Carolyn J. MerryNCRST-FlowsThe Ohio State University

Available sensors

Current satellite sensors Wavelength region – spectral resolution Area of coverage Spatial resolution Costs of imagery Projected uses in transportation flow

applications

Satellite systems

Landsat-7 – Enhanced Thematic

Mapper Plus (ETM+) SPOT-4, -5 – High Resolution

Visible (HRV) Ikonos-2 Quickbird-2

Landsat-7 satellite

705-km altitude

16-day repeat cycle

185-km swath width

Descending node at 10:00 - +15 min.

Whisk-broom scanner

Radiometric resolution: 28 (256 levels)

Landsat MSS sensor – 920 km altitude Landsat-1 (23 Jul 72 - 6 Jan 78) Landsat-2 (22 Jan 75 - 25 Feb 82) Landsat-3 (5 Mar 78 - 31 Mar 83)

Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ – 705 km altitude Landsat-4 (16 July 82 - present) Landsat-5 (1 Mar 84 - present) Landsat-6 (5 Oct 93 – lost shortly after launch) Landsat-7 (15 Apr 99 - present)

Landsat data availability

Landsat-7 imagery

15-m pan (0.52-0.90 µm)6-band multispectral (XS) – 30-m

0.45-0.52 µm (blue), 0.53-0.60 µm (green), 0.63-0.69 (red)0.76-0.90 (near IR), 1.55-1.75 µm (mid IR), 2.07-2.35 µm (mid IR)10.4-12.5 µm (thermal IR – 60 m)

Image data ~$600/scene (185 by 185 km)Web site: http:/edcsns17.cr.usgs.gov/EarthExplorer/

ETM+ Band 10.45-0.52 m

ETM+ Band 20.53-0.60 m

ETM+ Band 30.63-0.69 m

ETM+ Band 40.76-0.90 m

ETM+ Band 51.55-1.75 m

ETM+ Band 610.4-12.5 m

ETM+ Band 72.07-2.35 m

ETM+ PAN Band 0.52-0.90 m

Landsat-7 spectral bands

Landsat-7 spatial resolution

False Color Composite (4,3,2)

True Color Composite (3,2,1) 15M PAN Band

DISP, 1962

Landsat 5, 1984

Landsat 5, 1994

Landsat 5, 1989

Landsat 7, 1999

Historical archive

Information content

Highway centerline – principally interstates & wider roads

General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies –

USGS level I, II Monitoring urban heat island effect

SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites

822-km altitude 98° inclination – sun-

synchronous orbit 101-minute orbit, 26-day

repeat cycle, allows 1-2 day

revisit 2 HRVs; CCDs – 6000

detectors; 60-km swath

French SPOT satellites SPOT-1 (22 Feb 86 – 31 Dec 90) SPOT-2 (22 Jan 90 – present) SPOT-3 (26 Sep 93 – 14 Nov 97) SPOT-4 (24 Mar 98 – present) SPOT-5 (3 May 02 – present) Web site: http://www.spot.com

SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites 10-m pan (0.51- 0.70 µm) 3-band multispectral (XS) – 20-m

0.50-0.59 µm (green), 0.61-0.68 (red), 0.79-0.89 (near

IR)

Off-nadir viewing capability (+27°) Allows us to acquire stereo pairs

Image data ~$2000/scene for level 1B data (60 km by 60 km, up to 80 km by 60 km for off-

nadir scenes)

SPOT-4 satellite

2 HRVIR Instruments – 10, 20 m resolution

Pan – 0.61-0.68 µm XS – green (0.50-0.59 m); red (0.61-0.68 µm); near IR

(0.79-0.89 µm); mid IR (1.58-1.75 µm)

SPOT-5 satellite

3 May 2002 launch; 830-km orbit HRG (High Resolution Geometry) – 12,000 CCD

array 2.5 m & 5 m pan (instead of 10 m) 10 m 3-band XS (instead of 20 m); 20 m for mid

