Caribbean Human Development Report 2012 · !e competition, which was open to all citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Suriname, Barbados, Guyana and the Organisation of Eastern

Caribbean Human DevelopmentReport 2012UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010:Summary of Findings

!e cover design of the report is the outcome of a poster competition organized by UNDP in July 2011 entitled “Youth violence is an exception rather than a rule: Releasing youth vitality through investing in them.” !e theme for the competition was intended to closely re"ect one of the priority focus areas covered by the Carib-bean HDR and inspire the branding of the report. !e competition, which was open to all citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Suriname, Barbados, Guyana and the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), closed o#cially on July 17th with a winner selected from a total of seventeen entries from across the region. !e selection was the result of a popular poll done on the Caribbean HDR Facebook page and the votes of a judging panel composed of a regional artist and various UNDP representatives. !e winner of the competition was Trinidadian Timothy Bootan who described his work as depicting “two halves of youth, people who invest in their youth and make their lives better by learning to play music and doing things a normal young person would do, while the other half shows some who decide to follow the wrong path and choose violence from either their loneliness or peer pressure.” !e report cover is a fragment of the winning poster which is reproduced as well on the back cover. UNDP thanks all the competition participants.

Caribbean Human Development Report2012

UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010: Summary of Findings

Caribbean Human Development Report 2012UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010:Summary of Findings

Copyright © 2012by the United Nations Development Programme1 UN Plaza, New York, NY 10017, USA

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior permission.

Website: http://hdr-caribbean.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/

Credits:Authors: Anthony Harriott (Consultant), Leida Mercado (UNDP-Human Development Advisor) and Helena Rovner (Consultant)Editor and Research Assistant: Nanette Svenson (Consultant) and Estefania Grijalva (Consultant).

Cover design: Timothy Bootan and Juan Manuel SalazarDesign and layout: Miguel Nova y Vínculos Gráficos

For a list of errors or omissions found subsequent to printing please visit our website.

IIIU N D P C I T I Z E N S E C U R I T Y S U R V E Y: S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S

Contents

Introduction 1

1. Sample Demographics 3

2. General Context: Perceptions of Crime as a Problem in the Country 6

3. Victimization 11

4. Insecurity: Fear of Crime 19

5. Policy Orientations of the Population 23

6. !e Police 24

7. !e Justice System 31

8. Community Cohesion Indicators 32

Appendix 1 37

VU N D P C I T I Z E N S E C U R I T Y S U R V E Y: S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S

List of Graphs

Graph 1.1 Age Groups, Caribbean-7 and by Country 3Graph 1.2 Gender, Caribbean-7 and by Country 3Graph 1.3 Educational Achievement, Caribbean-7 and by Country 4Graph 1.4 Socio-economic Status (Self–placement), Caribbean-7 and by Country 5Graph 2.1 Problems of Insecurity, by Dimension, First Mention (Top of Mind),

Caribbean-7 7Graph 2.2 Problems of Insecurity, by Dimension, First Mention (Top of Mind),

Caribbean-7 and by Country 8Graph 2.3 Most Serious Problems, Caribbean-7 and by Country 8Graph 2.4 Most Serious Problems, by Actual Victimization Status, Caribbean-7 9Graph 2.5 Most Serious Problems, by Age Group, Caribbean-7 9Graph 2.6 Most Serious Problems, by Educational Achievement, Caribbean-7 10Graph 3.1 Self-Reported Criminal Victimization, Caribbean-7 11Graph 3.2 Self-Reported Violent Crime Victimization, by Socio-economic Status,

Caribbean-7 12Graph 3.3 Self-Reported Violent Crime Victimization, by Age Group, Caribbean-7 12Graph 3.4 Self-Reported Violent Crime Victimization, by Gender, Caribbean-7 13Graph 3.5 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, Caribbean-7 13Graph 3.6 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Type and Gender,

Caribbean-7 14Graph 3.7 Reporting Domestic Violence to the Police, Caribbean 7 15Graph 3.8 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Socio-economic Status,

Caribbean-7 16Graph 3.9 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Educational Achievement 16Graph 3.10 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Age Group, Caribbean-7 17Graph 3.11 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Gender, Caribbean-7 17Graph 3.12 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Ethnic Group,

Caribbean-7 18Graph 4.1 Fear of Becoming a Victim of Crime, Caribbean-7 and by Country 19Graph 4.2 Self-Protective Behaviour, Caribbean-7 and by Country 21Graph 4.3 Sense of Security in the Caribbean-7 22Graph 5.1 Policy Orientations of the Population, Caribbean-7 23Graph 6.1 Respondents Who Believe the Police Need More Personnel, Caribbean-7 24Graph 6.2 People Who Believe Police Respect !eir Rights as Citizens, Caribbean-7 26Graph 6.3 Personal Experience with Police, Caribbean-7 27Graph 6.4 Personal Experience with Police, by Age Group, Caribbean-7 27Graph 6.5 Personal Experience with Police by Gender, Caribbean-7 28Graph 6.6 Personal Experience with Police by Educational

Achievement, Caribbean-7 28Graph 6.7 Personal Experience with Police Regarding Respect for Rights, Caribbean-7 29Graph 7.1 Respondents Who Rate the Capacity of the Criminal Justice System as Su"cient, Caribbean-7 31Graph 8.1 Trust in Community, Caribbean-7 and by Country 34Graph 8.2 Voting Behaviour, Caribbean-7 and by Country 36

VI C ARIBBEAN HUMAN DE VELOPMENT REPORT 2 0 1 2

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Employment Status, Caribbean-7 and by Country 4Table 1.2: Ethnic Group, Caribbean-7 and by Country 5

Table 2.1: Crime and Violence Compared to Other Problems, Caribbean-7 and by Country 6

Table 2.2: Most Serious Problem in the Country, First Mention (Top of Mind), Caribbean-7 7

Table 3.1: Self-Reported Criminal Victimization, Caribbean-7 and by Country 11

Table 3.2: Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, Caribbean-7 and by Country 14

Table 3.3: Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence by Type, Caribbean-7 and by Country 15

Table 4.1: Fear of Becoming a Victim of Crime, Caribbean-7 and by Country 20Table 4.2: Fear of Becoming a Victim of Crime by Type of Crime,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 20Table 4.3: Sense of Security, Caribbean-7 and by Country 20Table 4.4: Self-Protective Behaviour, Caribbean-7 and by Country 21

Table 6.1: Evaluation of Police Performance at Country and Community Levels, Caribbean-7 and by Country 25

Table 6.2: Evaluation of Police Performance at Country Level, Caribbean-7 25Table 6.3: Evaluation of Police Performance in Dealing with Citizens,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 26Table 6.4: Evaluation of Police Capacity to Control Crime at the Community Level,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 29Table 6.5: Evaluation of Police Capacity to Control Crime at the National Level,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 29Table 6.6: Evaluation of Police Use of Violence, Caribbean-7 and by Country 30

Table 7.1: Perceptions of Corruption, Caribbean-7, 2010 31

Table 8.1: Feelings of Social Cohesion at the Personal Level I, Caribbean-7 and by Country 32

Table 8.2: Feelings of Social Cohesion at the Personal Level II, Caribbean-7 and by Country 33

Table 8.3: Community Informal Control, Caribbean-7 and by Country 34Table 8.4: Feelings of National Cohesion/Agreement with Positive Statements,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 35Table 8.5: Feelings of National Cohesion/Agreement with Negative Statements,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 35Table 8.6: Feelings of National Cohesion/Intensity Statements,

Caribbean-7 and by Country 36

1U N D P C I T I Z E N S E C U R I T Y S U R V E Y: S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S

Introduction

!is booklet summarizes the main #ndings of the UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010 that was conducted for the UNDP Caribbean Human Development Report 2012. !e survey was conducted in 7 countries, namely, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lu-cia, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago, during the period from November 2010 to February 2011. It involved over 11,000 respondents from across the region and contributed the primary data for much of the subsequent analysis presented in the Caribbean Human Development Report. !e objective of the survey was to provide empirical evidence for the analysis of how, in the context of the English- and Dutch-speaking Caribbean countries and within the devel-opment context of Caribbean Small Island Developing States (SIDS), insecurity and violence have negatively impacted human development.

!e total number of questionnaires administered for the survey was 11,155 and the distri-bution by territory was as follows: Antigua and Barbuda – 1,512, Barbados – 1,512, Guyana – 1,512, Jamaica – 2,000, Saint Lucia – 1,512, Suriname – 1,512 and Trinidad and Tobago – 1,500. !e sample for the survey was designed to re$ect key demographic characteristics of the adult population of the participating countries based on the most recent census data. A multi-stage, strati#ed area probability sampling methodology was employed with the objective of accomplishing the highest possible level of representativeness and dispersion.

Stage 1 of the strati#cation or clustering process involved the division of the respective country into regions, using existing regional boundaries based on relative homogeneity, but with marked di%erences that distinguish the regions from one another. Such grouping char-acteristics are theorized to enhance sample reliability and, in turn, reduce variance in the esti-mates calculated from the data. In stage 2 of the process, a further sub-division of each cluster into urban and rural areas was established to ensure proportional representation in line with rural and urban population distribution across the respective countries. !is was followed by the selection of the primary sampling units (PSU), which were chosen using a probability proportional to size (PPS) selection process, which means they were randomly selected in pro-portions re$ecting the urban/rural distribution of PSU within each cluster. In stage 3, #eld-workers were dispatched to the selected PSUs with guidelines for the creation of clusters from which a sample of households, and ultimately, the sample of respondents was chosen.

Ideally, the probabilistic selection of sampling units at this stage of the process would be continued. However, the location of randomly selected respondents is a relatively time con-suming and an overly costly endeavor; hence cluster sampling techniques were used with pre-determined gender quotas to signi#cantly reduce survey costs by arranging groups of inter-views in relatively compact areas. With quotas established in advance, it is possible to ensure that characteristics such as gender, age and other relevant variables are proportionately repre-sented in the #nal sample of respondents.

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U N D P C I T I Z E N S E C U R I T Y S U R V E Y: S U M M A R Y O F F I N D I N G S

Graph 1.1 Age Groups, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

1 Sample Demographics1,2

!e graphs and tables presented in this section provide more detailed information on the de-mographics of the survey sample, for both the Caribbean-7 overall and by individual country.

