[��

<PM�[XQZQ\]IT�KWV\IUQVI\QWV�WN �\PM�I[[WKQI\QWV�_Q\P�\ZI[P�Q[�UW[\�[\ZWVOTa�MUXPI[QbML�QV�Orlando Patterson’s The Children of Sisyphus��I�VW^MT�_PW[M�^Q[QWV�Q[�M^MZa�JQ\�I[�[WUJZM�I[�,I^Q[¼[. ?PI\�ITT�WN �8I\\MZ[WV¼[�KPIZIK\MZ[�PI^M�QV�KWUUWV�Q[�\PMQZ�]VLMZLWO�UMV\ITQ\a��KTW[MTa�TQVSML�\W�\PM�¹XTIKM�MٺMK\º�\PMWZQbML�Ja�+PQKIOW�;KPWWT�[WKQWTWOQ[\[��_PQKP�\ISM[�WV�I�[MTN�ZMXTQKI\QVO�N]VK\QWV�ISQV�\W�LM[\QVa��1\�Q[�\PQ[�QV\MZQWZQbML�[MV[M�WN �_WZ\PTM[[VM[[�\PI\�NWZU[�\PM�M`Q[\MV\QIT�JI[Q[�WN �\PM�KPIZIK\MZ[�QV�8I\\MZ[WV¼[�VW^MT��_PQKP��I[�Q\[�\Q\TM�[]OOM[\[��JWZZW_[�NZWU�)TJMZ\�+IU][¼�Myth of Sisyphus to depict TQNM�QV�\PM�[PIV\a\W_V�I[�\PM�^MZa�QUIOM�WN �M`Q[\MV\QIT�IJ[]ZLQ\a��)T\PW]OP�\PM�VW^MT�[]ٺMZ[�NZWU�I�[WUM_PI\�PMI^a�PIVLML�I\\MUX\�\W�QUXW[M�I�+IU][QIV�ZMILQVO�WN �\PM�)J[]ZL�WV\W�PQ[�W\PMZ_Q[M�^Q^QL�IKKW]V\�WN �\PM�,]VOTM�KWUU]VQ\a��8I\\MZ[WV�[]KKMML[�QV�[\ZM[[QVO�\PM�OZI^Q\I\QWVIT�X]TT�WN �\PM�,]VOTM��]VLMZ[\WWL�I[�I�XTIKM�\PI\�ITTW_[�VW�WVM�\W�M[KIXM��-^MV�\PM�IUJQ\QW][�,QVIP��_PW�[\ISML�M^MZa\PQVO�WV�IV�M[KIXM�NZWU�\PM�,]VOTM�IVL�[MMU[�\W�JM�WV�\PM�^MZOM�WN �[]KKMMLQVO�\PIVS[�\W�I�KW]XTM�WN �XZWUQ[QVO�ZWUIV\QK�XZW[XMK\[�IVL�I�[WTQL�RWJ�WXXWZ\]VQ\a��ÅVL[�PMZ[MTN �ZM\]ZVQVO�\PMZM�\W�LQM��7VTa�:W[[M\\I��\PM�OQN\ML�[\]LMV\��Q[�IJTM�\W�M[KIXM��J]\�\PQ[�KWUM[�I\�I�PQOP�KW[\"�ZMX]LQI\QWV�WN �PMZ�UW\PMZ�IVL�ITT�\PW[M�I[[WKQI\ML�_Q\P�PMZ�UW\PMZ¼[�[WKQIT�UQTQM]��QVKT]LQVO�\PM�MV\QZM�*TIKS�KWUU]VQ\a��¹-L]KI\QWV�VW�UMS�NW¼�VMIOMZ�XMWXTM�º�PMZ�UW\PMZ�Q[�\WTL��! ���

Urban ecologies (policy perspectives)

?Q\P�\PM[M�TQ\MZIZa�XMZ[XMK\Q^M[�QV�UQVL��Q\�Q[�][MN]T�\W�TWWS�I\�Y]M[\QWV[�WN �_I[\M�I[�I�UI\\MZ�WN �X]JTQK�XWTQKa��I[�\PM�RW]ZVITQ[\�2]TQIVI�*IZJI[[I�LWM[�QV�Dancing with the Devil in the City of God���������0MZ�JWWS��_PQKP�NWZMOZW]VL[�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�Q[[]M[��MUXPI[QbM[�\PM�M`\MV\�\W�_PQKP�\PM�[WKQIT�KW[\[�WN �\ZI[P�IVL�XWTT]\QWV�IZM�QV\MZ\_QVML�_Q\P�\PM�PW][QVO�XZWJTMU�\PI\�UILM�NI^MTI[�[]KP�I�UIRWZ�XIZ\�WN �\PM�4I\QV�)UMZQKIV�]ZJIV�TIVL[KIXM��<PMa�KIV��QV�I�[MV[M��JM�]VLMZ[\WWL�I[�\_W�[QLM[�WN �\PM�[IUM�XZWJTMU��<W�OQ^M�R][\�WVM�XIZ\QK]TIZTa�\MTTQVO�M`IUXTM"�U]KP�WN �\PM�\ZI[P�IVL�[M_IOM�\PI\�[W�NIUW][Ta�_WZZQML�\PW[M�KWUXM\QVO�QV�\PM�WXMV�_I\MZ�7TaUXQK�M^MV\[�PMTL�QV�:QW¼[�/]IVIJIZI�*Ia�QV������PIL�Q\[�WZQOQV[�QV�\PM�KQ\a¼[�NI^MTI[��<W�LMUWV[\ZI\M�\PQ[�XWQV\��*IZJI[[I�IK\]ITTa�NWTTW_[�\PM�KW]Z[M�WN �WVM�WN �\PM�[\ZMIU[�]VTWILQVO�Mټ]MV\�IVL�\ZI[P�QV\W�\PM�JIa��[\IZ\QVO�I\�\PM�JIa�IVL�OWQVO�ITT�\PM�_Ia�\W�\PM�[\ZMIU¼[�[W]ZKM�QV�\PM�UW]V\IQV[��IN\MZ�XI[[QVO�\PZW]OP�U]T\QXTM�NI^MTI[��0IL�\PM�KQ\a�NWTTW_ML�\PZW]OP�WV�Q\[�7TaUXQK�XZWUQ[M�\W�J]QTL�_I\MZ�\ZMI\UMV\�NIKQTQ\QM[�\W�[MZ^M�[]KP�XTIKM[��Q\�_W]TL�PI^M�XZW^QLML�I�TI[\QVO�JMVMÅ\��VW\�WVTa�\W�\PM�KQ\QbMV[�TQ^QVO�QV�\PW[M�NI^MTI[�J]\�\W�ITT�+IZQWKI[��

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?PI\�KWUM[�\PZW]OP�[\ZWVOTa�QV�*IZJI[[I¼[�JWWS¸I[�QV�UIVa�W\PMZ�IVITa[M[�WN �QVNWZUIT�]ZJIVQ[U�IVL�_I[\M¸Q[�\PM�QUXW[[QJQTQ\a�WN �ILLZM[[QVO�\PM�TIZOMZ�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�XZWJTMU[�_Q\PW]\�\ISQVO�QV\W�IKKW]V\�\PM�VMML[�WN �\PM�ZM[QLMV\[�WN �QVNWZUIT�[M\\TMUMV\[�IVL�^QKM�^MZ[I��/W^MZVUMV\[��WN �KW]Z[M��PI^M�UIVa�KWUXM\QVO�XZQWZQ\QM[��IVL�N]VL[�NWZ�]ZJIV�LM^MTWXUMV\�XZWRMK\[�IZM�IT_Ia[�QV�[PWZ\�supply, but this is a case where a service provided to the squatter settlement would also accrue to the TIZOMZ�KWUU]VQ\a�QV�_Ia[�\PI\�_W]TL�PI^M�I�[aVMZOQ[\QK�MٺMK\��;]KP�I�TIKS�WN �PWTQ[\QK�^Q[QWV�M`XTIQV[�_PI\�_MV\�_ZWVO�_Q\P�UIVa�NIQTML�WZ�QVILMY]I\M�PW][QVO�XWTQKQM[�WN �\PM�XI[\��)[�UIVa�WJ[MZ^MZ[�PI^M�MUXPI[QbML��\PM�PW[\QTM�I\\Q\]LM�\PI\�[MM[�QVNWZUIT�[M\\TMUMV\[�I[�V]Q[IVKM[�\PI\�VMML�\W�JM�MZILQKI\ML�PI[�\MVLML�\W�UISM�\PM�XZWJTMU�_WZ[M��7VKM�\PM�J]TTLWbMZ[�PI^M�KWUM��\PM�[Y]I\\MZ[��PI^QVO�VW�W\PMZ�WX\QWV[��_QTT�UW[\�WN\MV�[QUXTa�UW^M�\W�IVW\PMZ��WN\MV�_WZ[M��[M\\TMUMV\��*a�\PQVSQVO�WVTa�WN �\PM�TWKITQbML�XZWJTMU¸QTTMOITTa�WKK]XQML�TIVL¸KQ\a�UIVIOMZ[�_MZM�IOOZI^I\QVO�\PM�[a[\MUQK�XZWJTMU��;QUQTIZTa��PQOP�UWLMZVQ[\�[WT]\QWV[��TQSM�\PM�KWV[\Z]K\QWV�WN �UI[[Q^M�X]JTQK�PW][QVO�XZWRMK\[��WN\MV�XZW^ML�QVILMY]I\M�I[�_MTT��<PMZM�IZM�UIVa�ZMI[WV[�NWZ�\PQ[��J]\�XMZPIX[�\PM�UW[\�JI[QK�Q[�[QUXTa��I[�2][\QV�5K/]QZS�X]\[�Q\��\PI\�Q\�¹_I[V¼\�XW[[QJTM�\W�J]QTL�PW][QVO�JTWKS[�NI[\�MVW]OP�\W�KWXM�_Q\P�\PM�[KITM�WN �\PM�XZWJTMU��WZ�KPMIXTa�MVW]OP�\W�I^WQL�JIVSZ]X\QVO�VI\QWV[º�������

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<PQ[�MUXPI[Q[�WV�TM^MZIOQVO�\PM�XZIK\QKM[�WN �\PM�[PIKS�L_MTTMZ[�\PMU[MT^M[�_QTT�[MZ^M�\W�JZQVO�][�JIKS�\W�\PM�TQ\MZIZa�\ZMI\UMV\[�WN �QVNWZUITQ\a��_PQKP�WN\MV�NMI\]ZM�QUXWZ\IV\�QV[QOP\[�IVL�WJ[MZ^I\QWV[�\PI\�PI^M�JZWILMZ�QUXTQKI\QWV[��1N �\PM�XZWJTMU�Q[��I[�5K/]QZS�MUXPI[QbM[��I�TIKS�WN �¹^WKIJ]TIZa�º�\PMV�\PM�QUIOQVI\Q^M�QV[QOP\[�IVL�TM`QKIT�M`XMZQUMV\[�WN �TQ\MZI\]ZM�PI^M�IV�QUXWZ\IV\�ZWTM�\W�XTIa�

Natural mystics

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?M�ÅVL�\PQ[�XI\\MZV�JWZVM�W]\�QV�8I\\MZ[WV¼[�The Children of Sisyphus��_PMZM�\PM�KWUU]VQ\a�WN �:I[\INIZQ�XZWUW\M�I�XW_MZN]T�MV^QZWVUMV\ITQ[\�^Q[QWV��IL^WKI\QVO�I�ZM\]ZV�\W�I�UWZM�[XQZQ\]IT�[\I\M�QLMV\QÅML�_Q\P�IV�IOZIZQIV�XI[\�IVL�\PM�)NZQKIV�UW\PMZTIVL��<PQ[�Q[�IV�M\PW[�\PI\�OZM_�W]\�WN �\PM��Z]ZIT�WZ�[MUQ�Z]ZIT��\ZILQ\QWV�WN �UIZWWV�[\aTM�ZM[Q[\IVKM�\W�MV[TI^MUMV\�IVL�UQTQ\IV\�ZM[Q[\IVKM�\W�\PM�XTIV\I\QWV�[a[\MU��0QOPTa�I\\]VML�\W�VI\]ZIT�ZPa\PU[�IVL�\PM�P]UQTQ\a�WN �UIV�JMNWZM�VI\]ZM��\PM�:I[\INIZQIV�OZW]X�QV�8I\\MZ[WV¼[�VW^MT�MUXPI[QbM[�\PM�^IT]M�WN �UIQV\IQVQVO�I�[][\IQVIJTM�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�_Q\P�VI\]ZM��KMTMJZI\ML�QV�\PM�PMZJ�[IKZIUMV\���KTMIV�TQ^QVO��^MOM\IZQIVQ[U���IVL�ZMRMK\QWV�WN �\PM�*IJaTWV�[a[\MU�WN �QVL][\ZQIT�UWLMZVQ\a�

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�UMLQKIT�\ZMI\UMV\�IVL�X]JTQK�[KPWWTQVO�_MZM�PMTL�QV�[][XQKQWV�Ja�\PM�:I[\I[���Q\�R][\�[MZ^M[�\W�N]Z\PMZ�UIZOQVITQbM�\PM�^MZa�XMWXTM�Q\�KTIQU[�\W�PMTX��<PM�LZMIU�WN �I�ZM\]ZV�\W�I�Ua\PWTWOQbML�IOZIZQIV�XI[\�UIa�_MTT�JM�I[�U]KP�I�NWZU�WN �M[KIXQ[U�I[�\PM�TQ\MZIT�^WaIOM�\W�-\PQWXQI��)VL�LM[XQ\M�\PM�IXXMIT�WN �\PM�KWUU]VIT�[\Z]K\]ZM�WN �\PM�:I[\I�KWUU]VQ\a�QV�The Children of Sisyphus��Q\�Q[�IT[W�I�NWZU�WN �[MTN�QUXW[ML�OPM\\WQbI\QWV��

?PI\�\PMV�Q[�\PM�TM[[WV�\W�JM�TMIZVML�NZWU�ITT�WN �\PM[M�NWQTML�XTIV[�NWZ�ZMLMUX\QWV�qua M[KIXM'�+IU][¼�\M`\��_PQKP�Q[�Y]W\ML�QV�IV�MXQOZIXP�\W�\PM�VW^MT��MUXPI[QbM[�\PM�QUXWZ\IVKM�WN �LWOOML�ZM[WT^M�QV�\PM�NIKM�WN �I�_WZTL�_Q\PW]\�UMIVQVO��¹7VM�U][\�º�I[�+IU][�X]\[�Q\��¹QUIOQVM�;Q[aXP][�PIXXaº��+IU][�������1V�\PQ[�TQOP\��8I\\MZ[WV¼[�VW^MT�_W]TL�PI^M�\W�JM�ZMIL�VW\�I[�I�\ZIOQK��NI\ITQ[\QK�WZ�ZM[QOVML�[\I\MUMV\��J]\�I[�I�KITT�\W�[\IVL�IVL�ÅOP\¸_PMZM�WVM�Q[��<PM�XWTQ\QKIT��IVL�XMZPIX[�ZM^WT]\QWVIZa��QUXTQKI\QWV[�WN �\PQ[�[\IVKM�NWZ�\PM�VW^MT�IZM�M^QLMV\��IVL�WN �QUUMLQI\M�ZMTM^IVKM�\W�[T]U�L_MTTMZ[�M^MZa_PMZM��_PW�U][\�WN\MV�ÅOP\�TQ\MZITTa�\W�SMMX�\PMQZ�PWUM[��<PM�ZMIT�UQ[\ISM�UILM�Ja�\PM�KPIZIK\MZ[�in Patterson’s novel, then, would be to believe that the only way to transcend their degraded condition was to move on to a better place, whether to an idyllic past, an idealized motherland, salvation in the IN\MZTQNM��WZ�I�UWZM�LM[QZIJTM�VMQOPJW]ZPWWL��<PQ[�Q[�VW\�\W�[Ia�\PI\�\PM�LM[QZM�NWZ�I�UWZM�KWUNWZ\IJTM�home is somehow improper, but that, pace�,I^Q[��UIVa�[T]U�L_MTTMZ[�PI^M�KWUXMTTQVO�ZMI[WV[�NWZ�[\IaQVO�ZQOP\�_PMZM�\PMa�IZM��LM[XQ\M�\PM�PIZL[PQX[�7�)VL�]ZJIV�XTIVVMZ[�WN\MV�PI^M�KWUXMTTQVO�ZMI[WV[�NWZ�IKKMLQVO�\W�[]KP�LMUIVL[��)T\PW]OP�[]KP�[M\\TMUMV\[�IZM�\aXQKITTa�TWKI\ML�WV�QTTMOITTa�WKK]XQML�TIVL�IVL�KWUXW[ML�WN �[]J[\IVLIZL�L_MTTQVO[��I�KQ\a�WZ�[\I\M�OW^MZVUMV\�_Q\P�I�[]ٻKQMV\Ta�PWTQ[\QK��[a[\MUI\QK��WZ�]ZJIV�MKWTWOQKIT�^Q[QWV��WN �\PM�SQVL�W]\TQVML�IJW^M��UIa�_MTT�LMKQLM�\PI\�Q\�Q[�QV�Q\[�JM[\�QV\MZM[\[�\W�_WZS�_Q\P�\PM�M`Q[\QVO�KWUU]VQ\a��M^MV�QN �\PI\�UMIV[�ZM[Q[\QVO�\PM�LMUIVL[�WN �XW_MZN]T�LM^MTWXMZ[�WZ�W\PMZ�KWV[\Q\]MVKQM[��

Second nature and the urban mangrove

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Concluding thoughts on sustainable cities

<PM�\MKPVWTWOQKIT�XZWOZM[[�WN �QVL][\ZQIT�UWLMZVQ\a�PI[��_Q\P�\PM�PMTX�WN �KIXQ\ITQ[\�UIZSM\�MKWVWUQM[��ITTW_ML�Q\�\W�IKK]U]TI\M�M`KM[[�XZWL]K\Q^M�KIXIKQ\QM[��<PM[M�PI^M�UILM�Q\�XW[[QJTM�\W��[W�\W�[XMIS��ZQLM�ZW]OP�[PWL�W^MZ�VI\]ZM��KZMI\QVO�\PM�QTT][QWV�\PI\�P]UIVQ\a��WZ�I\�TMI[\�\PI\�[MOUMV\�WN �P]UIVQ\a�\PI\�[PIZM[�QV�Q\[�_MIT\P��PI[�ZQ[MV�IJW^M�VI\]ZM�IVL�Q[�VW�TWVOMZ�[]JRMK\�\W�\PM�ZM[W]ZKM�KWV[\ZIQV\[�\PI\�TQUQ\ML�\PM�OZW_\P�XW\MV\QIT�WN �XZM�UWLMZV�[WKQM\QM[��*]\��_Q\P�\PM�IL^MV\�WN �\PM�Anthropocene era, as we reach the point where the planet’s resources are being stressed on a global [KITM��\PI\�NWZU�WN �UWLMZVQ\a�IXXMIZ[�\W�PI^M�ZMIKPML�Q\[�TQUQ\[��8MZPIX[�[WUM�]VNWZM[MMV�\MKPVWTWOQKIT�breakthrough or advance in social organization will make it possible to break through even this ceiling \W�LM^MTWXUMV\��1N �VW\��_M�_QTT�ITT�PI^M�\W�ZM�TMIZV�_PI\�Q\�UMIV[�\W�TQ^M�_Q\PQV�W]Z�UMIV[��\W�IKKMX\�IVL�ILIX\�\W�\PM�KWV[\ZIQV\[�QUXW[ML�WV�Q\�Ja�M^MZ�[KIZKMZ�ZM[W]ZKM[��<PQ[�KIV��I\�TMI[\�QV�XZQVKQXTM��JM�XTIVVML�NWZ�QV�[]KP�I�_Ia�I[�\W�TMIL�\W�I�[WN\�TIVLQVO��KPIZIK\MZQbML��[Ia��Ja�UWLMZI\MTa�TW_MZML�[\IVLIZL[�WN �TQ^QVO��\MKPVWTWOQKIT�IL^IVKM[�\PI\�MVIJTM�][�\W�_MIV�W]Z[MT^M[�Wٺ�WN �NW[[QT�N]MT[��IVL�I�OZIL]IT��QV\MV\QWVIT�[TW_QVO�WN �XWX]TI\QWV�OZW_\P���*]\�Q\�Q[�MY]ITTa�XW[[QJTM�\PI\�\PM�XTIVM\�_QTT�UISM�\PM�LMKQ[QWV�NWZ�][��QV�_PQKP�KI[M�I�PIZL�TIVLQVO��KPIZIK\MZQbML�Ja�[WKQIT�KWTTIX[M�IVL�P]UIVQ\IZQIV�LQ[I[\MZ[��_PQKP�_W]TL�ITUW[\�KMZ\IQVTa�NITT�LQ[XZWXWZ\QWVI\MTa�WV�\PM�_WZTL¼[�XWWZ��IZM�TQSMTa�W]\KWUM[�

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Works Cited

)JIVQ��+PZQ[��Graceland��.IZZIZ��;\ZI][��IVL�/QZW]`��������

*IZJI[[I��2]TQIVI��Dancing with the Devil in the City of God��<W]KP[\WVM��������

*MOIO��)bW]b��Shantytown Kid (Le Gone Du Chaâba���<ZIV[T��)TMK�/��0IZOZMI^M[��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �6MJZI[SI�8ZM[[��������

*MVVM\\��5QKPIMT��IVL�,I^QL�?��<MIO]M��<PM�6I\]ZM�WN �+Q\QM["�-KWKZQ\QKQ[U�IVL�=ZJIV�-V^QZWVUMV\[��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �)ZQbWVI�8ZM[[���!!!��

*QVMJQVM��5IPQ� Les Étoiles de Sidi Moumen.�.TIUUIZQWV��������

*WW��3I\PMZQVM��Behind the Beautiful Forevers��:IVLWU�0W][M��������

*ZIVL��;\M_IZ\��?PWTM�-IZ\P�,Q[KQXTQVM"�)V�-KWXZIOUI\Q[\�5IVQNM[\W��>QSQVO�����!��

*ZQTTMUJW]ZO��<IUIaW�)���3ZQ[\QV�.MQZMQ[[��IVL�0]JMZ\�3T]UXVMZ��1VNWZUIT�+Q\a"�+IZIKI[�+I[M��8ZM[\MT��������

+IU][��)TJMZ\��The Myth of Sisyphus, and Other Essays��>QV\IOM���!!���

+PIUWQ[MI]��8I\ZQKS��Texaco��<ZIV[T��:W[M�5aZQIU�:uRW]Q[�IVL�>IT�>QVWS]Z��8IV\PMWV�*WWS[���!!���

+W]\QVPW��-L]IZLW��Peões��5M\IT_WZSMZ[��IVL�Boca de Lixo��5W]\P�WN �/IZJIOM���:QW�LM�2IVMQZW"�>QLMWÅTUM[�8ZWL]t�M[�������

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,M4W]OPZMa��-TQbIJM\P�5���:MVuM�3��/W[[WV��IVL�/MWZOM�*��0IVLTMa��ML[��Caribbean Literature and the

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-SM��-��.MZIT��¹+PIVOQVO�>QM_[�WV�=ZJIVQbI\QWV�5QOZI\QWV�IVL�;Y]I\\MZ[�º�0IJQ\I\�1V\MZVI\QWVIT��"������! ��"����������

-aZM��4��)TIV��¹;MTN�0MTX�0W][QVO�QV�2IUIQKI�º�1V�;MTN�PMTX�0W][QVO��\PM�8WWZ��IVL�\PM�;\I\M�QV�\PM�+IZQJJMIV� -L��:WJMZ\�*��8W\\MZ�IVL�,MVVQ[�+WV_Ia��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �<MVVM[[MM�8ZM[[���!!��

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Latin America.�-L��*ZWL_aV�.Q[KPMZ��*ZaIV�5K+IVV��IVL�2I^QMZ�)]aMZW��,]SM�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�8ZM[[�������

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*a�\PM�\QUM�WN �Q\[�X]JTQKI\QWV�QV��! !��Éloge de la Créolité�[QOVITML�I�LMXIZ\]ZM�NZWU�\PM�MIZTQMZ�Negritude and Antillanité�UW^MUMV\[�\W�I�UWZM�V]IVKML�MUJZIKM�WN �I�K]T\]ZIT�\PMWZa�IVL�QLMV\Q\a�XZWNW]VLTa�TQVSML�\W�IVL�IVKPWZML�QV�+IZQJJMIV�MKWTWOa��Éloge de la Créolité displays a remarkable [MV[Q\Q^Q\a�\W�\PM�ZWTM�\PI\�QUXMZQITQ[U�XTIaML�QV�NI[PQWVQVO�+IZQJJMIV�]VLMZ[\IVLQVO[�WN �P]UIV�[]JRMK\Q^Q\a�IVL�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\�IVL�\PM�VMW�KWTWVQITQ[\�NWZU[�WN �M`XTWQ\I\QWV�_PQKP�KWV\QV]M�\W�\PZMI\MV�JW\P�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�IVL�P]UIV�[][\IQVIJQTQ\a�WN �\PM[M�Q[TIVL[��¹+ZMWTMVM[[�º�I[�X]\�NWZ_IZL�Ja�*IZVIJu��+PIUWQ[MI]��IVL�+WVÅIV\��]VLMZ[KWZM[�\PM�QVM`\ZQKIJTM�QV\MZ\_QVQVO�WN �\PM�K]T\]ZIT��XWTQ\QKIT�IVL�VI\]ZIT�PQ[\WZa�WN �\PM�+IZQJJMIV�ZMOQWV�IVL�\PM�I\\MVLIV\�XZWKM[[M[�WN �UMLQI\QWV�QV�ZMXZM[MV\I\QWV[�WN �\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\��WV�\PM�WVM�PIVL��IVL�\PM�NWZUI\QWV�WN �QLMV\Q\a¸_PQKP�Q[�Q\[MTN �I�XZWL]K\�WN �\PM[M�XZWKM[[M[¸WV�\PM�W\PMZ��1V�NIK\��Éloge de la Créolité�QV[Q[\[�WV�\PM�]ZOMV\�VMML�NWZ�IV�¹IM[\PM\QK�IXXZWIKPº�Ja�IVL�\PZW]OP�_PQKP�.ZMVKP�)V\QTTMIV[�KIV�JMOQV�\W�¹ZM�TMIZV�PW_�\W�^Q[]ITQbM�W]Z�XZWNW]VL�LMX\P[��<W�ZM�TMIZV�PW_�\W�TWWS�XW[Q\Q^MTa�I\�ITT�\PI\�pulsates�IZW]VL�][º��+PIUWQ[MI]��M\�IT�������

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1V�IV�QV\MZ^QM_�QV�\PM�.ZMVKP�RW]ZVIT�Nuit Blanche, Patrick Chamoiseau develops the idea that the VI\]ZIT�MV^QZWVUMV\�PI[�XTIaML�I�LM\MZUQVIV\�ZWTM�QV�\PM�PQ[\WZa�WN �\PM�+IZQJJMIV��1V�[XMKQÅK�ZMNMZMVKM�to his novel Texaco��PM�[\I\M[�\PI\�¹\PM�]ZJIV�NIJZQK�Q[�IT_Ia[�I�XZWL]K\QWV�WN �PQ[\WZQKIT�IVL�K]T\]ZIT�NWZKM[��?WZS��UMUWZa��PQ[\WZQKIT�KWVÆQK\[�IZM�ITT�QV[KZQJML�\PMZMº��+PIUWQ[MI]�IVL�8M\MZ[WV�������<PM�U]T\QXTM�NWZKM[�QV[KZQJML�QV�\PM�KWVKZM\M�ZMITQ\a�WN �\PM�<M`IKW�VMQOPJW]ZPWWL�IZM�[PW_KI[ML�NZWU�\PM�LMJ]\�WN �\PM�VW^MT"�¹=XWV�PQ[�MV\ZIVKM�QV\W�<M`IKW��\PM�+PZQ[\�_I[�PQ\�Ja�I�[\WVM¸IV�IOOZM[[QWV�\PI\�[]ZXZQ[ML�VW�WVMº��+PIUWQ[MI]�!���-V\MZQVO�\PM�Y]IZ\MZ��\PM�aW]VO�]ZJIV�XTIVVMZ�KPIZOML�_Q\P�\PM�MZILQKI\QWV�WN �\PQ[�[PIV\a\W_V�WV�\PM�W]\[SQZ\[�WN �.WZ\�LM�.ZIVKM�Q[�[\WXXML�QV�PQ[�\ZIKS[��IN\MZ�PI^QVO�JMMV�PQ\�QV�\PM�PMIL�Ja�I�[\WVM�Æ]VO�I\�PQU��<PM�ZMILMZ�TMIZV[�I�JQ\�N]Z\PMZ�WV�\PI\"

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1V�\PQ[�XI[[IOM��\PM�¹_Mº�WN �<M`IKW�Y]IZ\MZ�IVL�\PM�¹M^MZ�[W�_MTT�\W�LWº�XMWXTM�WN �\PM�KQ\a�XQ\\ML�IOIQV[\�MIKP�W\PMZ�PQOPTQOP\�\PM�NIK\�\PI\�KWTWVQIT�IVL�IV\Q�KWTWVQIT�[\Z]OOTM[�PI^M�TWVO�JMMV�OZW]VLML�QV�TIVL�IVL�TWKITQ\a��<PM�[\Z]OOTM�W^MZ�\PM�^MZa�M`Q[\MVKM�WN �\PQ[�[PIV\a\W_V��Q\[�R]UJTML�P]\KPM[�I�KWVKZM\M�IٺZWV\�\W�X]JTQK�WZLMZ�IVL�LMKMVKa��ZMKITT[�\PM�NIK\�\PI\��L]ZQVO�XTIV\I\QWV�[TI^MZa��\PM�UW[\�[]UX\]W][�IVL�NMZ\QTM�XTW\[�WN �TIVL�_MZM�IXXZWXZQI\ML�Ja�\PM�WTL�XTIV\WKZIKa�WN �5IZ\QVQY]M��TMI^QVO�

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_PI\�ZMUIQVML�\W�JM�[PIZML�]X�IUWVO�UIZWWV[�IVL�NZMML�[TI^M[��<PQ[�KWV\MUXWZIZa�]ZJIV�[T]U�OZM_�]X�I[�I�ZM[]T\�WN �\PM�LM[KMVLIV\[�WN �NWZUMZ�UIZWWV�IVL�NZMML�[TI^M[�LM[KMVLQVO�NZWU�\PMQZ�PQTT[QLM�KWUU]VM[��QV�\PM�PWXM�WN �ÅVLQVO�_WZS�WV�\PM�W]\[SQZ\[�WN �\PM�KQ\a��

-^MV�UWZM�\MTTQVO�Q[�\PM�MXWVaU�¹<M`IKWº��<PM�Y]IZ\MZ�Q[�VIUML�NWZ�\PM�VW_�IJIVLWVML�<M`IKW�WQT�ZMÅVMZa�IZW]VL�_PQKP�\PM�[T]U�L_MTTMZ[�J]QT\�\PMQZ�¹P]\KPM[�º�<PM�_WZL�¹<M`IKWº�KWVR]ZM[�]X�KWV\MUXWZIZa�Q\MZI\QWV[�WN �U]T\QVI\QWVIT�KIXQ\ITQ[U�IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�IJ][M�QV�\PQ[�WVKM�M`XTWQ\ML�IVL�VW_�IJIVLWVML�UIVOZW^M�IZMI��<PI\�\PQ[�ITZMILa�XWTT]\ML�WQT�ZMÅVMZa�Q[�\PM�WVTa�XTIKM�TMN\�NWZ�\PM�LM[KMVLIV\[�WN �[TI^M[�\W�KTIQU�I[�\PMQZ�W_V�JZQVO[�QV\W�[\IZS�ZMTQMN �\PM�TI[\QVO�TMOIKQM[�WN �P]UIV�IK\Q^Q\a�IVL�QV\MZIK\QWV�_Q\P�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\��<M`IKW��VW_�LW]JTa�¹XWTT]\MLº�Ja�\PM�QV[IT]JZQW][�[PIV\a\W_V��]VQ\M[�XI[\�IVL�XZM[MV\��JMIZQVO�_Q\VM[[�\W�\PM�NW]VLI\QWVIT�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�WN �\PM�)V\QTTMIV�XWX]TI\QWV�IVL�\PM�TIVL��)�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�UIZSML�Ja�M`KT][QWV�IVL�M`XTWQ\I\QWV��

)[�I�ZM[]T\�WN �\PM�VM_�ZWIL��8uVu\ZIV\M�7]M[\��TQVSQVO�\PM�<M`IKW�Y]IZ\MZ�\W�¹4¼-V�^QTTMº�(meaning both city and urban space�QV�.ZMVKP���\PM�¹M^MZ�[W�_MTT�\W�LWº�XMWXTM�WN �\PM�KQ\a�PI^M�VW_�KWUM�NIKM�\W�NIKM�_Q\P�\PQ[�[T]U��OZW_QVO�X]T[I\QVO�WV�Q\[�XMZQXPMZa��+WQVML�Ja�+PIUWQ[MI]�IVL�ÅZ[\�MUXTWaML�Ja�5IZQM�;WXPQM��¹4¼-V�^QTTMº�KIX\]ZM[�\PM�QUXTQKQ\�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�JM\_MMV�TIVO]IOM�IVL�TIVL[KIXM�_PQKP�PQLM[�\PM�KWV\QV]QVO�[\Z]OOTM�JM\_MMV�\PM�.ZMVKP�IVL�+ZuWTM�TIVO]IOM[�QV�5IZ\QVQY]M�JMPQVL�I�N]VLIUMV\IT�UQ[KWVKMX\QWV�WN �\PQ[�[PIV\a\W_V�IVL�Q\[�QVPIJQ\IV\[��<PM�=ZJIV�8TIVVMZ��_PW�ZMXZM[MV\[�\PM�.WZ\�LM�.ZIVKM�XWX]TIKM��[MM[�QV�\PM�ZWIL�XZWRMK\�KWVVMK\QVO�KQ\a�IVL�XMZQXPMZa�IV�I[XQZI\QWV�WV�\PM�XIZ\�WN �\PM�[T]U�L_MTTMZ[�\W�N]TTa�QV\MOZI\M�IVL�JM�QVKWZXWZI\ML�QV\W�IVL�Ja�\PM�KQ\a�KMV\ZM��0W_M^MZ��\PM�+ZuWTM�XPWVM\QK�LW]JTM�lanvil��UMIVQVO�¹XZWRM\�LM�[]Z^QMº��XZWRMK\�WN �[]Z^Q^IT���JM\ZIa[�\PQ[�NIT[M�UQ[KWVKMX\QWV��1V�XZMKQ[M�\MZU[��\PM�TIVL��\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\�XZM^IQT�IOIQV[\�P]UIV�IK\Q^Q\a�QV\MVLML�\W�¹UI[\MZº�IVL�¹M`PI][\Mº�\PQ[�UI\MZQIT��VWV�P]UIV�[XIKM�

/Q^MV�\PM�VW_�ÅTTML�QV�NWZUMZ�_M\TIVL�MV^QZWVUMV\�W]\�WN �_PQKP�<M`IKW�OZW_[��\PM�=ZJIV�Planner in his copious notes indicated that:

1�]VLMZ[\WWL�[]LLMVTa�\PI\�<M`IKW�_I[�VW\�_PI\�?M[\MZVMZ[�KITTML�I�[PIV\a\W_V��J]\�I�mangrove swamp, an urban mangrove swamp��<PM�[_IUX�[MMU[�QVQ\QITTa�PW[\QTM�\W�TQNM��1\¼[�LQٻK]T\�\W�ILUQ\�\PI\�\PQ[�IV`QM\a�WN �ZWW\[��WN �UW[[a�[PILM[��WN �^MQTML�_I\MZ[��KW]TL�JM�[]KP�I�KZILTM�WN �TQNM�NWZ�KZIJ[��Å[P��KZIaÅ[P��\PM�UIZQVM�MKW[a[\MU��������MUXPI[Q[�QV�\PM�original)

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,Q[XW[[M[[ML�IVL�]XZWW\ML�NZWU�\QUM��PQ[\WZa��[XIKM�IVL�XTIKM��\PM�QVPIJQ\IV\[�WN �\PQ[�[PIV\a\W_V�LMUWV[\ZI\M�\PM�NZIOQTM�UI[\MZa�WN �I�[QVO]TIZ�[XIKM�IVL�[\Z]OOTM�NWZ�placedness, which the KWUU]VQ\a�U][\�NWZOM�NWZ�Q\[MTN �_Q\PQV�\PM�\W\ITQ\a�WN �ITT�\PI\�pulsates around it:

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Texaco: Place/habitus

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:M\]ZVQVO�\W�W]Z�\M`\��\PM�<M`IKW�Y]IZ\MZ�Q[�VW\�R][\�I�ÆI\\MVML�[TI\M�I^IQTIJTM�IVL�_IQ\QVO�NWZ�P]UIV�QV[KZQX\QWV��6WZ�Q[�Q\�R][\�I�XIZ\QK]TIZ�]ZJIV�[XIKM�[\IVLQVO�I[�I�J]T_IZS�IOIQV[\�KWTWVQITQ[\�LQ[KW]Z[M[�IQUML�I\�I[[QUQTI\QVO�+ZMWTM�TIVO]IOM��K]T\]ZM�IVL�\ZILQ\QWV[�QV\W�\PM�LWUQVIV\�.ZMVKP�¹WZLMZº�Ja�QVKWZXWZI\QVO�\PQ[�[T]U�N]TTa�QV\W�\PM�KQ\a�TQUQ\[��1V�KWVKZM\M�\MZU[��Texaco as habitus is the OMVMZI\Q^M�[W]ZKM�WN �IK\QWV�IVL�\PW]OP\�NWZ�5IZQM�;WXPQM�IVL�\PM�KWUU]VQ\a��5IZQM�;WXPQM¼[�IVL�\PM�KWUU]VQ\a¼[�¹IXXZMV\QKM[PQXº�\W�IVL�_Q\P�\PM�TIVL�XZW^QLM�\PMU�\PM�UMIV[�Ja�IVL�\PZW]OP�_PQKP�\PMa�can and are able to act:

:MXMI\QVO�Q\�KMI[MTM[[Ta�CPMZ�[MKZM\�VIUME�°�1�_PQ\\TML�I�NM_�^MZa�[\ZIQOP\�JIUJWW[�IVL�LZIOOML�\PMU�\PZW]OP�\PM�WQT�KWUXIVa¼[�LWUIQV��JMPQVL�5IVW�+I[\ZILWZ¼[�JIKS�°�7V�the slope, like my Esternome had taught me,�1�XTIV\ML�Ua�NW]Z�JIUJWW�[\QKS[�_PQKP�1�\PMV�_ZIXXML�_Q\P�KIV^I[��<PMV�1�carefully weeded my space, packed down the land within my tent, made

