Carpal Tunnel Syndrome-clinical Evidence

7/23/2019 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome-clinical Evidence

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Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb\bhrl` fhtb Khrl` ?445Nejba Hs`wcrt`

HO\V_HLVENV_CFRLVECN9 Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb es h nburcpht`y lhusbf oy lckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb wetèn t`b lhrpha tunnba. @cwbvbr,t`b sbvbrety cg sykptcks hnf sejns fcbs nct cgtbn lcrrbahtb wbaa wet` t`b bxtbnt cg nbrvb fhkhjb. KBV@CF\ HNF CRVLCKB\9 Zblcnfultbf h systbkhtel rbvebw hnf hekbf tc hnswbr t`b gcaacwenj laenelha qubstecns9 Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg fruj trbhtkbnts, ncn-frujtrbhtkbnts, surjelha trbhtkbnts, hnf pcstcpbrhtevb trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3 Zb sbhrl`bf9 Kbfaenb, Bkohsb, V`b Lcl`rhnbAeorhry, hnf ct`br ekpcrthnt fhthohsbs up tc Khrl` ?445 (Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebws hrb upfhtbf pbrecfelhaay= pabhsb l`blm cur wbosetb gcrt`b kcst up-tc-fhtb vbrsecn cg tès rbvebw). Zb enlaufbf hrks habrts grck rbabvhnt crjhneshtecns sul` hs t`b R\ Gccf hnf Fruj Hfkenes-trhtecn (GFH) hnf t`b RM Kbfelenbs hnf @bhat`lhrb prcfults _bjuahtcry Hjbnly (K@_H). _B\RAV\9 Zb gcunf 2< systbkhtel rbvebws,_LVs, cr cosbrvhtecnha stufebs t`ht kbt cur enlausecn lretbreh. Zb pbrgcrkbf h J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg t`b quhaety cg bvefbnlb gcr entbrvbntecns.LCNLAR\ECN\9 En tès systbkhtel rbvebw wb prbsbnt engcrkhtecn rbahtenj tc t`b bggbltevbnbss hnf shgbty cg t`b gcaacwenj entbrvbntecns9hlupunlturb, lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry (cpbn hnf bnfcslcpel), feurbtels, entbrnha nburcayses, aclha hnf systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs, khsshjbt`brhpy, nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs, ncn-stbrcefha hnte-engahkkhtcry frujs (N\HEFs), pyrefcxenb, t`brhpbutel uatrhscunf, hnf wrestspaents.

XRB\VECN\

Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <

Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg ncn-fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg surjelha trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<

Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg pcstcpbrhtevb trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

ENVB_WBNVECN\

F_RJ V_BHVKBNV

Aembay tc ob obnbgeleha

Lcr telcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <

Lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss

Feurbtels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

N\HEFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Tyrefcxenb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

NCN-F_RJ V_BHVKBNV\


Hlupunlturb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Khsshjb t brhpy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Zrest spaents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8?

Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha

Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

\R_JB_U

Vrhfb cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf hrks

Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb (sbbk bquhaay bggbltevb en ekprcvenj

sykptcks out oct` hssclehtbf wet hfvbrsb bggblts) . .8 <

\urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (unlabhrwèl` es kcst bggbltevb= oct` hssclehtbf wet` hfvbrsbbggblts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

\urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent (surjbry kcrb bggbltevb outhssclehtbf wet` hfvbrsb bggblts) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87


\urjbry (vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt cr pahlboc) . . . . . . . 82


Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:

TC\VCT V_BHVKBNV


Zrest spaents hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry . . 80

Vc ob lcvbrbf en guturb upfhtbs

Ahsbr trbhtkbnt

Lèrcprhltel/crt`cprhltel khnepuahtecn

Mby pcents

• Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb es h nburcpht`y lhusbf oy lckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb wetèn t`b lhrpha tunnba.

Lahssel sykptcks enlaufb nukonbss, tenjaenj, ournenj, cr phen en ht abhst twc cg t`b t`rbb fejets suppaebf oy t`b

kbfehn nbrvb (e.b., t`b tùko hnf t`b enfbx hnf keffab genjbrs).

K u s l ua c sm ba b

t ha f e s cr f br s

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Laenelha Bvefbnlb ?484=4<98886

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .



\ykptcks lhn rbscavb wetèn 7 kcnt`s en hocut cnb tèrf cg pbcpab ‖ phrteluahray ycunjbr pbcpab ‖ w`brbhspccr prcjncses es cgtbn enfelhtbf oy oeahtbrha sykptcks hnf h pcsetevb T`habn's tbst. @cwbvbr, t`b sbvbrety cgsykptcks hnf sejns fcbs nct cgtbn lcrrbahtb wbaa wet` t`b bxtbnt cg nbrvb fhkhjb.

• Lcrtelcstbrcef trbhtkbnt (bet`br aclha enibltecn cr systbkel) sbbks obnbgeleha en trbhtenj lhrpha tunnba synfrckb,hat`cuj` t`b bvefbnlb sujjbsts t`ht t`brb es jrbhtbr ekprcvbkbnt en cutlckbs wet` aclha enibltecns lckphrbf wet`systbkel hfkenestrhtecn.

_esms hssclehtbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns entc t`b lhrpha tunnba enlaufb tbnfcn rupturb hnf enibltecnentc t`b kbfehn nbrvb.

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs lckkcnay lhusb nhusbh, hnxebty, hlnb, kbnstruha errbjuahretebs, ensckneh, bhfhl`bs,hnf kccf swenjs.V`by lhn hasc lhusb pbptel ualbr, lcrtelcstbrcef psyl`cses, cstbcpcrcses, hnf hfrbnha ensugge-lebnly.

• Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br feurbtels, ncn-stbrcefha hnte-engahkkhtcry frujs (N\HEFs), cr pyrefcxenb hrb bggbltevb entrbhtenj lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, oblhusb t`b _LVs efbntegebf `hvb obbn tcc skhaa tc frhw rbaehoab lcnlausecns.

• Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br t`brhpbutel uatrhscunf cr wrest spaents hrb bggbltevb en rbaebvenj sykptcks cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. Zb hasc fcn't mncw w`bt`br hlupunlturb cr khsshjb t`brhpy hrb bggbltevb ht rbaebvenj sykptcks cglhrpha tunnba synfrckb, hs t`brb `hvb obbn nc _LVs cg t`bsb entbrvbntecns.

• Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb t`hn wrest spaents ht rbaebvenj sykptcks hnf ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.

• Zb gcunf ensuggelebnt _LV bvefbnlb tc hssbss w`bt`br surjbry es kcrb bggbltevb t`hn nc trbhtkbnt.

\urjbry sbbks tc ekprcvb laenelha cutlckbs lckphrbf wet` wrest spaents.

Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br surjbry es hs bggbltevb hs aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns.

Oct` bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sbbk tc ekprcvb sykptcks, hat`cuj` t`b fhth hrb unlabhr hstc wèl` es kcrb obnbgeleha. Oct` hrb hssclehtbf wet` sbvbrha hfvbrsb bggblts.

Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb fcbs nct sbbk tc rbaebvb sykptcks lckphrbfwet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb.

• Zrest spaentenj hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry `hs nc bggblt cn sykptcks cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb cr `hnfgunltecn.

FBGENEVECN Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb (LV\) es h nburcpht`y lhusbf oy lckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb wetènt`b lhrpha tunnba.

]8[ Lahsselha sykptcks cg LV\ enlaufb nukonbss, tenjaenj, ournenj, cr phen en ht

abhst twc cg t`b t`rbb fejets suppaebf oy t`b kbfehn nbrvb (e.b., t`b tùko hnf t`b enfbx hnf keffab

genjbrs).

]?[

V`b Hkbrelhn Hlhfbky cg Nburcacjy `hs fbslreobf fehjncstel lretbreh t`ht rbay cn hlckoenhtecn cg sykptcks hnf p`yselha bxhkenhtecn genfenjs.]<[

Ct`br fehjncstel lretbreh enlaufbrbsuats grck babltrcp`ysecacjelha stufebs.

]?[

ENLEFBNLB/ T_BWHABNLB

H jbnbrha pcpuahtecn survby en _cl`bstbr, Kennbscth, gcunf t`b hjb-hfiustbf enlefbnlb cg LV\tc ob 842 (52% LE 55 tc 88?) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs.

]6[ ]2[ Hjb-hfiustbf enlefbnlb rhtbs

wbrb 2? (52% LE 62 tc 25) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs gcr kbn hnf 865 (52% LE 8<0 tc 825)lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs gcr wckbn. V`b stufy gcunf t`ht enlefbnlb rhtbs enlrbhsbf grck00 (52% LE :2 tc 848) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs obtwbbn 8578 hnf 8572 tc 8?2 (52% LE88? tc 8<0) lhsbs pbr 844,444 pbrscn ybhrs obtwbbn 85:7 hnf 8504. Enlefbnlb rhtbs cg LV\ en-lrbhsbf wet` hjb gcr kbn, w`brbhs gcr wckbn t`by pbhmbf obtwbbn t`b hjbs cg 62 hnf 26 ybhrs.H jbnbrha pcpuahtecn survby en t`b Nbt`brahnfs gcunf prbvhabnlb tc ob 8% gcr kbn hnf :% gcrwckbn.

]7[ H kcrb lckprb`bnsevb stufy en scut`brn \wbfbn gcunf t`ht t`b jbnbrha pcpuahtecn

prbvhabnlb gcr LV\ whs <% (52% LE ?% tc <%).]:[

Hs en ct`br stufebs, t`b cvbrhaa prbvhabnlb en

wckbn whs èj`br t`hn en kbn (khab tc gbkhab rhtec 8.498.6)= `cwbvbr, hkcnj cafbr pbcpab, t`bprbvhabnlb en wckbn whs hakcst gcur tekbs t`ht en kbn (hjb jrcup 72 “:6 ybhrs9 kbn 8%, 52%LE 4% tc 6%= wckbn 2%, 52% LE <% tc 0%). Cvbr 24% cg prbjnhnt wckbn fbvbacp sykptckscg LV\.

]0[ ]5[ @cwbvbr, khny trehas bxlaufb prbjnhnt wckbn, hnf wb `hvb nct efbntegebf hny

_LVs hssbssenj t`b trbhtkbnt cg prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\. V`b pht`cp`ysecacjy cg efecphtèl hnfprbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\ hrb aembay tc feggbr, wet` cnb mby lcnsefbrhtecn en prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\obenj gauef rbtbntecn.V`brbgcrb, strhtbjebs tc rbfulb gauef rbtbntecn weaa prcohoay ob cg kcrb obnbgeten prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\ t`hn t`by `hvb obbn s`cwn tc ob en efecphtèl LV\.

HBVECACJU/ _E\M GHLVC_\

Kcst lhsbs cg LV\ `hvb nc bhseay efbntegehoab lhusb (efecphtèl).]6[

\blcnfhry lhusbs cg LV\ en-laufb t`b gcaacwenj9 sphlb-cllupyenj absecns (tukcurs, ypbrtrcpèl syncveha tessub, grhlturb lhaaus,hnf cstbcp`ytbs), kbthocael hnf p`ysecacjelha (prbjnhnly, `ypct`yrcefesk, hnf r`bukhtcefhrt`retes), engbltecns, nburcphtèbs (hssclehtbf wet` fehobtbs kbaaetus cr halc`caesk), hnf ghkeaehafescrfbrs.

]6[ Cnb lhsb lcntrca stufy gcunf t`ht resm ghltcrs en t`b jbnbrha pcpuahtecn enlaufbf

rbpbtetevb hltevetebs rbquerenj wrest bxtbnsecn cr gabxecn, cobsety, rhpef febtenj, s`crtbr `bej`t, `ys-tbrbltcky wet`cut ccp`crbltcky, hnf rblbnt kbncphusb.

]84[

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?

Lhrpha tunnba synfrckbK u s l ua c sm ba b




T_CJNC\E\ Cnb cosbrvhtecnha stufy (LV\ fbgenbf oy sykptcks hnf babltrcp`ysecacjelha stufy rbsuats) gcunft`ht <6% cg pbcpab wet` efecphtèl LV\ wet`cut trbhtkbnt `hf lckpabtb rbscautecn cg sykptcks(rbkessecn) wetèn 7 kcnt`s cg fehjncses.

]88[ _bkessecn rhtbs wbrb ej`br gcr ycunjbr hjb jrcups

hnf gcr wckbn. Cnb cosbrvhtecnha stufy en prbjnhnt wckbn gcunf t`ht, en kcst lhsbs, prbjnhnly-enfulbf LV\ spcnthnbcusay ekprcvbf hgtbr fbaevbry. @cwbvbr, sckb wckbn lckpahenbf cgsykptcks cg LV\ 8 ybhr hgtbr fbaevbry.

]5[ H kcrb rblbnt cosbrvhtecnha stufy cg untrbhtbf efecphtèl

LV\ hasc s`cwbf t`ht sykptcks lhn spcnthnbcusay rbscavb en sckb pbcpab. V`b khen pcsetevbprcjncstel enfelhtcrs wbrb s`crt furhtecn cg sykptcks hnf ycunj hjb, w`brbhs oeahtbrha sykptckshnf h pcsetevb T`habn's tbst wbrb enfelhtcrs cg h pccrbr prcjncses.

]8?[

HEK\ CGENVB_WBNVECN

Vc ekprcvb sykptcks hnf rbfulb t`b p`yselha sejns cg LV\= tc prbvbnt prcjrbssecn hnf acss cg`hnf gunltecn sblcnfhry tc LV\= tc kenekesb acss cg tekb grck wcrm.

CRVLCKB\ \ykptck sbvbrety= `hnf gunltecn= tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm.

KBV@CF\ Laenelha Bvefbnlb sbhrl` hnf hpprhesha Khrl` ?445.V`b gcaacwenj fhthohsbs wbrb usbf tc efbntegystufebs gcr tès systbkhtel rbvebw9 Kbfaenb 8577 tc Khrl` ?445, Bkohsb 8504 tc Khrl` ?445, hnfV`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, essub 8, ?445 (gcr t`b Lcl`rhnb Fhthohsb cg \ystbkhtel _bvebws, t`bFhthohsb cg Hostrhlts cg _bvebws cg Bggblts ]FH_B[, hnf t`b @bhat` Vbl`ncacjy Hssbsskbnt]@VH[ fhthohsb 8577 tc fhtb). Zb hasc sbhrl`bf gcr rbtrhltecns cg stufebs enlaufbf en t`b rbvebw.Hostrhlts cg t`b stufebs rbtrebvbf grck t`b eneteha sbhrl` wbrb hssbssbf oy hn engcrkhtecn spblehaest.\babltbf stufebs wbrb t`bn sbnt tc t`b lcntreoutcr gcr hffetecnha hssbsskbnt, usenj prb-fbtbrkenbf

lretbreh tc efbntegy rbabvhnt stufebs. \tufy fbsejn lretbreh gcr enlausecn en tès rbvebw wbrb9 puoaes`bfsystbkhtel rbvebws cg _LVs hnf _LVs en hny ahnjuhjb. _LVs cg frujs, uatrhscunf, hnfhlupunlturb `hf tc ob ht abhst senjab-oaenfbf w`brb pcsseoab= wb bxlaufbf haa stufebs fbslreobfhs "cpbn", "cpbn ahoba", cr nct oaenfbf, unabss oaenfenj whs ekpcsseoab. Gcr haa ct`br trbhtkbnts,_LVs wet`cut h oaenfbf lcntrca jrcup wbrb lcnsefbrbf. _LVs hf tc lcnthen ?4 cr kcrb enfevefuhas.V`b kenekuk abnjt` cg gcaacw-up rbquerbf tc enlaufb stufebs whs 8 kcnt`.V`brb whs nc khxekukacss tc gcaacw-up rbquerbf tc enlaufb stufebs. Zb bxlaufbf stufebs cg hlupunlturb t`ht fef nct usbnbbfabs.Zb enlaufbf systbkhtel rbvebws cg _LVs hnf _LVs w`brb hrks cg hn enlaufbf entbrvbn-tecn wbrb stufebf, hppayenj t`b shkb stufy fbsejn lretbreh gcr enlausecn hs wb fef gcr obnbgets. Enhffetecn wb usb h rbjuahr survbeaahnlb prctclca tc lhpturb hrks habrts grck crjhneshtecns sul` hst`b R\ Gccf hnf Fruj Hfkenestrhtecn (GFH) hnf t`b RM Kbfelenbs hnf @bhat`lhrb prcfults_bjuahtcry Hjbnly (K@_H), wèl` hrb hffbf tc t`b rbvebws hs rbquerbf.Vc hef rbhfhoeaety cg t`bnukbrelha fhth en cur rbvebws, wb rcunf khny pbrlbnthjbs tc t`b nbhrbst w`cab nukobr. _bhfbrss`cuaf ob hwhrb cg tès w`bn rbahtenj pbrlbnthjbs tc sukkhry sthtestels sul` hs rbahtevb resms(__s) hnf cffs rhtecs (C_s). Zb `hvb pbrgcrkbf h J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg t`b quhaety cg bvefbnlbgcr entbrvbntecns enlaufbf en tès rbvebw (sbb thoab, p ?: ).

XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3

CTVECN LC_VELC\VB_CEF\ (ACLHA ENIBLVECN). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn sbbks kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb hgtbr ? tc 7 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` systbkel stbrcefs Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptck sbvbretyhgtbr 6 tc 8? wbbms (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn es kcrb bggbltevbht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn khy ob bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Hfvbrsb bggbltsMncwn resms hssclehtbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn entc t`b lhrpha tunnba enlaufb tbnfcn rupturb hnf enibltecnentc t`b kbfehn nbrvb.

Gcr J_HFB bvhauhtecn cg entbrvbntecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb, sbb thoab, p ?: .

Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf twc systbkhtel rbvebws (sbhrl` fhtbs ?447). ]8<[ ]86[

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... <





Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt9V`b twc systbkhtel rbvebws

]8<[ ]86[ bhl` efbntegebf t`rbb _LVs lckphrenj aclha lcrtelcstbrcef en-

ibltecn vbrsus pahlboc enibltecn cr nc trbhtkbnt= twc _LVs wbrb lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws.V`b gerstsystbkhtel rbvebw pccabf fhth gcr t`b lckkcn twc _LVs, out fef nct spblegy w`y rbsuats grck t`btèrf _LV wbrb nct pccabf.

]8<[V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth oblhusb cg la enelha

`btbrcjbnbety hkcnj _LVs.]86[

V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn sejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf t`b prc-pcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` laenelha ekprcvbkbnt ht 8 kcnt` cr abss lckphrbf wet` pahlboc (? _LVs=

868 pbcpab wet` LV\9 2</:< ]:<%[ wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn v 85/70 ]?0%[ wet` pahlbocenibltecn= __ ?.20, 52% LE 8.:? tc <.0:).

]8<[ Cnb _LV kbhsurbf laenelha ekprcvbkbnt oy suoibltevb

rbpcrt cg laenelha sbvbrety ht 8 kcnt`, hnf t`b ct`br _LV kbhsurbf phtebnt shtesghltecn wet` t`bfbjrbb cg sykptck rbaebg usenj h 2-pcent slhab ht ? wbbms.

]8<[V`b ?-wbbm gcaacw-up pbrecf gcr

t`b sblcnf _LV es vbry s`crt= et rbprbsbnts h sejnegelhnt aekethtecn tc t`b stufy, hnf fcbs nct kbbtt`b Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw lretbreh cg gcaacw-up cg ht abhst 8 kcnt`.

V`b ct`br _LV]82[

efbntegebf oy t`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw]8<[

(06 pbcpab) lckphrbf acw-fcsb aclhalcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (`yfrclcrtescnb ?2 kj) vbrsus èj`-fcsb aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (`y-frclcrtescnb 844 kj) vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt. Et gcunf t`ht oct` acw- hnf èj`-fcsb `yfrclcrtescnbsejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` ekprcvbf sykptcks ht 7 wbbms, lckphrbfwet` nc trbhtkbnt (?8/<? ]77%[ wet` acw-fcsb `yfrclcrtescnb v 8/?4 ]2%[ wet` nc enibltecn= __8<.8, 52% LE 8.5 tc 54.8= NNV ?, 52% LE ? tc <= ?4/<? ]7<%[ wet` ej`-fcsb yfrclcrtescnb v 8/?4]2%[ wet` nc enibltecn= __ 8?.2, 52% LE 8.0 tc 07.4= NNV ?, 52% LE ? tc 6).