Graph 1.2 Gender, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

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Sur

inam

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Trin

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&

Toba

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Car

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an-7

Male Female

49.9

50.1

49.5

50.5

47.2

52.8

50.0

50.0

50.0

50.0

51.3

48.7

50.3

49.7

50.4

49.6

1 Some degree of bias was found in 4 of the 7 #nal country samples (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Saint Lucia and Guyana), due to rejection rates and consequent replacement strategies. In three of the countries the only biased variables turned out to be education level and/or race, which were not controlled by quota, while in Barbados the age groups also presented a small bias, and thus a rim-weighting procedure had to be performed. No weighting factor was higher than 2.7, and 88.3% of them were lower than 2.

2 All di%erences by demographic data group included in this document are statistically signi#cant at p>.01

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

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Sai

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Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

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Car

ibbe

an-7

18-24 yrs 25-30 yrs 31-35 yrs 36-45 yrs 46-55 yrs 56-65 yrs Over 65 yrs

14.8

12.79.1

18.8

14.9

17.8

11.8

14.3

13.08.5

16.4

10.5

25.3

12.0

10.011.2

11.3

23.1

16.4

11.0

17.1

22.6

12.79.0

18.5

12.4

15.9

8.8

15.9

12.88.3

16.6

20.6

15.0

11.0

12.5

12.2

10.2

20.3

16.7

15.5

12.5

12.8

12.9

9.5

19.6

12.8

22.4

10.0

14.7

14.17.2

18.1

13.7

20.3

11.9

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Question: “I am going to read different age groups to you, please tell me within which of the following age groups does your exact age fall?”

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Question: Gender: Male or Female.

4 C ARIBBEAN HUMAN DE VELOPMENT REPORT 2 0 1 2

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Table 1.1: Employment Status, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Caribbean -7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint

Lucia Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

Full-time job 37.7 44.8 44.7 32.7 23.4 35.4 41.6 45.8Part-time job 7.7 6.4 6.3 8.0 8.5 5.8 9.7 9.0Seasonally employed 3.4 4.1 2.5 4.2 5.0 2.3 3.4 1.6Self-employed 17.4 12.0 11.5 21.8 28.2 19.4 11.0 14.5Unemployed 9.3 8.7 7.4 7.0 15.2 15.9 4.8 4.5Retired 11.1 9.1 19.6 8.8 9.8 9.8 7.8 13.0

Housewife/husband 5.9 4.8 2.9 7.5 4.0 7.1 9.9 5.6

Student 4.5 5.4 2.3 5.3 4.6 1.8 7.9 4.5Sick/Disabled 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.6 0.3Other 1.7 2.4 1.8 2.5 0.7 1.1 2.9 1.1No answer 0.7 1.8 0.6 1.5 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.1

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Question: “In terms of work, which of the following best describes your present situation?”

Graph 1.3 Educational Achievement, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an-7

Primary Education (complete and incomplete)

Tertiary Education (complete and incomplete)

Secondary Education (complete and incomplete)

32.4

45.2

22.3

31.4

44.0

24.6

22.2

57.7

20.0

39.1

41.6

19.2

26.9

51.8

21.4

60.2

29.7

10.1

28.2

41.2

30.6

20.9

48.6

30.5

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Question: “Indicate the highest level of schooling achieved”.

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Table 1.2: Ethnic Group, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Caribbean-7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad

& TobagoBlack/Afro 62.1 67.8 90.2 29.6 85.1 83.2 26.8 46.3East Indian 15.8 11.9 3.1 42.6 4.2 4.3 18.4 28.6Indigenous/Amerindian 2.1 0.8 0.7 8.9 0.9 1.1 2.1 0.4

Chinese 0.4 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.6Portuguese 0.3 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.4Mixed 13.0 9.3 5.0 16.3 9.0 9.0 22.0 21.3Javanese 2.5 2.0 0.1 0.3 0.4 15.4Maroon 1.5 1.3 0.1 0.1 9.5Other 1.5 2.8 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.9 4.5 1.7No answer 0.9 2.9 0.8 0.3 0.1 1.1 0.5 0.6

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Question: “Do you consider yourself…”

Graph 1.4 Socio-economic Status (Self–placement), Caribbean-7 and by Country

percent

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an-7

Poorest Lower Class Middle Class Upper Class

21.5

20.1

25.4

33.0

22.4

19.4

26.7

31.5

18.7

22.4

25.7

33.2

21.6

19.1

21.7

37.6

28.7

21.3

24.5

25.4

30.3

21.2

22.1

26.4

16.8

19.2

30.9

33.1

10.3

17.9

26.5

45.3

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Question: “Do you consider yourself…”


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General Context: Perceptions of Crime as a Problem in the Country

!e graphs and tables presented in this section provide additional data and input on survey respondents’ perceptions of the crime problem in their respective countries. Information is detailed by country and for the Caribbean-7 sample overall.

2

Table 2.1: Crime and Violence Compared to Other Problems, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Problem Caribbean-7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad

& Tobago

Cost of living 75 74 86 73 86 75 40 87Cost of food 70 67 82 64 77 75 39 86Level of violent crime 64 52 44 54 78 87 43 84Level of unemployment 60 54 58 59 77 70 39 56Level of corruption 55 49 24 60 70 54 51 73Level of poverty 49 38 33 60 68 49 34 59Level of property crime 45 38 30 45 40 61 43 57Level of insecurity 40 29 17 42 44 59 29 57Inadequate voice in governmental a"airs 39 32 21 45 48 46 28 50

Inadequate housing 36 24 32 36 35 30 43 48Inadequate access to health care 34 28 18 36 28 48 28 56

Level of migration 30 35 22 46 28 33 20 25Inadequate sanitation 27 21 13 45 24 31 19 35Inadequate schooling for the children 21 20 10 24 21 24 27 23

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: Total survey sample (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above [listed hereafter], which three are the most serious in your coun-try?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who consider each of the problems to be “Serious” and “Very serious”.

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Table 2.2: Most Serious Problem in the Country, First Mention (Top of Mind), Caribbean-7

Problem %Unemployment 25.0Violent crime 20.3

Cost of food 13.5

Cost of Living 12.7

Property crime 4.4

Corruption 4.3

Housing 4.1

Poverty 3.5

Access to healthcare 2.4

Insecurity 1.9

Schooling 1.7

Voice in governmental a"airs 1.3

Migration 1.2

Sanitation 0.6

DK/NA 3.0

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above [listed hereafter], which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who chose the problem either as their first, second or third option as the most serious problem.

Graph 2.1 Problems of Insecurity, by Dimension, First Mention (Top of Mind), Caribbean-7 percent

Social Development Issues (housing, schooling,

poverty, migration, sanitation, health) 13.9%

Institutional Issues (corruption, voice) 5.9%

Economy/Price Issues (unemployment, cost of food, cost of living)

52.9%

Crime Issues (property crime, violent crime, insecurity) 27.4%

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above, which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who chose one problem within the dimension as their first option for “Most serious problem”.


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Graph 2.2 Problems of Insecurity, by Dimension, First Mention (Top of Mind), Caribbean-7 and by Country

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above, which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who chose one problem within the dimension as their first option for “Most serious problem”.

Per

cent

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Antigua & Barbuda

Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

Caribbean-7

Economy/Price Issues (unemployment, cost of food, cost of living)

Social Development Issues (housing, schooling, poverty, migration, sanitation, health)

Crime Issues (property crime, violent crime, insecurity)

Institutional Issues (corruption, voice)

9.515

.716

.158

.6

1.3

10.6

8.9

79.2

2.57.

047

.642

.9

5.9

13.9

27.4

52.9

6.29.0

29.9

54.8

10.5

21.7 28

.1

39.6

17.4

13.3

5.5

63.8

15.1

47.2

32.2

5.5

Graph 2.3 Most Serious Problems, Caribbean-7 and by Country

Per

cent

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Antigua & Barbuda


Caribbean-7

Cost of Living Violent Crime Unemployment Cost of Food

38.243

.825

.453

.3

72.8

44.9

30.3

81.9

33.6

61.5

80.9

47.8

40.645

.847

.552.5

30.5

59.8

57.2

51.9

24.227

.8 34.5

25.7

37.5

47.5

46.2

60.6

25.1

67.5

44.9

42.3

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: Total survey sample (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above [listed hereafter], which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of who chose the problem either as their first, second or third option as the most serious problem.

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Con

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Pro

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Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above, which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who selected the problem as their first option for “Most serious problem”.

Per

cent

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Unemployment Cost of Food Violent Crime Cost of Living

Was a Victim Was Not a Victim

26.3

22.6

13.912.8 13.211.6

20.421.2

Graph 2.4 Most Serious Problems, by Actual Victimization Status, Caribbean-7

Graph 2.5 Most Serious Problems, by Age Group, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above, which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who chose the problem as their first option for “Most serious problem”.

Per

cent

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Unemployment Cost of Food Violent Crime Cost of Living

18-30 yrs 31-55 yrs Over 55 yrs

24.4

27.7

23.2

14.012.5

14.0

20.520.3 20.0

12.611.813.8


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Graph 2.6 Most Serious Problems, by Educational Achievement, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “From the list of problems mentioned above, which three are the most serious in your country?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who chose the problem as their first option for “Most serious problem”.

Per

cent

30

25

20

15

10

5

0Unemployment Cost of Food Violent Crime Cost of Living Primary Education (complete and

incomplete) Tertiary Education (complete and

incomplete)

Secondary Education (complete and incomplete)

26.125.4

22.4

14.213.412.4

19.321.5 20.7

12.413.9 12.5

11

3

Vict

imiz

atio

n


Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Within the last ten years, were you the victim of a crime?” The chart shows the share of respondents who declared that they have been victims of a crime of any kind.

Per

cent

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0No Crimes 1 Crime 2 Crimes 3 Crimes 4 Crimes

77.9

16.7

3.21.4 0.4

Victimization

!e data presented in this section provide more detail on respondents’ reports of victimiza-tion. Speci#cally, statistics focus on rates of self-reported victimization with regard to various types of crime and domestic violence.