\PM�TWO_WWL�QV�\PM�IZMI�[\IVL�I[QLM�QV�I�NW]Z�UM\MZ�ZILQ][��1�NW]VL�Ua[MTN �[]ZZW]VLML�_Q\P�I�TQ\\TM�_ITT�WN �_QTL�[IOM�IVL�\PWZV[��<PM�KIV^I[�_I[�NI[\MVML�\W�\PM�XWTM[�WV�\PM�TI\MZIT�IVL�JIKS�[QLM[�°�We fastened the sheets [of tin] with stones and two nails °�)VL�\PI\¼[�PW_�1�OW\�Ua�P]\KP��1\�_I[�VW\PQVO��R][\�[WUM\PQVO�IOIQV[\�\PM�[]V��J]\�it was my anchor�QV�+Q\a��1�_I[�MV\MZQVO�Ua[MTN �LQZMK\Ta�QV\W�\PI\�^MZa�WTL�[\Z]OOTM����!���MUXPI[Q[�UQVM�

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5IZQM�;WXPQM¼[�OM[\]ZM[¸_PQ\\TQVO�JIUJWW��XIKSQVO�LW_V�\PM�MIZ\P��_MMLQVO�PMZ�[XIKM¸concretize the improvisation and innovation inherent in the habitation�WN �XTIKM��<M`IKW�Q[�¹MUJWLQML�PQ[\WZa��QV\MZVITQbML�I[�[MKWVL�VI\]ZM�IVL�[W�NWZOW\\MV�I[�PQ[\WZa��1\�Q[�\PM�IK\Q^M�XZM[MVKM�WN �\PM�_PWTM�XI[\�WN �_PQKP�Q\�Q[�I�XZWL]K\º��*W]ZLQM]�������.]Z\PMZ�ZMÅVQVO�*W]ZLQM]¼[�KWVKMX\��;][IV�+ZW[\I�WJ[MZ^M[�\PI\�¹J]QTLQVO�<M`IKW��TIaQVO�Q\[�NW]VLI\QWV[��IVL�XIZ\QKQXI\QVO�QV�Q\[�LMÅVQ\QWV�IVL�M^WT]\QWV�QV^WT^M[�I�^Q[QWV�WN �place and beingº��+ZW[\I������

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<M`IKW�Q[�UWZM�\PIV�R][\�I�[]XXWZ\QVO�[\Z]K\]ZM�NWZ�JW\P�_ZQ\QVO�IVL�\M`\"�\PM�UIVVMZ�QV�_PQKP�P]UIV�JMQVO[�KWV[\Z]K\��QVLQ^QL]ITQbM�IVL�WZ�KWTTMK\Q^QbM�\PMQZ�XPa[QKIT��VWV�P]UIV�MV^QZWVUMV\��8TIKM�IVL�;MTN��WZ�ZI\PMZ��<M`IKW�IVL�5IZQM�;WXPQM�IZM�\PWZW]OPTa�MVUM[PML��VW\�N][ML�QV\W�I�[QVOTM��M[[MV\QITQbML�_PWTM��<PMZM�Q[�I�KWV\QV]IT�ZM[PIXQVO�IVL�ZMKWVVMK\QVO�I\�_WZS�JM\_MMV�<M`IKW�Place and <M`IKW�Self��1VLMML��JW\P�VW^MT�IVL�XTIKM�<M`IKW�IZM�I[�U]KP�IJW]\�PW_�P]UIV�JMQVO[�IZM�[\Z]K\]ZML�and changed by place and place is structured by human interaction:

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5WZM�XZMKQ[MTa��IVL�QV�TQVM�_Q\P�-L_IZL�+I[Ma¼[�NWZU]TI\QWV��¹\PM�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�JM\_MMV�[MTN �IVL�XTIKM�Q[�VW\�R][\�WVM�WN �ZMKQXZWKIT�QVÆ]MVKM�J]\�IT[W��UWZM�ZILQKITTa��WN �KWV[\Q\]\Q^M�KWQVOZMLQMVKM"�MIKP�Q[�M[[MV\QIT�NWZ�\PM�JMQVO�WN �\PM�W\PMZº��+I[Ma�� ����1V�\PM�_WZL[�\PI\�\PM�7TL�*TIKS�5IV�WN �\PM�,W]U�UIZWWV�KWUU]VQ\a�WٺMZML�I[�KW]VKQT�\W�5IZQM�;WXPQM��¹.QVL�aW]Z[MTN �I�[MKZM\�VIUM�IVL�ÅOP\�_Q\P�Q\�º��¹.QOP\º�PMZM�\ZIV[TI\M[�\PM�WZQOQVIT�\M`\¼[�][M�WN �\PM�.ZMVKP�^MZJ�NWZ�to beat/pulsate��I[�QV�[MV[M�WN �I�JMI\QVO�PMIZ\���

Texaco: from landscape to I/dentity

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7V�\PM�[TWXM��1�NMT\�\PM�[IUM�[_MM\�_QVL��ZQKP�_Q\P�\PM�_WZTL�IVL�_Q\P�\PM�+IZQJJMIV��IVL�1�[I_�+Q\a¼[�I_ISMVQVO�NZWU�]X�PQOP"�\PM�JMI\QVO�IVL�JTQVSQVO�[P]\\MZ[��\PM�UWZVQVO�JQZL[�Æ]\\MZQVO�\PM�[Sa��\PM�[QTPW]M\\M[�WN �J][a�[MZ^IV\[��KQ^QT�[MZ^IV\[�OWQVO�LW_V�\W�\PM�UI[[��\PM�ÅZ[\�L][\�KW^MZQVO�\PM�TW_�PW][M[�°�1�[I_�\PM�\ZMM[�TQOP\�]X�QV�\PM�;I^IVVI�_PMZM�Ua�-[\MZVWUM�[M\\TML�[W�UIVa�aMIZ[�IOW�°�<PM�[Sa��<PM�[MI��<PM�TIVL��<PM�PQTT[��<PM�_QVL[��<PM�XTIKM�_I[�UIOQKIT��

;W�1�\WWS�I�LMMX�JZMI\P��SMMXQVO�Q\�[\]KS�JM\_MMV�Ua�[QLM[��IVL��JZQVOQVO�]X�WVM�WN �8IXI�<W\WVM¼[�LMUIVL[��I named myself a secret name����!���MUXPI[Q[�QV�\PM�WZQOQVIT�

.IKQVO�\PQ[�]VL]TI\QVO�TIVL�WV�_PQKP�IVL�_Q\P�QV�_PQKP�<M`IKW��XTIKM�IVL�XMZ[WV�_QTT�JM�IVKPWZML��5IZQM�;WXPQM�[WIS[�]X�\PM�TIVL[KIXM�_Q\P�PMZ�MaM[�IVL�QUJQJM[�Q\�\PZW]OP�\PM�WTNIK\WZa�[MV[M[�WN �VW[M�IVL�UW]\P�\W�KIX\]ZM�Q\�_Q\PQV�PMZ�ZQJ[��<PZW]OP�\PQ[�XZWKM[[�WN �QUJQJQVO�\PM�TIVL��5IZQM�;WXPQM�IKKM[[M[�\PM�TQUQVIT�[XIKM�WN �\PM�QV\MZZMTI\QWV[�WN �QLMV\Q\a��KWUU]VQ\a�IVL�\PM�VWV�P]UIV��MV^QZWVUMV\IT�MTMUMV\[�WN �\PM�_WZTL��1\�Q[�QV�\PQ[�TQUQVIT�[XIKM��\PQ[�JZQLOM�JM\_MMV�PQ[\WZQKQbML�K]T\]ZIT�MVKW]V\MZ[�WV��QV�IVL�\PZW]OP�KWTWVQbML�TIVL[KIXM[�\PI\�\PM�KMI[MTM[[�XZWKM[[�WN �M`KPIVOM�IVL�\ZIV[NWZUI\QWV�_PQKP�UIZS[�\PM�+IZQJJMIV¼[�¹QZZ]X\QWV�QV\W�UWLMZVQ\aº�\ISM[�XTIKM"

<M`IKW��Ua�_WZS��W]Z�9]IZ\MZ��W]Z�ÅMTL�WN �JI\\TM�IVL�ZM[Q[\IVKM�[]UUML�]X�Ua�QV\MZM[\�QV�\PM�_WZTL��<PMZM�_M�SMX\�]X�\PM�ÅOP\�\W�JM�XIZ\�WN �+Q\a��I�KMV\]Za�WTL�JI\\TM��)VL�\PQ[�JI\\TM�_I[�\PM�JMOQVVQVO�WN �I�ÅVIT�KWVNZWV\I\QWV�QV�_PQKP�\PM�[\ISM[�_MZM�MQ\PMZ�TQNM�I[�_M�SVM_�Q\�WZ�W]Z�LMÅVQ\Q^M�LMNMI\������

�<PM�QV[MXIZIJQTQ\a�WN �TIVL[KIXM�IVL�QLMV\Q\a�ZM^MIT�\PM�LaVIUQK��ZMKQXZWKIT��IVL�LMMXTa�\ZIV[NWZUI\Q^M�TWOQK�]VQ\QVO�XMWXTM�IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\��<PQ[�LMMXTa�\ZIV[NWZUI\Q^M�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�LWM[�VW\��PW_M^MZ��[]J[]UM�KWUU]VQ\a�IVL�QLMV\Q\a�\W�MV^QZWVUMV\�WZ�^QKM�^MZ[I��<W�¹QVPIJQ\º�\PM�TIVL�Q[�I\�WVKM�IVL�I\�\PM�[IUM�\QUM�IV�IٻZUI\QWV�WN �QLMV\Q\a�_PMZM�TIVL[KIXM�IVL�QLMV\Q\a�KW�LM\MZUQVM�IVL�XMZUMI\M�MIKP�W\PMZ��7Z��\W�JWZZW_�-L_IZL�+I[Ma¼[�NWZU]TI\QWV�¹there is no place without self and no self

without placeº��+I[Ma�� ���MUXPI[Q[�QV�\PM�WZQOQVIT���

1V�\PM�VWV�L]ITQ[\�VI\]ZM�WN �\PM�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�JM\_MMV�\PM�<M`IKW�KWUU]VQ\a�IVL�Q\[�MV^QZWVUMV\��8I\ZQKS�+PIUWQ[MI]�WٺMZ[�IV�IT\MZVI\Q^M�KWV[\Q\]\QWV�WN �\PM�)V\QTTMIV�[MTN��MUIVI\QVO�NZWU�W]\�WN �\PM�NZIOUMV\ML�PQ[\WZQM[�WN �\PM�TIVL�IVL�XMWXTM�WN �\PM�+IZQJJMIV��1V�ZMXZM[MV\QVO�\PM�KZQ\QKIT�MV\IVOTMUMV\[�WN �\PM�P]UIV�IVL�VWV�P]UIV�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�MTMUMV\[�WN �<M`IKW��+PIUWQ[MI]�WٺMZ[�I�KWUXMTTQVO�XWZ\ZIQ\�WN �\PM�XIZ\QK]TIZ�_Ia[�QV�_PQKP�JW\P�P]UIV�IVL�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�K]T\]ZM[�IJ[WZJ��ZMK]XMZI\M��LQ^MZ\��[\Z]OOTM�_Q\P��TM\�[TQX��IVL��ZM�IXXZWXZQI\M�\PM�[MLQUMV\I\QWV�WN �P]UIV�IVL�VI\]ZIT�PQ[\WZa�_Q\PW]\�JMQVO�_PWTTa�WZ�XZMLQK\IJTa�KQZK]U[KZQJML�IVL�[]J[]UML�Ja�\PM�W\PMZ��)VL�_PQTM�5IZQM�;WXPQM�LM[KZQJM[�PMZ�UWLM[\�P]\KP�I[�¹VW\PQVO��R][\�[WUM\PQVO�IOIQV[\�\PM�[]V�º�\PQ[�hutch, her habitation, “it was my anchor�QV�+Q\a��1�_I[�MV\MZQVO�Ua[MTN �LQZMK\Ta�QV\W�\PI\�^MZa�WTL�[\Z]OOTMº��+PIUWQ[MI]��!���MUXPI[Q[�UQVM��

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Conclusion

5IZQM�;WXPQM¸IVL�Ja�M`\MV[QWV�\PM�<M`IKW�KWUU]VQ\a¸LMUWV[\ZI\M�\PI\�\PM�Y]M[\�NWZ�I�XTIKM�IVL�QLMV\Q\a�KIVVW\�JM�LQ[[WKQI\ML��1\�Q[�QVLMML�QV�\PM�KW�KWV[\Q\]\Q^M�PIJQ\I\QWV�_Q\P�IVL�QV�\PM�VI\]ZIT�MV^QZWVUMV\�\PI\�+IZQJJMIV�QLMV\Q\a�\ISM[�[PIXM��)TTW_QVO�][�\W�[MM�IVL�\W�]VLMZ[\IVL�<M`IKW�QV�IVL�\PZW]OP�\PM�XMZ[XMK\Q^M�WN �5IZQM�;WXPQM�Q[�IV�WXMVQVO�]V\W�\PM�PMZM\WNWZM�]V[MMV�PWZQbWV�WN �¹QV\MZIK\QWVIT�IVL�\ZIV[IK\QWVIT�IOOZMOI\M�WN �+IZQJJMIV��-]ZWXMIV��)NZQKIV��)[QIV��IVL�Levantine cultural elements united on the same soil�Ja�\PM�aWSM�WN �PQ[\WZa�º�1N��I\�\PM�MVL�WN �\PM�VW^MT�Texaco��KWUU]VQ\a�IVL�QLMV\Q\a�IZM�IKPQM^ML�\PZW]OP�5IZQM�;WXPQM¼[�QUXZW^Q[I\QWVIT�IVL�QVVW^I\Q^M�[\Z]OOTM�_Q\P�\PM�TIVL��\PI\�Q[�_Q\P�¹XTIKMLVM[[�º�PMZ[�Q[�IV�1�LMV\Q\a�_PQKP�LZI_[�Q\[�[\ZMVO\P�NZWU�\PM�QV\MZIK\QWV[�JM\_MMV�JWLQM[�IVL�TIVL�QV�\PM�LaVIUQK�IVL�\ZIV[NWZUI\Q^M�¹MKW�[a[\MUº�\PI\�Q[�\PM�+IZQJJMIV��

Notes1 Migan�Q[�I�+ZMWTM�\MZU�NWZ�I�[W]X�UILM�_Q\P�ITT�TWKIT�QVOZMLQMV\[��KPQMN �WN �_PQKP�Q[�\PM�JZMILNZ]Q\��7ZQOQVI\QVO�NZWU�\PM�;W]\P�8IKQÅK�7KMIV�ZMOQWV��\PM�JZMILNZ]Q\�_I[�QV\ZWL]KML�\W�\PM�+IZQJJMIV�QV�\PM�MQOP\MMV\P�KMV\]Za�Ja�*ZQ\Q[P�IVL�.ZMVKP�VI^QOI\WZ[��<WLIa�\PM�JZMILNZ]Q\�IVL�[W]X[�WN �\PQ[�SQVL�IZM�Y]QV\M[[MV\QIT�MTMUMV\[�WN �KWV\MUXWZIZa�+IZQJJMIV�KWWSQVO�

Works Cited

*W]ZLQM]��8QMZZM��The Logic of Practice��<ZIV[TI\ML�Ja�:QKPIZL�6QKM��8WTQ\a�8ZM[[���!!��

+I[Ma��-L_IZL�;��¹*M\_MMV�/MWOZIXPa�IVL�8PQTW[WXPa"�?PI\�LWM[�Q\�UMIV�\W�JM�QV�\PM�8TIKM�?WZTL'º�Annals of the Association of American Geographers�!�"��������"�� ���!��

+PIUWQ[MI]��8I\ZQKS��M\�IT��Éloge de la Créolité��/ITTQUIZL���! !��

+PIUWQ[MI]��8I\ZQKS��Texaco.�<ZIV[TI\ML�Ja�:W[M�5aZQIU�:uRW]Q[�IVL�>IT�>QVWS]ZW �̂�8IV\PMWV���!!��

+PIUWQ[MI]��8I\ZQKS�IVL�5QKPMT�8M\MZ[WV��¹4¼QUIOQVIQZM�LM�TI�LQ^MZ[Q\u�º�6]Q\�*TIVKPM"�5IOIbQVM�4Q\uZIQZM��!���!!��"���������

+QTIVW��+IZI�IVL�-TQbIJM\P�,M4W]OPZMa��¹)OIQV[\�)]\PMV\QKQ\a"�/TWJIT�3VW_TMLOM[�IVL�8W[\KWTWVQIT�-KWKZQ\QKQ[U�º�1;4-"�1V\MZLQ[KQXTQVIZa�;\]LQM[�QV�4Q\MZI\]ZM�IVL�-V^QZWVUMV\���"��������"���� ��

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+ZW[\I��;]bIVVM��¹,]�[QTMVKM�o�T¼uKZQ\]ZM"�4M[�TQM]`�L¼w\ZM�LM�T¼QUIOQVIQZM�KZuWTM�º�University of Toronto

Quarterly ��"����!!��"������� ��

/TQ[[IV\��jLW]IZL��+IZQJJMIV�,Q[KW]Z[M"�;MTMK\ML�-[[Ia[��<ZIV[TI\ML�Ja�2��5QKPIMT�,I[P��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �>QZOQVQI�8ZM[[���! !�

8ZQM\W��-ZQK��¹<PM�=[M[�WN �4IVL[KIXM��-KWKZQ\QKQ[U�IVL�5IZ\QVQKIV�+]T\]ZIT�<PMWZa�º�1V�Caribbean

4Q\MZI\]ZM�IVL�\PM�-V^QZWVUMV\"�*M\_MMV�6I\]ZM�IVL�+]T\]ZM��-L��-TQbIJM\P�,M4W]OPZMa��:MVuM�/W[[WV�IVL�/MWZOM�0IVLTMa��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �>QZOQVQI�8ZM[[�������

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4Q\MZI\]ZM�NWZ�+PQTLZMV�IVL�AW]VO�)L]T\[�I[�8I\P�\W�Enlightenment Emancipation5MTQ[[I�/IZKQI�>MOI�

<PM�N][QWV�WN �)NZW�)UMZQVLQIV�NWTS�Ua\P[��I�UI\\MZ�WN �MVWZUW][�K]T\]ZIT�[QOVQÅKIVKM�QV�\PM�6M_�?WZTL��WٺMZ[�][�IV�WXXWZ\]VQ\a�\W�^QM_�\PM�MV\QZM�+WT]UJQIV�MZI�\PZW]OP�I�[XMK\Z]U�WN �\PM�0]UIV�?WZTL��<PM�[\WZa\MTTMZ�IVL�the story were synonymous when the oral tradition was the one through which \PM�QVLQOMVW][�K]T\]ZM�_I[�PIVLML�LW_V�NZWU�OMVMZI\QWV�\W�OMVMZI\QWV��<PM�[\WZQM[�VW_�PI^M�\W�JM�\ZIV[XW[ML�QV\W�I�_ZQ\\MV�NWZU�VW\�R][\�I[�L]TT�M\PVWOZIXPQKIT�UI\MZQIT�NWZ�[KPWTIZ[�J]\�I[�TQ^QVO�IZ\Q[\QK�KZMI\QWV[�

Jan Carew

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?aV\MZ"�7V�*MQVO�0]UIV�I[�8ZI`Q[��MLQ\ML�Ja�5K3Q\\ZQKS¸NZIUM�PW_�\PM�+IZQJJMIV�LMQ\a�Q[�MUJMLLML�QV�\PM�MKWTWOa�WN �\PM�ZMOQWV��<PM�+IZQJJMIV�ZMOQWV¼[�XWTQ\QKIT��MKWVWUQK��IVL�[WKQIT�KWV\M`\�PI[�PQ[\WZQKITTa�JMMV�KW]V\MZML�Ja�\PM�XZM[MVKM�WN �\PM�_I\MZ�IVL�NWZM[\�LMQ\a��?PMV�WVM�XMMT[�I_Ia�\PM�W]\MZ�TIaMZ[�WN �*ZI\P_IQ\M¼[�LM[KZQX\QWV�WN �\PM�XTIV\I\QWV��\PMZM�QV�\PM�QVVMZ�KQZKTM�_M�ÅVL�IV�IL]T\�_PW�XI[[M[�ITWVO�\W�KPQTLZMV�\PZW]OPW]\�\PM�Q[TIVL[�I�ZMUVIV\�WN �LMQ\a�XZM[MZ^ML��;PM�KWV\QV]M[�\W�VW]ZQ[P�\PM�[W]T�I[�_MTT�I[�JWLa��\PM�Ua\PWQ�IVL�\PM�JQW[��?aV\MZ�XZW^QLM[�\PM�XPQTW[WXPQKIT�JI[Q[�NWZ�\PM�XZWL]K\QWV�WN �Ua\P[��_PQTM�5WPIUUML�IXXZWIKPM[�\PM�NWZUI\QWV�WN �\PM�WZQOQV�[\WZa�I[�Q\�NWZU[�¹\PM�JI[Q[�WN �PW_�I�[M\�WN �XPQTW[WXPQKIT�QLMI[�UIa�JM�ZMI[WVIJTa�IZO]MLº��� ���)TTM_IMZ\�MT]KQLI\M[�PW_�I[�I�ZM[]T\�WN �\PM�=;�XTIV\I\QWV�[a[\MU��[]JIT\MZV�XMZ[WV[�¹PI^M�TWVO�JMMV�IUWVO�\PW[M�UW[\�LQZMK\Ta�QUXIK\ML�Ja�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�KZQ[M[�\PI\�IKKMTMZI\ML�_Q\P�\PM�LM^MTWXUMV\�WN �KWTWVQIT�KIXQ\ITQ[Uº��� ���)TTM_IMZ\��QV�M`IUQVQVO�\PM�LM�P]UIVQbQVO�KWTWVQIT�KZMI\QWV�WN �\PM�XIZIP]UIV�� supports PW_�\PM�XWTQ\QKIT��MKWVWUQK�IVL�[WKQIT�KWV\M`\�WN �\PM�+IZQJJMIV�IVL�\PM�)UMZQKI[�_I[�QLMIT�NWZ�\PM�

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M^WT]\QWV�WN �MIKP�LMQ\a��;PM�[\I\M[�PW_�KWTWVQIT�\ZM[XI[[�IVL�JZ]\ITQ\a�¹QV�\PM[M�ZMOQWV[�XZWL]KML�UWLM[�WN �[\WZa°\PI\�OI^M�ZQ[M�\W�I�UQVWZQ\IZQIV�Ua\PW[�WN �\PM�)UMZQKI[�QV�_PQKP�\PM�I]\WVWUa�WN �XIZ\[�MVOMVLMZ[�VM_�N][QVO[��1V�\PQ[�Ua\PW[��LQ^MZ[QÅKI\QWV�IVL�LQ^MZ[Q\a�JMKIUM�\PM�WZQOQVIZa�)UMZQKIV�[\WZaº�������<PM�+IZQJJMIV�LMQ\a�Q[�KMV\ZIT�\W�\PQ[�[\WZa�

8I\ZQKQI�5WPIUUML�Y]M[\QWV[�PW_�\PM�[\WZa�Q[�\WTL�IVL�_PI\�LM\IQT[�IZM�QVKT]LML�_Q\PQV�\PM�[\WZa��;PM�MVKIX[]TI\M[�\PM�KPWQKM[�NWZ�+IZQJJMIV�XMWXTM��I[SQVO��¹0W_�LW�_M�J]QTL�JZQLOM[�IKZW[[�\PQ[�LQ^QLML�KWVKMX\QWV�WN �P]UIVQ\a'�1\�Q[�XIZ\�WN �IV�ITT�\WW�KWV[]UQVO�[MIZKP�NWZ�QLMV\Q\a��QV�_PQKP�_M�think we must choose between modernity and tradition, between Europe and the Caribbean, between )NZQKI�IVL�)[QIº�������5WPIUUML�][M[�I�XIQV\QVO�Ja�?QTTQIU�<]ZVMZ��¹<PM�;TI^M�;PQXº��� �!���\PI\�][PMZ[�QV�I�VM_�[\aTM�QV�XIQV\QVO��\W�ZMXZM[MV\�QLMWTWOQKIT�[PQN\[�VW\�KIX\]ZML�QV�\PM�KTI[[QKIT�UIVVMZ�WN �XIQV\QVO�I\�\PM�\QUM��1V�I�[QUQTIZ�^MQV��?aV\MZ�XZWXW[M[��I[�UMV\QWVML�MIZTQMZ��¹\PM�QLMI�WN �I�VM_�[KQMVKM��I�PaJZQL�[KQMVKM�WN �\PM�?WZL����QV�_PQKP�\PM�[\]La�WN �\PM�?WZL��\PM mythoi) will condition the [\]La�WN �VI\]ZM��\PM�bios��º�IVL�KITT[�NWZ�¹I�ZM_ZQ\QVO�WN �W]Z�XZM[MV\�VW_�OTWJITTa�QV[\Q\]\QWVITQbML�WZLMZ�WN �SVW_TMLOMº��� ���<PM�LQ[K][[QWV�WN �Ua\P�IVL�JQWTWOa�\PI\�?aV\MZ�XZM[MV\[�Q[�\PM�VMKM[[IZa�M^WT]\QWV�WN �LQ[K][[QVO�PW_�Ua\P��IVL�1�QVKT]LM�NWTSTWZM��IZM�\PM�X]JTQK�LZMIU[�WN �I�XMWXTM��+IUXJMTT�� ���5a�QV\MZM[\�Q[�\W�[Q\]I\M�IVL�[MM�PW_�Ua\PWTWOa�I[�UIVQNM[\I\QWV�WN �JWLa�MVMZOQM[��I[�2W[MXP�+IUXJMTT�LM[KZQJM[�Q\��M`Q[\[�_Q\PQV�\PM�+IZQJJMIV�TIVL[KIXM��?aV\MZ¼[�ZMKWOVQ\QWV�WN �\PM�Z]X\]ZM�\PI\�.IVWVQIV�\PMWZa�WN �[WKQWOMVa�KI][M[�Q[�VW\�TQUQ\ML�\W�R][\�\PI\�WN �\PM�[WKQIT�QV\MZIK\QWV�JM\_MMV�XMWXTM��J]\�M`\MVL[�\W�\PM�QV\MZIK\QWV�JM\_MMV�XMWXTM�IVL�VI\]ZIT�MV^QZWVUMV\��

.]Z\PMZUWZM��\PM�ZMXM\Q\QWV�WN �NMI\]ZM[�IKZW[[�K]T\]ZM[�WV�^IZQW][�KWV\QVMV\[�QTT]UQVI\M[�\PM�ZWTM�WN �IZKPM\aXM�IVL�\PM�KWTTMK\Q^M�]VKWV[KQW][��JW\P�KWVKMX\[�QVNWZUML�OZMI\Ta�Ja�\PM�_WZS�WN �+IZT�2]VO��0W_M^MZ��2]VO¼[�_WZS�Q[�TQUQ\ML�QV�PQ[�NIQT]ZM�\W�ZMOQ[\MZ�ZIKQ[U��:I\PMZ��.IVWV¼[�XZMUQ[M�Q[�\PI\�ZIKQ[U��I[�I�XZWL]K\�WN �[WKQM\a��NW[\MZ[�\PM�M`Q[\MVKM�WN �\PM�7\PMZ�_PQKP�KZMI\M[�IVW\PMZ�TIaMZ�WN �ZMXM\Q\QWV��ZMOIZLQVO�WXXZM[[QWV�IVL�LWUQVI\QWV��IKZW[[�K]T\]ZM[�\PI\�U][\�JM�KWV[QLMZML�QN �_M�IZM�\W�^QM_�\PM�Ua\P�I[�I�X]JTQK�LZMIU��1V�ILLQ\QWV��_Q\PQV�\PM�LQ[K][[QWV�WN �[WKQM\IT�NMI\]ZM[�WVM�U][\�KWV[QLMZ�PW_�XMWXTM�]VLMZ[\IVL�\PMQZ�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�\W�W\PMZ�TQNM�NWZU[��Q�M���IVQUIT[��XTIV\[�IVL�VI\]ZIT�ZM[W]ZKM[�[]KP�I[�JWLQM[�WN �_I\MZ��<PM�Ua\PW[�NWK][ML�WV�PMZM�WN\MV�QVKT]LM[�\PM�NMUITM�[MZXMV\�QV�_I\MZ�IVL�\PM�UIV�_Q\P�_QTL�PIQZ��ZM[MUJTQVO�\PM�ZWW\[�IVL�JZIVKPM[�WN �I�\ZMM��.WZ�M`IUXTM��QV�¹-KWTWOa�IVL�1VLQIV�5a\Pº���!!����3IXQTI�>I\[aIaIV�W]\TQVM[�\PM�ZWTM�WN �_I\MZ�IVL�\PM�LMQ\QM[��TIZOMTa�ZMX\QTQIV��\PI\�IZM�I[[WKQI\ML�_Q\P�1VLQIV�Ua\P[��<PQ[�LMXQK\QWV�KWZZMTI\M[�\W�PW_�IVL�_PI\�QVNWZU[�\PM�+IZQJJMIV�_I\MZ�LMQ\a��Vatsyayan states,

<PM�Ua\P[�WN �_I\MZ[�\ISM�QVV]UMZIJTM�W\PMZ�NWZU[�ZMTI\QVO�\W�\PM�WKMIV��Sagara), the ZQ^MZ[�IVL�\PM�VaUXP[�WN �\PM�[SQM[��1VLQIV�TQ\MZI\]ZM�Q[�ZMXTM\M�_Q\P�\PMQZ�VIUM[¸;IZI[_I\Q��/IVOI��AIU]VI��=Z^I[Q�WZ�5MVISI��1VLQIV�NWTSTWZM�[IVK\QÅM[�\PM[M��)TT�\PM[M�LMQ\QM[�IZM�UMUJMZ[�WN �\PM�^I[\�_I\MZ�KW[UWOWVa�[W�^Q\IT�IVL�KMV\ZIT�\W�1VLQIV�\PW]OP\��4Q\\TM�_WVLMZ�\PI\�NZWU�\PM�[QUXTM[\�\ZQJIT�\W�\PM�UW[\�[WXPQ[\QKI\ML�1VLQIV�^MVMZI\M[�_I\MZ�QV�[WUM�NWZU�WZ�\PM�W\PMZ�������

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.]Z\PMZ�LM[KZQX\QWV�WN �\PM�Ua\P�WN �KZMI\QWV�NWK][M[�WV�_I\MZ[PML[��I[�_MTT�I[�\PM�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�JM\_MMV�_I\MZ�IVL�[MZXMV\�

0W_M^MZ��\PMZM�Q[�VW�[MY]MV\QIT�M^WT]\QWV�WN �WVM�MTMUMV\�\W�IVW\PMZ��:I\PMZ��\PM�/IVOM[�:Q^MZ�UW^M[¸I�TQ^QVO�WZOIVQ[U�\PI\�QV\MZIK\[�_Q\P�P]UIV[��<PM�ZQ^MZ�Q[�¹ZMTI\ML�\W�[MZXMV\[º�������IVL�KI[\�I[�NMUITM"�¹[PM�WN\MV�I[[]UM[�I�UMZUIQL�NWZU�XZW\MK\ML�Ja�I�PWWL�WN �[VISM[º��������<PM�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�to the other elements makes the distinction that the Ganges does not birth the serpent but rather is KWVVMK\ML�\W�Q\��>I\[aIaIV�MUXPI[QbM[�KWVVMK\QWV��_PQKP�1�PQOPTQOP\�I[�IV�MKWTWOQKIT�XMZ[XMK\Q^M��JI[ML�WV�\PM�ZMTI\QWV[PQX�JM\_MMV�K]T\]ZM�IVL�MKWTWOa��;PM�KWVKT]LM[�\PM�QV\MZKWVVMK\QWV�JM\_MMV�_I\MZ�IVL�ZMX\QTM[�Q[�JI[ML�QV�UW^MUMV\�IVL�KPIVOM��<PM�^MZa�[IUM�KPIVOM�\PI\�?aV\MZ�QTT][\ZI\M[�QV�PMZ�KPITTMVOM�WN �\PM�WZLMZ�WN �SVW_TMLOM�

Espousing an ecological view, Vatsyayan states: “All ancient religions have given a special [QOVQÅKIVKM�\W�\PM�[VISM��<PM�KWQTML�IVL�QV\MZ\_QVML�[VISM�ZMXZM[MV\[�I�UWUMV\�QV�\PM�]VLQٺMZMV\QI\ML�KWVLQ\QWV�WN �KZMI\QWV�WV�_PQKP�P]UIV�TQNM�ZM[\[��<PM�[VISM�Q[�\PM�[aUJWT�WN �\PQ[�QV\MZKWVVMK\QWV¸[_QN\��[QTMV\��TQUJTM[[�IVL�LMILTaº����!�������0MZ�LQ[K][[QWV�WN �Ua\PWTWOa�MUXPI[QbM[�PW_�¹5IV�IVL�ZMX\QTM�I[�UIV�IVL�_I\MZ�IVL�^MOM\I\QWV�IZM�QV\MZ�ZMTI\ML�IVL�QV\MZ�LMXMVLMV\º��������<PQ[�QV\MZZMTI\QWV[PQX�Q[�KMV\ZIT�\W�+IZQJJMIV�KPQTLZMV¼[�[\WZQM[��1V�Escape from Silk Cotton Forest ���� ���.ZIVKQ[�+��-[KIaO�XZM[MV\[�\PM�TMOIKa�WN �Ua\P�Ja�\MTTQVO�\PM�ZMILMZ�PW_�,WUQVW�_I[�XZMLM[\QVML�\W�JM�I�TMILMZ��I[�\WTL�\W�PQU�Ja�his mother:

;PM�WVKM�\WTL�UM�\PI\�1�[]Z^Q^ML�I�[VISM�JQ\M�_PMV�1�_I[�I�JIJa��1\�_I[�I�UQZIKTM�IVL�\PM�MV\QZM�^QTTIOM�[I\�QV�[QTMVKM�NWZ�\PQZ\MMV�LIa[��_IQ\QVO�WV�I�UM[[IOM�NZWU�\PM�OZMI\�[XQZQ\[��?PMV�\PMa�LQL�\ITS�\W�5W\PMZ�*TIVKPQ[[M][[M�\PMa�\WTL�PMZ�\PI\�[VISM�UMLQKQVM�XMWXTM�IZM�^MZa�ZIZM��?M�PI^M�\PM�XW_MZ�\W�\ISM�WV�\PM�LIZSVM[[�IVL�\W�ZM[]ZZMK\�QV\W�\PM�TQOP\��;PM�[IQL�\PI\�VW\PQVO�_W]TL�P]Z\�UM��]VTM[[�1�ITTW_ML�Q\�������

Vatsyayan also cites the Nagas and Naginis and draws attention to the “coiled serpent as the M\MZVIT�UW^MUMV\�WN �KaKTQK�\QUM°I�XMZNMK\�OMWUM\ZQK�[\I\MUMV\�WN �\PM�TW\][¸Naga��_I\MZ�IVL�MIZ\Pº�������MUXPI[Q[�QV�WZQOQVIT���<PQ[�NWK][�WV�I�[MV[M�WN �\QUM�Q[�KMV\ZIT�NZWU�JW\P�I�+IZQJJMIV�IVL�OTWJIT�MKWTWOQKIT�XMZ[XMK\Q^M�QV�+IZQJJMIV�TQ\MZI\]ZM�NWZ�KPQTLZMV�IVL�aW]VO�IL]T\[��.WZ�M`IUXTM��The Parrots &

Papa Bois �������Ja�4aVM\\M�+WUQ[[QWVO��QTT][\ZI\ML�Ja�)^ZQT�<]ZVMZ� tells a tale using repetitive rhythm in \PM�\PZMM�M`KPIVOM[�JM\_MMV�5QZI��\PM�KMV\ZIT�JQZL�KPIZIK\MZ��IVL�PMZ�NZQMVL[�QV�\PM�NWZM[\��<PMZM�Q[�IT[W�\PM�[KIZa�KPIZIK\MZ��5I�BMMVI��_PWU�<]ZVMZ�QTT][\ZI\M[�with clasped hands, stooped over in a sneaky, [][XQKQW][�XW[Q\QWV��QV^WSQVO�\PM�QUIOM�WN �_Q\KP��1V�M`KPIVOM�NWZ�UISQVO�5QZI¼[�^WQKM�[_MM\��5I�BMMVI�requests a carambola �[\IZ�NZ]Q\��NZWU�\PM�NZ]Q\�\ZMM�VMIZ�8IXI�*WQ[¼[�PW][M��5I�BMMVI�KIKSTM[�I[�[PM�[\I\M[��¹1N �1�MI\�\PI\�KIZIUJWTI�1�_QTT�JM�UWZM�XW_MZN]T�\PIV�8IXI�*WQ[º�������<PM�ZMILMZ�[MM[�PW_��R][\�I[�5QZI�XQKS[�\PM�NZ]Q\��¹\PM�NWZM[\�OZM_�LIZS��<PM�_QVL[�JMOIV�\W�_PQ[\TM�\PZW]OP�\PM�\ZMM[�IVL�\PMZM�_I[�I�VWQ[M�TQSM�\P]VLMZº�������)\�\PI\�UWUMV\�5QZI�LZWX[�\PM�NZ]Q\��KPIVOQVO�PMZ�IK\QWV��<PQ[�[]LLMV�IK\QWV�IVL�NZMMbQVO�WN �\PM�UWUMV\�Q[�[QUQTIZ�\W�PW_�,WUQVW�Q[�Y]QKSTa�JZW]OP\�NZWU�I�LZMIU�TQSM�\ZIVKM�\W�staring at a snake holding him down in Escape from Silk Cotton Forest. <QUM�IT[W�[MZ^M[�\W�M`IOOMZI\M¸

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^QI�I�[TW_QVO�LW_V�WN �\PM�UWUMV\�_Q\PQV�\PM�_I\MZ¸,MTZWa¼[�\ZIV[Q\QWV�NZWU�P]UIV�JWa�\W�UIZWO��UIV�NZWO��QV�Delroy and the Marog Kingdom��IVL�Q[�IT[W�MUXPI[QbML�QV�PQ[�IUIbMUMV\�QV�:Q^MZ�5]UUI¼[�\QUMTM[[VM[[�QV�IXXMIZIVKM�

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or anthropogenic, based on overwhelming global evidence that atmospheric, geologic, PaLZWTWOQK��JQW[XPMZQK�IVL�W\PMZ�MIZ\P�[a[\MU�XZWKM[[M[�IZM�VW_�IT\MZML�Ja�P]UIV[��P\\X"��___�IV\PZWXWKMVM�QVNW��

2 �7\PMZ�ZMTQOQWV[�\W�KWV[QLMZ�IZM�3]UQVI��+IVLWUJTu��BQWV�:M^Q^IT��;XQZQ\]IT�*IX\Q[\��M\K��:I[\INIZQIV�[XQZQ\]ITQ\a�Q[�^MZa�KWVKMZVML�_Q\P�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�JITIVKM�IVL�JWZZW_[�PMI^QTa�NZWU�\PM�K]T\]ZM�WN �2]LIQ[U�IVL�\PM�K]T\�WN �\PM�6IbIZQ\M[��<PMa�IZM�\PM�UWLMZV�LIa�6IbIZQ\M[�_PW�TQSM�-TQRIP��2WPV�\PM�*IX\Q[\��IVL�;IU[WV�QV�\PM�7TL�<M[\IUMV\�LW�VW\�MI\�UMI\�M\K�

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Works Cited

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In the end we will conserve only what we love, we will love only what we understand, and we will

understand only what we are taught.