]82[V`b _LV gcunf nc

sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn èj` hnf acw fcsbs cg `yfrclcrtescnb en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpabwet` ekprcvbkbnt ht 7 wbbms (prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab fbslreoenj sykptcks hs "obttbr" cr "kulòbttbr" ht 7 wbbms9 ?8/<? ]77%[ wet` acw-fcsb yfrclcrtescnb v ?4/<? ]7<%[ wet` ej`-fcsb yfrc-lcrtescnb= T jrbhtbr t`hn 4.2= __ 8.4, 52% LE 4.: tc 8.2). @cwbvbr, lhutecn s`cuaf ob usbf en en-tbrprbtenj t`bsb rbsuats oblhusb t`b _LV fef nct quhntegy t`b tbrks "obttbr" cr "kul` obttbr", hnfl`hnjbs en enfevefuha sykptcks wbrb nct fbslreobf.

V`b ct`br _LV]87[

efbntegebf oy t`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw]86[

(<? pbcpab= 2< nbrvbs) lckphrbfkbt`yaprbfnescacnb 82 kj enibltbf aclhaay vbrsus t`b shkb hkcunt cg shaenb enibltbf aclhaay. Enibl-tecns wbrb rbpbhtbf hgtbr 8 wbbm. V`b _LV fef nct pbrgcrk ferblt obtwbbn-jrcup lckphrescns,out lckphrbf rbsuats ht ? kcnt`s vbrsus ohsbaenb rbsuats= bnlb t`b rbsuats s`cuaf ob trbhtbf wet`lhutecn. V`b _LV gcunf t`ht en t`b lcrtelcstbrcef jrcup, phrhbst`bsehs, phen, hnf kctcr fbgeletwbrb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf ht ? kcnt`s lckphrbf wet` ohsbaenb (T abss t`hn 4.4448 gcr phrhbst`b-sehs= T abss t`hn 4.4448 gcr phen= T abss t`hn 4.442 gcr kctcr fbgelet). @cwbvbr, en t`b pahlbocjrcup, t`brb wbrb nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn ohsbaenb hnf ? kcnt`s (rbpcrtbf hs nct sej-negelhnt= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).V`b _LV gcunf t`ht en oct` t`b lcrtelcstbrcef hnf pahlboc jrcups,nclturnha hlrcphrhbst`bsehs ht ? kcnt`s wbrb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf lckphrbf wet` ohsbaenb (Tabss t`hn 4.4448 wet` lcrtelcstbrcef= T abss t`hn 4.442 wet` pahlboc).V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhntfeggbrbnlbs obtwbbn ohsbaenb hnf ? kcnt`s en yphbst`bseh hnf wbhmnbss gcr oct` t`b lcrtelcstbrcefhnf pahlboc jrcups (rbpcrtbf hs nct sejnegelhnt= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf). Nc hoscautb vhaubs wbrbrbpcrtbf gcr hny cg t`b cutlckbs aestbf.V`b _LV kbhsurbf sejns (wbhmnbss, htrcp`y, hnf yphbs-t`bseh) hnf sykptcks (phrhbst`bsehs, nclturnha hlrcphrhbst`bsehs, phen, hnf kctcr fbgelet) cgLV\ usenj h suoibltevb slcrenj systbk cg 4 tc 6 (w`brb 4 ; hosbnt sejns cr sykptcks hnf6 ; khrmbf sejns cr sykptcks).

Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw

]8<[ efbntegebf twc _LVs,

]8:[ ]80[ hnf t`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw

]86[

efbntegebf cnb lckkcn _LV,

]80[

lckphrenj aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcs-tbrcefs. V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth= t`b _LVs hssbssbf feggbrbnt cutlckbs htfeggbrbnt tekb grhkbs.

V`b gerst _LV]8:[


(<: wckbn) lckphrbf aclha lcrtelcs-tbrcef enibltecn (obthkbt`hscnb 8.2 kj) entc t`b lhrpha tunnba cg t`b kcrb sbvbrbay hggbltbf `hnfpaus pahlboc (shaenb) enibltecn entc t`b fbatcef kuslab cg t`b shkb sefb vbrsus aclha pahlboc enibltecnentc t`b lhrpha tunnba paus lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (obthkbt`hscnb 8.2 kj) entc t`b fbatcef kuslab.Et gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf sykptck sbvbrety hgtbr 8 kcnt`lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (laenelha ekprcvbkbnt9 5/80 ]24%[ wet` aclha enibltecnv </85 ]87%[ wet` systbkel enibltecn= __ <.8:, 52% LE 8.4? tc 5.0:).

]8:[ Et s`cuaf ob nctbf t`ht t`b

_LV cnay fbgenbf laenelha cutlckbs accsbay, usenj h suoibltevb crfenha rhnmenj slhab, hnf gheabf tcspblegy t`b khjnetufb cg sykptckhtel ekprcvbkbnt cr t`b l`hnjbs en spblegel sykptcks.

V`b sblcnf _LV

]80[

lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws (74 pbcpab)

]8<[ ]86[

lckphrbf h senjab aclha lcrte-lcstbrcef enibltecn (kbt`yaprbfnescacnb 82 kj) paus crha pahlboc vbrsus crha lcrtelcstbrcef (prbf-nescacnb ?2 kj/fhy gcr 84 fhys) paus pahlboc enibltecn. Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... 6





aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn hnf systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs en kbhn Jacoha \ykptck \lcrbs (J\\)hgtbr ? wbbms, out gcunf h sejnegelhnt ekprcvbkbnt wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn hgtbr 0 hnf 8?wbbms (J\\, ZKF, ? wbbms9 “6.?, 52% LE “0.: tc +4.<= 0 wbbms9 “:.?, 52% LE “88.2 tc “?.5= 8?wbbms9 “:.4, 52% LE “88.7 tc “?.6).

]80[

Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus surjbry9\bb obnbgets cg surjbry, p 87

@hrks9 Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt9

V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct spblegelhaay hssbss hfvbrsb bvbnts, out rbpcrtbf nc hfvbrsbbggblts en t`b twc _LVs lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws.

]8<[V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw, t`b ct`br

_LV]82[

efbntegebf oy t`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw,]8<[

hnf t`b ct`br _LV]87[

efbntegebf oy t`b sblcnfsystbkhtel rbvebw

]86[ fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks cg trbhtkbnt. Mncwn resms hssclehtbf wet` aclha

lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn entc t`b lhrpha tunnba enlaufb tbnfcn rupturb hnf enibltecn entc t`b kbfehnnbrvb.

]85[

Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9

V`b gerst _LV]8:[


fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks cg trbhtkbnt.V`b sblcnf _LV

]80[ lckkcn tc oct` rbvebws

]8<[ ]86[ rbpcrtbf nenb hfvbrsb bggblts wet` crha

prbfnescacnb paus pahlboc enibltecn9 oachtenj (? pbcpab), ensckneh (? pbcpab), pcayp`hjeh (< pbcpab),hnf enibltecn phen (? pbcpab).

]80[V`b _LV hasc rbpcrtbf t`ht twc pbcpab `hf enibltecn phen en t`b

aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn jrcup.]80[

Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus surjbry9\bb `hrks cg surjbry, p 87

Lckkbnt9 Zb efbntegebf cnb _LV lckphrenj lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus nej`t-tekb spaent vbrsus p`ysec-t`brhpy (uatrhscunf cr VBN\), wèl` weaa ob lcnsefbrbf gcr enlausecn cnlb trhnsahtbf.

]?4[

Laenelha juefb9

Zb fcn't mncw wèl` lcrtelcstbrcef, ht w`ht fcsb hnf vcaukb, hnf wèl` enibltecn tbl`nequb eskcst bggbltevb. Kcrb stufebs hrb nbbfbf tc suppcrt t`b rcab cg lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn en t`b lcnten-uuk cg lhrb en LV\. Khny laenelehns wcuaf prcohoay hjrbb t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn esusbgua en prbjnhnly, en gahrbs cg fesbhsb hltevety, cr eg surjbry es fbahybf gcr sckb rbhscn. @cwbvbr,acnj-tbrk lcrtelcstbrcef usb lhn ob hssclehtbf wet` sckb, hs ybt unquhntegebf, r esms. Cnb lckkcnlcnlbrn es t`ht, hat`cuj` lcrtelcstbrcefs ekprcvb sykptcks, unfbrayenj fhkhjb tc t`b kbfehnnbrvb lcuaf cllur.

CTVECN LC_VELC\VB_CEF\ (\U\VBKEL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs sbbk kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 hnf 0wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs khy ob abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckshgtbr 6 tc 8? wbbms t`hn aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecns (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` N\HEFs \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs sbbk kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms(kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` feurbtels \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenj sykptcks cg LV\ (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` spaents Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs hrb kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg LV\ ht < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

@hnf gunltecn

Lckphrbf wet` spaents \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj `hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet`LV\ hgtbr < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Hfvbrsb bggblts\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs lckkcnay lhusb nhusbh, hnxebty, hlnb, kbnstruha errbjuahretebs, ensckneh, `bhfhl`bs,hnf kccf swenjs.V`by lhn hasc lhusb pbptel ualbr, lcrtelcstbrcef psyl`cses, cstbcpcrcses, hnf hfrbnha ensuggelebnly.







Obnbgets9 \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?) lckphrenj systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsuspahlboc.

]?8[V`b rbvebw gcunf t`ht crha lcrtelcstbrcefs (prbfnescacnb cr prbfnescnb gcr 84 fhys “6

wbbms) sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf sykptcks lckphrbf wet` pahlboc ht 6 hnf 0 wbbms (Jacoha \ykptck\lcrb (J\\) ht 6 wbbms9 8 _LV, <5 pbcpab= ?< wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs v 87 wet` pahlboc=ZKF “84.04, 52% LE “82.?7 tc “7.<6= J\\ ht 0 wbbms9 ? _LVs, 28 pbcpab= lckoenbf J\\ gcroct` _LVs nct rbpcrtbf= kbhn feggbrbnlb “7.67, 52% LE “88.5< tc “4.55).

]?8[

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9

\bb obnbgets cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn), p < .

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus N\HEFs9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf cnb _LV (58 pbcpab)

]??[

lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms=?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel(trelàcrkbtèhzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). Et gcunf t`ht prbfnescacnb sej-negelhntay ekprcvbf J\\ lckphrbf wet` tbncxelhk ht 6 wbbms (?6 wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs v 84 wet` N\HEFs= kbhn feggbrbnlb 86.44, 52% LE 0.2: tc 85.6<).

]?8[

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus feurbtels9\bb obnbgets cg feurbtels, p : .

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus spaents9

Zb gcunf cnb _LV (64 pbcpab, :8 `hnfs) lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms,gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr h gurt`br ? wbbms) wet` lckkbrlehaay hvheahoab nbutrha wrest spaents (hfvesbftc ob wcrn furenj t`b nej`t hnf hs kul` hs pcsseoab furenj t`b fhy).

]?<[ \ykptck sbvbrety hnf

gunltecnha sthtus wbrb hssbssbf usenj h 2-pcent slcrenj systbk (8 ; nc sykptck cr nc feggeluatytc 2 ; sbvbrb sykptcks prbvbntenj t`b hltevety). \ykptck sbvbrety enlcrpcrhtbf 88 etbks (rbahtenjtc phen, nclturnha sykptcks, nukonbss, tenjaenj, hnf wbhmnbss) hnf gunltecnha sthtus bej`t etbkshssclehtbf wet` fheay thsms (b.j., feggeluaty en wretenj, cpbnenj ihrs, hnf `cafenj h occm).V`b _LVgcunf t`ht crha lcrtelcstbrcefs sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf gunltecnha slcrb lckphrbf wet` wrest spaentshgtbr 8 kcnt` (kbhn l`hnjb grck ohsbaenb gunltecnha slcrb hgtbr 8 kcnt`9 4.?< wet` crha lcrtelcs-tbrcef v 4.86 wet` wrest spaent= T ; 4.48). \ejnegelhnlb whs khenthenbf ht < kcnt`s (kbhn l`hnjben ohsbaenb gunltecnha slcrb hgtbr < kcnt`s9 4.?7 wet` crha lcrtelcstbrcef v 4.87 wet` wrest spaent=T ; 4.4<). @cwbvbr, t`bsb rbsuats s`cuaf ob entbrprbtbf wet` lhutecn, oblhusb t`b stufy fef nctlhrry cut h lcrrbltecn gcr kuatepab sthtestelha tbstenj.V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en\ykptck \bvbrety \lhab slcrb obtwbbn crha lcrtelcstbrcefs hnf wrest spaent hgtbr < kcnt`s (kbhn

l`hnjb grck ohsbaenb sykptck sbvbrety slcrb9 4.65 wet` crha lcr telcstbrcef v 4.<5 wet` wrest spaent=T ; 4.6?).

@hrks9 \ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus pahlboc9Cnb _LV

]??[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw

]?8[ gcunf t`ht hfvbrsb bggblts enlaufbf nhusbh hnf bpejhstrel

phen (nhusbh9 </?< ]8<%[ pbcpab wet` prbfnescacnb v 8/87 ]7%[ pbcpab wet` pahlboc= bpejhstrelphen9 ?/?< ]5%[ cg pbcpab wet` prbfnescacnb v ?/87 ]8<%[ cg pbcpab wet` pahlboc). @cwbvbr, t`bsbrbsuats s`cuaf ob entbrprbtbf wet` lhutecn oblhusb 80/58 (?4%) pbcpab fef nct lckpabtb t`b treha,hnf hnhayses cg fhth whs nct oy entbntecn tc trbht.

]??[V`b ct`br _LV

]?6[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw

]?8[ fef nct rbpcrt hfvbrsb bvbnts. Lckkcn hfvbrsb bggblts wet` crha lcrtelcstbrcefs enlaufb nhusbh,

hnxebty, hlnb, kbnstruha errbjuahretebs, ensckneh, `bhfhl`bs, hnf kccf swenjs. Kcrb sbrecus hf-vbrsb rbhltecns enlaufb pbptel ualbr, lcrtelcstbrcef psyl`cses, cstbcpcrcses, hnf hfrbnha ensuggelebnly.]?2[

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9\bb `hrks cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn), p < .

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus N\HEFs9V`b _LV rbpcrtbf nc khicr hfvbrsb bggblts.

]??[ @cwbvbr, nhusbh (</?< ]8<%[ wet` prbfnescacnb

v </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk) hnf bpejhstrel phen (?/?< ]5%[ wet` prbfnescacnb v </80 ]8:%[ wet`tbncxelhk= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf) wbrb abss lckkcn wet` crha prbfnescacnb t`hn wet` tbncxelhk.

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus feurbtels9\bb `hrks cg feurbtels, p : .

\ystbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs vbrsus spaents9

V`b _LV gcunf t`ht twc pbcpab en t`b wrest spaent jrcup lckpahenbf cg feslckgcrt hnf swbaaenj cgt`b `hnf hnf wrest.

]?<[ @cwbvbr, feslckgcrt ekprcvbf wet` lcntenubf hnf lcrrblt usb cg t`b spaent.

Nc hfvbrsb bggblts wbrb rbpcrtbf oy t`csb thmenj crha lcrtelcstbrcefs.






Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9Acnj-tbrk lcrtelcstbrcef usb lhn ob hssclehtbf wet` sckb, hs ybt unquhntegebf, resms.

CTVECN FER_BVEL\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbrety

Lckphrbf wet` pahlboc Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br feurbtels hrb kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6wbbms hnf 7 kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` N\HEFs Feurbtels sbbk bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs Feurbtels sbbk abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms(kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 Feurbtels vbrsus pahlboc9

Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?= ? _LVs= 8<5 pbcpab wet` LV\)]?8[

lckphrenjfeurbtels vbrsus pahlboc.V`b rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth oblhusb cg laenelha `btbrcjbnbety hkcnjentbrvbntecns, cutlckb kbhsurbs, cr phrtelephnts.

]?8[V`b gerst _LV (58 pbcpab) efbntegebf oy t`b

rbvebw lckphrbf crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ?wbbms= ?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel

(trelàcrkbtèhzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). ]??[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbr-bnlb obtwbbn trelàcrkbtèhzefb (87 pbcpab) hnf pahlboc (87 pbcpab) en kbhn Jacoha \ykptck\lcrb (J\\) hgtbr 6 wbbms (?8.7 wet` feurbtels v ?4.0 wet` pahlboc= kbhn feggbrbnlb +4.04, 52%LE “<.7: tc +2.?:).

]?8[

V`b sblcnf _LV (60 pbcpab)]?7[

enlaufbf en t`b rbvebw]?8[

lckphrbf obnfrcgaukbtèhzefb 2 kjfheay gcr 6 wbbms vbrsus pahlboc.V`b systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbnobnfrcgaukbtèhzefb hnf pahlboc en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` sykptck ekprcvbkbnt hgtbr 6wbbms cg trbhtkbnt (85/68 ]67%[ wet` obnfrcgaukbtèhzefb v ?4/64 ]24%[ wet` pahlboc= __ 4.5<,52% LE 4.25 tc 8.67).

]?8[ Et hasc gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en sykptck ekprcvbkbnt ht 7

kcnt`s (86/85 ]:6%[ wet` obnfrcgaukbtèhzefb v 82/?4 ]:2%[ wet` pahlboc= __ 4.50, 52% LE 4.70tc 8.6?). V`b _LV usbf h nukbrelha slcrb grck 4 tc 2 tc hssbss t`b fbjrbb cg ekprcvbkbnt en rb-pcrtbf sykptcks (4 ; nc ekprcvbkbnt ht haa= 2 ; guaa rblcvbry).

]?7[

Feurbtels vbrsus N\HEFs9

Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),]?8[

wèl` efbntegebf cnb _LV (58 pbcpab)]??[

lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms=?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel(trelàcrkbtèhzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlben J\\ obtwbbn trelàcrkbtèhzefb hnf tbncxelhk ht 6 wbbms (?8.7 wet` feurbtels v ?6 wet` N\HEFs=kbhn feggbrbnlb “?.64, 52% LE “:.06 tc +<.46).

]?8[

Feurbtels vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf cnb _LV (58 pbcpab)

]??[

lckphrenj crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms=?7 pbcpab), hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel(trelàcrkbtèhzefb ? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab) (sbb lckkbnt cn lcrtelcstbrcefs

]systbkel[, p 2 ). Et gcunf t`ht prbfnescacnb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf J\\ ht 6 wbbms lckphrbf wet`trelàcrkbtèhzefb (?8.7 wet` feurbtels v 84 wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs= kbhn feggbrbnlb 88.74,52% LE :.?2 tc 82.52).

]?8[

@hrks9 Feurbtels vbrsus pahlboc9V`b gerst _LV gcunf nc feggbrbnlb en rhtbs cg bpejhstrel phen obtwbbn trelàcrkbtèhzefb hnfpahlboc (?/87 ]8<%[ wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb v ?/87 ]8<%[ wet` pahlboc).

]??[

Feurbtels vbrsus N\HEFs9V`b _LV gcunf t`ht nhusbh hnf bpejhstrel phen wbrb abss lckkcn wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb t`hnwet` tbncxelhk (nhusbh9 4/87 ]4%[ pbcpab wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb v </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk=bpejhstrel phen9 ?/87 ]8<%[ wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb v </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk= T vhaubs nct rbpcrt-bf).

]??[

Feurbtels vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9V`b _LV gcunf t`ht nhusbh whs abss lckkcn wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb t`hn wet` prbfnescacnb (4/87]4%[ wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb v </?< ]8<%[ wet` prbfnescacnb), hat`cuj` bpejhstrel phen whs kcrb

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. ........................................................... :





lckkcn wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb t`hn wet` prbfnescacnb (?/87 ]8<%[ wet` trelàcrkbtèhzefb v ?/?<]5%[ wet` prbfnescacnb= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).

]??[

Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9

V`brb es wbhm bvefbnlb t`ht feurbtels kej`t ob bggbltevb en pbcpab wet` LV\ hnf gauef rbtbntecn.

CTVECN N\HEF\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbrety

Lckphrbf wet` pahlboc N\HEFs sbbk nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs N\HEFs sbbk abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms(kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` feurbtels N\HEFs sbbk bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 N\HEFs vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf cnb _LV

]??[ lckphrenj

crha prbfnescacnb (?4 kj/fhy gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy 84 kj/fhy gcr hnct`br ? wbbms= ?7 pbcpab),

hn crha sacw-rbabhsb N\HEF (tbncxelhk ?4 kj/fhy= ?? pbcpab), hn crha feurbtel (trelàcrkbtèhzefb? kj/fhy= ?4 pbcpab), hnf pahlboc (?< pbcpab). Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn tbncxelhk(80 pbcpab) hnf pahlboc (87 pbcpab) en kbhn Jacoha \ykptck \lcrb (J\\) hgtbr 6 wbbms (?6 wet`N\HEFs v ?4.0 wet` pahlboc= kbhn feggbrbnlb +<.?, 52% LE “8.: tc +0.8).

]?8[

N\HEFs vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9\bb obnbgets cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .

N\HEFs vbrsus feurbtels9\bb obnbgets cg feurbtels, p : .

@hrks9 N\HEFs vbrsus pahlboc9V`b _LV rbpcrtbf nc khicr hfvbrsb bggblts.