3

Graph 3.1 Self-Reported Criminal Victimization, Caribbean-7

Table 3.1: Self-Reported Criminal Victimization, Caribbean-7 and by Country percentNumber of Crimes interviewee was victim of


& Tobago

No Crimes 77.9 77.6 73.4 79.9 82.6 77.0 76.0 77.41 Crime 16.7 14.7 20.2 17.9 14.2 15.8 14.8 19.92 Crimes 3.2 4.4 4.4 1.5 2.0 4.2 5.0 1.43 Crimes or more 2.2 3.3 2.0 0.7 1.2 3.0 4.2 1.3

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Within the last ten years, were you the victim of a crime?”. The chart shows the share of respondents who declared that they have been victims of a crime of any kind


3

Vict

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Graph 3.2 Self-Reported Violent Crime Victimization, by Socio-economic Status, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Within the last year, were you the victim of a crime?” The chart shows the share of respondents who declared that they have been victims of violent crime.

Per

cent

15

10

5

0Poorest Lower class Middle Class Upper Class Caribbean-7

13.4

11.5

9.78.3

10.6

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Within the last year, were you the victim of a crime?”The chart shows the share of respondents who declared that they have been victims of violent crime.

Graph 3.3 Self-Reported Violent Crime Victimization, by Age Group, Caribbean-7

Per

cent

15

10

5

018-30 yrs 31-55 yrs Over 55 yrs Caribbean-7

13.4

10.6

9.0

10.6

13

3

Vict

imiz

atio

n


Graph 3.5 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “To what extent has any member of your household (age 16 or over) deliberately hit you with their fists or with a weapon of any sort, or kicked you or used violence on you in any way?” The chart shows the share of persons declaring that they had been victims of domestic violence.

Per

cent

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0Never Once A few times Many times

89.1

4.7 4.31.8

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Within the last year, were you the victim of a crime?” The chart shows the share of respondents who declared that they have been victims of violent crime.

Graph 3.4 Self-Reported Violent Crime Victimization, by Gender, Caribbean-7

Per

cent

15

10

5

0Male Female Caribbean-7

12.0

9.310.6


3

Vict

imiz

atio

n

Table 3.2: Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, Caribbean-7 and by Country percentNumber of domestic violence events Caribbean-7 Antigua &

Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad & Tobago

Not at all 89.1 84.3 90.4 82.7 94.1 90.3 88.3 91.7Once or more 10.9 15.7 9.6 17.3 5.9 9.7 11.7 8.3

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010. Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “To what extent has any member of your household (age 16 or over) deliberately hit you with their fists or with a weapon of any sort, or kicked you or used violence on you in any way?” The chart shows the share of persons declaring that they had been victims of domestic violence.

Per

cent

25

20

15

10

5

0Insulted Threat of Violence Violence Used Been Injured

Caribbean-7 Male Female

19.0

20.9

22.7

8.8

11.6

14.3

9.7

11.4

13.2

6.7

8.6

10.7

Graph 3.6 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Type and Gender, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Questions: “To what extent have you been sworn at or insulted by a partner (ex-partner) or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend)?” “To what extent has your spouse (or ex-spouse) ever said things to you that frightened you, such as threatening to harm you or someone close to you?” “To what extent has any member of your household (age 16 or over) deliberately hit you with their fists or with a weapon of any sort, or kicked you or used violence on you in any way?” “To what extent have you been injured, even slightly, on any occasion when your spouse (or ex-spouse), or a partner (or ex-partner), or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex boyfriend/ girlfriend), used violence against you? By injuries we mean bruises, scratches and cuts of any kind”. The chart shows the percentage of persons who declared that they had been victims at least once, by type of violence.

15

3

Vict

imiz

atio

n


Table 3.3: Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence by Type, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Type of Domestic Violence Caribbean-7 Antigua &


Insulted 20.9 25.1 22.4 28.5 14.9 20.2 17.0 19.8

#reat of violence 11.6 13.9 10.8 16.5 7.9 10.1 13.1 9.8

Violence used 11.4 13.4 11.5 16.5 7.3 10.5 11.7 10.6

Been injured 8.6 11.1 9.2 12.4 5.4 8.4 7.2 7.9

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Questions: “To what extent have you been sworn at or insulted by a partner (ex-partner) or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend)?” “To what extent has your spouse (or ex-spouse) ever said things to you that frightened you, such as threatening to harm you or someone close to you?” “To what extent has any member of your household (age 16 or over) deliberately hit you with their fists or with a weapon of any sort, or kicked you or used violence on you in any way?” “To what extent have you been injured, even slightly, on any occasion when your spouse (or ex-spouse), or a partner (or ex-partner), or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex boyfriend/ girlfriend), used violence against you? By injuries we mean bruises, scratches and cuts of any kind”. The chart shows the percentage of persons who declared that they had been victims at least once, by type of violence.

Per

cent

25

20

15

10

5

0

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an.7

16.8

9.2

7.3

21.7

15.4

8.2 8.5

11.1

Graph 3.7 Reporting Domestic Violence to the Police, Caribbean 7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Did the police come to know about what happened on the most recent occasion when your spouse (ex-spouse) or a partner (or ex-partner) or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/ girlfriend) used violence against you?” The chart shows the percentage of persons who declared that police came to know about the last violent event.


3

Vict

imiz

atio

n

Graph 3.8 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Socio-economic Status, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). The chart shows the percentage of persons declaring that they had been victims of domestic violence of any kind.

Per

cent

15

10

5

0Lower Class Middle Class Upper Class Caribbean-7

13.1

9.5 9.810.4

Graph 3.9 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Educational Achievement


Per

cent

15

10

5

0

Primary (complete and incomplete)

Secondary (complete and

incomplete)

Tertiary (complete and incomplete)

Caribbean-7

11.0 11.0

8.5

10.4

17

3

Vict

imiz

atio

n


Graph 3.10 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Age Group, Caribbean-7


Per

cent

15

10

5


13.0

10.6

8.1

10.5


Graph 3.11 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Gender, Caribbean-7

Per

cent

15

10

5


9.7

11.310.5


3

Vict

imiz

atio

n

Graph 3.12 Self-Reported Victims of Domestic Violence, by Ethnic Group, Caribbean-7


Per

cent

20

15

10

5

0Black-Afro East Indian Mixed Other Caribbean-7

8.6

12.9 12.9

15.5

10.5

19

4

Inse

curit

y: F

ear o

f Crim

e


Graph 4.1 Fear of Becoming a Victim of Crime, Caribbean-7 and by Country

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Some people worry at some time or another about being a victim of crime. In the past year have you ever felt fearful about the possibility of becoming a victim of crime? * country_name Country Name Crosstabulation

Insecurity: Fear of Crime

!e following graphs and tables provide more detailed information on citizens’ perceptions of insecurity, the extent to which they fear becoming victims of di%erent types of crimes, and the self-protective behaviours in which they engage as a result. !ese statistics are generally broken down by country as well as presented for the Caribbean-7 overall.

4

55.9

Per

cent

60

40

20

0

46.348.8

52.6

34.6

48.4 48.3 47.9

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an.7


4

Inse

curit

y: F

ear o

f Crim

e

Table 4.1: Fear of Becoming a Victim of Crime, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Type of Crime Caribbean-7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad

& TobagoHouse breaking 41.3 44.2 26.5 51.1 22.6 45.4 60.0 45.3Robbery 33.7 33.0 16.7 45.8 22.3 37.5 41.2 42.4Violent assault 26.6 25.5 13.4 38.3 18.9 33.4 23.9 34.0Domestic violence 23.9 23.6 12.7 42.3 15.6 26.1 24.8 23.9Vehicle the$ 20.1 21.1 8.8 23.1 12.2 16.9 25.6 34.7Murder 17.3 18.0 3.7 24.3 16.4 17.9 13.1 26.7Gang violence 15.8 18.3 7.8 19.6 10.9 23.2 13.2 18.5Sexual assault 15.6 20.1 7.5 27.3 7.9 15.1 15.8 17.4

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Thinking about each of the following things, please indicate how much you worry about them.” The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “All the time” or” Most of the time”.

Table 4.2: Fear of Becoming a Victim of Crime by Type of Crime, Caribbean-7 and by Country percentAre you afraid of being/having… Caribbean-7 Antigua &


Killed 13.5 13.9 3.9 16.2 12.7 22.5 9.0 16.2Attacked by someone you know 7.6 8.8 3.6 10.9 5.4 13.5 5.2 6.8

Beaten up by spouse/partner 3.5 4.5 3.0 5.0 1.6 5.7 2.5 2.8

Vehicle stolen 7.5 9.0 3.5 6.2 4.2 7.7 9.2 13.3

House broken into 18.2 22.4 8.4 24.5 11.2 19.3 25.0 19.1

Robbed at gunpoint 17.6 20.9 5.2 22.6 14.2 22.8 17.9 20.5

Sexually assaulted 9.6 19.1 3.8 9.4 9.4 12.2 6.7 7.4

A relative killed 15.8 17.1 5.4 18.0 15.5 23.9 9.6 21.2

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “about each of the following things, please indicate how much you worry about them.”The table shows the per-centage of respondents who answered “All the time” or” Most of the times”.

Table 4.3: Sense of Security, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Place and Time Caribbean-7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad

& TobagoYour home at dark 64.7 58.6 77.9 56.7 69.7 59.8 61.2 67.8Your place of work 60.9 57.2 68.9 60.5 57.1 54.2 68.0 61.5When walking in your neighborhood during the day

73.0 67.6 77.9 67.8 78.1 69.7 75.2 73.4

When walking in your neighborhood at night 49.6 43.6 62.3 41.1 55.5 47.3 48.5 47.4

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “How safe do you feel at the following places.” The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Safe” or “Very safe”.

21

4

Inse

curit

y: F

ear o

f Crim

e


Graph 4.2 Self-Protective Behaviour, Caribbean-7 and by Country

Per

cent

20

15

10

5

0Antigua & Barbuda


Caribbean-7

Installation of security devices in home Move to a more secure home

5.1

11.0

6.4

10.3

2.7

12.4

5.4

9.4

3.1

7.0

3.9

7.5

10.3

17.7

4.4

14.2

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “This next section asks about your security related behaviour in the last 12 months. Please indicate your response to the following statements”. The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered positively.

Table 4.4: Self-Protective Behaviour, Caribbean-7 and by Country percentSelf-Protective Behaviour Caribbean-7 Antigua &


When going out. do you plan your route to avoid dangerous places?