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Environmental discourse

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Goat Island, Jamaica

*MOQVVQVO�QV�������VM_[�ZMXWZ\[�MUMZOML�\PI\�\PM�\PMV�OW^MZVUMV\�WN �2IUIQKI�PIL�MV\MZML�QV\W�I�=;������JQTTQWV�LMIT�QV�_PQKP�Q\�_W]TL�[MTT�/WI\�1[TIVL�\W�I�+PQVM[M�KWUXIVa�NWZ�LM^MTWXUMV\��<PM�XZQ[\QVM�VI\]ZIT�ZM[MZ^M�\PI\�Q[�XIZ\�WN �\PM�8WZ\TIVL�*QOP\�8ZW\MK\ML�)ZMI�_W]TL�[MZ^M�I[�I�TWOQ[\QK[�P]J��2IUIQKIV�WٻKQIT[�IZO]ML�\PI\�\PM�LMIT�_W]TL�XZWL]KM�UWZM�RWJ[�NWZ�KQ\QbMV[#�PW_M^MZ��XI[\�LMITQVO[�with the East Asian country have shown that employment opportunities were generally directed toward +PQVM[M�KQ\QbMV[�

<PM�8WZ\TIVL�*QOP\�8ZW\MK\ML�)ZMI��/WI\�1[TIVL�[XMKQÅKITTa��Q[�I�[QOVQÅKIV\�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�I[[M\�WN �2IUIQKI��<PM�IZMI�NWZU[�XIZ\�WN �\PM�TIZOM[\�UIVOZW^M�[a[\MU�QV�\PM�KW]V\Za��IVL�Q[�PWUM�\W�^IZQW][�^]TVMZIJTM�IVL�MVLMUQK�[XMKQM[��<PM�ZMOQWV�IT[W�PW][M[�\PM�KTW[M�\W��������Å[PMZ�NWTS¸\PM�KW]V\Za¼[�TIZOM[\�KWVKMV\ZI\QWV�WN �2IUIQKIV[�QV�\PM�Å[PQVO�QVL][\Za¸_PW[M�TQ^MTQPWWL[�JMKIUM�\PZMI\MVML�Ja�\PQ[�LMIT��/Q^MV�ITT�\PI\�_I[�I\�[\ISM�_Q\P�\PM�XZWXW[ML�TWOQ[\QK[�P]J��1�KQZKTML�JIKS�IVL�NWZ\P�\W�IVW\PMZ�question: What does the Jamaican government mean when it speaks about development and who is this LM^MTWXUMV\�NWZ'

)VL�[W�MIZTa�WVM�UWZVQVO��1�NW]VL�Ua[MTN �WV�I�JWI\�PMILQVO�W]\�\W�[MM�NWZ�Ua[MTN �\PQ[�XTIKM�KITTML�/WI\�1[TIVL��)[�1�RW]ZVMaML�WV�\PM�KITU��KTMIZ�_I\MZ[��[W�UIVa�QUIOM[�SMX\�\]UJTQVO�QV�Ua�PMIL��<PMV�\PMZM�_MZM�ITT�\PM�Y]M[\QWV[�\PI\�^QM_QVO�\PM�Q[TIVL�WV�/WWOTM�5IX[�KW]TL�VW\�IV[_MZ��?W]TL�\PM�Q[TIVL[�JM�T][P'�0W_�UIVa�Q[TM\[�UILM�]X�_PI\�Q[�KITTML�/WI\�1[TIVL'�7V�IVL�WV�_MV\�\PM�Y]M[\QWV[��1�SVM_�\PI\�1�_W]TL�VW\�OM\�ITT�\PM�IV[_MZ[�L]ZQVO�\PM�WVM�LIa�^Q[Q\��J]\�1�_W]TL�]VLMZ[\IVL�JM\\MZ�I[�1�KIX\]ZML�\PM�Q[TIVL�_Q\P�Ua�KIUMZI¸I[�[PW_V�QV�\PM�XPW\WOZIXP[�[PW_KI[ML�PMZM�

On Goat Island, ancient mangroves seemed to walk out WN �\PM�\QVa�Q[TM\[�IVL�]X�\W�\PM�JWI\�QV�_PQKP�Ua�NZQMVL[�IVL�1�_MZM�\ZI^MTQVO��<ZMM[�_MZM�I�rich, succulent green and cast []KP�KITU�IVL�KTMIZ�ZMÆMK\QWV[�in the waters that it was hard to tell what was up and what was

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LW_V��.Q[P��\PQKS�QV�IJ]VLIVKM��_MZM�R]UXQVO�W]\�WN �\PM�_I\MZ�IVL�KZQ[[KZW[[QVO�UQL�IQZ�W^MZ�\PM�JWI\�IVL�JIKS�QV\W�\PM�_I\MZ��<PMZM�_I[�M^MV�I�TIZOM�ZMX\QTM�WN �[WUM�SQVL�\PI\�KZI_TML�Wٺ�\PM�JIVS[�IVL�QV\W�\PM�_I\MZ[��<PM�XTIKM�[MMUML�]V\W]KPML¸I�VWL�\W�I�\QUM�VW\�UIZSML�Ja�\QUM�WZ�LM^MTWXUMV\�

While we made our _Ia�LW_V�_I\MZ[�N]TT�WN �TQNM�within and around them, spatial considerations were collapsed into the distinctive TQN\�IVL�NITT�WN �\PM�^WQKM[�WN �\PM�\_W�Å[PMZ�NWTS�WV�_PW[M�JWI\�_M�_MZM�\ZI^MTQVO��<PMa�were talking about the need to protect Goat Island and their TW^M�NWZ�\PM�XTIKM��<PW[M�\_W�people, a woman and a man, _MZM�ITT�XIZ\�WN �\PM�JMI]\a�captured not only through camera lens, but through the [\QU]TI\QWV�WN �UIVa�[MV[M[��<PMa�_MZM�XIZ\�WN �_PI\�1�discovered that day on Goat 1[TIVL�

5a�NZQMVL[�IVL�1�were not the only ones in the water that morning: \PMZM�_I[�I�UIV�Å[PQVO�QV�waters where buoys clearly [\I\ML�\PMZM�_I[�VW�Å[PQVO�ITTW_ML��)VL�\PMZM�_I[�I�OZW]X�WN �\_W�WZ�\PZMM�W\PMZ�people who, perhaps like ][��PIL�KWUM�W]\�\W�[MM�NWZ�themselves this place that PIL�KI][ML�[W�U]KP�N][[�lately in the newspapers and WV�[WKQIT�UMLQI#�\PQ[�XTIKM�that the then government thought it so easy to destroy QV�\PM�VIUM�WN �¹XZWOZM[[�º�QV�\PM�VIUM�WN �¹LM^MTWXUMV\�º

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Places of intrinsic value

It so happens that at the time that I came to see Goat Island, I was yet again in graduate school, J]\�NWZ�XWTQ\QK[�IVL�X]JTQK�XWTQKa�ZI\PMZ�\PIV�[\]LQW�IZ\�WZ�KZMI\Q^M�_ZQ\QVO��1V�[WUM�\IVOQJTM�_Ia��1�_IV\ML�\W�_WZS�\W�[INMO]IZL�IVL�XZW\MK\�XTIKM[�TQSM�/WI\�1[TIVL�

Since my trip to Goat Island, I have come realize that I had long been going to Goat Island JMNWZM�\PI\�UWZVQVO�\ZQX�JMKI][M�it represented so many places 1�PI^M�JMMV�JMNWZM��4WKI\QWV[�that should be held dear—places holding intrinsic value—but seem to be vanishing due to the QVKWUXTM\M�QLMI�\WW�WN\MV�KITTML�¹LM^MTWXUMV\�º

7N\MV\QUM[�W]Z�XWTQ\QK[¸and consequently our policies—get UQZML�QV\W�Y]QKS��IVL�NITTIKQW][��JQVIZa�XW[Q\QWV[��?M�KIV�MQ\PMZ�

[INMO]IZL�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\�WZ�_M�KIV�PI^M�MKWVWUQK�LM^MTWXUMV\��>MZa�TQ\\TM�\PW]OP\�Q[�OQ^MV�I[�\W�_PM\PMZ�_M�KIV�PI^M�JW\P��1�IZO]M�\PI\�Q\�Q[�XW[[QJTM�\W�]\QTQbM�\PM�XZW\MK\QWV�WN �\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\�I[�I�UMIV[�WN �MKWVWUQK�LM^MTWXUMV\��M[XMKQITTa�NWZ�\PM�UW[\�MKWVWUQKITTa�^]TVMZIJTM�IVL�PIZLM[\�PQ\�UMUJMZ[�WN �W]Z�[WKQM\a��UIVa�WN �_PWU�IZM�JI[ML�QV�Z]ZIT�IZMI[�

In writing a thesis on species XZW\MK\QWV�[XMKQÅK�\W�2IUIQKI�1�NW]VL�\PI\�\PM�[UITT�KWUU]VQ\a�WN �*W_LMV�8MV��LMMX�in the dark blue Portland mountains (and PWUM�\W�WVM�WN �\PM�TIZOM[\�J]\\MZÆQM[�QV�the world, the endangered endemic Giant

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101

;_ITTW_\IQT�*]\\MZÆa��_I[�TMILQVO�\PM�_Ia�QV�\ZaQVO�\W�IV[_MZ�[WUM�WN �\PM�Y]M[\QWV[�WV�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�I[[M\[�IVL�KWUU]VQ\a�MKWVWUQK�LM^MTWXUMV\��1V�\PM�XI[\��NWZMQOVMZ[�_W]TL�XIa�TWKIT�JWa[�\W�KI\KP�\PM�TIZOM��OWZOMW][��ZM[XTMVLMV\�J]\\MZÆa�_PQKP�KW]TL�OZW_�TIZOMZ�\PIV�\PM�[QbM�WN �IV�IL]T\�PIVL��;WTL�IZW]VL�\PM�_WZTL�I[�LMKWZI\QWV[��\PM[M�J]\\MZÆQM[�OIZVMZML�P]OM�[]U[�WN �UWVMa��0W_M^MZ��\PM�[XMKQM[�_I[�JMQVO�LMXTM\ML�

4IZOMTa�\PZW]OP�\PM�MٺWZ\[�WN �WVM�_WUIV��5[��4aVM\\M�?QTS[��\PM�XWIKPQVO�WN �\PM�/QIV\�;_ITTW_\IQT�PIT\ML��=[QVO�OZI[[ZWW\[�MٺWZ\[��?QTS[�XZW\MK\ML�IV�QUXWZ\IV\�XIZ\�WN �\PM�2IUIQKIV�MKWTWOa��5WZM�[W��[PM�IVL�W\PMZ[�QV�PMZ�KWUU]VQ\a�J]QT\�IVL�[][\IQVML�I�[]KKM[[N]T�MKWVWUQK�QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM�JI[ML�TIZOMTa�WV�[INMO]IZLQVO�IVL�XZW\MK\QVO�\PQ[�J]\\MZÆa��)V�MKWVWUQK�QVNZI[\Z]K\]ZM�\PI\�Q[�LMXMVLMV\�WV�M^MV�\PM�KPQTLZMV�QV�\PM�KWUU]VQ\a�JMQVO�TWWSW]\[�IOIQV[\�XQTNMZMZ[�_PW�VW�TWVOMZ�ZWIU�\PM�KW]V\Za[QLM�_Q\P�QUX]VQ\a��6WVM\PMTM[[��5[��?QTS[�PI[�aM\�\W�JM�OQ^MV�IVa�\aXM�WN �VI\QWVIT�ZMKWOVQ\QWV�Ja�\PM�OW^MZVUMV\�

<PMZM�PI^M�JMMV�UWZM�[XQV�Wٺ[�NZWU�\PM�XZW\MK\QWV�WN �\PQ[�WVM�J]\\MZÆa�\PIV�1�would be able to write about now, but among the things that the community has done is ZMXTIV\�\PM�NWWL�[W]ZKM�NWZ�\PM�J]\\MZÆa��IVL�anecdotal evidence suggests that once again \PM�J]\\MZÆa¼[�V]UJMZ[��_PQKP�NWZ�aMIZ[�ZMUIQVML�KZQ\QKITTa�TW_��IZM�VW_�ZQ[QVO��?PMV�1�^Q[Q\ML�*W_LMV�8MV�\W�KWVL]K\�QV\MZ^QM_[�_Q\P�KWUU]VQ\a�UMUJMZ[�\PI\�_W]TL�NWZU�\PM�JI[Q[�WN �Ua�\PM[Q[�_WZS��\PMZM�_I[�\PM�[MV[M�\PI\�\PM�/QIV\�;_ITTW_\IQT�*]\\MZÆa�PI[�QV\ZQV[QK�^IT]M�JMKI][M�Q\�M`Q[\[��aM[��J]\�IT[W�\PI\�[INMO]IZLQVO�IVL�XZW\MK\QVO�\PM�_WZ\P�WN �IV�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�I[[M\�KIV�Q\[MTN �JMKWUM�I�NWZU�WN �MKWVWUQK�LM^MTWXUMV\��

)VL�\PI\�NWZ�UM�Q[�]T\QUI\MTa�I�UWZM�_PWTM[WUM�LMÅVQ\QWV�WN �_PI\�LM^MTWXUMV\�UMIV[�IVL�_PW�[PW]TL�JMVMÅ\�\PM�UW[\�NZWU�MKWVWUQK�LM^MTWXUMV\��?Q\P�\PI\�QV�UQVL��/WI\�1[TIVL�KIV�\Z]Ta�JM�¹LM^MTWXMLº�QV�[]KP�QV\ZQO]QVO�_Ia[��ITT�\W�\PM�JMVMÅ\�WN �\PM�TWKIT�KWUU]VQ\a��J]\�WVTa�QN �\PMZM�Q[�MVW]OP�\PQVSQVO�\PZW]OP�WN �SMa�\MZU[�TQSM�¹LM^MTWXUMV\º�\W�QUIOQVM�Q\�[W�

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102

Many thanks to Kaia Niambi Shivers who helped me think through many of the ideas in this essay.