]??[V`b _LV gcunf t`ht tbncxelhk enlrbhsbf t`b

prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` nhusbh hnf bpejhstrel phen lckphrbf wet` pahlboc (nhusbh9 </80 ]8:%[

wet` tbncxelhk v 8/87 ]7%[ wet` pahlboc= bpejhstrel phen9 </80 ]8:%[ wet` tbncxelhk v ?/87 ]8?%[wet` pahlboc= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).

]??[

N\HEFs vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9\bb `hrks cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .

N\HEFs vbrsus feurbtels9

\bb `hrks cg feurbtels, p : .

Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9N\HEFs lhn ob laenelhaay usbgua eg t`brb sbbks tc ob h suosthnteha fbjrbb cg tbnfcnetes cr tbncsyn-cvetes hssclehtbf wet` LV\.

CTVECN TU_EFCPENB. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt Tyrefcxenb khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ ht 8?wbbms (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 Tyrefcxenb vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj

pyrefcxenb vbrsus pahlboc. V`b rbvebw fef nct pcca fhth, oblhusb feggbrbnt cutlckb kbhsurbswbrb usbf en t`b _LVs. V`b gerst _LV

]?:[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw

]?8[ enlaufbf cnay 82 pbcpab hnf

fcbs nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh= t`brbgcrb, tès _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br`brb.V`b sblcnf _LV (<2 pbcpab)

]?0[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw

]?8[ lckphrbf crha pyrefcxenb ?44 kj

fheay vbrsus pahlboc gcr 8? wbbms.V`b systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb ht 8?wbbms obtwbbn pyrefcxenb hnf pahlboc en nclturnha feslckgcrt, genjbr swbaaenj, kcvbkbnt feslck-gcrt, cr `hnf lc-crfenhtecn (nclturnha feslckgcrt9 8.5 wet` pyrefcxenb v ?.6 wet` pahlboc= kbhn feg-






gbrbnlb ]KF[ “4.24, 52% LE “8.<: tc +4.<:= genjbr swbaaenj9 8.< wet` pyrefcxenb v ?.< wet` pahlboc=KF “8.44, 52% LE “8.54 tc “4.84= kcvbkbnt feslckgcrt9 8.: wet` pyrefcxenb v ?.8 wet` pahlboc=KF “8.44, 52% LE “8.56 tc “4.47= hnf lc-crfenhtecn9 8.? wet` pyrefcxenb v 8.0 wet` pahlboc= KF “4.74, 52% LE “8.2: tc +4.<:).

]?8[V`b _LV usbf hn unvhaefhtbf 6-pcent qubstecnnherb wet` feslrbtb

nukbrelha slcrenj cg sykptck sbvbrety (4 ; nc sykptcks= 6 ; sbvbrb sykptcks) tc hssbss t`bsbcutlckbs.

]?0[

@hrks9 Tyrefcxenb vbrsus pahlboc9V`b systbkhtel rbvebw

]?8[ hnf t`b sblcnf _LV

]?0[ fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks. Lckkcn hfvbrsb

rbhltecns (t`ht lhn ob hssclehtbf wet` pyrefcxenb bvbn ht fcsbs cg ?44 “

244 kj/fhy) enlaufbnukonbss, phrhbst`bseh, hnf hn unstbhfy jhet.

]?2[

Lckkbnt9 Ncnb.

XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg ncn-fruj trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3

CTVECN HLRTRNLVR_B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zb gcunf nc laenelhaay ekpcrthnt rbsuats grck _LVs hocut t`b bggblts cg hlupunlturb en t`b trbhtkbnt cglhrpha tunnba synfrckb.


Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf nc systbkhtel rbvebws cr _LVs cn hlupunlturb en t`b trbhtkbnt cg LV\.

@hrks9 Zb gcunf nc _LVs.

Lckkbnt9 Ncnb.

CTVECN KH\\HJB V@B_HTU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zb gcunf nc laenelhaay ekpcrthnt rbsuats grck _LVs hocut t`b bggblts cg khsshjb t`brhpy en t`b trbhtkbntcg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.


Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf nc systbkhtel rbvebws cr _LVs cn t`b bggblts cg khsshjb t`brhpy en t`b trbhtkbnt cgLV\.

@hrks9 Zb gcunf nc _LVs.

Lckkbnt9 Ncnb.

CTVECN NB_WB HNF/C_ VBNFCN JAEFENJ BPB_LE\B\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` wrest spaents hacnb Nbrvb cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaents khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenjsykptcks cg LV\ (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

@hnf gunltecn

Lckphrbf wet` wrest spaents hacnb Nbrvb cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaents khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn slcrbs (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs vbrsus pahlboc9Zb gcunf nc _LVs.

Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaentenj vbrsus spaentenj hacnb9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440)

]?5[ hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV.

]<4[V`b sys-

tbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf sex _LVs, out fef nct pbrgcrk kbth-hnhaysbs oblhusb cg `btbrcjbnbetyhkcnj trehas (nburha jaefenj bxbrlesb prbslreptecn, gcaacw-up pbrecfs, hnf lckphrescn jrcups).V`rbbtrehas efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw fc nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh (? _LVs`hf gbwbr t`hn 84 pbcpab pbr stufy hrk, hnf 8 treha whs nct rhnfckesbf), hnf sc t`by hrb nct rb-

pcrtbf gurt`br `brb.






V`b gerst _LV (?0 pbcpab= <7 wrests)]<8[

efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw]?5[

lckphrbf nbrvb jaefenj paustbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus h lustck-khfb nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent vbrsus h wrest spaent hacnb.V`b nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs wbrb unfbrthmbn gevb tekbs fheay gcr 6 wbbms, hnf pbcpabwbrb enstrultbf tc wbhr t`b nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaents haa nej`t hnf furenj t`b fhy hs kul` hspcsseoab gcr 6 wbbms.V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenjbxbrlesbs paus nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent hnf nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent hacnb en kbhn \ykptck\bvbrety \lhab (\\\) slcrb ht 0 wbbms (80.? wet` spaent paus bxbrlesbs v ?8.00 wet` spaent hacnb=T ; 4.?) cr kbhn Gunltecnha \thtus \lhab (G\\) slcrb ht 0 wbbms (86.2 wet` spaent paus bxbrlesbsv 82.2 wet` spaent hacnb= T ; 4.2).

]<8[V`b _LV gcunf t`ht bxbrlesb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf penl`

strbnjt`, kbhsurbf usenj h Khrten vejcrekbtbr, ht 0 wbbms lckphrbf wet` wrest spaent hacnb (<2.?:wet` wrest spaent paus bxbrlesbs v <4.4 wet` wrest spaent hacnb= T ; 4.4?7). @cwbvbr, et gcunf nc sej-negelhnt feggbrbnlb en jrep strbnjt` (kbhsurbf usenj h Khrten vejcrekbtbr), prcpcrtecn cg hnfs wet`pcsetevb T`habn's sejn, cr prcpcrtecn cg `hnfs wet` pcsetevb Venba's sejn ht 0 wbbms (jrep strbnjt`926.56 wet` wrest spaent paus bxbrlesbs v 65.00 wet` wrest spaent hacnb= T ; 4.86= prcpcrtecn cg `hnfswet` pcsetevb T`habn's sejn9 2/86 ]?:%[ wet` wrest spaent paus bxbrlesbs v 0/86 ]66%[ wet` wrest spaenthacnb= T ; 4.?<= prcpcrtecn cg `hnfs wet` pcsetevb Venba's sejn9 7/86 ]<<%[ wet` wrest spaent paus bx-brlesbs v 0/86 ]66%[ wet` wrest spaent hacnb= T ; 4.0<).

V`b sblcnf _LV (?7 pbcpab wet` bhray-sthjb cr keffab-sthjb LV\= <2 hnfs)]<?[

efbntegebf oy t`brbvebw

]?5[ lckphrbf nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs (84 rbpbtetecns gevb tekbs fheay) paus nbutrha spaent paus

h phtebnt trhenenj prcjrhkkb gcr kcfegyenj gunltecnha hltevetebs vbrsus nbutrha spaent paus t`b shkbphtebnt trhenenj prcjrhkkb gcr 84 wbbms.V`b spaents wbrb wcrn fhy hnf nej`t gcr t`b gerst 7 wbbms,hnf cnay ht nej`t tekb furenj t`b suosbqubnt 6 wbbms.V`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb

obtwbbn bxbrlesb hnf nc bxbrlesb en phen, penl` strbnjt`, hnf aej`t-tcul` fbbp-prbssurb sbnsb ht8? wbbms (phen ]kbhsurbf oy vesuha hnhacjub slhab, 4 ; nc phen, 84 ; sbvbrb phen[9 8.4 wet` bxbr-lesbs v 8.7 wet` nc bxbrlesbs= kbhn penl` strbnjt` ]kbhsurbf usenj t`b Ihkhr penl` kbtbr[9 2.6mj wet` bxbrlesbs v 6.5 mj wet` nc bxbrlesbs= aej`t-tcul` fbbp-prbssurb sbnsb ht 8? wbbms ]kbhsurbfoy \bkkbs-Zbenstben prbssurb hbst`bseckbtbr[= ?.5 kk wet` bxbrlesbs v ?.0 kk wet` nc bxbrlesbs=T jrbhtbr t`hn 4.2 gcr haa cutlckbs aestbf). V`b _LV gcunf t`ht bxbrlesbs sejnegelhntay ekprcvbfjrep strbnjt` ht 8? wbbms lckphrbf wet` nc bxbrlesbs (kbhn jrep strbnjt` ]kbhsurbf usenj h Ihkhr`hnf fynhkckbtbr[9 ??.4 mj wet` bxbrlesbs v ?8.: mj wet` nc bxbrlesbs= T abss t`hn 4.42). @cwbvbr,kuatepab sthtestelha hnhaysbs wbrb pbrgcrkbf wet`cut h lcrrbltecn ghltcr gcr kuatepab tbstenj= eg hlcrrbltecn ghltcr `hf obbn usbf, t`b rbsuats wcuaf prcohoay nct `hvb obbn sejnegelhnt. V`b _LVgcunf t`ht bxbrlesbs enlrbhsbf t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` nbjhtevb Venba's tbst hnf nbjhtevbT`habn's tbst ht 8? wbbms lckphrbf wet` nc bxbrlesbs, out sejnegelhnlb whs nct hssbssbf (prcpcrtecncg pbcpab wet` nbjhtevb Venba's tbst9 5/85 ]6:%[ wet` bxbrlesbs v 6/87 ]?2%[ wet` nc bxbrlesbs=

prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` nbjhtevb T`habn's tbst9 8/85 ]2%[ wet` bxbrlesbs v 4/87 ]4%[ wet` nc bx-brlesbs= T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).

V`b tèrf _LV (78 pbcpab wet` LV\)]<<[

efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]?5[

lckphrbf gcur en-tbrvbntecns9 nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent (87 pbcpab), nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaent (8: pbcpab), nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus wrest lclm-up spaent (wrestspaentenj en ?4´ bxtbnsecn= 87 pbcpab), hnf wrest lclm-up spaent (8? pbcpab). Haa jrcups wbrb enstrultbftc wbhr t`b spaents furenj sabbp gcr 6 wbbms, hnf t`b bxbrlesb jrcups wbrb enstrultbf tc pbrgcrkbxbrlesbs t`rbb tc gevb tekbs fheay gcr 6 wbbms. Haa jrcups lcuaf lcntenub wbhrenj t`b spaents hnfpbrgcrkenj t`b bxbrlesbs hs nbbfbf tc khnhjb sykptcks hgtbr t`b 6 wbbms.V`b _LV pbrgcrkbfh lckpabx HNCWH hnhayses, out et fef nct rbpcrt ferblt sthtestelha hnhaysbs obtwbbn hny twc enfevef-uha jrcups.V`b _LV hssbssbf t`rbb khen ghltcrs en h ghltcreha fbsejn (spaent, bxbrlesb, hnf tekb),hnf gcunf t`ht nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs `hf nc bggblt cn LV\ \ykptck \bvbrety \lhab(LV\ \\\), LV\ Gunltecnha \thtus \lhab (LV\ G\\), tep penl` strbnjt`, cr phakhr penl` strbnjt`

(ht ohsbaenb, 6 wbbms, hnf 0 wbbms, hoscautb nukobrs hnf sthtestelha hnhaysbs nct rbpcrtbf). V`b_LV rbpcrtbf sbvbrha aekethtecns9 hocut 68% cg phrtelephnts hf obbn trbhtbf prbvecusay wet` spaentcr hnte-engahkkhtcry kbfelhtecns= 0% cg phrtelephnts rblbevbf hnte-engahkkhtcry kbfelhtecn hnf80% cg phrtelephnts rblbevbf hn enibltecn furenj t`b stufy pbrecf= 7:% cg phrtelephnts hf sykptcksgcr kcrb t`hn 7 kcnt`s= hnf t`b hfkenestrhtcr cg trbhtkbnt hnf cutlckb hssbsscr (8 pbrscn) whsnct oaenfbf tc trbhtkbnt haaclhtecn.

V`b suosbqubnt _LV (78 pbcpab wet` LV\ rhnfckesbf= 74 pbcpab en t`b hnhayses) lckphrbfnburcfynhkel kcoeaeshtecn bxbrlesb wet` h kbfehn nbrvb oehs (84 rbpbtetecns < “2 tekbs fheay) paussthnfhrf lhrb (phtebnt bfulhtecn, nbutrha spaentenj furenj `bhvy hltevety hnf furenj t`b nej`t, hnftbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs) vbrsus sthnfhrf lhrb hacnb gcr 7 kcnt`s.

]<4[V`b _LV pbrgcrkbf gcur

sbphrhtb KHNLCWHs tc hssbss w`bt`br t`brb wbrb hny feggbrbnlbs en gcur enfbpbnfbnt vhrehoabscvbr tekb oy entbrvbntecn rblbevbf.V`b gcur vhrehoabs wbrb t`b Feshoeaetebs cg t`b Hrk, \`cuafbr,hnf @hnf (FH\@) Xubstecnnherb (h <4-etbk, sbag-rbpcrt qubstecnnherb tc kbhsurb p`yselha gunltecn

hnf sykptcks), t`b Orej`hk Zckbn's @cspetha Lhrpha Vunnba \pblegel Xubstecnnherb (LV\X)\ykptck \bvbrety \lhab (LV\X \\\= hn 88-etbk qubstecnnherb tc kbhsurb sykptcks), t`b LV\XGunltecnha \thtus \lhab (LV\X G\\= hn 0-etbk qubstecnnherb tc kbhsurb gunltecn), hnf baocw

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 84





bxtbnsecn rhnjb cg kctecn furenj hn uppbr aeko kbfehn nbrvb tbnsecn tbst.V`b _LV gcunf nc tekb-oy-entbrvbntecn entbrhltecns gcr FH\@, LV\X \\\, hnf baocw bxtbnsecn (FH\@= T ; 4.876= LV\X\\\9 T ; 4.404= baocw bxtbnsecn9 T ; 4.<77= rbsuats prbsbntbf jrhpèlhaay).V`b _LV gcunf hsejnegelhnt tekb-oy-entbrvbntecn entbrhltecn en t`b LV\X G\\ (T ; 4.487= rbsuats prbsbntbf jrhpè-lhaay), out t`b hut`crs cg t`b _LV nctb t`ht tès rbsuat khy `hvb obbn oblhusb cg sejnegelhntayèj`br lckpaehnlb en t`b nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesb paus sthnfhrf lhrb jrcup t`hn t`b sthnfhrf lhrbhacnb jrcup ht 7 kcnt`s (T ; 4.48= gurt`br rbsuats nct rbpcrtbf).V`b hut`crs cg t`b _LV lckkbntbft`ht t`b stufy khy hvb obbn unfbrpcwbrbf tc genf h feggbrbnlb obtwbbn jrcups oblhusb t`b gcaacw-up rhtb ht 7 kcnt`s whs cnay 60%.

@hrks9 Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs vbrsus pahlboc9

Zb gcunf nc _LVs.

Nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus spaentenj vbrsus spaentenj hacnb9V`b t`rbb _LVs

]<8[ ]<?[ ]<<[ efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw

]?5[ hnf t`b suosbqubnt _LV

]<4[

jhvb nc engcrkhtecn hocut hfvbrsb bvbnts.

Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9Kcst nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs typelhaay envcavb sckb fbjrbb cg strbtlènj cg t`b kbfehnnbrvb, wèl` lcuaf bxhlbrohtb sykptcks cg LV\.

CTVECN V@B_HTBRVEL RAV_H\CRNF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` pahlboc Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br t`brhpbutel uatrhscunf es kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks ht7 kcnt`s (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?).]?8[

V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf vbrsus pahlboc9V`b systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs (00 pbcpab wet` LV\) lckphrenj t`brhpbutel uatrhscunfvbrsus pahlboc.

]?8[ Cnb _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw

]?8[ rbpcrtbf cutlckbs cnay ht ? wbbms hnf

fcbs nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh= t`brbgcrb, tès _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br`brb.

V`b ct`br _LV ]<6[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw ]?8[ (62 pbcpab= 54 wrests) lckphrbf uatrhscunf (82kenutbs, gevb tekbs wbbmay gcr ? wbbms gcaacwbf oy twelb wbbmay gcr 2 wbbms, ht hn entbnsety cg8.4 Z/lk

?) vbrsus pahlboc.V`b fckenhnt wrest whs rhnfckay haaclhtbf tc uatrhscunf cr pahlboc,

hnf t`b lcntrhahtbrha wrest whs haaclhtbf tc t`b ct`br trbhtkbnt.]<6[

Et gcunf t`ht uatrhscunf trbhtkbntsejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf t`b prcpcrtecn cg wrests wet` "shtesghltcry ekprcvbkbnt" cr "lckpabtb rbkes-secn" cg sykptcks ht 7 kcnt`s (??/<4 ]:<%[ wrests wet` uatrhscunf v 7/<4 ]?4%[ wrests wet`pahlboc= __ <.:, 52% LE 8.: tc :.:= NNV ?, 52% LE ? tc 6).

]<6[ @cwbvbr, t`bsb rbsuats s`cuaf ob

entbrprbtbf wet` lhutecn oblhusb 82/62 (<<%) pbcpab fef nct lckpabtb t`b treha, hnf hnhayses cgfhth whs nct oy entbntecn tc trbht.

]<6[V`b _LV usbf "shtesghltcry ekprcvbkbnt" hnf "lckpabtb

rbkessecn" hs cutlckb kbhsurbs, hat`cuj` t`bsb tbrks wbrb nct labhray fbgenbf.

@ej`- vbrsus acw-entbnsety uatrhscunf9V`b systbkhtel rbvebw

]?8[ efbntegebf cnb _LV t`ht lckphrbf ej`- vbrsus acw-entbnsety uatrhscunf.

@cwbvbr, t`b _LV enlaufbf gbwbr t`hn ?4 pbcpab hnf fcbs nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenjlretbreh= t`brbgcrb, tès _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br `brb.

@hrks9 V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf vbrsus pahlboc9V`b gerst _LV enlaufbf en t`b rbvebw rbpcrtbf t`ht t`brb wbrb nc hfvbrsb bggblts wet` uatrhscunf.]<6[

@ej`- vbrsus acw-entbnsety uatrhscunf9Zb gcunf nc _LVs t`ht kbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh.

Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9Ratrhscunf es bet`br usbf hacnb cr lckoenbf wet` nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs. V`brb hrbkhny feggbrbnt typbs, entbnsetebs, hnf furhtecns cg uatrhscunf trbhtkbnt (sekeahr tc t`b vhrehtecn enfeggbrbnt jaefb bxbrlesbs), wèl` khmbs bvhauhtecn cg ets bggbltevbnbss feggeluat.






CTVECN Z_E\V \TAENV\. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` nc trbhtkbnt Zrest spaents wcrn ht nej`t tekb sbbk kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\hgtbr 6 wbbms (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` cpbn surjbry Zrest spaents khy ob abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ hgtbr < tc 80 kcnt`s(acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br spaents hrb kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg LV\ ht < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` nclturnha usb hacnb Guaa-tekb usb cg h nbutrha wrest spaent khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenjsykptcks ht 7 wbbms (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Lckphrbf wet` lclm-up spaent Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br nbutrha-hnjab spaent es kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptckscg LV\ (vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs \paents khy ob abss bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ht < kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 Zrest spaents vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?444),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf cnb _LV (0< pbcpab)

]<2[ lckphrenj h nclturnha `hnf orhlb wcrn gcr 6 wbbms vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt.V`b _LV gcunf t`ht

t`b `hnf orhlb sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf sykptcks ht 6 wbbms lckphrbf wet` nc trbhtkbnt.]<2[

\ykptcks wbrb hssbssbf usenj t`b sykptck fckhen cg t`b Ocstcn Lhrpha Vunnba Xubstecnnherb]<7[

(OLV\ \UKTV= OLVX sykptck sbvbrety slcrb ]ekprcvbkbnt grck ohsbaenb[ ht 6 wbbms9 8.26]8.?8[ wet` `hnf orhlb v 8.60 ]4.68[ wet` nc trbhtkbnt= T abss t`hn 4.448).