32.9 28.4 27.2 29.0 35.8 37.0 32.3 39.0

Do you keep a weapon at home? 23.0 26.8 19.6 16.0 31.4 21.1 21.0 22.3

When going out at night. do you travel in a group for security?

22.7 21.2 19.1 23.6 17.7 21.8 24.8 31.5

Do you travel with a weapon at night? 8.6 12.5 8.9 6.6 8.4 7.8 7.2 8.9

Do you use a private security company to protect your home?

7.8 9.9 9.9 7.5 6.9 4.4 8.8 7.9

Do you travel with a weapon during the day? 7.5 11.7 7.4 5.1 7.8 5.4 6.5 8.7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “This next section asks about your security-related behaviour in the last 12 months. Please indicate your response to the following statements”. The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “All times” or “Most times”.


4

Inse

curit

y: F

ear o

f Crim

e

Per

cent

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an-7

45.8 42.737.7

78.7

35.8

57.6

24.7

45.5

Graph 4.3 Sense of Security in the Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “How secure or insecure do you consider (living in) your country to be?” The chart shows the share of respondents who answered “Secure” or “Very secure”.

6

The

Pol

ice


Policy Orientations of the Population

!e statistics presented in this section provide information on population’s opinions on issues related to how best to prevent and control crime.

Graph 5.1 Policy Orientations of the Population, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Percentage of respondents who answered “Strongly agree” or “Agree” with each statement.

Per

cent

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

mor

e jo

b in

cre

atio

n

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

mor

e in

pro

gram

mes

fo

r you

ng p

eopl

e

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

mor

e in

edu

catio

n

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

mor

e in

redu

cing

pov

erty

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

m

ore

in th

e co

mm

uniti

es o

f the

urb

an

Crim

inal

s ar

e a

thre

at

to o

ur w

ay o

f life

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

mor

e in

redu

cing

cor

rupt

ion

Crim

inal

s sh

ould

be

mor

e ha

rshl

y p

unis

hed

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d in

vest

m

ore

in th

e po

lice

forc

e se

rvic

e

I sup

port

the

deat

h pe

nalty

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d re

ly m

ore

on th

e m

ilita

ry

I fee

l tha

t my

soci

ety

is

fund

amen

tally

law

abi

dig

Hum

an ri

ghts

are

obs

tacl

es

to m

ore

effe

ctiv

e cr

ime

cont

rol

I fee

l tha

t my

soci

ety

is

fund

amen

tally

unj

ust/

unfa

ir

The

polic

e sh

ould

be

give

n a

free

ha

nd to

kill

crim

inal

gun

men

To re

duce

crim

e go

vt s

houl

d bu

ild m

ore

pris

ons

It is

all

right

for t

he p

olic

e to

br

eak

the

law

in o

rder

to b

ette

r co

ntro

l vio

lent

crim

es

To re

duce

crim

e pe

ople

sho

uld

be

allo

wed

eas

ier a

cces

s to

fire

arm

s

The

prob

lem

of c

rime

has

no re

med

y

Onl

y a

mili

tary

gov

erm

ent c

an

effe

ctiv

ely

cont

rol c

rime

To re

duce

crim

e “D

ons”

sho

uld

be

used

as

agen

ts o

f crim

e co

ntro

l

Not

hing

can

be

done

to

cont

rol c

rime

in th

is c

ount

ry

92.5

91.7

88.8

87.7

91.7

91.7

91.7

91.7

74.8

63.2

43.5

43.0

42.1

40.4

30.7

26.7

19.9

17.9

15.5

15.3

14.3

9.8

5

5

Pol

icy

Orie

ntat

ions

of t

he P

opul

atio

n


6 The Police

!e following statistics provide more detailed information on citizens’ perceptions regarding police performance at both community and national levels, along with ways in which police performance might be improved to better security.

Per

cent

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an-7

67.3 69.2 70.7

54.0

72.1

82.6

64.968.8

Graph 6.1 Respondents Who Believe the Police Need More Personnel, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010. Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Questions: “Would putting more police on the streets make you feel more secure?“ Chart shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Yes”.

6

The

Pol

ice


Table 6.2: Evaluation of Police Performance at Country Level, Caribbean-7 percent


& TobagoTra%c control in country 37.8 38.3 43.9 28.7 44.3 47.9 45.0 16.4

Control of the crimes of powerful in country 17.6 15.6 32.4 17.2 15.3 16.3 19.5 8.1

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Generally speaking as it relates to the country as a whole, how do you rate the performance of the police on the following items?” Percentage of respondents who answered “Good” or “Very good” to each item.

Table 6.1: Evaluation of Police Performance at Country and Community Levels, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Caribbean-7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad &

TobagoRobbery (community) 31.4 27.8 50.0 25.3 41.5 28.4 27.0 17.3Robbery (country) 22.8 21.0 41.9 19.7 23.8 21.7 23.9 8.3Rape (community) 34.7 34.0 49.3 26.0 46.7 33.2 29.5 21.7Rape (country) 23.5 22.4 40.5 18.2 26.3 23.3 25.7 8.2Domestic violence (community) 30.9 31.1 41.2 22.3 41.9 29.4 27.8 19.9

Domestic violence (country) 21.7 22.9 31.8 18.1 24.0 20.7 25.6 8.9

House breaking (community) 29.9 27.8 45.2 22.1 39.5 29.5 25.2 17.5

House breaking (country) 20.9 21.3 36.9 16.3 22.5 19.8 22.4 7.6

Extortion (community) 32.2 27.7 45.6 27.9 40.8 33.0 24.1 24.2Extortion (country) 21.0 19.9 37.0 19.5 19.9 20.0 20.1 11.6Demonstrations (community) 38.9 36.9 46.8 32.1 46.7 42.8 35.4 29.9

Demonstrations (country) 34.9 34.0 42.7 26.4 36.6 47.2 35.2 22.5

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Specifically as it relates to your own community (the area that you live in) how do you rate the performance of the police on the following items?” Percentage of respondents who answered “Good” or “Very good” to each item.

6

The

Pol

ice


Per

cent

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an-7

30.225.7

48.851.8

39.7

33.036.3 37.9

Graph 6.2 People Who Believe Police Respect Their Rights as Citizens, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5, please rank the extent to which the police have generally been respectful of your rights as a citizen. Use ‘1’ for Very respectful and ‘5’ for Very disrespectful.” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Respectful” or “Very respectful”.

Table 6.3: Evaluation of Police Performance in Dealing with Citizens, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent


& TobagoRespect for the right to participate in political protests

27.3 26.8 38.6 20.0 18.1 43.9 28.2 19.2

Fairness in dealing with demonstrators 26.2 25.3 38.6 18.6 17.6 41.8 27.5 17.7

Respect for the law 21.8 21.1 40.5 18.8 13.9 24.6 27.5 10.0Respect for citizens rights 20.7 19.3 37.7 17.2 15.0 24.0 23.4 11.1Fairness in dealing with people 17.8 17.6 31.2 14.8 12.6 20.2 21.2 9.4

Courtesy to ordinary people 17.1 14.5 32.1 15.5 12.1 21.4 16.0 10.0

Respect for the rights of people who are accused of crimes

15.4 14.9 28.8 13.3 9.6 19.0 16.0 8.7

Treating people equally 13.7 12.1 27.2 12.4 8.9 14.8 15.1 7.2

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “How do you rate the performance of the police on the following items?” Percentage of respondents who answered “Good” or “Very good” to each item.

6

The

Pol

ice


Per

cent

40

30

20

10

0

Ant

igua

&

Bar

buda

Bar

bado

s

Guy

ana

Jam

aica

Sai

nt L

ucia

Sur

inam

e

Trin

idad

&

Toba

go

Car

ibbe

an-7

32.631.0

21.9

29.9

38.635.4

26.3

31.1

Graph 6.3 Personal Experience with Police, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Have you ever been stopped and individually questioned by the police?” The chart shows percentage of respondents who answered positively.

Graph 6.4 Personal Experience with Police, by Age Group, Caribbean-7


Per

cent

40

30

20

10


35.3

31.9

26.2

31.1

6

The

Pol

ice


Graph 6.5 Personal Experience with Police by Gender, Caribbean-7


Per

cent

40

30

20

10


38.6

23.8

31.1

Graph 6.6 Personal Experience with Police by Educational Achievement, Caribbean-7


Per

cent

40

30

20

10

0Primary (complete and incomplete)

Secondary (complete and

incomplete)

Tertiary (complete and incomplete) Caribbean-7

27.2

33.2 32.931.1

6

The

Pol

ice


Graph 6.7 Personal Experience with Police Regarding Respect for Rights, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5, please rank the extent to which the police have generally been respectful of your rights as a citizen. Use “1” for very respectful and “5” for very disres-pectful.” The chart shows Percentage of respondents who answered “Respectful” or “Very respectful”.

Per

cent

50

40

30

20

10

0Has been stopped by police Has not been stopped by police

Police were respectful of my rights Police were not respectful of my rights

30.030.0

15.3

42.0

Table 6.4: Evaluation of Police Capacity to Control Crime at the Community Level, Caribbean-7 and by Country percentE"ectiveness over last 3 years Caribbean-7 Antigua &


More e"ective 29.0 26.8 23.1 30.8 38.6 26.7 35.7 18.6Less e"ective 18.5 17.4 10.2 24.9 13.6 20.3 14.0 29.8#e same 51.1 52.2 65.6 42.3 47.3 51.3 49.5 50.8DK/NA 1.4 3.6 1.1 2.0 0.5 1.7 0.8 0.8

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “To what extent has the police force been effective in controlling crime in your community over the last 3 years?”

Table 6.5: Evaluation of Police Capacity to Control Crime at the National Level, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent E"ectiveness over last 3 years Caribbean-7 Antigua &


More e"ective 35.5 34.9 31.6 32.1 47.2 33.3 47.6 19.4Less e"ective 24.1 22.4 12.1 31.5 18.5 29.4 17.1 38.6#e same 39.3 39.7 55.5 34.8 34.0 36.2 35.2 41.3DK/NA 1.1 3.0 0.8 1.6 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “To what extent has the police force been effective in controlling crime in your country over the last 3 years?”