IR In-line stereo – fore, aft, nadir 10 m planimetric accuracy; 5 m elevation accuracy –

~1:50,000 map scale

SPOT-2 spectral bands

SPOT Band 1, 0.50-0.59 m

SPOT Band 2, 0.61-0.68 m SPOT Band 3, 0.79-0.89 m

SPOT, Color Composite (3,2,1)

SPOT 10-m pan

SPOT-2 spatial bands

SPOT Selection, 10-m pan mosaic of Ohio

Information content

Highway centerline – interstates, roads with

better road definition General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS

level I, II

Hyperspectral data – EO-1 satellite

Hyperion sensor 242 spectral bands (0.4-2.5 µm) – 30 m

resolution 7.5 by 100 km area Research imagery – NASA investigators

Example Hyperion data

True Color Composite, (29, 23, 16)

Image cube

Information content

Highway centerline – principally interstates, &

wider roads General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS

level I, II Material type of roads – asphalt, concrete

Commercial companies

Space Imaging, Inc. – Thornton, CO

www.spaceimaging.com

EarthWatch, Inc. – Longmont, CO

www.digitalglobe.com

Space Imaging – Ikonos-2

Launched 24 Sept 99 Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting 680 km altitude, 98.1° inclination ±26° off-nadir collection, 1-day revisit 10:30 local time 11 x 11 km scene size 11-bit data

Space Imaging – Ikonos-2 1-m pan – 0.45-0.90 µm

1:24,000 scale (12.2 m w/o ground control) 1:2,400 scale (2 m with ground control)

4-m multispectral sensor 0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green) 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)

$97-$211/sq mi for 1-m pan or 4-m XS, depending on

orthorectification process Ikonos model data products – DEMs

15-m & 30-m postings (7 m vertical accuracy)

Ikonos Band 3 0.63-0.69 m

Ikonos Band 1 0.45-0.52 m Ikonos Band 2 0.52-0.60 m

Ikonos Band 4 0.76-0.90 m

Ikonos spectral bands

False Color Composite (4,2,1)

1M Pan Image

Ikonos sensor resolution

True Color Composite (4,2,1)

Multi-resolution data merging

Landsat-7 ETM+ 30m & Ikonos 4m XS

Ikonos 1m Pan & 4m XS

Ikonos 1-m panchromatic image of highway segment Enlargement

High resolution image of highways

Entire image histogram

Pavement pixels onlyOriginal image

Image histogram

Ikonos 1-m pan –Tucson, AZ

Backgroundimage

Roadextracted

PCA 3 PCA 4

Principal components analysis

EarthWatch, Inc. – QuickBird-2

18 October 2001 launch 450 km altitude; off-nadir viewing (+25°) 0.61-m pan (0.45-0.90 µm) 2.44-m multispectral

0.45-0.52 µm (blue) 0.52-0.60 µm (green) 0.63-0.69 µm (red) 0.76-0.90 µm (near IR)

16.5-km image swath 11-bit data

Denver, CO – 17 July 200260 cm natural color pan-sharpened

Paris, France – Champs-Elysées27 Mar 02 – 61-cm pan

Source: www.digitalglobe.com

QuicKBird-2 sample image

Dresden, Germany – 2.4 m natural color XS22 Aug 02 recent flooding

Yokohama, Japan – 9 Mar 0261-cm natural color pan-

sharpenedSource: www.digitalglobe.com

QuicKBird-2 sample image

Information content

Transportation infrastructure - detailed road centerline with road width

Detect vehicles on roads for traffic count studies Disaster emergency response – pre- & post-imagery,

damaged housing stock, damaged transportation, damaged utilities & services

Building & property infrastructure – building perimeter, area, height & cadastral information (property lines)

Land use/land cover for corridor studies – USGS level I, II, III, IV

Conclusions

Satellite data are available Spatial resolution is detailed enough to map

highway networks & detect vehicles Methods are being developed to incorporate

imagery results into transportation flow methodologies