]<2[

Zrest spaents vbrsus surjbry9\bb obnbgets cg surjbry, p 87

Zrest spaents vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9\bb obnbgets cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .

Feggbrbnt wrest spaentenj rbjekbns lckphrbf wet` bhl` ct`br9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?)

]?8[ hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV.

]<<[V`b rbvebw

efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj feggbrbnt wrest spaentenj rbjekbns vbrsus bhl` ct`br, out fef nctpcca fhth oblhusb cg laenelha `btbrcjbnbety hkcnj entbrvbntecns, cutlckb kbhsurbs, cr phrtelephnts.]?8[

Cnb _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw]?8[

rbpcrtbf cutlckbs cnay ht ? wbbms hnf fcbs nct kbbtLaenelha Bvefbnlb rbpcrtenj lretbreh= t`brbgcrb, tès _LV weaa nct ob rbpcrtbf gurt`br `brb.

V`b sblcnf _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw (?6 pbcpab wet` LV\) lckphrbf guaa-tekb (fhy hnf nej`t)wbhr cg nbutrha-hnjab wrest spaents vbrsus nej`t-tekb cnay wbhr, hnf usbf h vhaefhtbf nukbrelhaslhab (88 etbks, bhl` kbhsurbf cn h slhab cg 8 “2, w`brb 8 ; abhst sbvbrb hnf 2 ; kcst sbvbrb)tc hssbss l`hnjbs en sykptck sbvbrety. Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn jrcups ht 7wbbms (kbhn sykptck sbvbrety slcrb ]ekprcvbkbnt grck ohsbaenb[ ht 7 wbbms9 ?.45 ] “4.68[ wet`guaa-tekb spaent v ?.<4 ] “4.25[ wet` nej`t-tekb spaent= T ; 4.2<).

]<:[V`b usb cg h nej`t-tekb spaent whs

lckpabtb cr nbhray lckpabtb en 02% cg pbcpab haaclhtbf tc nej`t-tekb spaentenj cnay, out ?<% rbpcrtbfaeketbf hffetecnha fhytekb usb. Lckpabtb cr nbhray lckpabtb fhytekb wbhr whs rbpcrtbf oy cnay?:% cg pbcpab haaclhtbf tc guaa-tekb wbhr. Kcrb kbn t`hn wckbn wbrb enlaufbf en t`b treha t`hnwcuaf `hvb obbn bxpbltbf grck t`b usuha sbx festreoutecn cg LV\.

V`b suosbqubnt _LV (78 pbcpab wet` LV\ rhnfckesbf= 74 pbcpab hnhaysbf, kcst wet` sykptckscvbr 7 kcnt`s' furhtecn= 68% prbvecusay trbhtbf wet` spaent cr hnte-engahkkhtcry) lckphrbf gcurentbrvbntecns9 nbutrha-hnjab spaent (8: pbcpab), nbutrha-hnjab spaent wet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs (87pbcpab), wrest lclm-up spaent (wrest spaentenj en ?4´ bxtbnsecn= 8? pbcpab), vbrsus wrest lclm-up spaentwet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs (87 pbcpab).

]<<[ Haa jrcups wbrb enstrultbf tc wbhr t`b spaents furenj

sabbp gcr 6 wbbms, hnf t`b bxbrlesb jrcups wbrb enstrultbf tc pbrgcrk bxbrlesbs t`rbb tc gevb tekbsfheay gcr 6 wbbms. Haa jrcups lcuaf lcntenub wbhrenj t`b spaents hnf pbrgcrkenj t`b bxbrlesbs hsnbbfbf tc khnhjb sykptcks hgtbr t`b 6 wbbms. V`b _LV pbrgcrkbf h lckpabx HNCWH hnhayseshkcnj haa gcur jrcups, out et fef nct rbpcrt ferblt sthtestelha hnhaysbs obtwbbn hny twc enfevefuhajrcups.V`b _LV rbpcrtbf hoscautb sykptck slcrbs gcr pbcpab wbhrenj feggbrbnt typbs cg spaent=`cwbvbr, et es unlabhr w`bt`br pbcpab pbrgcrkenj bxbrlesbs wbrb enlaufbf en t`b slcrbs gcr t`b

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 8?





nbutrha-hnjab spaent hnf wrest lclm-up spaent jrcups.V`b _LV gcunf t`ht pbcpab wbhrenj t`b nbutrha-hnjab spaent `hf jrbhtbr ekprcvbkbnts en sykptcks t`hn pbcpab wbhrenj t`b wrest lclm-up spaent(kbhn LV\ \ykptck \bvbrety \lhab slcrb ]h èj`br slcrb fbnctbs wcrsb sykptcks[9 ?.4 wet`nbutrha spaent v ?.2 wet` wrest lclm-up spaent= tekb grhkb unlabhr, hoscautb nukobrs en hnhayses nctrbpcrtbf, sthtestelha hnhaysbs obtwbbn jrcups nct rbpcrtbf).V`b _LV rbpcrtbf t`ht sckb phrtelephntsrblbevbf hnte-engahkkhtcry kbfelhtecn (0%) cr hn enibltecn (80%) furenj t`b stufy pbrecf, wèl`khy `hvb hggbltbf t`b rbsuats, hnf t`ht t`b hfkenestrhtcr cg trbhtkbnt hnf cutlckb hssbsscr (t`bshkb pbrscn) whs nct oaenfbf tc trbhtkbnt haaclhtecn.

@hrks9 Zrest spaents vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9En t`b _LV lckphrenj nclturnha hnf orhlb wet` nc trbhtkbnt, gcur pbcpab en t`b hnf orhlb jrcupbxpbrebnlbf trhnsebnt phrhbst`bsehb hgtbr t`b `hnf orhlb whs rbkcvbf.

]<2[

Zrest spaents vbrsus surjbry9\bb `hrks cg surjbry, p 87

Zrest spaents vbrsus systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs9

\bb `hrks cg lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel), p 2 .

Feggbrbnt wrest spaentenj rbjekbns lckphrbf wet` bhl` ct`br9V`b _LVs jhvb nc engcrkhtecn hocut hfvbrsb bggblts.

]<:[ ]<<[

Lckkbnt9 Zb efbntegebf cnb stufy lckphrenj lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus nej`t-tekb spaent vbrsus p`ysec-

t`brhpy (uatrhscunf cr VBN\), wèl` weaa ob lcnsefbrbf gcr enlausecn cnlb trhnsahtbf.]?4[

Laenelha juefb9V`brb es aeketbf bvefbnlb t`ht wbhrenj h spaent guaa tekb (e.b., ?6 `curs h fhy) vbrsus iust nej`t-tekbusb es obnbgeleha. V`brb sbbks nc feggbrbnlb en bggbltevbnbss obtwbbn spaents t`ht `caf t`b icent enh nbutrha pcsetecn cr t`csb `cafenj et ht hn hnjab cg hpprcxekhtbay ?4´.

XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg surjelha trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3

CTVECN BNFC\LCTEL LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B WB_\R\ CTBN LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B. .

\ykptck sbvbretyBnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sbbks bquhaay bggbltevb ht

ekprcvenj sykptcks en pbcpab wet` LV\ en t`b s`crt cr acnj tbrk ( kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

@hnf gunltecn

Bnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sbbks bquhaay bggbltevbht ekprcvenj `hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ en t`b s`crt cr acnj tbrk (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Vekb tc rbturn tc wcrmBnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Bnfcslcpel surjbry khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenj tekbtc rbturn tc wcrm en pbcpab wet` LV\ (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).

Hfvbrsb bggbltsHfvbrsb bggblts cg lhrpha tunnba surjbrebs hrb usuhaay kencr out lhn enlaufb nbrvb eniurebs, hbkcrr`hjb hnf engbltecn,pbrsestbnt phen (en wrest cr cvbr slhr), hnf pbrsestbnlb/rblurrbnlb cg sykptcks cg LV\. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb es kcrbrbscurlb-entbnsevb t`hn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb, hnf rbquerbs h èj`br fbjrbb cg surjelha smeaa.


Obnbgets9 Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9Zb gcunf twc systbkhtel rbvebws (sbhrl` fhtb ?448/?44?

]<0[ hnf sbhrl` fhtb ?447)

]<5[ hnf cnb

suosbqubnt _LV.]64[

V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw lckphrbf bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (hnytbl`nequb) vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (hny tbl`nequb). Et efbntegebf 8? _LVs cg vhrehoabquhaety hnf pccabf fhth.

]<0[V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw lckphrbf hny surjelha tbl`nequb vbrsus

hny ct`br surjelha tbl`nequb en pbcpab wet` LV\.]<5[

Et efbntegebf 85 _LVs lckphrenj bnfcslcpelvbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb cr cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn.V`b sblcnf rbvebw pccabf fhth gcr sckb _LVs gcr sckb cutlckbs.V`b twc systbkhtel rbvebws`hf 84 _LVs en lckkcn.V`b suosbqubnt _LV lckphrbf bnfcslcpel vbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb.

]64[

\`crt-tbrk cutlckbs (< kcnt`s cr abss)9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en phen cutlckbs ht 8? wbbms obtwbbnbnfcslcpel hnf cpbn surjbry (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]<0[ @cwbvbr, et gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel surjbry

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 8<





sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf oct` jrep hnf penl` strbnjt` ht 8? wbbms lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]<0[ Thrteluahr lhutecn s`cuaf ob hppaebf tc t`b entbrprbthtecn cg t`b

rbsuats gcr jrep strbnjt`, oblhusb cg sejnegelhnt `btbrcjbnbety obtwbbn trehas (sbb lckkbnt obacw).

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf 88 _LVs hssbssenj s`crt-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpelvbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.

]<5[ Et pbrgcrkbf kbth-hnhaysbs cg t`rbb _LVs hnf

gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en sykptck sbvbrety obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb ht < kcnt`s cr abss, hnf gcunf t`ht cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay wcrsbnbfgunltecn ht < kcnt`s cr abss lckphrbf wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb ( sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

@cwbvbr t`b hut`crs cg t`b rbvebw nctbf sejnegelhnt sthtestelha btbrcjbnbety gcr t`bsb twc cutlckbs(sbb thoab 8, p ?< ), wèl` es pcsseoay httreouthoab tc cnb _LV.

]<5[ Cg t`b rbkhenenj bej`t _LVs

hssbssenj s`crt-tbrk cutlckbs, sbvbn gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnfsthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb en s`crt-tbrk sykptcks,

]68[ ]6?[ ]6<[ ]66[ ]62[ ]67[ (fhth gcr

cnb _LV bxtrhltbf grck t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]<5[

) hnf cnb fef nct rbpcrt sejnegelhnlb (sbb thoab8, p ?< ).

]6:[

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs hssbssenj s`crt-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpelvbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn= et fef nct pbrgcrk h kbth-hnhayses.

]<5[

Cnb _LV fef nct kbbt Laenelha Bvefbnlb lretbreh (cnay 84 pbcpab wbrb enlaufbf), hnf t`brbgcrb etes nct rbpcrtbf gurt`br `brb. V`b ct`br _LV gcunf t`ht cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebfenlesecn sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf wcunf phen ht 6 wbbms, hnf rhfeha/uanhr peaahr phen ht 0 wbbms,lckphrbf wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. @cwbvbr, et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbnjrcups en wcunf phen ht 0 wbbms (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]60[

V`b suosbqubnt _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en ?-pcent feslrekenhtecn (grck ohsbaenb tcpcst-cpbrhtecn= tekb cg pcstcpbrhtevb hssbsskbnt nct labhr) obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrfcpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]64[ @cwbvbr, et gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba

rbabhsb sejnegelhntay rbfulbf slhr tbnfbrnbss ht t`b kcst "sejnegelhnt pcent" (typb cg kbhsurbkbnthnf tekb grhkb nct rbpcrtbf) lckphrbf wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb ( sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

Acnj-tbrk cutlckbs (kcrb t`hn < kcnt`s)9

V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct hssbss acnj-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb.

]<0[

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf bej`t _LVs hssbssenj acnj-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpelvbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.

]<5[ Et pbrgcrkbf kbth-hnhaysbs cg twc _LVs hnf

gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en sykptck sbvbrety cr gunltecn ht kcrb t`hn < kcnt`s obtwbbn

bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ). Cg t`b rbkhenenj sex_LVs

]6?[ ]6<[ ]66[ ]62[ ]6:[ (fhth gcr cnb _LV bxtrhltbf grck t`b systbkhtel rbvebw

]<5[) hssbssenj

acnj-tbrk cutlckbs, t`b rbvebw rbpcrtbf t`ht haa sex gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn bnfc-slcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb en acnj-tbrk sykptcks (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]<5[

Hn bxtbnfbf gcaacw-up (8?7 pbcpab)]65[

gcr cnb cg t`b crejenha _LVs lckphrenj bnfcslcpel vbrsussthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (8?0 pbcpab)

]24[ gcunf t`ht sykptck sbvbrety hnf gunltecn,

hs kbhsurbf oy t`b Ocstcn Lhrpha Vunnba Xubstecnnherb,]<7[

wbrb sekeahr en oct` t`b bnfcslcpelhnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb jrcups ht 2 ybhrs (sykptck sbvbrety9 8.62 wet` bnfcslcpel v 8.6?wet` cpbn= sejnegelhnlb obtwbbn jrcups nct rbpcrtbf= gunltecnha sthtus9 8.<4 wet` bnfcslcpel v 8.?5 wet` cpbn= sejnegelhnlb obtwbbn jrcups nct rbpcrtbf).

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf cnb _LV t`ht hssbssbf acnj-tbrk cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn. Et gcunf nc sejneg-elhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn t`b twc jrcups en cvbrhaa sykptck ekprcvbkbnt (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ). ]<5[

V`b suosbqubnt _LV gcunf t`ht t`brb whs nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en phtebnt shtesghltecn ht hpprcx-ekhtbay ? ybhrs' gcaacw-up (80 “60 kcnt`s) obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb.

]64[

Vekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr hltevetebs cg fheay aevenj9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en tekb thmbn tc rbturn tc wcrm obtwbbnbnfcslcpel hnf cpbn surjbry (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]<0[

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf 86 _LVs hssbssenj rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukptecn cg hltev-etebs cg fheay aevenj (HFA) gcr rbabhsb vbrsus sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.

]<5[ Et pbrgcrkbf

h kbth-hnhayses cg t`rbb _LVs]67[ ]24[ ]28[

hnf gcunf t`ht pbcpab rblbevenj sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb tccm sejnegelhntay acnjbr tc rbturn tc wcrm hnf rbsukb HFA t`hn pbcpab rblbevenjbnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ). Cg t`b rbkhenenj 88 _LVs hssbssenj tekbtc rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukptecn cg HFA, sex _LVs (8 _LV rbpcrtbf en ? puoaelhtecns) gcunf t`ht






bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay fblrbhsbf t`b tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukb HFAlckphrbf wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb=

]2?[ ]2<[ ]26[ ]68[ ]6<[ ]6:[ ]22[ cnb _LV gcunf

t`ht cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay fblrbhsbf t`b tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr rbsukb HFAlckphrbf wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb=

]6?[ hnf gcur _LVs

]27[ ]2:[ ]62[ (fhth gcr 8 _LV

bxtrhltbf grck t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]<5[

) gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnfsthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb en acnj-tbrk sykptcks (sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf nc _LVs hssbssenj rbturn tc wcrm cr HFA gcr t`b lckphr-escn cg bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn.

]<5[

V`b suosbqubnt _LV gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb sejnegelhntay rbfulbf t`b tekbtc rbturn tc wcrm lckphrbf wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb ( sbb thoab 8, p ?< ).

]64[

@hrks9 Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht rbvbrseoab nbrvb eniury whs sejnegelhntay kcrb lckkcn (oyhocut < tekbs) en t`b bnfcslcpel jrcup (7 _LVs, pccabf C_ 4.<<7, 52% LE 4.88: tc 4.540= ckc-jbnbety T ; 4.5:2).

]<0[ @cwbvbr, et gcunf sejnegelhntay kcrb slhr tbnfbrnbss wet` cpbn t`hn bnfc-

slcpel surjbry (pccabf C_ <.:0, 52% LE ?.87 tc 7.25= `ckcjbnbety T ; 4.4887).]<0[

V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf 82 _LVs rbpcrtenj cn lckpaelhtecns cg bnfcslcpel vbrsussthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb.

]<5[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en nbbf gcr rbpbhtbf

surjbry obtwbbn bnfcslcpel hnf sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (7 _LVs, 00< pbcpab9 8?/28<]?%[ wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb v 2/<:4 ]8%[ wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb=

__ 8.?6, 52% LE 4.24 tc <.4:).V`b sblcnf rbvebw hasc efbntegebf cnb _LV lckphrenj bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn, hssbssenj rbpbhtsurjbry. V`b rbvebw gcunf t`ht rbpbht surjbry whs sejnegelhntay abss lckkcn wet` bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb t`hn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` h kcfegebf enlesecn (?/8?0 ]?%[ wet`bnfcslcpel v 7/72 ]5%[ wet` kcfegebf cpbn= __ 4.8:, 52% LE 4.46 tc 4.0?). V`b rbvebw rbpcrtbft`ht nc khicr lckpaelhtecns cllurrbf rbsuatenj en pbrkhnbnt fhkhjb cr khicr ekpherkbnts, hnfsthtbf t`ht "Et sbbks t`ht bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb jevbs kcrb trhnsebnt nbrvb prcoabks(gcr bxhkpab nburhprhxeh, nukonbss, phrhbst`bsehb) hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb kcrb wcunfprcoabks (gcr bxhkpab, engbltecn, `ypbrtrcpèl slhrrenj, slhr tbnfbrnbss)."

@hrks rbsuatenj grck bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vhry obtwbbn _LVs, hat`cuj`rhtbs cg lckpaelhtecns gcr oct` prclbfurbs hrb jbnbrhaay acw.

]20[ ]2<[ ]6:[ ]68[ ]6<[ ]27[ ]2?[ ]25[

V`b suosbqubnt _LV rbpcrtbf t`ht nc nburcvhsluahr cr engbltecn lckpaelhtecns cllurrbf hs h rbsuat

cg bnfcslcpel cr cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. ]64[ Et gcunf t`ht slhr tbnfbrnbss (typb cg kbhsurbkbntnct rbpcrtbf) ht "t`b kcst sejnegelhnt pcent" (tekb grhkb nct labhr) whs sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf wet`bnfcslcpel lckphrbf wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb (<7% wet` bnfcslcpel v 72% wet`cpbn= hoscautb nukobrs nct rbpcrtbf= T abss t`hn 4.42). \urjbry whs rbpbhtbf en </<4 (84%)pbcpab wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb vbrsus 4/<? (4%) pbcpab wet` sthnfhrf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb= sejnegelhnlb nct hssbssbf.

Lckkbnt9 V`b ahlm cg sejnegelhnt `ckcjbnbety obtwbbn trehas usenj penl` strbnjt` hs hn cutlckb lcuaf nctob bxpahenbf oy feggbrbnlbs en ohsbaenb l`hrhltbrestels, surjelha tbl`nequb, fbgenetecns cg cutlckbs,cr kbt`cfs.Vès lcuaf sujjbst t`b bxestbnlb cg hn unfbgenbf suojrcup cg pbcpab w`c kej`tobnbget grck, cr lcnvbrsbay ob `hrkbf oy, bnfcslcpel rbabhsb surjbry. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb tbl`-nequbs vhry obtwbbn _LVs, wèl` kej`t hllcunt gcr sckb cg t`b vhrehtecn sbbn en cutlckbs.

]74[

]<5[

Laenelha juefb9Bnfcslcpel surjbry es kcrb rbscurlb-entbnsevb hnf fbkhnfs h èj`br surjelha smeaa abvba t`hn t`bcpbn tbl`nequb.

CTVECN \R_JB_U WB_\R\ NC V_BHVKBNV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zb gcunf nc laenelhaay ekpcrthnt rbsuats grck _LVs hocut t`b bggblts cg surjbry lckphrbf wet` nc trbhtkbntcr pahlboc.


Obnbgets9 \urjbry vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9Zb gcunf nc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt.

@hrks9 \urjbry vbrsus nc trbhtkbnt9Zb gcunf nc _LVs.






Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9V`brb es nc lcnsbnsus hs tc t`b cptekha tekenj cg w`bn tc cpbrhtb cn t`b lhrpha tunnba. Kcst laen-elehns obaebvb t`ht t`csb w`c `hvb nct obnbgetbf grck lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt (b.j., h treha cgwrest spaents cr lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn) s`cuaf ob lcnsefbrbf gcr surjbry. Babltrcfehjncstel tbstenj(babltrckybacjrhk) lhn efbntegy pbcpab wet` sbvbrb LV\ w`c s`cuaf prcohoay ob rbgbrrbf gcrsurjbry, hnf t`csb en t`b keaf hnf kcfbrhtb lhtbjcrebs w`c lhn ob jevbn h treha cg lcnsbrvhtevbtrbhtkbnt(s). Tbcpab wet` prbfespcsenj lcnfetecns, sul` hs fehobtbs cr prbvecus wrest grhlturb,s`cuaf pcsseoay ob khnhjbf kcrb hjjrbssevbay, wet` bhraebr rbgbrrha gcr surjbry.

CTVECN \R_JB_U WB_\R\ Z_E\V \TAENV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` wrest spaents \urjbry khy ob kcrb bggbltevb ht rbfulenj sykptcks cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb hgtbr< tc 80 kcnt`s (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 \urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440) lckphrenj hny typb cg surjbry wet` hny ncn-surjelha entbrvbntecn.

]78[V`b rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus spaents, hnf

twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (sbb obnbgets cg surjbry vbrsusaclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn, p 87 ).

V`b systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf laenelha cutlckb ht 8 ybhr lckphrbfwet` spaents (? _LVs,850 pbcpab wet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 ::/50 ]:5%[ wet` surjbry v 7?/844]7?%[ wet` spaent= __ 8.?:, 52% LE 8.42 tc 8.2<).

]78[V`b rbvebw nctbf sbvbrha kbt`cfcacjelha

gahws en t`b gerst _LV, enlaufenj t`ht et whs nct oaenfbf, t`brb whs nc engcrkhtecn cn ohsbaenb laenelhahnf babltrcp`ysecacjelha sthtus cg t`b twc jrcups, hnf t`b kbt`cf cg rhnfckeshtecn whs nct fb-slreobf.

V`b sblcnf _LV]7?[

efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]78[

(8:7 pbcpab, enlaufenj 86< wckbn=furhtecn cg sykptcks 87 “846 wbbms) hasc rbpcrtbf cn laenelha ekprcvbkbnt ht < hnf 80 kcnt`s.V`b _LV lckphrbf cpbn lhrpha tunnba surjbry wet` wrest spaentenj gcr ht abhst 7 kcnt`s. Et gcunft`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf sullbss rhtbs (fbgenbf hs "lckpabtbay rblcvbrbf" cr "kulèkprcvbf" cn h 7-pcent slhab) lckphrbf wet` spaentenj ht < hnf 80 kcnt`s (< kcnt`s9 7?/:0 ]04%[wet` surjbry v 67/07 ]26%[ wet` spaentenj= T abss t`hn 4.448= 80 kcnt`s9 78/70 ]54%[ wet` surjbry

v 25/:5 ]:2%[ wet` spaentenj= T ; 4.4?). Oy 80 kcnt`s, 68% cg t`b pbcpab haaclhtbf tc spaentenj hf`hf surjbry.]7?[

Vès sblcnf _LV whs ahrjbr, cg kul` obttbr quhaety, hnf hf acnjbr gcaacw-up (uptc 80 kcnt`s) t`hn t`b gerst skhaabr _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw.

]78[

@hrks9 \urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent9V`b gerst _LV efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw fef nct rbpcrt cn `hrks cg trbhtkbnt.

]78[V`b sblcnf _LV

]7?[ efbntegebf oy t`b rbvebw

]78[ gcunf t`ht t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` hfvbrsb bggblts whs ej`br

en t`b surjbry jrcup t`hn t`b spaent jrcup, out t`b feggbrbnlb whs cg ocrfbraenb sejnegelhnlb (20/0:]7:%[ wet` surjbry v 67/05% ]2?%[ wet` spaentenj= __ 8.?5, 52% LE 8.44 tc 8.77).

]78[ @cwbvbr,

t`b systbkhtel rbvebw nctbf t`ht h nukobr cg hfvbrsb bvbnts rbpcrtbf en t`b ncn-surjelha jrcupwbrb hltuhaay lhusbf oy surjbry furenj gcaacw-up. Hfvbrsb bggblts enlaufbf phengua cr ypbrtrcpèlslhr, wcunf `hbkhtckh hnf engbltecn, steggnbss, swbaaenj cr feslckgcrt cg t`b wrest, hnf rbgabxsykpht`btel fystrcp`y. V`b rbvebw fef nct fbslreob khicr lckpaelhtecns sul` hs fhkhjb tc hnbrvb.

]78[

Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9

V`brb es nc lcnsbnsus hs tc t`b cptekha tekenj cg w`bn tc cpbrhtb cn t`b lhrpha tunnba. Kcst laen-elehns obaebvb t`ht t`csb w`c `hvb nct obnbgetbf grck lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt (b.j., h treha cgwrest spaents, cr lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn) s`cuaf ob lcnsefbrbf gcr surjbry. Babltrcfehjncstel tbstenj(babltrckybacjrhk) lhn efbntegy pbcpab wet` sbvbrb LV\ w`c s`cuaf prcohoay ob rbgbrrbf gcrsurjbry, hnf t`csb en t`b keaf hnf kcfbrhtb lhtbjcrebs w`c lhn ob jevbn h treha cg lcnsbrvhtevbtrbhtkbnt(s). Tbcpab wet` prbfespcsenj lcnfetecns, sul` hs fehobtbs cr prbvecus wrest grhlturb,s`cuaf pcsseoay ob khnhjbf kcrb hjjrbssevbay, wet` bhraebr rbgbrrha gcr surjbry.

CTVECN \R_JB_U WB_\R\ ACLHA LC_VELC\VB_CEF ENIBLVECN. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn Zb fcn't mncw w`bt`br lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry es kcrb bggbltevb

ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).






@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn Lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry khy ob bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj`hnf gunltecn en pbcpab wet` LV\ (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 \urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440) lckphrenj hny typb cg surjbry wet` hny ncn-surjelha entbrvbntecn.

]78[V`b rbvebw efbntegebf twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcs-

tbrcef enibltecn hnf twc _LVs lckphrenj surjbry vbrsus spaents (sbb obnbgets cg surjbry vbrsuswrest spaent, p 87 ). V`b systbkhtel rbvebw fef nct pbrgcrk h kbth-hnhayses bxlausevbay gcr t`blckphrescn cg surjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn= t`brbgcrb, wb rbpcrt t`b _LVs enfevefu-haay `brb.

V`b gerst _LV efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw (848 pbcpab, 5< wckbn= kbhn furhtecn cgsykptcks <8 “<< wbbms)

]7<[ ]78[ lckphrbf lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry (usenj h aeketbf phakhr

enlesecn tbl`nequb) vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (phrhkbt`hscnb ?4 kj).V`b systbkhtelrbvebw gcunf t`ht surjbry whs sejnegelhntay abss bggbltevb t`hn aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn ht ek-prcvenj nclturnha phrhbst`bseh ht < kcnt`s (prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` :4% ekprcvbkbnt9 ?5/<<]00%[ wet` enibltecn v ?8/<7 ]20%[ wet` surjbry= __ 4.77, 52% LE 4.65 tc 4.54)= `cwbvbr, et gcunfnc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn t`b jrcups ht 7 kcnt`s (?6/<< ]:<%[ wet` enibltecn v ?2/<7 ]75%[wet` surjbry= __ 4.52, 52% LE 4.:8 tc 8.?5).

]78[

V`b sblcnf _LV efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw (24 pbcpab wet` LV\) ]78[ lckphrbf surjelhafblckprbssecn (veh cpbn tbl`nequb unfbr aclha hnhbst`bseh) vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn(82 kj kbt`yaprbfnescacnb).V`b _LV gcunf t`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay ekprcvbf laenelha cutlckbht ?4 wbbms lckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` ekprcvbkbntoy ht abhst 24% en t`b Jacoha \ykptck \lcrb9 ?6/82 ]57%[ wet` surjbry v 88/?2 ]66%[ wet` lcrte-lcstbrcef enibltecn= __ ?.80, 52% LE 8.<5 tc <.6?).

]78[ @cwbvbr, t`b _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feg-

gbrbnlb obtwbbn t`b jrcups en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` ekprcvbf jrep strbnjt` ht ?4 wbbms(hs kbhsurbf oy h IHKH_ `yfrhuael `hnf fynhkckbtbr9 8?/?2 ]60%[ wet` surjbry v 8:/?2 ]70%[wet` lcrtelcstbrcef= __ 4.:8, 52% LE 4.6< tc 8.82).

]78[

@hrks9 \urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn9V`b gerst _LV

]7<[ efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw

]78[ gcunf t`ht t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet`

hfvbrsb bggblts en bhl` jrcup whs sekeahr en bhl` jrcup (0/27 ]86%[ wet` surjbry v 0/65 ]87%[ wet`lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn= T vhaub nct rbpcrtbf). Hfvbrsb bvbnts enlaufbf aclha wrest phen ht ? wbbms,

wèl` rbscavbf wetèn "fhys". Lcaabs' grhlturb abhfenj tc wet`frhwha whs rbpcrtbf en twc pbcpab w`crblbevbf lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn, hnf fbht` grck `bphtclhrlenckh ht 8< kcnt`s whs rbpcrtbf encnb pbrscn en t`b surjbry jrcup.

]7<[

V`b sblcnf _LV efbntegebf oy t`b systbkhtel rbvebw]78[

gcunf t`ht surjbry sejnegelhntay enlrbhsbft`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` hfvbrsb bvbnts lckphrbf wet` lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn (88/?2 ]66%[wet` surjbry v 2/?2 ]?4%[ wet` lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn= __ 8.<0, 52% LE 8.40 tc 8.:7).

]78[ Hfvbrsb

bggblts en t`b surjbry jrcup wbrb wcunf hbkhtckh (? pbcpab) hnf keaf tc kcfbrhtb wcunf phen(5 pbcpab), hnf en t`b lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn jrcup wbrb lbaauaetes (8 pbrscn) hnf phen ht t`b enibltecnsetb (6 pbcpab).

]78[

Lckkbnt9 Laenelha juefb9V`brb es nc lcnsbnsus hs tc t`b cptekha tekenj cg w`bn tc cpbrhtb cn t`b lhrpha tunnba. Kcst laen-elehns obaebvb t`ht t`csb w`c `hvb nct obnbgetbf grck lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt (b.j., h treha cgwrest spaents, cr lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn) s`cuaf ob lcnsefbrbf gcr surjbry. Babltrcfehjncstel tbstenj(babltrckybacjrhk) lhn efbntegy pbcpab wet` sbvbrb LV\ w`c s`cuaf ob rbgbrrbf gcr surjbry, hnft`csb en t`b keaf hnf kcfbrhtb lhtbjcrebs w`c lhn ob jevbn h treha cg lcnsbrvhtevb trbhtkbnt(s).Tbcpab wet` prbfespcsenj lcnfetecns, sul` hs fehobtbs cr prbvecus wrest grhlturb, s`cuaf pcsseoayob khnhjbf kcrb hjjrbssevbay, wet` bhraebr rbgbrrha gcr surjbry.

CTVECN ENVB_NHA NBR_CAU\E\ EN LCNIRNLVECN ZEV@ CTBN LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B. . . . .

\ykptck sbvbretyLckphrbf wet` lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb Entbrnha nburcayses khy nct rbfulb sykptcks cg LV\ w`bn pbrgcrkbfht cpbn surjbry (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).


© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... 8:





Obnbgets9 Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9Zb gcunf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?447), wèl` efbntegebf t`rbb _LVs lckphrenj cpbnlhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses.

]<5[V`b

rbvebw fef nct pbrgcrk kbth-hnhayses oblhusb cg t`b usb cg feggbrbnt cutlckb kbhsurbs cr feggbrbntslhabs. V`b t`rbb _LVs gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnbhnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses.

]76[ ]72[ ]77[

V`b gerst _LV (25 pbcpab= 7< wrests) gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`bprcpcrtecn cg pbcpab rbpcrtenj rbaebg grck haa cr kcst cg t`ber sykptcks hgtbr 8? kcnt`s (?0/<? ]00%[

wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v ?2/<8 ]08%[ wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnhanburcayses= __ 8.8, 52% LE 4.5 tc 8.<).

]76[

V`b sblcnf _LV (60 pbcpab= 60 wrests) gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`bprcpcrtecn cg pbcpab w`c rbpcrtbf lckpabtb rbaebg cg sykptcks hgtbr 7 kcnt`s (?</?6 ]57%[ wet`cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v ?</?6 ]57%[ wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nbu-rcayses= __ 8.4, 52% LE 4.5 tc 8.8).

]72[

V`b tèrf _LV (68 pbcpab= 6: wrests wet` sbvbrb LV\= sbb lckkbnt obacw) gcunf nc sejnegelhntfeggbrbnlb hgtbr < kcnt`s obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`b prcpcrtecn cg wrests wet` h "jccf" (rbscautecncg phen, ekprcvbkbnt en sbnscry fbgelet, hnf nc surjelha lckpaelhtecns) cr "bxlbaabnt" (rbscautecncg phen, rbscautecn cg sbnscry fbgelet, hnf nc surjelha lckpaelhtecns) laenelha rbspcnsb (82/?< ]72%[wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v 87/?6 ]7:%[ wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsbpaus entbrnha nburcayses= __ 8.4, 52% LE 4.7 tc 8.2).

]77[

@hrks9 Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9V`b gerst _LV fef nct rbpcrt cn hrks.

]76[V`b sblcnf _LV sthtbf t`ht t`brb wbrb nc lckpaelhtecns

httreouthoab tc entbrnha nburcayses.]72[

V`b tèrf _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbntrbhtkbnts en t`b prcpcrtecn cg wrests wet` pbrsestbnt enlesecnha phen, wèl` whs t`b kcst lckkcnlckpaelhtecn rbpcrtbf en t`b treha (</?< ]8<%[ wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb v 6/?6]8:%[ wrests wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses= __ 4.0, 52% LE 4.? tc <.8).]77[

Ct`br lckpaelhtecns enlaufbf 8/?6 (6%) wrests wet` `hnf swbaaenj hnf 8/?6 (6%) wrests wet`hf`bsevb lhpsuaetes en t`b cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb paus entbrnha nburcayses jrcup hnf 8/?< (6%)wrests wet` lhushajeh en t`b cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb hacnb jrcup.

Lckkbnt9 V`b tbrks "bpenburbltcky" hnf "nburcayses" hrb sckbtekbs usbf entbrl`hnjbhoay en t`b kbfelhaaetbrhturb, hnf ybt t`by kej`t hvb obbn rbgbrrenj tc feggbrbnt surjelha prclbfurbs. Vès lcuaf rbsuaten lcnsefbrhoab `btbrcjbnbety obtwbbn stufebs, hnf lhaas entc qubstecn t`b vhaefety cg lckoenenj

t`b rbsuats en h kbth-hnhayses. En tès rbvebw wb `hvb enlaufbf _LVs t`ht spblegelhaay rbgbr tc"nburcayses".

XRB\VECN Z`ht hrb t`b bggblts cg pcstcpbrhtevb trbhtkbnts gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3

CTVECN Z_E\V \TAENV\ HGVB_ LH_THA VRNNBA _BABH\B \R_JB_U. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

\ykptck ekprcvbkbntLckphrbf wet` nc kcvbkbnt rbstreltecn Zrest spaentenj hgtbr surjbry khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks(vbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

@hnf gunltecnLckphrbf wet` nc kcvbkbnt rbstreltecn Zrest spaentenj hgtbr surjbry khy ob nc kcrb bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj jrep

strbnjt` (acw-quhaety bvefbnlb).

_bturn tc wcrm

Lckphrbf wet` nc kcvbkbnt rbstreltecn Zrest spaentenj hgtbr surjbry sbbks abss bggbltevb ht rbfulenj t`b tekb tcrbturn tc wcrm (kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb).


Obnbgets9 Zrest spaents hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry vbrsus unrbstreltbf rhnjb cg kctecn9

Zb gcunf nc systbkhtel rbvebw, out wb gcunf t`rbb _LVs.]7:[ ]70[ ]75[

V`b gerst _LV (:6 pbcpab=0? wrests) lckphrbf rejef wrest spaentenj gcr 6 wbbms hgtbr surjbry vbrsus nc spaentenj paus hfvelbtc kcoeaesb t`b hggbltbf wrest cr wrests.

]7:[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en

kbfehn jrep strbnjt` ht 7 kcnt`s (hs h pbrlbnthjb cg kbfehn prb-cpbrhtevb jrep strbnjt`9 unspaentbf846%, 52% LE 56% tc 882% v spaentbf 840%, 52% LE 844% tc 887%= rbpcrtbf hs nct sejnegelhnt=

T vhaubs nct rbpcrtbf).






V`b sblcnf _LV (6: pbcpab= 28 wrests) lckphrbf rejef wrest spaentenj gcr ? wbbms hgtbr surjbryvbrsus nc spaentenj.

]70[ Et gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab w`c lcnsefbrbf

t`bksbavbs "lurbf" ht gcaacw-up (8?/?7 ]67%[ wet` spaentenj v 0/8: ]6:%[ wet` nc spaentenj= __ 8.4,52% LE 4.2 tc 8.5). En t`b sblcnf _LV, hat`cuj` t`b tbrk "lurbf" whs usbf hs hn cutlckb kbhsurb,ets kbhnenj whs nct fbgenbf en t`b lcntbxt cg t`b treha, hnf t`b abnjt` cg gcaacw-up whs nct spblegebf.Et gcunf t`ht :/6: (82%) pbcpab wbrb acst tc gcaacw-up, out hnhayses cg fhth whs nct oy entbntecn tctrbht.

]70[

V`b tèrf _LV (24 pbcpab= 24 wrests) lckphrbf rejef wrest spaentenj gcr ? wbbms hgtbr surjbry vbrsus

nc spaentenj. ]75[ Et gcunf t`ht t`b hvbrhjb nukobr cg fhys thmbn tc rbturn tc wcrm whs sejnegelhntayacwbr en t`b unspaentbf jrcup (?: fhys wet` spaentenj v 8: fhys wet` nc spaentenj= T ; 4.442).

]75[

@hrks9 Zrest spaents hgtbr lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb surjbry vbrsus unrbstreltbf rhnjb cg kctecn9V`b gerst _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn trbhtkbnts en t`b prcpcrtecn cg pbcpab rbpcrtenjslhr phen hgtbr 7 kcnt`s (7/<: ]87%[ wet` spaentenj v 7/66 ]86%[ wet` nc spaentenj= __ 8.?, 52% LE4.6 tc <.6).

]7:[V`b sblcnf _LV rbpcrtbf lckpaelhtecns gcr cnb pbrscn en t`b unspaentbf jrcup,

w`c `hf pbrsestbnt sykptcks hnf rbquerbf rb-cpbrhtecn.]70[

V`b tèrf _LV gcunf t`ht spaentenjsejnegelhntay enlrbhsbf peaahr phen hnf slhr tbnfbrnbss ht 8 kcnt`, out gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbobtwbbn trbhtkbnts en phen ht < cr 7 kcnt`s hgtbr surjbry (peaahr phen9 T ; 4.4?= slhr tbnfbrnbss9T ; 4.46= phen9 fhth nct rbpcrtbf).

]75[

Lckkbnt9 V`b _LVs wbrb tcc skhaa tc bxlaufb t`b pcsseoeaety cg h laenelhaay ekpcrthnt enlrbhsb en t`b resm cgsckb lckpaelhtecns (b.j., trhnsebnt uanhr nbrvb eniury) wet` spaentenj lckphrbf wet` nc spaentenj.

JAC\\H_UHf`bsevb lhpsuaetes H lcnfetecn en wèl` t`b icent lhpsuab oblckbs lcntrhltbf hnf tèlmbnbf, lhusenj rbstreltecnen t`b rhnjb cg kcvbkbnt.Hkbrelhn Hlhfbky cg Nburcacjy fehjncstel lretbreh

]<[V`b aembae`ccf cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb enlrbhsbs wet`

t`b nukobr cg sthnfhrf sykptcks hnf prcvclhtevb ghltcrs. \ykptcks enlaufb fuaa hlènj feslckgcrt en t`b `hnf,gcrbhrk, cr uppbr hrk= phrhbst`bseh en t`b `hnf= wbhmnbss cr lauksenbss cg t`b `hnf= fry smen, swbaaenj, cr lcacurl`hnjbs en t`b `hnf= cr cllurrbnlb cg hny cg t`bsb sykptcks en t`b festreoutecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvb. Trcvclhtevbghltcrs enlaufb sabbp, susthenbf hrk cr `hnf pcsetecns, cr rbpbtetevb hltecns cg t`b `hnf cr wrest. _baebvenj ghltcrsenlaufb l`hnjbs en `hnf pcsturb hnf s`hmenj t`b `hnf. T`yselha bxhkenhtecn khy ob ncrkha, cr sykptcks khy obbaeletbf oy thppenj cr ferblt prbssurb cvbr t`b kbfehn nbrvb ht t`b wrest cr wet` gcrlbf gabxecn cr bxtbnsecn cg t`bwrest. T yselha sejns enlaufb sbnscry acss en t`b kbfehn nbrvb festreoutecn= wbhmnbss cr htrcp`y en t`b t`bnhr kuslabs=hnf fry smen cn t`b tùko, enfbx, cr keffab genjbrs. Babltrckycjrhp`y hnf nbrvb lcnfultecn stufebs lhn lcngerk,

out nct bxlaufb, t`b fehjncses cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.Entbrnha nburcayses Fblckprbssecn wetèn t`b nbrvb hllckpaes`bf oy pbrgcrkenj hn bpenburctcky hnf t`bn fevefenjt`b nbrvb entc kuatepab ghsleluahr jrcups.