6

The

Pol

ice


Table 6.6: Evaluation of Police Use of Violence, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent


& TobagoToo much 25.4 27.4 18.1 34.6 43.2 16.2 9.7 22.8Too little 34.6 30.4 19.5 31.8 21.0 54.5 41.9 47.1Just enough 38.1 38.2 60.1 30.9 35.1 27.5 48.1 28.5DK/NA 1.9 4.0 2.3 2.7 0.7 1.8 0.3 1.6

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.

8

Com

mun

ity C

ohes

ion

Indi

cato

rs


The Justice System

!e following graphs and tables present data on survey respondents’ perceptions of justice system e%ectiveness. Statistics are given for the Caribbean-7 overall as well as for individual countries.

7

Per

cent

80

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37.8 39.6

30.6

70.2

32.3

51.8

27.3

40.8

Graph 7.1 Respondents who Rate the Capacity of the Criminal Justice System as Sufficient, Caribbean-7

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “What is the capacity of your country to solve and better mana-ge the problem of insecurity?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Sufficient” or “Very sufficient”.

Table 7.1: Perceptions of Corruption, Caribbean-7, 2010percentCountry Judges are corrupt Justice system is corrupt Powerful criminals go free Politically connected criminals go freeAntigua & Barbuda 32.3 44.3 37.8 44.8

Barbados 24.5 33.8 40.1 41.9Guyana 39.0 47.7 46.9 51.8Jamaica 36.3 57.3 52.7 57.8Saint Lucia 33.7 48.1 47.7 51.3Suriname 35.6 45.8 38.9 47.0Trinidad & Tobago 58.7 69.8 61.6 70.2

Caribbean-7 37.2 49.6 47.0 52.5Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Questions: “Using a scale from 1 to 5 (1 = Strongly disagree, 2 = Disagree, 3 = Don’t know, 4 = Agree, 5 = Strongly agree), indi-cate your assessment of the performance of the criminal justice system on the following (fairness, integrity, effectiveness): ‘The judges are not corrupt’, ‘The justice system is free of corruption’, ‘The justice system is unable to convict powerful criminals’, ‘Powerful criminals are likely to go free’, ’Politically connected criminals are likely to go free’.” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Strongly disagree” or “Disagree”. *p<.05

7

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8 Community Cohesion Indicators

!is #nal section synthesizes #ndings on citizens’ perceptions of various aspects of social cohesion, both at national and communitylevels. Data is shown for the Caribbean-7 and also broken down by country.

Table 8.1: Feelings of Social Cohesion at the Personal Level I, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent


& TobagoLiving here gives me a sense of community 77.4 65.7 76.0 79.2 87.1 72.4 80.5 77.7

#e associations/relationships that I have with the people in this neighborhood/community mean a lot to me

76.4 64.5 75.7 78.1 86.6 73.0 77.6 75.8

I like to think of myself as being in many ways similar to the people who live in this neighborhood/community

66.2 55.6 67.2 68.6 75.6 54.8 68.8 69.7

I like to think of myself as being in many ways similar to people of other ethnic groups who live in this country

61.5 52.0 58.1 66.9 67.7 47.9 67.9 67.6

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following”. The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Agree” or “Strongly agree” with each statement.

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Table 8.2: Feelings of Social Cohesion at the Personal Level II, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent


& TobagoTo what extent do you feel like you belong in this neighborhood/community

61.6 50.6 60.1 58.0 69.7 66.5 59.8 63.5

To what extent are you proud of being in your neighborhood /community

57.5 46.1 55.7 55.0 65.1 62.5 57.1 58.6

To what extent do you feel loyal to the people of this neighborhood /community

55.4 45.1 51.8 55.4 63.5 58.7 52.1 58.2

To what extent do you feel respected by the people who live in this community?

53.5 41.9 49.1 50.8 62.1 61.6 47.2 59.1

To what extent do you work together with others to improve your community?

35.6 28.6 26.9 36.4 44.3 37.5 37.1 36.1

To what extent do you work together with others to reduce violence in your community?

33.4 28.0 27.1 34.2 39.4 35.8 32.6 34.8

How involved are you in community organizations and activities such as the church, sports, community centers, and cultural activities?

30.7 26.7 17.9 39.3 35.8 32.3 31.2 29.9

To what extent do you participate in community activities?

27.6 22.7 17.3 34.7 32.7 28.3 28.0 27.5

To what extent would you prefer to live somewhere else rather than continue to live in this neighborhood/community?

22.1 22.2 16.8 25.7 19.5 26.0 20.1 24.9

#e police do not respect the rights of people who live in my community.

19.9 18.9 12.7 27.5 20.3 21.6 16.4 21.4

Young people in my community su"er job discrimination because of where they live.

18.2 17.3 8.4 27.6 19.9 19.6 16.5 16.8

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following” The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “A great extent” or “a good extent”.

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37.2

46.1

40.844.7

48.8

36.4

46.543.3

Graph 8.1 Trust in Community, Caribbean-7 and by Country

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Would you say that people in this community are generally very trustworthy?” The chart shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Trustworthy” and “Most trustworthy”.

Table 8.3: Community Informal Control, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Likelihood of intervention for various criminal activities

Caribbean-7 Antigua Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad

& Tobago

A stranger is suspected of stealing from someone

64.3 56.4 61.5 68.1 72.4 69.3 58.5 61.6

Fight breaking out in front of your house w/someone being beaten

59.7 52.1 54.1 61.0 68.2 66.9 55.1 57.9

Suspected case of domestic violence 44.8 36.1 37.4 47.5 56.7 51.7 37.0 43.3

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “What is the likelihood that people from your community would intervene if the following situations or incidents occurred in your neighborhood?” The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Likely” or “Very likely”.

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Table 8.4: Feelings of National Cohesion /Agreement with Positive Statements, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent


& TobagoI feel like I belong in this country 65.2 85.1 80.2 71.4 82.7 82.5 84.5 79.0

I feel loyal to the people of this country 58.3 71.8 75.1 67.1 75.4 73.4 77.1 71.4

#e associations that I have with the people in this country mean a lot to me

53.1 58.8 65.4 56.2 67.6 62.9 69.1 62.2

#e police force deserves my support 49.2 56.7 67.3 40.0 52.9 49.9 64.8 54.7

I feel respected by (most of ) my fellow citizens

47.6 57.8 70.7 53.2 62.7 55.2 68.3 59.8

I like to think of myself as similar to the people who live in this country

47.4 51.2 55.2 51.8 57.3 57.0 58.8 54.3

#e court system deserves my support 46.5 57.1 61.2 38.7 50.7 45.2 60.6 51.8

I am respected by most citizens of another race/ethnicity

41.8 46.4 61.8 47.9 58.4 49.7 54.6 51.7

I am respected by persons who earn a higher income than me

37.6 42.8 57.7 38.8 50.2 41.7 53.9 46.4

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following statements”. The table shows the percentage of respondents who agreed “Strongly” or “Very strongly”.

Table 8.5: Feelings of National Cohesion/Agreement with Negative Statements, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent


& TobagoI would prefer to live in another country 18.5 20.3 10.9 28.0 17.5 24.1 14.0 14.5

People like me have a hard time getting a job because of where they live (class)

14.6 12.4 6.8 22.0 16.0 14.1 14.6 15.3

People like me have a hard time getting a job because of their ethnicity. race or color

13.0 12.3 5.9 21.3 10.8 10.2 17.3 14.1

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following statements”.The table shows the percentage of respondents who agreed “Strongly” or “Very strongly”.

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61.556.1

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66.6

Graph 8.2 Voting Behaviour, Caribbean-7 and by Country

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: Question: “I voted in the last general elections”. The chart shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Yes”.

Table 8.6: Feelings of National Cohesion/Intensity Statements, Caribbean-7 and by Country percent

Question: Caribbean-7 Antigua & Barbuda Barbados Guyana Jamaica Saint Lucia Suriname Trinidad

& TobagoAre you proud of your nationality? 83.4 73.4 89.2 77.8 88.3 82.6 83.7 87.0

Would you be willing to work together with others on something to improve this country?

66.4 60.5 50.9 59.9 78.4 73.1 68.8 69.4

Would you be willing to work together with others to reduce violence in the country?

63.3 55.6 48.8 59.9 73.0 71.6 62.6 67.9

Do people in your country have similar values as yourself ?

46.0 39.9 43.9 46.2 49.3 44.3 47.3 49.5

Are your rights protected regardless of which party is in power?

33.3 26.3 50.1 28.0 35.4 39.2 27.1 27.6

Do you think that the courts of this country guarantee a fair trial?

31.2 30.6 43.4 28.3 32.6 29.1 28.7 25.2

Source: UNDP Citizen Security Survey 2010.Note: Base: all respondents (N = 11,155). Question: “Using a scale from 1 to 5. indicate how you rate the following. “1” being the weakest feeling and “5” having the strongest feeling. ” The table shows the percentage of respondents who answered “Strong” or “Very strong”.

APPENDIX 1. The Survey

Interviewer Accountability/Administrative Purposes Only

Interviewer Name:

Interviewer ID Number:

Interview Number:

Name of Supervisor:

Date of Interview:

Starting Time:

Country Name:

Country Code:

End Time:


Social Cohesion and Citizen Security Questionnaire

Introduction: Good day, I am ……………………..from ……... We are conducting a survey on the security of citizens.We would greatly appreciate your answering a few questions for us. The information you give to us will be held in the strictest of con!dence and at no time during or after the survey can you be identi!ed.

Candidate Screener

1. Are you 18 years or older?A. Yes B. No (terminate)2. Including yourself, how many persons are presently living in your household? [____/____] 3. How many persons living in your household (including yourself ) are 18 years or older? That is, all adults who are living here in this house with you. [____/____]4. Selection of respondent: Ask to speak with the person in the household who most recently had a birthday. If this person is not available or is outside of your required quota, ask to speak with the person who had a birthday immediately before this person. If this person is also not available and is also outside of your quota go to the next household.5. I am going to read di"erent age groups to you, please tell me within which of the following age groups does your exact age fall?