Works Cited

)V\PIVI[QW]��<WU���,Q^QLML�8TIVM\��<PM�-KWTWOa�WN �:QKP�IVL�8WWZ��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �/MWZOQI�8ZM[[���!! �

:WJMZ\[��2��<QUUWV[�IVL�6QSSQ�,MUM\ZQI�<PIVW[��Trouble in Paradise. Globalization and Environmental Crises

in Latin America��:W]\TMLOM�������

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103

*WWS�:M^QM_[

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Caribbean and

Postcolonial

-KWKZQ\QKQ[U"�:M^Q[QWVQVO�QV�IV�Urgent Time

5a�MLQ\WZQIT�XZMNIKM�\W�\PQ[�2?14�Q[[]M�XZW^QLM[�U]KP�WN �\PM�KWV\M`\�NWZ�\PQ[�ZM^QM_�M[[Ia��0MZM��QV�I�VMKM[[IZQTa�[PWZ\�[XIKM��1�_QTT�ILLZM[[�_WZS�_PQKP�PI[�IXXMIZML�QV�\PM�XI[\�aMIZ�IVL�I�PITN �WZ�[W�IVL�_PQKP�MQ\PMZ�NWK][M[�WV�\PM�+IZQJJMIV�WZ�QVKT]LM[�Q\�QV�\PM�OTWJIT�^Q[QWV�\PI\�Q[�I\�\PM�PMIZ\�WN �MKWTWOQKITTa�KMV\MZML�\PQVSQVO��<_W�WN �\PM[M�\M`\[�IZM�TQ\MZIZa�QV�\PMQZ�NWK][�IVL�\_W�IZM�QV\MZLQ[KQXTQVIZa��-IKP�IXXZWIKP�Q[�QUXWZ\IV\��<PM�ÅZ[\�MVKW]ZIOM[�the imaginative and empathetic response to ecological crisis, as well as a deepening I_IZMVM[[�WN �TIVO]IOM�ZMOQ[\MZ[�IVL�N]VK\QWV[��<PM�[MKWVL�IXXZWIKP�MVKW]ZIOM[�QVVW^I\Q^M�_Ia[�WN �\PQVSQVO�QV�_PQKP�OMVMZITQ\QM[�_WZS�KI]\QW][Ta�QV�ZMTI\QWV�\W�XIZ\QK]TIZQ\QM[��

Elaine Savory

*WWS�:M^QM_[

Erin James, <PM�;\WZa_WZTL�)KKW]V\"�-KWVIZZI\WTWOa�IVL�8W[\KWTWVQIT�Narratives��4QVKWTV��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �6MJZI[SI�8ZM[[��������`^QQ����� �XX�

2WPV�<PQMUM��8W[\KWTWVQIT�4Q\MZIZa�/MWOZIXPQM["�7]\�WN �8TIKM��London, 8ITOZI^M��������^QQ�������XX�

+PZQ[�+IUXJMTT�IVL�5QKPIMT�6QJTM\\��ML[���<PM�+IZQJJMIV"�)M[\PM\QK[��?WZTL�-KWTWOa��8WTQ\QK[��4Q^MZXWWT��4Q^MZXWWT�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�8ZM[[��������^Q�������XX�

-TQbIJM\P�,M4W]OPZMa��2QTT�,QL]Z��)V\PWVa�+IZZQOIV��ML[����Global

-KWTWOQM[�IVL�\PM�-V^QZWVUMV\IT�0]UIVQ\QM["�8W[\KWTWVQIT�)XXZWIKPM[�� 4WVLWV��:W]\TMLOM��������`^QQ����!��XX�

?:M+��?IZ_QKS�:M[MIZKP�+WTTMK\Q^M���Combined and Uneven

,M^MTWXUMV\"�<W_IZL[�I�6M_�<PMWZa�WN �?WZTL�4Q\MZI\]ZM��4Q^MZXWWT��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �4Q^MZXWWT�8ZM[[��������Q`����!��XX�

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105

1V�PMZ�M`KMTTMV\Ta�\Q\TML�The Storyworld Accord: Econarratology and Postcolonial Narratives, Erin James UISM[�I�KI[M�NWZ�_PI\�[PM�\MZU[�¹MKWVIZZI\WTWOaº��I�XIZ\QK]TIZ�SQVL�WN �VIZZI\Q^M�XZIK\QKM�_PQKP�JZQVO�QV\W�LQITWO]M�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U�IVL�VIZZI\WTWOa��;PM�\ISM[�Q[[]M�_Q\P�\PMWZQM[�WN �ZMILQVO�_PQKP�[]OOM[\�I�¹ZMKMV\MZQVOº�WN �\PM�ZMILMZ�QV\W�\PM�_WZTL�WN �\PM�[\WZa�\PMa�IZM�ZMILQVO��_PQTM�NIQTQVO�\W�ILLZM[[�MV^QZWVUMV\IT�KWVKMZV[��.WTTW_QVO�\PQ[�\PM[Q[��2IUM[�XWQV\[�W]\�\PI\�XW[\KWTWVQIT�ZMILQVO[�WN �\M`\[�PI^M�TWVO�I[SML�Y]M[\QWV[�IJW]\�\PM�ZMTI\QWV�WN �NWZU�IVL�XTIKM�M^MV�_PQTM�\PMa�LQL�VW\�LQZMK\Ta�\PMUI\QbM�\PM�MV^QZWVUMV\��0MZ�XIZ\QK]TIZ�NWK][�QV�\PM�JWWS�Q[�WV�TQ\MZIZa�\M`\[�MUMZOQVO�NZWU�\_W�TWKITM[��6QOMZQI�IVL�<ZQVQLIL�IVL�<WJIOW��_PQKP�2IUM[�ZMNMZ[�\W�WVTa�I[�¹<PM�+IZQJJMIV�Q[TIVL�VI\QWV�WN �<ZQVQLILº����!����IVL�WV�UISQVO�¹KWVVMK\QWV[�JM\_MMV�MKWKZQ\QKQ[U��XW[\KWTWVQITQ[U��IVL�VIZZI\Q^M�\PMWZaº�������.ZWU�<ZQVQLIL�IVL�<WJIOW�[PM�KWV[QLMZ[��;IU]MT�;MT^WV¼[�A Brighter Sun and The Lonely Londoners and >�;��6IQXI]T¼[�An Area of Darkness and�1VLQI"�)�5QTTQWV�5]\QVQM[�6W_��;PM�LM^W\M[�\_W�WN �PMZ�[Q`�KPIX\MZ[�\W�6QOMZQIV�_ZQ\MZ[�3MV�;IZW�?Q_I�IVL�*WWSMZ�XZQbM�_QVVMZ�*MV�7SZQ�IVL�PQ[�<PM�.IUQ[PML�:WIL \ZQTWOa�

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;XMK\IK]TIZ�;]ٺMZQVO"�Witnessing Slavery in

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Joseph Childers

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Notes on Contributors

Jacqueline Bishop�Q[�I�XWM\��ÅK\QWV�IVL�VWV�ÅK\QWV�_ZQ\MZ�I[�_MTT�I[�I�XPW\WOZIXPMZ�IVL�^Q[]IT�IZ\Q[\��0MZ�TI\M[\�JWWS��The Gymnast and other Positions, was awarded \PM������*WKI[�XZQbM�NWZ�+IZQJJMIV�4Q\MZI\]ZM��VWV�ÅK\QWV�KI\MOWZa��0MZ�_WZS�PI[�JMMV�[PW_KI[ML�QV�\_W�M`PQJQ\QWV["�)�[MZQM[�WN �XPW\WOZIXP[�][ML�QV�I�^QLMW�NWZUI\�MV\Q\TML�Bodies

of Water�_I[�XIZ\�WN �\PM�Digital M`PQJQ\QWV�I\�\PM�6I\QWVIT�/ITTMZa�WN �2IUIQKI��The Female

Sexual Desires Project�\PI\�[PM�PI[�JMMV�_WZSQVO�WV�NWZ�\PM�XI[\�\PZMM�aMIZ[�_I[�[PW_V�I\�\PM�5MaMZPWٺ�/ITTMZa�QV�*IT\QUWZM��5IZaTIVL�

,]ZQVO�\PQ[�XMZQWL��[PM�IT[W�W^MZ[I_�\PM�Dialogues in the African Diaspora Project�N]VLML�Ja�\PM�=VQ\ML�;\I\M[�;\I\M�,MXIZ\UMV\�IVL�ILUQVQ[\MZML�Ja�\PM�)UMZQKIV�)[[WKQI\QWV�WN �5][M]U[��\PZW]OP�\PMQZ�5][M]U[�+WVVMK\�XZWOZIU��<PQ[�XZWRMK\�X]\�[\]LMV\[�NZWU�6WV[]KP��2IUIQKI�QV�KWV^MZ[I\QWV�_Q\P�[\]LMV\[�NZWU�0IZTMU��=VQ\ML�;\I\M[��IZW]VL�IV�IZ\�IVL�PQ[\WZa�XZWRMK\�

;PM�\MIKPM[�I\�6M_�AWZS�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�QV�4QJMZIT�;\]LQM[��

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Possibilities���!!���IVL�_Q\P�/IZa�0MV\bQ�Q[�KW�I]\PWZ�IVL�OMVMZIT�MLQ\WZ�WN �The Columbia

Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism �+WT]UJQI�=8���!!����0M�IT[W�KW�MLQ\ML�Sublime Economy On the Intersection of Art and Economics with Stephen Cullenberg and Jack )UIZQOTQW��:W]\TMLOM����� ��IVL�_Q\P�2IUM[�*]bIZL�IVL�-QTMMV�/QTTWWTa��The Great Exhibition

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Michael Niblett�Q[�)[[Q[\IV\�8ZWNM[[WZ�QV�5WLMZV�?WZTL�4Q\MZI\]ZM�I\�\PM�=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �?IZ_QKS��0M�Q[�\PM�I]\PWZ�WN �The Caribbean Novel since 1945��������IVL�KW�MLQ\WZ�WN �8MZ[XMK\Q^M[�WV�\PM�»7\PMZ�)UMZQKI¼"�+WUXIZI\Q^M�)XXZWIKPM[�\W�+IZQJJMIV�IVL�4I\QV�)UMZQKIV�Culture�����!���0Q[�UW[\�ZMKMV\�JWWS�Q[�\PM�KW�MLQ\ML�KWTTMK\QWV�The Caribbean:�)M[\PM\QK[��?WZTL�Ecology, Politics��������

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Louis J. Parascandola�Q[�I�8ZWNM[[WZ�WN �-VOTQ[P�I\�4WVO�1[TIVL�=VQ^MZ[Q\a��*ZWWSTaV��0M�Q[�\PM�MLQ\WZ�WZ�KW�MLQ\WZ�WN �[M^MZIT�_WZS[��XIZ\QK]TIZTa�WV�+IZQJJMIV�JWZV�I]\PWZ�-ZQK�?ITZWVL��0Q[�latest book is )Ua�2IKY]M[�/IZ^Ma"�;MTMK\ML�?ZQ\QVO[�NZWU�\PM�6MOZW�?WZTL���!����!� ��=VQ^MZ[Q\a�WN �<MVVM[[MM�8ZM[[���������

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