]77[

Nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs Bxbrlesb t`brhpy ferbltbf ht rbstcrenj hnf khxekesenj bxlursecn cg t`b kbfehn nbrvbt`rcuj` t`b lhrpha tunnba.

]:8[

T`habn's tbst/sejn Venjaenj en t`b kbfehn nbrvb festreoutecn es enfulbf oy guaa gabxecn (cr guaa bxtbnsecn gcr rbvbrsbT`habn) cg t`b wrests gcr up tc 74 sblcnfs.Teaahr phen Then ht t`b rhfeha cr uanhr ocrfbr cg t`b lhrpha tunnba.Vbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs Bxbrlesb t`brhpy ferbltbf ht rbstcrenj hnf khxekesenj bxlursecn cg t`b genjbr gabxcr tbnfcnst`rcuj` t`b lhrpha tunnba.

]:8[

Ocstcn Lhrpha Vunnba Xubstecnnherb (OLVX) H vhaefhtbf sbag-hfkenestbrbf qubstecnnherb bvhauhtenj twc fckhens9OLVX \UKTV hssbssbs sykptck sbvbrety usenj hn 88-pcent slhab, hnf OLVX GRNLV hssbssbs gunltecn usenjbej`t etbks t`ht hrb bhl` rhtbf cn h slhab cg 8 (obst slcrb) tc 2 (wcrst slcrb).Feshoeaetebs cg Hrk \`cuafbr hnf @hnf (FH\@) gunltecnha enfbx es h <4-etbk qubstecnnherb fbsejnbf tc hssbss

gunltecn en pbcpab wet` kusluacsmbabtha fescrfbrs cg t`b uppbr aeko. Bhl` etbk es slcrbf grck 8 “

2, hnf t`b tctha slcrbes lcnvbrtbf tc h 8 “844 slhab.Gunltecnha \thtus \lhab (G\\) Kbhsurbs bej`t etbks, enlaufenj feggeluaty en wretenj, outtcnenj lact`bs, cpbnenj ihrs,`cafenj h occm, jreppenj h tbabp`cnb `hnfab, `cusb`caf l`crbs, lhrryenj jrclbry ohjs, ohtènj, hnf frbssenj.

]<8[

Jacoha \ykptck \lcrb (J\\) V`b nukbrelha suk cg gevb lckkcn lhrpha tunnba synfrckb sykptcks (phen,nukonbss, phrhbst`bseh, wbhmnbss/lauksenbss, hnf nclturnha whmbnenj), wèl` hrb bhl` rhtbf grck 4 (nc sykptcks)tc 84 (sbvbrb sykptcks), tc jevb h slcrb cg obtwbbn 4 hnf 24.

]:4[ ]??[

Acw-quhaety bvefbnlb Gurt`br rbsbhrl` es vbry aembay tc hvb hn ekpcrthnt ekphlt cn cur lcngefbnlb en t`b bstekhtbcg bggblt hnf es aembay tc l`hnjb t`b bstekhtb.Kcfbrhtb-quhaety bvefbnlb Gurt`br rbsbhrl` es aembay tc hvb hn ekpcrthnt ekphlt cn cur lcngefbnlb en t`b bstekhtbcg bggblt hnf khy l`hnjb t`b bstekhtb.\ykptck \bvbrety \lhab (\\\) @hs 88 etbks lcnlbrnenj phen, nclturnha sykptcks, nukonbss, tenjaenj, hnfwbhmnbss.

]<8[

Venba's tbst/sejn Venjaenj en t`b kbfehn nbrvb festreoutecn es enfulbf oy pbrlussenj t`b kbfehn nbrvb.

Wbry acw-quhaety bvefbnlb Hny bstekhtb cg bggblt es vbry unlbrthen.






\RO\VHNVEWB L@HNJB\Lcrtelcstbrcefs (aclha enibltecn) Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw upfhtbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?447)

]8<[ hnf cnb systbkhtel rbvebw

hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?447).]86[

V`b gerst systbkhtel rbvebw gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn enlrbhsbf t`bprcpcrtecn cg pbcpab wet` laenelha ekprcvbkbnt ht 8 kcnt` cr abss, hnf ekprcvbf sykptcks ht 7 wbbms, lckphrbfwet` pahlboc. Et hasc gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcefs ekprcvbf sykptck sbvbrety hgtbr 8 kcnt`, 0 wbbms, hnf 8?wbbms, lckphrbf wet` systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs.V`b sblcnf systbkhtel rbvebw efbntegebf cnb hffetecnha _LV lck-phrenj lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn vbrsus pahlboc cr nc trbhtkbnt, out t`b _LV fef nct pbrgcrk obtwbbn-jrcup lckphr-escns. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Aembay tc ob obnbgeleha).Lcrtelcstbrcefs (systbkel) Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc

t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Aembay tc ob obnbgeleha).Feurbtels Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay

rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?447)

]<5[ upfhtbf hnf cnb

suosbqubnt _LV]64[

hffbf. V`b systbkhtel rbvebw hnf suosbqubnt _LV gcunf t`ht bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb khy ob bquhaay bggbltevb ht ekprcvenj sykptcks cg LV\ hnf ekprcvenj hnf gunltecn, hnf t`ht bnfc-slcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb khy s`crtbn t`b tekb tc rbturn tc wcrm cr hltevetebs cg fheay aevenj lckphrbf wet` cpbnlhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. @cwbvbr, oct` typbs cg surjbry hrb hssclehtbf wet` hfvbrsb bggblts. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf(Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf hrks).Entbrnha nburcayses en lcniunltecn wet` cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw upfhtbf (sbhrl` fhtb?447),

]<5[ wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn

unl`hnjbf (Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha).N\HEFs Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay

rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).Tyrefcxenb Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),]?8[

wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusayrbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).\urjbry vbrsus aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440) upfhtbf.

]78[V`b rbvebw

efbntegebf twc _LVs wet` lcngaeltenj rbsuats. V`b gerst _LV gcunf t`ht aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn whs kcrb bggbltevbt`hn surjbry ht ekprcvenj nclturnha phrhbst`bseh ht < kcnt`s, out t`b feggbrbnlb whs nct sejnegelhnt ht 7 kcnt`s.V`b sblcnf _LV gcunf t`ht surjbry ekprcvbf laenelha cutlckb ht ?4 wbbms lckphrbf wet` aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn=`cwbvbr, t`b rbvebw gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlb obtwbbn t`b jrcups en jrep strbnjt` ht ?4 wbbms. Lhtbjcreshtecnunl`hnjbf (Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf `hrks).\urjbry vbrsus wrest spaent Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw upfhtbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?440),

]78[wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs

tc t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgetshnf `hrks).V`brhpbutel uatrhscunf Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw hffbf (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?),

]?8[ wèl` efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc

t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).

Zrest spaents Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?44?)]?8[

hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV]<<[

hffbf. V`b systbkhtelrbvebw efbntegebf nc nbw _LVs tc t`csb prbvecusay rbpcrtbf en tès Laenelha Bvefbnlb rbvebw. V`b suosbqubnt _LVlckphrbf nbutrha-hnjab spaent, nbutrha-hnjab spaent wet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs, wrest lclm-up spaent, hnf wrest lclm-up spaent wet` nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs= `cwbvbr, t`b _LV fef nct pbrgcrk obtwbbn-jrcup lckphrescns hnf es cg acwquhaety, hnf t`brbgcrb rbsuats hrb feggeluat tc entbrprbt.

]<<[ Lhtbjcreshtecn unl`hnjbf (Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss).

Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs Cnb systbkhtel rbvebw (sbhrl` fhtb ?440)]?5[

hnf cnb suosbqubnt _LV]<4[

hffbf, wèl` lckphrbf nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs paus wrest spaents vbrsus wrest spaents hacnb. V`b sys-tbkhtel rbvebw hnf suosbqubnt _LV gcunf nc sejnegelhnt feggbrbnlbs obtwbbn nbrvb hnf/cr tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbspaus wrest spaents hnf wrest spaents hacnb en kcst cutlckbs gcr sykptck sbvbrety hnf `hnf gunltecn. Lhtbjcreshtecnt`brbgcrb l`hnjbf grck "Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss" tc "Rnaembay tc ob obnbgeleha".\urjbry vbrsus pahlboc Bvefbnlb rbhssbssbf= entbrvbntecn rblhtbjcresbf grck "Vrhfb-cgg obtwbbn obnbgets hnf`hrks" tc "Rnmncwn bggbltevbnbss".

_BGB_BNLB\8. _czkhryn AK. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h lckprb bnsevb rbvebw.Lurr Cpen

Crt`cp 855:=09<< “6<.

?. _bkpba F, Bvhncgg O, Hkhfec TL, bt ha. Lcnsbnsus lretbreh gcr t b lahssegelhtecncg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb en bpefbkecacjel stufebs. Hk I Tuoael @bhat` 8550=009866: “8628. ]TuoKbf[

<. _bpcrt cg t`b Xuhaety \thnfhrfs \uolckkettbb cg t`b Hkbrelhn Hlhfbky cgNburcacjy. Trhltelb phrhkbtbr gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb (sukkhry sthtbkbnt).Nburcacjy 855<=6<9?647 “?645. ]TuoKbf[

6. vcn \l`rcbfbr @, Octtb KI. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.@hnf Laen 8557=8?976< “722.]TuoKbf[

2. \tbvbns IL, \un \, Obhrf LK, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb en _cl`bstbr,Kennbscth, 8578 tc 8504. Nburcacjy 8500=<098<6 “8<0. ]TuoKbf[

7. Fuketru F. Vbxtoccm cg babltrcfehjncstel kbfelenb . @hnaby hnf Obagus, bfs.Tèahfbapèh, TH9 Kcsoy Tuoaelhtecns= 8552.

:. Htrcs e E, Jukkbsscn L, Ic`nsscn _, bt ha. Trbvhabnlb cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb

en h jbnbrha pcpuahtecn. IHKH 8555=?0?982< “820.]TuoKbf[

0. Wcetm HI, Kubaabr IL, Ghraenjbr FB, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb en prbjnhnly.Lhn Kbf Hsscl I 850<=8?09?:: “?08.]TuoKbf[

5. Thzzhjaeh L, Lhaehnfrc T, Hpreab E, bt ha. Kuatelbntbr stufy cn lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb hnf prbjnhnly enlefbnlb hnf nhturha lcursb. Hlth Nburclèr \uppa ?442=5?9<2 “<5.]TuoKbf[

84. Fb Mrck KLVG, Mbstbr H, Mnepslèaf T, bt ha. _esm ghltcrs gcr lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb. Hk I Bpefbkeca 8554=8<?9884? “8884. ]TuoKbf[

88. Ghthke V, Mcohyhsè H, Rtemh V, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb= ets nhturha estcry.@hnf \urj 855:=?98?5 “8<4.

8?. Thfuh A, Thfuh _, Hpreab E, bt ha. Kuatepbrspbltevb gcaacw-up cg untrbhtbf lhrphatunnba synfrckb. H kuatelbntbr stufy. Nburcacjy ?448=2798625 “8677. ]TuoKbf[

8<. Khrs`haa \L, Vhrfeg J, Hs`wcrt` NA. Aclha lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn gcr lhrphatunnba synfrckb. En9V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub 8, ?445. Lèl`bstbr, RM9 Ic`nZeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?447.]TuoKbf[

86. Tehzzene FO, Hpreab E, Gbrrhrh TB, bt ha. H systbkhtel rbvebw cg lcnsbrvhtevbtrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Laen _b`hoea ?44:=?89?55 “<86.]TuoKbf[

82. C'Jrhfhej` F, Kbrry T. Lcrtelcstbrcef enibltecn gcr t`b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. Hnn _`buk Fes ?444=259580 “585. ]TuoKbf[

87. Jerahnfh T, Fhttcah _, Wbnutc L, bt ha. Aclha stbrcef trbhtkbnt en efecphtèl lhrphatunnba synfrckb9 s`crt- hnf acnj-tbrk bggelhly. I Nburca

855<=?64980: “854.]TuoKbf[

8:. Czfcjhn @, Uhzele @.V`b bggelhly cg aclha stbrcef enibltecns en efecphtèl lhrphatunnba synfrckb9 h fcuoab-oaenf stufy. Or I _`bukhtca 8506=?<9?:? “?:2.

]TuoKbf[80. Zcnj \K, @ue HLG, Vhnj H, bt ha. Aclha vs systbkel lcrtelcstbrcefs en t`b

trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Nburcacjy ?448=2798272 “827:. ]TuoKbf[

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... ?4





85. Ohou \_, Orettcn IK. V`b rcab cg stbrcef enibltecn en t`b khnhjbkbnt cg lhrphatunnba synfrckb. I Crt`cp _`bukhtca 8556=:925 “74.

?4. Vhspenhr \, \h en G, Hatunhohs U. Lckphrescn cg t`b bggelhly cg lcrtelcstbrcefenibltecn, nej`t spaent hnf p`ysect`brhpy en fehobtel lhrpha tunnba synfrckb.Vurmeyb Gezemsba Vep vb _b`hoeaethsycn Fbrjese (Vurmes` Icurnha cg T`yselha Kbfelenb hnf _b`hoeaethtecn) ?44:=2<926 “74.

?8. C'Lcnncr F, Khrs haa \L, Khssy-Zbstrcpp N. Ncn-surjelha trbhtkbnt (ct`brt`hn stbrcef enibltecn) gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. En9V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub8, ?445. Lèl`bstbr, RM9 Ic`n Zeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?44?.

??. L`hnj K@, L ehnj @V, Abb \\, bt ha. Crha fruj cg l`celb en lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb. Nburcacjy 8550=289<54 “<5<.]TuoKbf[

?<. Kes`rh \, Trho`hmhr \, Aha W, bt ha. Bggelhly cg spaentenj hnf crha stbrcefs en t btrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h prcspbltevb rhnfckezbf laenelha hnfbabltrcp`ysecacjelha stufy. Nburca Enfeh ?447=269?07 “?54.]TuoKbf[

?6. @eu HLG, Zcnj \K, Zcnj M\, bt ha. Crha stbrcef en t b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. Hnn _`buk Fes ?448=74908< “086. ]TuoKbf[

?2. Oretes` Nhtecnha Gcrkuahry , 67t` rbv bf. Oretes` Kbfelha Hssclehtecn hnf _cyhaT`hrkhlbutelha \clebty cg Jrbht Orethen.

?7. Tha O, Khnjecn T, @csshen KH, bt ha. \`cuaf feurbtels ob prbslreobf gcr efecpht ellhrpha tunnba synfrckb3 _bsuats cg h lcntrcaabf treha. Laen _b`ho 8500=?9?55 “<48.

?:. \trhnsmy K, _uoen H, Ahvh N\, bt ha.Vrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb wet`vethken O79 h fcuoab-oaenf stufy. \cut` Kbf I 8505=0?9068 “06?. ]TuoKbf[

?0. \pccnbr J_, Fbshe @O, Hnjba IG, bt ha. Rsenj pyrefcxenb tc trbht lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. _hnfckezbf lcntrca treha. Lhn Ghk T`yselehn 855<=<59?8?? “?8?:.]TuoKbf[

?5. Kbfenh KlMbcn IK, Uhnlcsbm MB. Nburha jaefenj tbl`nequbs gcr t`b trbhtkbntcg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h systbkhtel rbvebw. I \pcrt _b`hoea ?440=8:9<?6 “<68.]TuoKbf[

<4. @bbonbr KA, _cffby V\.V`b bggblts cg nburha kcoeaezhtecn en hffetecn tc sthnfhrflhrb en pbrscns wet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb grck h lckkunety `cspetha. I @hnf V`br ?440=?89??5 “?64.]TuoKbf[

<8. Hmhaen B, Ba C, Tbmbr C, bt ha.Vrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb wet` nbrvbhnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbs. Hk I T`ys Kbf _b`hoea ?44?=089840 “88<.]TuoKbf[

<?. Tenhr A, Bn cs H, Hfh \, bt ha. Lhn wb usb nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs en wckbnwet` lhrpha tunnba synfrckb3 Hfv V`br ?442=??967: “6:2.]TuoKbf[

<<. Orenenjbr VA, _cjbrs IL, @cak KO, bt ha. Bggelhly cg h ghorelhtbf lustckezbfspaent hnf tbnfcn hnf nbrvb jaefenj bxbrlesbs gcr t`b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb9 h rhnfckezbf lcntrcaabf treha. Hrl` T`ys Kbf _b`hoea ?44:=00986?5 “86<2.

<6. Bobnoel abr J_, _bsl` MA, Nelcahmes T, bt ha. Ratrhscunf trbhtkbnt gcr trbhtenjt`b lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 rhnfckesbf "s`hk" lcntrcaabf treha. OKI 8550=<879:<8 “:<2. ]TuoKbf[

<2. Khnbntb J, Vcrrebre G, Fe Oahsec G, bt ha. Hn enncvhtevb `hnf orhlb gcr lhrphatunnba synfrckb9 h rhnfckesbf lcntrcaabf treha. Kuslab Nbrvb ?448=?6984?4 “84?2.]TuoKbf[

<7. Abvenb FZ, \ekkcns OT, Mcres KI, bt ha. H sbag-hfkenestbrbf qubstecnnherb gcrt`b hssbsskbnt cg sbvbrety cg sykptcks hnf gunltecnha sthtus en lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. I Ocnb Icent \urj Hk 855<=:298202 “825?. ]TuoKbf[

<:. Zhambr ZL, Kbtzabr K, Legu FP, bt ha. Nbutrha wrest spaentenj en lhrpha tunnba

synfrckb9 h lckphrescn cg nej`t-cnay vbrsus guaa-tekb wbhr enstrultecns. Hrl` T`ys Kbf _b`hoea ?444=0896?6 “6?5. ]TuoKbf[

<0. V`ckh H, Wbatre M, @henbs V, bt ha. H kbth-hnhayses cg rhnfckezbf lcntrcaabf trehaslckphrenj bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn lhrpha tunnba fblckprbssecn. Tahst _blcnstrultr \urj ?446=886988<: “8867.

<5. \l`catbn _I, Kenm vhn fbr Kcabn H, Retfb`hhj OK, bt ha. \urjelha trbhtkbntcptecns gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. En9 V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub 8, ?445.Lèl`bstbr, RM9 Ic`n Zeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?447.

64. Vehn U, Y`hc @, Zhnj V. Trcspbltevb lckphrescn cg bnfcslcpel hnf cpbn sur-jelha kbt`cfs gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Lèn Kbf \le I ?44:=??9846 “84:.]TuoKbf[

68. Orcwn _H, Jbaobrkhn _@, \beabr IJ EEE, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. Hprcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf hssbsskbnt cg cpbn hnf bnfcslcpel kbt`cfs. I Ocnb Icent \urj Hk 855<=:298?72 “8?:2. ]TuoKbf[

6?. Fukcntebr L, \cmcacw L, Ablabrlq L, bt ha. Bhray rbsuats cg lcnvbntecnha vbrsustwc-pcrtha bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. H prcspbltevb stufy. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8552=?49720 “77?.]TuoKbf[

6<. Brfkhnn KZ@. Bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba fblckprbssecn. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8556=8592 “8<. ]TuoKbf[

66. Gbrfenhnf _F, KhlAbhn IJO. Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb enoeahtbrha lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. H prcspbltevb, rhnfckesbf, oaenfbf hssbsskbnt.I Ocnb Icent \urj ?44?=06O9<:2 “<:5.

62. KhlFbrkef IL, _el`hrfs _\, _ct` I@, bt ha. Bnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrphatunnba rbabhsb9 h rhnfckezbf treha.I @hnf \urj ]Hk[ ?44<=?096:2 “604. ]TuoKbf[

67. \hw NA, Icnbs \, \`bpstcnb A, bt ha. Bhray cutlckb hnf lcst-bggbltevbnbss cgbnfcslcpel vbrsus cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9 h rhnfckezbf prcspbltevb treha.I @hnf \urj ]Or[ ?44<=?0929666 “665.