18 - 24 years 25 - 30 years31 - 35 years36 - 45 years46 - 55 years56 - 65 years

Over 65

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. Gender: Male 1 Female 2

Section 1: Satisfaction with Living Standards/Level of Human Development

Q1. Using a scale from 1 to 7, please SCORE the following problems by their seriousness in your country. Use “1” for the least

serious and “7” for the very serious. (Show Card No 1)

1. Level of unemployment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Inadequate housing 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. Inadequate schooling for the children 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4. Cost of food 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

5. Level of property crime 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. Level of violent crime 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7. Level of insecurity 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8. Cost of living 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

9. Level of poverty 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. Level of corruption 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. Level of migration 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. Inadequate sanitation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

13. Inadequate access to health care 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. Inadequate voice in governmental a"airs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q2. From the list of problems mentioned above, which three are the most serious in your country? (Show Card No 1)

1.2.3.

Section 2: Actual Victimization

Q3. Within the last ten years, have you been the victim of a crime?

1 Yes (Move to Q4) 2 No (Move to Q20)

Q4. Within the last ten years, have you been a victim of any of the following crimes/behaviour?

1 Attempted murder 2 Assault with a weapon3 Robbery at gunpoint4 Robbery with other types of weapons5 Sexual assault and or rape6 Extortion/protection7 Domestic violence involving a partner

8 Family violence9 Break-in at your house in the day10 A break-in at your house at night11 Motor vehicle theft12 Theft from motor vehicle 13 Kidnapping (for ransom)14 Abduction

15 Financial Crime/Scam16 Praedial larceny17 A threat on your life by someone with a weapon18 A threat on your life by someone without a weapon19 Don’t remember

Q5. Within the last ten years, how many times have you been a victim of a crime?

1 Never 2 Once 3 Twice 4 Three or more times

Q6. In the last year were you the victim of sexual assault (for e.g. attempted rape, fondling...)?


Q7. If yes, was the assaulter a:

1 Stranger 2 Acquaintance 3 Friend 4 Other

Q8. In the last year were you the victim of a crime?


Q9. In the last year, were you the victim of a violent crime, and/or a property crime, and/or !nancial crime/scam? (NB. If violence is used to relieve you of your property, it is a violent crime.) Tick all that apply.

1. Violent (for e.g. rape, sexual assault, shooting, wounding...) 2. Property for e.g. theft, break-in, destruction of property, vandalism...)3. Financial Crime (for e.g. extortion, lotto scam, investment fraud...)4. Other5. Don’t Remember/Don’t Know

Q11. If you were a victim of any of these crimes, were you physically harmed?

1 Yes (Move to Q12) 2. No (Move to Q14)

Q12. If you were physically harmed, did you seek medical treatment for your injuries?

1 Yes 2 No

Q13. If physically harmed, was the perpetrator:

1 Stranger 2 Acquaintance 3 Friend 4 Other

Q14. Did you report the (violent) incident to the police?


Q 15. Did the police act on your report?

1 Yes (Move to Q16) 2 No (Move to Q18) 3 � Don’t know

Q16. How satis!ed were you with the action taken by the police?

1 Very Satis!ed (Move to Q18) 2 Satis!ed (Move to Q18) 3 Somewhat satis!ed (Move to Q17)4 Dissatis!ed5 �Very dissatis!ed

Q17. Why were you dissatis!ed with the action taken or service provided by the police?

1 They did nothing 2 They took too long to do anything 3 They were not business-like/ professional 4 They made promises that they did not keep5 They were not very competent6 They wanted personal favours from me

7 Other (please record):

Q18. If you were the victim of a property (non-violent) crime, including fraud, did you report this crime to the police1

1 Yes 2 No

Q19. How satis!ed were you with the action taken by the police?

1 Very Satis!ed 2 Satis!ed 3 Somewhat satis!ed 4 Dissatis!ed 5 Very dissatis!ed

Q20. Not counting yourself, how many members of your household have been victims of a crime in the last ten years?

1 None 2 One 3 Two 4 Three 5 More than three

Q21. Not counting yourself, how many members of your household, if any, were victims of a crime in the last year?

1 None 2 One 3 Two 4 Three 5 More than three

Q22. Not counting yourself, in the last year were any members of your household victims of the following crimes (show card 12)? If no to all of these, move on to Q23. Yes = 1 No = 2

1. Murder 2. Attempted murder3. Assault with a weapon4. Robbery5. Sexual assault and/or rape6. Extortion and/or protection rackets7. Domestic violence involving a partner8. Other family violence (not related to your partner)9. Motor vehicle theft10. Theft from motor vehicle (motor vehicle break-in)11. Abduction12. Kidnapping13. A threat on their life

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

14. Any other crimes not mentioned? (Record below)

Q23. Has a family member not living in your household but living in this country ever been a victim of any of the following crimes: murder, shooting, armed assault resulting in hospitalization, rape, robbery, kidnapping, abduction, and or extortion?

1 Yes 2 No

Section 3: Domestic Violence

Thinking about the issue of domestic violence and violence between partners, please indicate your experience with the following. This experience is limited to the last year.

Many times (5+)

A few times (2-4

Once Not at all Don’t Know

Q24. To what extent has any member of your household (age 16 or over) deliberately hit you with their !sts or with a weapon of any sort, or kicked you or used violence on you in any way?

1 2 3 4 5

Q25. To what extent has your spouse (or ex-spouse) ever said things to you that frightened you, such as threatening to harm you or someone close to you?

1 2 3 4 5

Q26. To what extent have you been injured, even slightly, on any occasion (in ) when your spouse (or ex-spouse), or a partner (or ex-partner), or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/ girlfriend), used violence against you? By injuries we mean bruises, scratches and cuts of any kind.

1 2 3 4 5

Q27. To what extent have you been sworn at or insulted by a partner (ex-partner) or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend)?

1 2 3 4 5

Q28. People use some violence in a relationship - pushing, shaking, hitting, kicking, etc; to what extent, if any, has your spouse (ex-spouse) ever used violence on you for any reason? If No go to Section 4.

1 2 3 4 5

Q29. How frightened were you on the most recent occasion when your spouse (ex-spouse) or a partner (or ex-partner) or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/girlfriend) used force against you? Yes =1; No =2

1 2 3 4 5

Q30. Did the police come to know about what happened on the most recent occasion when your spouse (ex-spouse) or a partner (or ex-partner) or a boyfriend/girlfriend (or ex-boyfriend/ girlfriend) used violence against you?Yes =1; No =2

1 2 3 4 5

Section 4: Crimes in the Community

Q31. Is crime a problem in your community?

1 Yes 2 No (If No go to Q34)

Q32. If yes, how serious is the violent crime problem?

1 Out of control 2 Very serious 3 Serious 4 Quite serious 5 Not serious

Q33. If yes, how serious is the property crime problem?

1 Out of control 2 Very serious 3 Serious 4 Quite serious 5 Not serious

Q34. How frequently do violent crimes occur in this neighbourhood?

1 Frequently 2 Occasionally 3 Rarely 4 None in the last !ve yearsthree

Q35. In the last year, did any of the following crimes/behaviours occur in your neighbourhood? Yes = 1 No = 2

1. Murder2. Shooting3. Robbery4. Extortion and or protection 5. Rape and/sexual assault6. House break-ins in the day7. House break-ins at night8. Fights in the street9. Motor vehicle theft10. Gang violence 11. Kidnapping 12. Abduction 13. Threats of violence by one member of the community against another

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

14. Any other crimes not mentioned? (Record below)

Q 36. Thinking speci!cally about your neighbourhood, how much of a problem do you think the following crimes are. Show Card No 4

Very serious Fairly Serious

Serious Not Serious Not a problem

a. Murder 1 2 3 4 5

b. Violent assaults 1 2 3 4 5

c. Motor vehicle theft 1 2 3 4 5

d. House-breaking 1 2 3 4 5

e. Robbery from the person 1 2 3 4 5

f. Sexual assault 1 2 3 4 5

g. Domestic violence involving partners 1 2 3 4 5

h. Gang violence 1 2 3 4 5

Q 37. If yes to any of the above named crimes, what has been the response of the neighbourhood?

1 Has done a lot as a group 2 Has done some things 3 Has done a few things 4 Not done anything (Go to 39) 5 Other

Q 38. What has been done about crimes in your neighbourhood?

1 Given support to the victims 2 Helped the police/security forces 3 Taken self-help as a group to punish criminals 4 Organized itself to prevent crime by policing/actions in support of the police (patrols, neighbourhood watch) 5 Organized itself to prevent crime by engagement with youth etc. 6 Other

Q 39. If nothing, why?

1 Most persons are too occupied with their economic survival to !nd the time 2 The community has no leadership 3 I do not trust my neighbours 4 The people who are involved in the violence/crimes are too powerful 5 Previous e"orts failed (why bother because past programmes have failed…)

Q 40. Is there a criminal gang (or gangs) in your neighbourhood?

1 Yes 2 No (If No go to Q44)

Q 41. To what extent is there a criminal gang problem in your neighbourhood?

1 No problem (Go to 43) 2 A slight problem 3 A big problem

Q 42. If yes, since when has this become a problem?

1 Within the last yearl 2 More than one but less than three years ago 3 More than three but less than !ve years ago 4 More than !ve years ago

Q 43. Have the gangs made the neighbourhood safer or less safe?

1 Safer 2 Less safe 3 Not applicable/question doesn’t make any sense to me

Q 44. To what extent has your neighbourhood experienced gang violence?

1 A large amount of violence 2 Some violence 3 Little violence 4 No violence

Q 45. In your opinion, in , did some people leave or move from your community because of violence or fear of crime? Would you

say:

1 Many people left 2 A few people left 3 Nobody left because of crime 4 Don’t know

Q 46. From the list of problems on the card, which three are the most serious in your neighbourhood? (Show Card No 5)

1.

2.

3.

Q 47. Type of neighbourhood? (To be decided by the interviewer)

1 Urban middle strata 2 Urban working class 3 Urban poor 4 Rural middle strata) 5 Rural working class 6 Rural poor 7 Hinterland 7 Other

Section 5: Fear of Crime in the Society

Q. 48 (PRE)Some people worry at some time or another about being a victim of crime. In the past year, have you ever felt fearful about the possibility of becoming a victim of crime? 1 Yes 2 No 3 Cannot rememberQ. 49 (INT)Thinking about each of the following things, please indicate how much you worry about them. (Show Card 6)

All the Time Most Times Sometimes Now &Then Not At All

a. Being killed 1 2 3 4 5b. Being attacked and beaten-up by someone that you know

1 2 3 4 5

c. Being beaten up by your spouse or partner 1 2 3 4 5d. Having your vehicle stolen 1 2 3 4 5e. Having your house broken into at night 1 2 3 4 5f. Being robbed by someone with a gun 1 2 3 4 5g. Being sexually assaulted 1 2 3 4 5h. A close relative being killed 1 2 3 4 5Q. 50(INT)How safe do you feel at the following places? (Show Card 7)

Very Unsafe Unsafe Fairly Safe Safe Very Safe

a. Your home after dark 1 2 3 4 5b. When at your place of work 1 2 3 4 5c. When walking alone in your neighbourhood during the daytime

1 2 3 4 5

d. When walking alone in your neighbourhood during the night

1 2 3 4 5

Q. 51 (INT)This next section asks about your security related behaviour in the last 12 months. Please indicate your response to the following statements (Show Card 8).

