Guided reading- Immune, Endocrine, Nervous System April 2014

Endocrine System

Concept 40.2- Feedback Loops-(VERY IMPORTANT!!)

Throughout the text, a common theme has been regulation of homeostasis by feedback loops.

1) Describe an example of a negative feedback loop. Clearly identify the set point, the stimulus, and the response.

2)We sometimes say that in negative feedback “more gets you less,” and in positive feedback “more gets you more.” Describe an example of a positive feedback loop.

Chapter 45.2

3) On the AP Biology exam, you will be expected to explain a feedback loop. Use this figure to explain the control of blood glucose by insulin and glucagon. This is a commonly used example, and one you should know

Concept 40.3 Homeostatic processes for thermoregulation involve form, function, and behavior

4) What is thermoregulation?

Immune System

Concept 43.1 In innate immunity, recognition and response rely on shared traits of pathogens

5) In the chart below, explain the role of the four phagocytic cells. Phagocytic Cell Type Role in Innate Defense Neutrophils Macrophages Eosinophils Dendritic cells

6) Use the figure below to explain the three steps of an inflammatory response.

Concept 43.2 In acquired immunity, lymphocyte receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition

7) From the first four paragraphs of this concept, summarize where T cells and B cells develop, and give an overview of their functions. (Note that they are a type of white blood cell known as a lymphocyte.)

8) T cells also display only one type of antigen receptor on the surface of the cell. Compare and contrast a T cell with a B cell.

9) The following brief questions will serve as a primer for immune system recognition. a. What is an antigen?

b. What is the relationship between an antigen receptor, an antibody, and an immunoglobin?

10) List three properties of the acquired immune system.

Concept 43.3 Acquired immunity defends against infection of body cells and fluids

11) Explain fully the function of the two divisions of acquired immunity. Humoral immune response Cell-mediated immune response

12) Helper T cells play a critical role in activation of both T cells and B cells. In full detail, label and explain the three steps involved using Figure 43.17. This is an important step!

Using examples, explain the difference between active and passive immunity. 13) Describe how immunizations can serve as an example of active immunity.

Concept 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease

14) What are allergies?

15) Label Figure 43.23 and then use it to explain a typical allergic response

16) Using examples, explain the difference between active and passive immunity.

Concept 43.4 Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease 17) What are allergies?

18) Explain what happens if a person experiences anaphylactic shock.

Chapter 44

19) Use Figure 44.4 to label and explain osmoregulation in saltwater and freshwater fish.

Concept 44.3 Diverse excretory systems are variations on a tubular theme

20) What is a nephron?

Chapter 46.4

21) FSH and LH get their names from events of the female reproductive cycle, but they also function in males. How are their functions in females and males similar?

22) Describe what occurs in each of these phases of the ovarian cycle: follicular phase luteal phase proliferative phase secretory phase menstrual flow phase

23) Can you put all this together? See how much of this figure you can now explain, and then refer to your text to complete the parts you need more help to answer

Chapter 45- Endocrine

24) What is a hormone?

25) Why does a hormone elicit a response only with target cells? 26) The body has two long-distance regulating systems. Which involves chemical signals by hormones?

27) Several types of secreted signaling molecules are discussed in this chapter. Compare the action of each of the following, and give an example. hormones local regulators neurotransmitters

pheromones

28) These figures show three different types of signals. Label and explain each one.

29) Use the following figure to explain the signal transduction pathway for epinephrine. (You may need to review signal transduction in Chapter 11).

Concept 48.1 Neuron organization and structure reflect function in information transfer 30) What is a neuron?

31) Which division of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

32) This sketch shows two neurons. Label the following elements of this figure: cell body, dendrites, axon, synapse, presynaptic cell, postsynaptic cell, synaptic vesicles, synaptic terminal, and neurotransmitter.

Concept 48.2 Ion pumps and ion channels maintain the resting potential of a neuron

33) All cells have a membrane potential across their plasma membrane. What is the typical resting potential of a neuron?

Concept 48.3 Action potentials are the signals conducted by axons

34) What are the two types of glial cells that produce myelin sheaths?

35) How does a myelin sheath speed impulse transmission?

Concept 48.4 Neurons communicate with other cells at synapses

36) What is contained within the synaptic vesicles?

37) A single postsynaptic neuron can be affected by neurotransmitter molecules released by many other neurons, some releasing excitatory and some releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters.

38) What is acetylcholine used for?