6:. \thrm O, Bnjmvest-Acgkhrm L. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb crlcnvbntecnha surjbry.@hnflèr Kemrclèr Tahst Lèr 8557=?098?0 “8<?. ]En Jbrkhn[]TuoKbf[

60. Zcnj ML, @unj AM, @c TL bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. H prcspbltevb, rhnfck-ezbf stufy cg bnfcslcpel vbrsus aeketbf-cpbn kbt`cfs. I Ocnb Icent \urj Or ?44<=02907< “070. ]TuoKbf[

65. Htrcsè E, @cgbr K, Ahrsscn JR, bt ha. Cpbn lckphrbf wet` ?-pcrtha bnfcslcpellhrpha tunnba rbabhsb9 h 2-Ubhr gcaacw-up cg h rhnfckezbf lcntrcaabf treha. I @hnf \urj Hk ?445=<69?77 “?:?.]TuoKbf[

24. Htrcsè E, Ahrsscn JR, Crnstben B, bt ha. Cutlckbs cg bnfcslcpel surjbry lck-phrbf wet` cpbn surjbry gcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb hkcnj bkpacybf phtebnts9rhnfckesbf lcntrcaabf treha. OKI ?447=<<?986:<.]TuoKbf[

28. Ihlcosbn KO, _h`kb @. H prcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf stufy wet hn enfbpbnfbntcosbrvbr lckphrenj cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb wet` bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8557=?89?4? “?46. ]TuoKbf[

2?. Hjbb IK, KlLhrrcaa I, Vcrtcsh _F, bt ha. Bnfcslcpel rbabhsb cg t`b lhrpha tunnba9h rhnfckezbf prcspbltevb kuatelbntbr stufy.I @hnf \urj ]Hk[ 855?=8:950: “552.]TuoKbf[

2<. Obnbfbtte W_, \bnnwhaf J. Hjbb bnfcslcpel fblckprbssecn cg t`b kbfehnnbrvb9 prcspbltevb stufy wet` lckphrescn tc cpbn fblckprbssecn. @hnflèr Kemrclèr Tahst Lèr 8557=?09828 “822. ]En Jbrkhn[ ]TuoKbf[

26. \bnnwhaf J_, Obnbfbtte _.V`b vhaub cg cnb-pcrtha bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb9 h prcspbltevb rhnfckezbf stufy. Mnbb \urj \pcrts Vrhukhtca Hrt`rcsl 8552=<988< “887. ]TuoKbf[

22. Vrukoab VB, Fehc B, Horhks _H, bt ha. \enjab-pcrtha bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb lckphrbf wet` cpbn rbabhsb9 h prcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf treha. I Ocnb Icent \urj Hk ?44?=06H9884: “8882.

27. Gcul`br J, Oul` N, Whn Cvbrstrhbtbn A, bt ha. Lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Lhn etsteaa ob h lcntrcvbrseha tcpel3 Lèrurjeb 855< “8556=885904 “06. ]En Grbnl`[

2:. @cbgnhjbas ZHI, Whn Mabbg IJG, Khstbnorcbm JJH, bt ha. \urjelha trbhtkbntcg t`b lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 bnfcslcpel cr lahsselha (cpbn) surjbry3 Hprcspbltevb rhnfckesbf stufy. Nbf Veifsl`r Jbnbbsmf 855:=86890:0 “00?. ]EnFutl`[ ]TuoKbf[

20. Khlmbnzeb FI, @henbr _, Z`bhtaby KI. Bhray rblcvbry hgtbr bnfcslcpel vs. s`crt-enlesecn cpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. Hnn Tahstel \urj ?444=669748 “746.

25. @brrbn FO, \ekkbn O_. Lckpaelhtecns hgtbr bnfcslcpel lhrpha tunnba fblck-prbssecn.Y Rnghaalèr Wbrsel`brunjskbf 8556=0:98?4 “8?:. ]En Jbrkhn[ ]TuoKbf[

74. Iekbnbz FG, Jeoos \_, Lahppbr HV. Bnfcslcpel trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba syn-frckb9 h lretelha rbvebw. I Nburcsurj 8550=00908: “0?7. \bhrl` fhtb 855:.]TuoKbf[

78. Wbrfujc _I, \haenhs _H, Lhsteaac IA, bt ha. \urjelha vbrsus ncn-surjelha trbhtkbntgcr lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. En9V`b Lcl`rhnb Aeorhry, Essub 8, ?445. Lèl`bstbr,RM9 Ic`n Zeaby & \cns, Atf. \bhrl` fhtb ?440.

7?. Jbrretsbn HH, fb Wbt @L, \l`catbn _I, bt ha. \paentenj vbrsus surjbry en t`btrbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. IHKH ?44?=?0098?62 “8?28. ]TuoKbf[

7<. Ay-Tbn F, Hnfrbu IA, fb Oahs J, bt ha. \urjelha fblckprbssecn vbrsus aclhastbrcef enibltecn en lhrpha tunnba synfrckb9 h cnb-ybhr, prcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf,cpbn, lcntrcaabf laenelha treha. Hrt`retes _`buk ?442=2?978? “785. ]TuoKbf[

76. Khlmenncn \B, KlLhob \, Kurrhy IG, bt ha. Entbrnha nburcayses gheas tc ekprcvbt`b rbsuats cg prekhry lhrpha tunnba fblckprbssecn. I @hnf \urj ]Hk[

8558=879?88 “?80. ]TuoKbf[

72. @cakjrbn-Ahrsscn @, Absznebwsme Z, Aenfbn R, bt ha. Entbrnha nburcayses cr aejh-kbnt fevesecn cnay en lhrpha tunnba synfrckb “ rbsuats cg h rhnfckezbf stufy.Hlth Nburclèr (Zebn) 8502=:69880 “8?8. ]TuoKbf[

77. Acwry ZB Ir, Gcaabnfbr HO. Entbrghsleluahr nburcayses en t b sbvbrb lhrpha tunnbasynfrckb. H prcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf, fcuoab-oaenf, lcntrcaabf stufy. Laen Crt`cp 8500=??:9?28 “?26. ]TuoKbf[

7:. Gensbn W, Hnfbrsbn M, _usswurk @. Nc hfvhnthjb grck spaentenj t b wrest hgtbrcpbn lhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. H rhnfckezbf stufy cg 0? wrests. Hlth Crt`cp \lhnf 8555=:49?00 “?5?. ]TuoKbf[

70. Oury VG, Hmbakhn B, Zbess HT. Trcspbltevb, rhnfckezbf treha cg spaentenj hgtbrlhrpha tunnba rbabhsb. Hnn Tahstel \urj 8552=<2985 “??.

75. Lccm HL, \zhoc _K, Oerm caz \Z, bt ha. Bhray kcoeaezhtecn gcaacwenj lhrpha tunnbarbabhsb. H prcspbltevb rhnfckezbf stufy. I @hnf \urj ]Or[ 8552=?49??0 “?<4.]TuoKbf[

:4. @brsmcvetz \, Obrjbr H_, Aeptcn _O. Acw-fcsb, s crt-tbrk crha prbfnescnb en

t`b trbhtkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. Nburcacjy 8552=62985?< “

85?2.]TuoKbf[

:8. _czkhryn AK, Fcvbaab \, _ct`khn B_, bt ha. Nbrvb hnf tbnfcn jaefenj bxbrlesbshnf t`b lcnsbrvhtevb khnhjbkbnt cg lhrpha tunnba synfrckb. I @hnf V`br 8550=8898:8 “8:5.]TuoKbf[

Nejba A Hs`wcrt`Hssclehtb TrcgbsscrRnevbrsety cg Haobrth

BfkcntcnLhnhfh

Lckpbtenj entbrbsts9 NH es h lc-hut`cr cg cnb systbkhtel rbvebw rbgbrbnlbf en tès rbvebw.]8<[

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... ?8





Feslahekbr

V`b engcrkhtecn lcnthenbf en tès puoaelhtecn es entbnfbf gcr kbfelha prcgbssecnhas. Lhtbjcrebs prbsbntbf en Laenelha Bvefbnlb enfelhtb h iufjbkbnt hocut t`b strbnjt` cg t`b bvefbnlb hvheahoab tc cur lcntreoutcrs precr tc puoaelhtecn hnf t`b rbabvhnt ekpcrthnlb cg obnbget hnf`hrks. Zb rbay cn cur lcntreoutcrs tc lcngerk t`b hllurhly cg t`b engcrkhtecn prbsbntbf hnf tc hf`brb tc fbslreob hllbptbf prhltelbs._bhfbrs s`cuaf ob hwhrb t`ht prcgbssecnhas en t`b gebaf khy hvb feggbrbnt cpenecns. Oblhusb cg tès hnf rbjuahr hfvhnlbs en kbfelha rbsbhrl`wb strcnjay rblckkbnf t`ht rbhfbrs' enfbpbnfbntay vbregy spblegebf trbhtkbnts hnf frujs enlaufenj khnughlturbrs' juefhnlb. Hasc, t`blhtbjcrebs fc nct enfelhtb w`bt`br h phrteluahr trbhtkbnt es jbnbrhaay hpprcprehtb cr w`bt`br et es suethoab gcr h phrteluahr enfevefuha. Ratekhtbayet es t`b rbhfbrs' rbspcnseoeaety tc khmb t`ber cwn prcgbssecnha iufjbkbnts, sc tc hpprcprehtbay hfvesb hnf trbht t`ber phtebnts.Vc t`b guaabstbxtbnt pbrkettbf oy ahw, OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Aeketbf hnf ets bfetcrs hrb nct rbspcnseoab gcr hny acssbs, eniury cr fhkhjb lhusbf tc hny

pbrscn cr prcpbrty (enlaufenj unfbr lcntrhlt, oy nbjaejbnlb, prcfults aehoeaety cr ct`brwesb) w`bt`br t`by ob ferblt cr enferblt, spbleha, enle-fbntha cr lcnsbqubnteha, rbsuatenj grck t`b hppaelhtecn cg t`b engcrkhtecn en tès puoaelhtecn.

© OKI Tuoaesènj Jrcup Atf ?484. Haa rej`ts rbsbrvbf. .......................................................... ??





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e b w = s b h r l

`

f h

t b ? 4 4 7

, 8 5 _ L V s ,

8 0 < 5

p b c p

a b

] < 5 [

“ 7

. 4 0 f h y s ,

5 2 % L E “

5 . 8

< f h y s

t c “

< . 4

<

f h y s

p b c p

a b 9 k b h n

f e g g b r b n l b

4 ,

5 2 % L E “

4 . 8

: t c

+ 4

. 8 :

G u n l

t e c n h

a ( h s k b h s u r b

f o y

t ` b

A b v

e n b s l h

a b )

h g t b r k c r b

t ` h n

< k c n t

` s ,

? _ L V s ,

? : 2 p b c p

a b

Z K F +

4 . 4

0 ,

5 2 % L E “ 4

. 4 7 t c +

4 . ?

?

G u n l

t e c n

( h s k b h s u r b

f o y

t ` b

A b v

e n b s l h

a b ) h t

< k c n

t ` s c r

a b s s ,

<

_ L V s ,

6 2 8 p b c p

a b 9 k b h n

f e g g b r b n l b “

4 . ?

? ,

5 2 %

L E “

4 . 7

4 t c “

4 . 8

7 .

\ t h t e s t e l h

a ` b

t b r c j b n b

e t y E ?

; 5 4 %

, T ;

4 . 4

4 4 4 <

.

N H

Z c u n

f c r r h

f e h a / u a n h r p

e a a h r p h

e n h

t 6

, 7

, h n

f 8 ?

k c n

t ` s 9 f h

t h p r b s b n

t b f

j r h p

` e l h

a a y = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

Z

c u n

f p h

e n h

t ? w b b

m s

( 8 “

8 4 W H \ ) 9 <

. < w

e t ` B L V _ v

? . 2

w e t `

C

L V _ w

e t ` k c

f e g e b f e n l

e s e c n =

T ;

4 . 4

4 6

_ L V = <

4 p b c p

a b w

e t ` o e a h t b r h

a

L V \ =

7 4 ` h n

f s

] 6 0

[

Z

c u n

f p h

e n h

t 6 w b b

m s

( 8 “

8 4 W H \ ) 9 ?

. 2 w

e t ` B L V _ v

8 . 2

w e t `

C

L V _ w

e t ` k c

f e g e b f e n l

e s e c n =

T ;

4 . 4

4 0

Z

c u n

f p h

e n h

t 0 w b b

m s 9

f h

t h n c

t p r b s b n

t b f = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

_ h


e a a h r p h

e n h

t 6 w b b

m s 9

f h

t h p r b s b n

t b f j r h p

` e l h

a a y = r b -

p c r t b

f h s

N \

_ h


e a a h r p h

e n h

t 0 w b b

m s 9

8 7 / < 4 ( 2 < % ) w

e t ` B L V _ v

0 / < 4

( ?

: % ) w

e t ` C L V _ w

e t ` k c

f e g e b f e n l

e s e c n =

T ; 4 . 4

<

V e k b

t c r b

t u r n

t c w

c r m

( g c r

0 2 / 8 ? < ] 7 5 % [

p b c p

a b e n b k p

a c y k

b n

t h

t o h s b

a e n b

) 9 8 0 f h y s

N H

T h

e n s l c r b

( h n

t b r e c r l h r p h

a t b n

f b r n b s s s l c r b

g r c

k 8 8 ; p h

e n a b s s

t c

2 2 ; s b v b r b p h

e n ) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

? ? w

e t ` b n

f c s l c

p e l s u r j b r y v

? 6

w e t ` c p b n s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 8

0

_ L V = 8

? < p b c p

a b = 8

2 4 ` h n

f s

] 6 7

[

w e t ` B L V _ v

? 7 f h y s w

e t ` C L V _ = k b h n

f e g -

g b r b n l b 9

0 f h y s , 5

2 % L E ? f h y s

t c 8 < f h y s

A b v

e n b

g u n l

t e c n h

a e k p h

e r k b n

t s l c r b

( 0 ; n c

e k p h l

t t c 6 4 ; n c h l

t e v -

e t e b s p c s s

e o a b ) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 8

4 5 w

e t ` b n

f c s l c p e l

s u r j b r y v 8 4 0 w

e t `

c p b n s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 5

0

A b v

e n b s y k p

t c k s l c r b

( 8 8 ; h s y k p

t c k h

t e l t c 2 2 ; s b v b r b s y k p -

t c

k s

) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 ? 4 w

e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r

y v

8 8 5 w

e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . :

4

© O K I

T u

o a e s ` e n j

J r c u p

A t f ? 4 8 4

. H a a r e j

` t s r b s b r v b

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

? <

L h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c k b

Kusluacsmbabtha fescrfbrs



_ b

t u r n

t c w c r m

/ h l

t e v e t e b s c

g f h

e a y a e g b

\ y k p

t c k s h

t k c

r b t ` h n

< k c n

t ` s

\ y k p

t c k s h

t < k c n

t ` s c r

a b s s

\ t u f y p c p u

a h t e c n

_ b

g

K b

f e h n

t e k b

t c r b t

u r n

t c w c r m

g c r p b c p

a b n c

t

c n s

e l m a b h v b

o b g c

r b s u r j b r y

( 2 < / 7 < ] 0 6 % [

h s s

e j n b

f t c b n

f c s

l c p

e l s u r j b r y h n

f 2 5 / 7 2

] 5 8 % [ h s s

e j n b

f t c

c p b n s u r j b r y

) 9 ? 0 f h y s

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u

r j b r y v ? 0 f h y s w

e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 5

K b

f e h n

t e k b

t h m b n

t c r b

t u r n

t c w c r m

g c r p b c -

p a b c n s

e l m a b h v b o

b g c r b s u r j b r y

( 8 4 / 7 <

] 8 7 % [ h s s

e j n b

f t c b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y v 7 / 7 2

] 5 % [ h s s

e j n b

f t c c p b n s u r j b r y

) 9 2 8 f h y s w

e t `

b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y v

< : f h y s w

e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y = s

e j n

e g e l h n

l b n c

t h s s b s s b

f

K b h n p c s

t c p b r h

t e v b p h

e n s l c r b h

t 8 ? k c n

t ` s 9

0 . :

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y v

8 <

. 5 w

e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 8

<

T c s

t c p b r h

t e v b p h

e n s l c r b

f b

t b r k

e n b

f o y s b v b r e t y c

g p h

e n e n t ` b s l h r

h n

f p r c x

e k h

a p h

a k h n

f b x

t b n

t t c w

` e l ` t b n

f b r n

b s s c

g s l h r

a e k e t b f

h l

t e v e t y ( b h l

` r h

t b f c n

6 - p c

e n t s l h

a b ,

w ` e l ` w h s

t r h n s

g c r k b

f e n t c

h

l c k

o e n b

f s l c r b c

g 4 ; n c n b

t c 8 4 4 ; s b v b r b p h

e n c r

t b n

f b r n b s s

l h

u s

e n j s b v b r b

a e k e t h t e c n c

g h l

t e v e t y ) . K b h n l

` h n

j b

e n p c s

t c p b r h

t e v b

p h

e n s l c r b

( g r c k

o h s b

a e n b

) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

? <

. 2 w

e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l

s u r j b r y v

< 7

. ? w

e t ` c p b n s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 4

4 8

_ L V = 8

? 0 p b c p

a b = 8

? 0 ` h n

f s

] 2 4

[

K b h n

\ G - 8

? s l c r b h

t 8 ? k c n

t ` s 9

2 4

. 8 w

e t `

b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y v

6 5

. 0 w

e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . : 0

K b h n s y k p

t c k s b v b r e t y s l h

a b s l c r b h

t 8 ?

k c n

t ` s 9

8 . 6

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y v

8 . 6

w e t `

c p b n s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 5 7

K

b h n s b v b r e t y c

g s y k p

t c k s

( h s s b s s b

f u s

e n j L

V \ q u b s

t e c n n h

e r b =

a c

w b r s l c r b

e n f e l h

t b s

f b l r b h s b

f s b v b r e t y c

g s y k

p t c k s = k b h n

l ` h n j b

e n s l c r b

g r c k

o h s b

a e n b r b p c r t b

f ) . \ y k p

t c k s b v b r e t y s l h

a b

s l c r b h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 . 2

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y

v

8 . 2

w e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 6

6

K b h n

g u n l

t e c n h

a s t h t u s s

l h

a b s l c r b h

t 8 ? k c n

t ` s 9

8 . <

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y v

8 . ?

w e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 6

<

K

b h n

g u n l

t e c n h

a s

t h t u s s l h

a b ( h s s b s s b

f u s

e n j L

V \ q u b s

t e c n n h

e r b )

s l c r b h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 . <

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y

v

8 . <

w e t ` c p b n

s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 0

?

J

r e p s l c r b

( k b h s u r b

f o y

` h n

f f y n h k c k b

t b r ) 9 <

8 . 2

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l

s u r j b r y v

? 5

. 5 w

e t ` c p b n s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 7

5

T e n l

` s l c r b

( k b h s u r b

o y p

e n l

` j h u j b

) 9 7 . :

w e t ` b n

f c s l c p

e l s u r j b r y

v

7 . 4

w e t ` c p b n s u r j b r y =

T ;

4 . 8

2

N H

N H

E k

p r c v b k b n

t h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 B

L V _ j r b h

t b r

t ` h n

C L

V _ w

e t ` h k c

f e g e b f

e n

l e s e c n = h

o s c

a u t b n u k

o b r s

N _ = r b p c r t b

f h s s e j

n e g e l h n

t

_ L V =

? 7 p b c p

a b =

< 7 ` h n

f s

] 2 0

[

K b h n 9

? 6 f h y s w e

t ` B L V _ v

6 ? f h y s w

e t `

C L V _ = r b p c r t b

f h

s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

N H

N H

_ L V =

6 2 p b c p

a b =

: 5 % g b -

k h

a b = k b h n

f u r h

t e c n c

g

s y k p

t c k s

5 k c n

t ` s

] 2 <

[

] 2 6 [

K b h n 9

? 4 f h y s w e

t ` B L V _ v

< 4 f h y s w

e t `


f h

s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

T h

e n l c k p

a b t b a y r b

a e b v b f h

g t b r

0 k c n

t ` s 9

? 4 / ? 4

( 8 4 4 % ) ` h n

f s w

e t ` B L V

_ v

8 5 / ? 4 ( 5 2 % ) ` h n

f s

w e t ` C L V _ = s

e j n

e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n

t N _

T h

e n l c k p

a b t b a y r b

a e b v b

f h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

? 4 / ? 4 ( 8 4 4 % ) ` h n

f s w

e t `

B L V _ v

8 2 / ? 4 ( : 2 % ) ` h n

f s w

e t ` C L V _ = s

e j n e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n

t

N _

_ L V =

6 4 ` h n

f s =

? 4 k h

t l ` b

f

p h

e r s

] 6 :

[

T b r s

e s t e n j p h r h b s

t ` b s e h

b h

g t b r

0 k c n

t ` s 9

8 / ? 4

( 2 % ) ` h n

f s w

e t ` B L V _

v

8 / ? 4 ( 2 % ) ` h n

f s w

e t `

C L V _ = s

e j n

e g e l h n l b h s s

b s s k b n

t N _ = r b p c r t b

f

h s

N \ o y r b v

e b w

] < 5 [

T b r s


t ` b s

e h b h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 / ? 4 ( 2 %

) ` h n

f s w

e t ` B L V _

v

8 / ? 4 ( 2 % ) ` h n

f s w

e t ` C L V _ = s

e j n

e g e l h n l b h s s

b s s k b n

t N _

K b

f e h n 9

8 6 f h y s w

e t ` B L V _ v

? 0 f h y s w

e t `


f h

s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

N H

E k

p r c v b k b n

t e n p h r h b s

t ` b s

e h b h n

f n u k

o n b s s h

g t b r

8 ? w b b

m s 9 5

5 %

w e t ` B L V _ v 5 0 % w

e t ` C L V _ = f

e g g b r b n l b +

8 %

, 5

2 % L E !