All times Most times Occasionally Never NA

a. When going out, do you plan your route to avoid dangerous places?

1 2 3 4 5

b. When going out at night, do you travel in a group for security?

1 2 3 4 5

c. Do you travel with a weapon at nights? 1 2 3 4 5d. Do you travel with a weapon in the days? 1 2 3 4 5e. Do you keep a weapon at home (when you are there)?

1 2 3 4 5

f. Do you use a private security company to protect your home?

1 2 3 4 5

g. During the last year have you put any security devices on/in your home? 1 =yes; 2 =no

1 2

h. During the last year, did you change your home to a more secure location? 1 =yes; 2 =no

1 2

Q. 52 Would putting more police on the streets make you feel more secure? 1 Yes 2 No

Q. 53 How secure or insecure do you consider (living in) your country to be? 1 Very secure 2 Secure 3 Uncertain security 4 Insecure 5 Very insecureQ. 54 What is the capacity of your country to solve and better manage the problem of insecurity? 1 Very Su!cient 2 Su!cient 3 Insu!cient 4 Very Insu!cient 5 Don’t Know

PRE = prevalence; INT = intensity

Section 6: Policy Orientation of the Population

Q 55.This next section asks your opinions on issues related to how best to prevent and control crime

Strongly Agree Agree Unsure Disagree Strongly ‘Disagree

a. I feel that my society is fundamentally unjust (unfair)

1 2 3 4 5

b. I feel that my society is fundamentally law abiding

1 2 3 4 5

c. Criminals should be more harshly punished 1 2 3 4 5d. I support the death penalty 1 2 3 4 5e. Criminals are a threat to our way of life 1 2 3 4 5f. Human rights are obstacles to more e!ective crime control

1 2 3 4 5

g. It is alright for the police to break the law in order to better control violent crimes

1 2 3 4 5

h. The police should be given a free hand to kill criminal gunmen

1 2 3 4 5

i. In order to reduce the crime rate the government should invest more in the police force/service

1 2 3 4 5

j. In order to reduce the crime rate the government should invest more in education

1 2 3 4 5

k. In order to reduce the crime rate the government should invest more in programmes for young people

1 2 3 4 5

l. In order to reduce the crime rate the government should invest more in job creation

1 2 3 4 5

m. In order to reduce the crime rate the government should invest more in reducing corruption

1 2 3 4 5

n. In order to reduce crime, the government should invest more in the communities of the urban poor

1 2 3 4 5

o. In order to reduce crime the government should invest more in reducing poverty.

1 2 3 4 5

p. In order to reduce crime, the government should build more prisons

1 2 3 4 5

q. In order to reduce crime, the government should rely more on the military

1 2 3 4 5

r. In order to reduce crime, people should be allowed easier access to "rearms.

1 2 3 4 5

s. In order to reduce crime dons(gang leaders) should be used as agents of crime control

1 2 3 4 5

t. The problem of crime has no remedy 1 2 3 4 5u. Only a military government can e!ectively control crime

1 2 3 4 5

v. Nothing can be done to control crime in this country

1 2 3 4 5

Section 7: The General Performance of the Police Earlier we asked you about your personal experiences with the police. Now we wish to go beyond your immediate experience to ask you some questions about the general performance of the police.

Q 56. (E) Speci!cally as it relates to your own community (the area that you live in), how do you rate the performance of the police on the following items? (Show Card 9)

Very Poor Poor Fair Good Very Good

a. Control of robbery 1 2 3 4 5b. Control of rape 1 2 3 4 5c. Control of domestic violence 1 2 3 4 5d. Control of house-breaking 1 2 3 4 5e. Control of extortion 1 2 3 4 5f. Control of demonstrations 1 2 3 4 5g. Praedial Larceny 1 2 3 4 5Q57. (E) Generally speaking as it relates to the country as a whole, how do you rate the performance of the police on the following items? (Show Card 10)


a. Control of robbery 1 2 3 4 5b. Control of rape 1 2 3 4 5c. Control of domestic violence 1 2 3 4 5d. Control of house-breaking 1 2 3 4 5e. Control of drug-tra!cking 1 2 3 4 5f. Control of "re arms-tra!cking 1 2 3 4 5g. Control of extortion 1 2 3 4 5h. Tra!c control 1 2 3 4 5i. Control of demonstrations 1 2 3 4 5j. Control of the crimes of the powerful 1 2 3 4 5Q58. (V) How do you rate the performance of the police on the following items? (Show Card 11)


a. Respect for citizen’s rights 1 2 3 4 5b. Respect for the rights of people who are accused of crimes 1 2 3 4 5c. Respect for the law 1 2 3 4 5d. Respect for the right to participate in political protests 1 2 3 4 5e. Fairness in dealing with people 1 2 3 4 5f. Fairness in dealing with demonstrators 1 2 3 4 5g. Treating people equally 1 2 3 4 5h. Courtesy to ordinary citizens 1 2 3 4 5Q 59. Using a scale from 1 to 5, please rank the extent to which the police have generally been respectful of your rights as a citizen. Use “1” for very respectful and “5” for very disrespectful. 11 Very Respectful 2 Respectful 3 Neutral 4 Disrespectful 5 Very DisrespectfulQ 60. (E) Speci!cally, as it relates to your community (the area that you live in) do you believe that the police force is becoming more e"ective, less e"ective, or has remained at the same in controlling crime over the last three years?1 More e#ective 2 Less e#ectivel 3 The same Q 61. (E) Generally, as it relates to the country as a whole, do you believe that the police force is becoming more e"ective, less e"ective, or has remained at the same level of e"ectiveness in controlling crime over the last three years?1 More e#ective 2 Less e#ectivel 3 The same Q 62. (V) Which of the following do you believe, “The police use too much, too little or just enough violence in dealing with criminal suspects”?1 Too much 2 Too little 3 Just enough Q 63. Have you ever been stopped and individually questioned by the police?1 Yes 2 No Q 64. Were you ever detained, arrested or charged by the police?1 Detained 2 Arrested 3 Charged for a criminal o#ence 4 None of the above

Section 8: Con!dence in the Police

Q 65. Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how much con!dence you have in the police to e"ectively control the following crimes. Use “1” for a low level of con!dence and “5” for a high level of con!dence: Show Card 12)

1 (LOW) 2 3 4 5 (HIGH)

a. Rape and Sexual Assault 1 2 3 4 5b. Burglary 1 2 3 4 5c. Domestic Violence 1 2 3 4 5d. Robbery 1 2 3 4 5e. Extortion 1 2 3 4 5f. Murder 1 2 3 4 5g. Gang violence 1 2 3 4 5h. Drug tra!cking 1 2 3 4 5i. Gun –tra!cking 1 2 3 4 5j. High level fraud 1 2 3 4 5Q57. (E) Generally speaking as it relates to the country as a whole, how do you rate the performance of the police on the following items? (Show Card 10)


a. Control of robbery 1 2 3 4 5b. Control of rape 1 2 3 4 5c. Control of domestic violence 1 2 3 4 5d. Control of house-breaking 1 2 3 4 5e. Control of drug-tra!cking 1 2 3 4 5f. Control of "re arms-tra!cking 1 2 3 4 5g. Control of extortion 1 2 3 4 5h. Tra!c control 1 2 3 4 5i. Control of demonstrations 1 2 3 4 5j. Control of the crimes of the powerful 1 2 3 4 5Q 66. How much con!dence do you have in the police to e"ectively respond to emergency calls?1 No con"dence 2 Some amount of Con"dence 3 A great deal of con"denceQ 67. How much con!dence do you have in the police to successfully control the more powerful criminals?1 No con"dence 2 Some amount of Con"dence 3 A great deal of con"dence Q 68. How much con!dence do you have in the police to e"ectively control the crime problem in your country? 11 No con"dence 2 Some amount of Con"dence 3 A great deal of con"dence Q 69. How much con!dence do you have in the police to e"ectively control the crimes of the wealthy and/or powerful? 1 No con"dence 2 Some amount of Con"dence 3 A great deal of con"dence Q 70. Do you think that increasing the size of the police force would be an e"ective means of reducing crime?1 Yes 2 No Q 71. Do you believe that the police are competent?1 Yes 2 No

Section 9: The Courts/Justice System

Q 72. Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate your assessment of the performance of the criminal justice system on the following (fairness, integrity, e!ectiveness):

Strongly disagree

Dis-Agree Don’t Know Agree Strongly Agree

a. The courts are fair 1 2 3 4 5b. The courts are more fair today than they were !ve years ago

1 2 3 4 5

c. I am con!dent that the courts e"ectively protect suspects who are innocent of the crimes for which they are charged

1 2 3 4 5

d. Suspects who are poor are not likely to be treated fairly

1 2 3 4 5

e. I am con!dent that the justice system is not manipulated by politicians/ does not yield to political pressure

1 2 3 4 5

f. The judges are not corrupt. 1 2 3 4 5g. The justice system is free of corruption 1 2 3 4 5h. The justice system is unable to convict powerful criminals. Powerful criminals are likely to go free

1 2 3 4 5

i. Politically connected criminals are likely to go free. 1 2 3 4 5

Section 10: Community Cohesion

ASK ALL RESPONDENTS

Q 73A. Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following.

Strongly disagree

Dis-Agree Don’t Know Agree Strongly Agree

a. Living here gives me a sense of community 1 2 3 4 5b. The associations/relationships that I have with the people in this neighbourhood/community mean a lot to me

1 2 3 4 5

c. I like to think of myself as being in many ways similar to the people who live in this neighbourhood/community.