< % t c +

2 %

_ L V = 8

6 2 p b c p

a b = 8

7 5 ` h n

f s

] 6 8

[

K b h n 9

8 6 f h y s w e

t ` B L V _ v

< 5 f h y s w

e t `


f h

s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

E k p r c v b k b n

t e n p h

e n h g

t b r

7 k c n

t ` s 9 h

o s c

a u t b

n u k

o b r s

N _ = r b p c r t b f h s

N \

E k

p r c v b k b n

t e n p h

e n h

g t b r

8 ,

? ,

h n

f 6 w b b

m s 9 B

L V _ j r b h

t b r

t ` h n

C

L V _ = h

o s c

a u t b n u k

o b r s

N _ = r b p c r t b

f h s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

_ L V =

: 8 p b c p

a b =

8 4 6 ` h n

f s

] 6 <

[

E k p r c v b k b n

t e n p h

e n h g

t b r

8 ? k c n

t ` s 9 h

o s c

a u t b

n u k

o b r s

N _ = r b p c r t b f h s

N \

E k

p r c v b k b n

t e n p h

e n h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 h

o s c

a u t b n u k

o b r s

N _ = r b p c r t b

f

h s

N \

K b h n 9

8 : f h y s w e

t ` B L V _ v

8 5 f h y s w

e t `


f h

s N \

N H

N H

_ L V =

? 5 p b c p

a b =

< ? ` h n

f s

] 2 8

[

© O K I

T u

o a e s ` e n j

J r c u p

A t f ? 4 8 4

. H a a r e j

` t s r b s b r v b

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

? 6





_ b

t u r n

t c w c r m

/ h l

t e v e t e b s c

g f h

e a y a e g b

\ y k p

t c k s h

t k c

r b t ` h n

< k c n

t ` s

\ y k p

t c k s h

t < k c n

t ` s c r

a b s s

\ t u f y p c p u

a h t e c n

_ b

g

8 : f h y s w

e t ` B L V _ v

8 : f h y s w

e t ` C L V _ =

r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

N _

N _

_ L V =

? 6 5 p b c p

a b =

? 2 8

` h n

f s =

2 6 w

e t ` B L V _ v

8 5 :

w e t ` C L V _

] 2 7

[

T r c p c r t e c n c

g p b c p

a b h

o s b n

t g r c k w c r m k c r b

t ` h n

6 w b b

m s 9

8 7 %

w e t ` B L V _ v

8 < % w

e t `

C L V _ =

f e g g b r b n l b 9 +

< %

, 5 2 % L E !

: % t c

+ 8 6 %

N H

K

b h n s y k p

t c k s b v b r e t y s l c r b h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 . 7

w e t ` B L V _ v

8 . 2

w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

_ L V =

8 : 0 p b c p

a b

] 2 :

[

K b

f e h n 9

? 2

. 4 f h y s

w e t ` B L V _ v

6 7

. 2 f h y s

w e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r

t b f h s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

F h

t h n c

t r b p c r t b

f s b p h

r h t b a y

F h

t h n c

t r b p c r t b

f s b p h r h

t b a y

_ L V = 8

? ? p b c p

a b = 8

6 : ` h n

f s

] 2 ?

[


g p b c p

a b r b

t u r n b

f t c w c r m h

t 8

k c n

t ` 9

6 2 % w

e t ` B

L V _ v

: ? % w

e t ` C L V _ =

T ;

4 . 8

<


g p b c p

a b w

e t ` p h r h b s

t ` b s

e h b h

g t b r

7

k c n

t ` s 9

4 % w

e t ` B L V _

v 4 % w

e t ` C L V _ = s

e j n

e g -

e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n


f h s

N \ o y r b -

v e b w

] < 5 [

T b r s


t ` b s

e h b h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 ? % w e t

` B L V _ v

: % w

e t `

C

L V _ = s

e j n


t N _

_ L V =

8 4 < p b c p

a b =

7 4 w

e t `

B L V _ v

6 < w

e t ` C L V _

] 6 ?

[


g p b c p

a b r b

t u r n b

f t c w c r m h

t <

k c n

t ` s 9

: ? % w

e t `

B L V _ v 5 4 % w

e t ` C L V _ =

r b p c r t b

f h s

N \


g p b c p

a b w

e t ` p b r s

e s t e n j p h

e n h

g t b r

7

k c n

t ` s 9

? 2 % w

e t ` B L V _ v

? 0 % w

e t ` C L V _ =

s e j n


t N _

T b r s

e s t e n j p h

e n h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 <

0 . 2

% w

e t ` B L V _ v

6 <

. < % w

e t ` C L V _ =

T

; 4

. : 8

N H

I b

o s c n s l c r b s h

g t b r

8 ?

k c n

t ` s 9

2 5 w

e t ` B L V _

v

6 0 w

e t ` C L V _ = s

e j n e g e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n

t N _ =

r b p c r t b

f h s

N \ o y r b v e b

w ] < 5 [

I b

o s c n s l c r b s h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 :

2 w

e t ` B L V _ v 7 2 w

e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t b

f

h s

N \

_ L V =

? 2 p b c p

a b =

2 4 ` h n

f s

] 6 6

[

H o s c

a u t b n u k

o b r s

N _ = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

T h

t e b n

t s h

t e s g h l

t e c n s l c r b s h

g t b r h k b h n

< . ?

y b h r s 9 0

2 % w

e t ` B L V _ v 5 < % w

e t ` C L V _ = s

e j n

e g -

e l h n l b h s s b s s k b n


f h s

N \ o y r b -

v e b w

] < 5 [

T h

e n ( K l

J e a a s l c r b

) h

g t b r

8 ? w b b

m s 9

0 w

e t ` B L V _ v

8 ? w

e t ` C L V _ =

r b

p c r t b

f h s

N \

_ L V =

8 ? < p b c p

a b

] 6 2

[

\ y k p


( A b v

e n b s l c r b

) h

g t b r

8 ? w b b m

s 9

8 . 0

w e t ` B L V _ v

? . 4


f h s

N \

G u n l

t e c n h

a s

t h t u s

( \ G - <

7 s l c r b

) h

g t b r

8 ? w b b m s

9 6 : w

e t ` B L V _ v

6 ? w


f h s

N \

K b

f e h n 9

8 0 f h y s w

e t ` B L V _ v

< 0 f h y s w

e t `


f h

s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

T h

t e b n

t s h

t e s g h l

t e c n s l c r b h

g t b r

8 ? k c n

t ` s 9

6 . 7

w e t ` B L V _ v

6 . 2

w e t ` C

L V _ = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

T h

t e b n

t s h

t e s g h l

t e c n s l c r b h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

6 . 6

w e t `

B L V _ v

6 . 4

w e t `

C

L V _ = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

_ L V = 8

6 : p b c p

a b = 8

5 ? ` h n

f s

] 2 2

[

\ y k p


( A b v

e n b s l h

a b ) h

g t b r

8 ?

k c n

t ` s 9 8 . 0

w e t ` B L V _

v 8

. 0 w

e t ` C L V _ = r b p c r t -

b f h s

N \

\ y k p


( A b v

e n b s l h

a b ) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 8

. 0 w

e t ` B L V _ v ?

. 2


f h s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

G u n l

t e c n h

a s t h t u s

( A b v e n

b s l h

a b ) h

g t b r

8 ? k c n

t ` s 9

8 . :

w e t ` B L V _ v 8

. : w e t

` C L V _ = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

G u n l

t e c n h

a s

t h t u s

( A b v

e n b s l h

a b ) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9 8 . :

w e t ` B L V _ v

? . 6


f h s s

e j n

e g e l h n

t

K b h n 9

< 6

. 2 f h y s w

e t ` B L V _ v

< 7 f h y s w

e t `


f h

s N \

\ y k p

t c k s b v b r e t y s l c r b

( v h r e h n

t c

g A b v

e n b

) h t <

k c n

t ` s 9

8 8

. 4 w

e t `

B L V _ v

8 4

. 7 w


f h s

N \

_ L V =

0 4 p b c p

a b =

0 4 ` h n

f s

F h t h

g c r

t ` e s

_ L V

b x

t r h l

t -

b f g r c k s y s -

t b k h

t e l r b -

v e b w

] < 5 [

K

b h n

g u n l

t e c n h

a s

t h t u s s l c r b

( v h r e h n

t c

g A b v

e n b

) h

t < k c n

t ` s 9

8 4

. ?

w e t ` B L V _ v

5 . 0


f h s

N \

© O K I

T u

o a e s ` e n j

J r c u p

A t f ? 4 8 4

. H a a r e j

` t s r b s b r v b

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

? 2





_ b

t u r n

t c w c r m

/ h l

t e v e t e b s c

g f h

e a y a e g b

\ y k p

t c k s h

t k c

r b t ` h n

< k c n

t ` s

\ y k p

t c k s h

t < k c n

t ` s c r

a b s s

\ t u f y p c p u

a h t e c n

_ b

g

N H

K b h n c v b r h

a a s b v b r e t y s l

c r b u s

e n j h s l h

a b c

g 8 “

7

h g t b r k c r b

t ` h n

8 y b h r 9

? . 8

w e t ` B L V _ v ?

. ? w

e t `


f h s

N \

N H

_ L V = ?

? : p b c p

a b . V

` r b b - h r k

t r e h a l c k p h r e n j

B L V _ ( 8 8 4

p b c p

a b =

8 ? 2 ` h n

f s

) v

C L V _

( 2 6 p b c p

a b ,

7 4 ` h n

f s

) v C L -

V _ w

e t ` k c

f e g e b f e n l

e s e c n

( 7 <

p b c p

a b =

7 2 ` h n

f s

)

F h t h

g c r

t ` e s

_ L V

b x

t r h l

t -

b f g r c k s y s -

t b k h

t e l r b -

v e b w

] < 5 [

K b h n c v b r h

a a s b v b r e t y s l

c r b u s

e n j h s l h

a b c

g 8 “

7

h g t b r k c r b

t ` h n

8 y b h r 9

? . 8

w e t ` B L V _ v ?

. ? w

e t `

C L V _ w

e t ` k c

f e g e b f e n l

e s e c n = r b p c r t b

f h s

N \

V e k b

t c r b

t u r n

t c w

c r m 9

8 ? f h y s w

e t ` B L V _

v

? 0 f h y s w

e t ` C L

V _ =

T a b s s

t ` h n

4 . 4

8


g p b c p

a b r h

t e n j

t ` b

e r s h

t e s g h l

t e c n h s

b x l b

a a b n

t c r j c c

f h

t h o c u

t ? y b h r s 9

5 <

. ? % w

e t `

B L V _ v 5 8

. 2 % w

e t ` C L V _ ( h o s c

a u t b r b s u

a t s N _ ) =

T j r b h

t b r

t ` h n

4 . 4

2

E k

p r c v b k b n

t e n ? - p c

e n t f e s l r e k

e n h

t e c n

g r c k p r b - c p b r h

t e c n

t c p c s

t -

c p b r h

t e c n

( t e k b c

g p c s

t c p b r h

t e v b h s s b s s k b n

t n c

t l

a b h r ) 9

4 . 7

k k

w e t ` B L V _ v

8 . 5

k k w

e t ` C L V _ =

T j r b h

t b r

t ` h n

4 . 4

2

_ L V =

7 ? p b c p

a b ,

: ? ` h n

f s

] 6 4 [

B L V

_ ,

b n

f c s l c p

e l l h r p h

a t u n n b

a r b a b h s b s u r j b r y =

N H

, n c

t h s s b s s b

f = N

_ ,

n c

t r b p c r t b

f = N

\ ,

r b p c r t b

f h s n c

t s

e j n

e g e l h n

t = C L V _

, c p b n l h r p h

a t u n n b

a r b a b h s b s u r j b r y = _ b

g , r b

g b r b n l b = \

G , s

` c r t g c r k = W

H \

, v

e s u h

a h n h

a c j u b

s l h a b .

© O K I

T u

o a e s ` e n j

J r c u p

A t f ? 4 8 4

. H a a r e j

` t s r b s b r v b

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

? 7





V H O

A B

J _ H F B b v h a u h t e c n c g e n t

b r v b n t e c n s g c r l h r p h a t u n n b a s y n f r c

k b

\ y k p

t c k s c

g l h r p h

a t u n n b

a s y n

f r c k b ,

` h n

f g u n l

t e c n ,

t e k b

t c r b t u

r n t c w c r m ,

h f v b r s b b

g g b l

t s

E k

p c r t h n

t c u

t l c k b s

L c

k k b n

t

J _ H F B

B g g b l

t

s e z b

F e r b l

t -

n b s s

L c n s

e s -

t b n l y

X u h

a e t y

V y p b

c g

b v e -

f b n l b

L c k p h r e s c n

C u

t l c k b

N u k

o b r c

g s

t u f e b s

( p h r -

t e l e p h n

t s )

Z ` h

t h r b

t ` b b

g g b l

t s c

g f r u j

t r b h

t k b n

t s g c r l h r p h

a t u n n b

a s y n

f r c k b

3

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l

t b f g c r u s b c

g h n u n v h

a e f h

t -

b f c u

t l c k b s l h

a b

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

A c l h

a l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f e n i b l

t e c n v

p a h l b

o c

\ y k p


6 ( ? 2 : )

] 8 < [

] 8 2 [

] ? 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l

t b f g c r s p h r s b

f h

t h h n

f

u s b c

g h n u n v h

a e f h t b

f c u

t l c k b s l h

a b

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

A c l h

a l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f e n i b l

t e c n v

s y s

t b k

e l l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f s

\ y k p


? ( 5 : )

] 8 : [

] 8 0 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h .

L c n -

s e s t b n l y p c

e n t f b

f u l

t b f g c r l c n

g a e l t e n j r b s u

a t s

A c w

4

4

“ 8

“ 8

6

A c l h

a l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f e n i b l

t e c n v

l h r p h

a t u n n b

a r b

a b h s b s u r j b r y

\ y k p


? ( 8 2 8 )

] 7 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

A c l h

a l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f e n i b l

t e c n v

l h r p h

a t u n n b

a r b

a b h s b s u r j b r y

@ h n

f g u n l

t e c n

8 ( 2 4 )

] 7 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

\ y s

t b k

e l l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f s v

p a h l b -

o c

\ y k p


< ( 5 4 )

] ? 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

\ y s

t b k

e l l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f s v

N \ H E F s

\ y k p


8 ( 6 0 )

] ? ? [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

\ y s

t b k

e l l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f s v f e u r b

t -

e l s

\ y k p


8 ( 6 7 )

] ? ? [

] ? 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

s t h t e s t e l h

a g a h w s

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

\ y s

t b k

e l l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f s v s p

a e n t s

\ y k p


8 ( 6 4 )

] ? < [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

s t h t e s t e l h

a g a h w s

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

\ y s

t b k

e l l c r t e l c s

t b r c

e f s v s p

a e n t s

@ h n

f g u n l

t e c n

8 ( 6 4 )

] ? < [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

u s b c

g h n u n v h

a e f h t b

f c u

t l c k b s l h

a b

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

F e u r b

t e l s v

p a h l b

o c

\ y k p


? ( 5 8 )

] ? ? [

] ? 7 [

] ? 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

F e u r b

t e l s v

N \ H E F s

\ y k p


8 ( 6 ? )

] ? ? [

] ? 8 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

N \ H E F s v

p a h l b

o c

\ y k p


8 ( 6 2 )

] ? ? [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

u s b c

g h n u n v h

a e f h t b

f c u

t l c k b s l h

a b

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

T y r e f c x

e n b v

p a h l b

o c

\ y k p


8 ( < 2 )

] ? 0 [

Z ` h

t h r b

t ` b b

g g b l

t s c

g n c n - f r u j

t r b h

t k b n

t s g c r l h

r p h

a t u n n b

a s y n

f r c k b

3

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

e n l c k p

a b t b r b p c r t e n j c

g r b s u

a t s .

L c n s

e s t b n l y

W b r y

a c w

4

4

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“ ?

6

N b r v b

/ t b n

f c n j

a e f e n j b x b r l

e s b p

a u s

s p

a e n t v

s p

a e n t h

a c n b

\ y k p


6 ( 8 : 7 )

] < 8 [

] < ? [

] < < [

] < 4 [

p c

e n t f b

f u l

t b f g c r f

e g g b r b n l b s

e n e n t b r v b n

t e c n

t y p b h n

f f u r h

t e c n

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

e n l c k p


g r b s u

a t s .

L c n s

e s t b n l y

W b r y

a c w

4

4

“ 8

“ ?

6

N b r v b

/ t b n

f c n j

a e f e n j b x b r l

e s b p

a u s

s p

a e n t v

s p

a e n t h

a c n b

@ h n

f g u n l

t e c n

8 ( 8 : 7 )

] < 8 [

] < ? [

] < < [

] < 4 [

p c

e n t f b

f u l

t b f g c r f

e g g b r b n l b s

e n e n t b r v b n

t e c n

t y p b h n

f f u r h

t e c n

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h ,

u s b

c g h n u n v h

a e f h

t b f c u

t l c k b s l h

a b ,

h n

f s

t h t e s t e -

l h

a g a h w s

W b r y

a c w

4

4

4

“ <

6

V ` b r h p b u

t e l u

a t r h s c u n

f v p

a h l b

o c

\ y k p


8 ( 6 2 )

] < 6 [

© O K I

T u

o a e s ` e n j

J r c u p

A t f ? 4 8 4

. H a a r e j

` t s r b s b r v b

f . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

? :





\ y k p

t c k s c

g l h r p h

a t u n n b

a s y n

f r c k b ,

` h n

f g u n l

t e c n ,

t e k b

t c r b t u

r n t c w c r m ,

h f v b r s b b

g g b l

t s

E k

p c r t h n

t c u

t l c k b s

L c

k k b n

t

J _ H F B

B g g b l

t

s e z b

F e r b l

t -

n b s s

L c n s

e s -

t b n l y

X u h

a e t y

V y p b

c g

b v e -

f b n l b

L c k p h r e s c n

C u

t l c k b

N u k

o b r c

g s

t u f e b s

( p h r -

t e l e p h n

t s )

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t f b

f u l


f h

t h

K c

f b r h

t b

4

4

4

“ 8

6

Z r e s

t s p

a e n t v

n c

t r b h

t k b n

t

\ y k p


8 ( 0 < )

] < 2 [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

k b

t ` c

f c

a c j

e l h

a g a h w

s

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

Z r e s

t s p

a e n t s v

l h r p h

a t u n n b

a

s u r j b r y

\ y k p


? ( 8 5 0 )

] 7 8 [

] 7 ? [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

p c c r l c k p

a e h n l b w e

t ` t r b h

t k b n

t

A c w

4

4

4

“ ?

6

G u

a a - t e k b u s b c

g s p

a e n t v

n c l

t u r n h

a

u s b h

a c n b

\ y k p


8 ( ? 6 )

] < : [

X u h

a e t y p c

e n t s f b

f u l


f h

t h h n

f

s t h t e s t e l h

a g a h w s . F e r b

l t n b s s p c

e n t f b

f u l

t b f g c r

u s b c

g l c - e n

t b r v b n t e c n s

W b r y

a c w

4

“ 8

4

“ ?

6

N b u

t r h a s p

a e n t v l c l

m - u p s p

a e n t

\ y k p


8 ( 7 8 )

] < < [

Z ` h

t h r b

t ` b b

g g b l

t s c

g s u r j

e l h

a t r b h

t k b n

t s g c r l h r

p h

a t u n n b

a s y n

f r c k b

3

F e r b l

t n b s s p c

e n t f b f u l

t b f g c r

` b

t b r c j b n b

e t y

h k c n j s

t u f e b s

K c

f b r h

t b

4

“ 8

4

4

6

B n

f c s l c p

e l v


\ y k p


H t a b

h s

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