1 2 3 4 5

d. I like to think of myself as being in many ways similar to people of other ethnic groups who live in this country

1 2 3 4 5

Q 73B. Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following.

Not at all Somewhat A fair extent A good extent A great extent

a. To what extent do you feel like you belong in this neighbourhood/community

1 2 3 4 5

b. To what extent do you feel loyal to the people of this neighbourhood/community

1 2 3 4 5

c. To what extent would you prefer to live somewhere else rather than continue to live in this neighbourhood/community

1 2 3 4 5

d. To what extent are you proud of being in your neighbourhood/community

1 2 3 4 5

e. To what extent do you work together with others to reduce violence in your community?

1 2 3 4 5

f. To what extent do you work together with others to improve your community?

1 2 3 4 5

g. To what extent do you participate in community activities?

1 2 3 4 5

h. How involved are you in community organizations and activities such as the church, sports, community centres, cultural activities

1 2 3 4 5

i. I feel respected by the people who live in this community

1 2 3 4 5

j. Young people in my community su!er job discrimination because of where they live

1 2 3 4 5

k. The police do not respect the rights of people who live in my community

1 2 3 4 5

l. Would you say that people in this community are generally very trustworthy (Using “1” for least trustworthy and “5” for most trustworthy)

1 2 3 4 5

Section 11: Informal Control

Q 74. What is the likelihood that people from your community would intervene if the following situations or incidents occurred in your neighbourhood?

Very unlikely Unlikely Unsure Likely Very Likely

a. A suspected case of domestic violence. 1 2 3 4 5b. A "ght breaking out in front of your house with someone being beaten.

1 2 3 4 5

c. A stranger is suspected of stealing from someone. 1 2 3 4 5

Sect ion 12: Societal Cohesion

ASK ALL RESPONDENTS

Q 73A. Using a scale from 1 to 5, indicate how you rate the cohesiveness of your community on the following.

1 (weakest)

2 3 4 5 (strongest)

B) I feel like I belong in this country 1 2 3 4 5B) I feel loyal to the people of this country 1 2 3 4 5B) To what extent are you proud of being (state nationality)

1 2 3 4 5

B) I would prefer to live in another country 1 2 3 4 5IN) The associations that I have with the people in this country mean a lot to me

1 2 3 4 5

IN) I like to think of myself as similar to the people who live in this country.

1 2 3 4 5

IN) To what extent do people in your country have similar values as yourself?

1 2 3 4 5

Section 13: Demographics

Q 76. In terms of work, which of the following best describes your present situation?

1. Employed, Full-Time Job 6. Retired

2. Employed, Part-Time Job 7. Housewife

3. Seasonally Employed 8. Student

4. Self-Employed 9. Sick/Disabled

5. Unemployed, out of work 10. Other

Q 77. To which of the following occupational groups do you belong

1. Unskilled Worker, Labourer 8. Shopkeeper

2. Tradesman, Skilled Worker 9. Higgler/ Vendor

3. Clerical, O!ce Worker 10. Farmer

4. Businessperson 11. Farm Worker

5. Teacher 12. Hustling

6. Professional (lawyer, architect, doctor etc.) 13. Other Type of Work

7. Manager, Supervisor 14. Never been employed

Q 78. Your household income :

1 Is enough to live comfortably and save enough to make investments 2 Is enough so that you can save 3 Is just enough, but you cannot save 4 Is not enough, you cannot pay your bills 5 Is not enough, you cannot cover your basic needs

Q 79. Do you receive additional income from extended family, friends and others who do not live in your house (except for list on

Card No 12)

1 Yes 2 No

P) To what extent would you be willing to work together with others to reduce violence in this country

1 2 3 4 5

P) To what extent would you be willing to work together with others on something to improve this country

1 2 3 4 5

P). I voted in the last general elections Yes (1) No (2) Not Applicable (3)

1 2 3

P). People like me have a hard time getting a job because of their ethnicity, race, colour

1 2 3 4 5

P). People like me have a hard time getting a job because of where they live (class).

1 2 3 4 5

R) I feel respected by (most of ) my fellow citizens 1 2 3 4 5R) I am respected by most citizens of other race/ethnicity

1 2 3 4 5

R) I am respected by persons who earn a higher income than me

1 2 3 4 5

L. The police force deserves my support 1 2 3 4 5L. The court system deserves my support 1 2 3 4 5L. To what extent do you think that the courts of this country guarantee a fair trial?

1 2 3 4 5

L. To what extent are your rights protected regardless of which party is in power

1 2 3 4 5

B = belonging; IN = inclusion; P= participation; L = legitimacy; R= respect

Q 80. How many persons are in your household?

_________

Q 81. Indicate the highest level of schooling achieved:

No formal schooling Some Primary Completed Primary Some Secondary Completed secondary Some tertiary Completed Tertiary

Q 82. Did you achieve any of the following:

1 Pass in four subjects (including English Language) in the secondary level examinations (CSEC) 2 Pass in four or more subjects (including English Language) in GCE O’Level/CXC 3 Pass in two or more subjects in CAPE/A-Levels 4 A degree (associate included)

Q 83. Do you think that your economic situation is better than that of your parent(s)?

1 Much Better 2 Better 3 The same 4 Worse 5 Much Worse

Q 84. Urbanicity (to be completed by interviewer; do not specify population size as a criterion)

1 Capital of the country 2 Parish/provincial capitals 3 Other main towns 4 Small towns 5 Rural 6 Interior /deep rural

Q85. What is your marital status?

1 Single 2 Married 3 Common-law marriage 4 Divorced/Separated 5 Other

Q86. Do you consider yourself :

1 Black/Afro 2 East Indian 3 Indigenous/ Amerindian 4 Chinese 5 Portuguese 6 Mixed 7 Javanese 8 Maroon 9 Other

Q 87. Do you consider yourself:

1 Upper class 2 Middle class 3 Lower class 4 Poor class 5 Other

Section 14: Self Reporting & Contact with System

Q 88. Have you ever been accused of committing a crime?

1 (Move to Q91) 2 No (Move to Q89)

Q 89. Have you ever been detained by the police?

1 Yes 2 No

Q 90. Have you ever been arrested by the police?

1 Yes 2 No (Move to Q 92)

Q 91. If yes, for which of the following:

1. A violent crime involving the use of a weapon (blunt instruments excluded) 2. A violent crime not involving the use of a weapon 3. A property crime 4. Ganja use 5. Use of other drugs 6. Other

Q 92. Have you ever been charged with a crime?

1 Yes 2 No

Q 93. Including yourself, has any member of your present household ever assaulted and injured another member of the household?

1 Yes 2 No

Q 94. Excluding yourself, has any member of your present household ever assaulted and injured anyone who is not a member of the household?

1 Yes 2 No

Q 95. Including yourself, has any member of your present household ever committed a crime?

1 Yes 2 No

Thank you for your time. End of questionnaire!End Time: __________

To re!ect more closely the speci"c characteristics of the Dutch-speaking and English-speaking countries, we have estimated a 2011 aggregated HDI that covers all CARICOM countries for which data are available (details on the estimations can be found on the re-port’s website at http://hdr-caribbean.regionalcentrelac-undp.org/#is represents the "rst attempt to es-timate such a HDI. #e 2011 CARI-COM estimated HDI is 0.564, which is considerably lower than the 2011 LAC HDI. Since the HDI is a popu-lation-weighted index, the low value of the CARICOM HDI may be ex-plained by the impact of Haiti, given the proportion of the CARICOM population accounted for by Haiti (nearly 60 percent) in 2011. If the CARICOM HDI is estimated with-out including Haiti, the value shi$s upwards (0.724), which better approx-imates the reality of the Dutch-speak-ing and English-speaking countries and is closer to the LAC HDI (0.731).

CARICOM Human Development

Index

CARICOM Human Development Indices

Medium human development

Human Development Index (HDI) HDI ranka

Inequality-adjusted HDI

Gender Inequality

Index

Value2011

Rank 2011

Changeb 2010-2011

Value2011

Change in rankc

2011Value2011

Rank2011

Very high human developmentBarbados 0.793 47 0 .. .. 0.364 65

High human developmentBahamas 0.771 53 0 0.658 -3 0.332 54

Antigua and Barbuda 0.764 60 1 .. .. .. ..

Trinidad and Tobago 0.760 62 1 0.644 -2 0.331 53

Grenada 0.748 67 0 .. .. .. ..

Saint Kitts and Nevis 0.735 72 0 .. .. .. ..

Jamaica 0.727 79 -1 0.610 4 0.450 81

Dominica 0.724 81 -1 .. .. .. ..

Saint Lucia 0.723 82 0 .. .. .. ..

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

0.717 85 -1 .. .. .. ..

Belize 0.699 93 -1 .. .. 0.493 97

Suriname 0.680 104 0 0.518 -3 .. ..

Guyana 0.633 117 2 0.492 -1 0.511 106

Haiti 0.454 158 1 0.271 -9 0.599 123

Source: Human Development Report 2011 Sustainability and Equity: A Better Future for All. NOTES a. Rank is based on 187 countries for which the 2011 HDI is calculated. b. Arrows indicate upward or downward movement in the country’s ranking over 2010-2011 using consistent data and

methodology; a blank indicates no change.c. Change in rank is based on countries for which the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index is calculated.

Low human development

C a r i b b e a n H u m a n D e v e l o p m e n t R e p o r t 2 0 1 2Human Development and the Shift to Better Citizen Security

Violent crime is a major challenge to human development in the Caribbean. Produced a!er a thorough consultation and based on a telltale survey of 12,000 citizens from seven countries, this Report reviews the current state of crime in the English-and Dutch-speaking Caribbean, as well as the policies and programmes developed at both national and regional levels to address crime. "e report o#ers a set of recommendations to reduce and prevent violent crime while advancing human development. It advocates for a balanced mix of policies that includes social programmes to induce youth away from crime, preventive measures to abort the cycle of violence and stop gender violence, and a shi! from a state security approach to one focusing on citi-zen security and participation. Achieving this will require reforms to make law enforcement fair, accountable and more respectful of human rights. A key message of the report is that everyone can be an agent of citizen security: government, police, social institutions and citizens – everyone has a part to play.

Documents

Caribbean Human Development Report 2012 · !e competition, which was open to all citizens of Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, Suriname, Barbados, Guyana and the Organisation of Eastern