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Carpentry art, excursion to England Thesearch forcomparison of Scandinaviancraftsmanship inmedievalEnglishcarpentryart
ARS TIGNARIA DIOCESIS LUNDENSIS
1
Tableof contents
• Background p3-4
• Roadmap p5
• CambridgeCHSconference p6-8
• Cambridge,doorsandKingschapel p9-16
• Ely cathedral p17-26
• Hadstock church,windows anddoor p27-35
• Greensted stave church p36-43
• Brooklandbelltower andchurch p44-57
• Salisburycathedral p58-86
• Winchestercathedral p87-108
• Winchestercollege,medievaldoor p109
• Guildfordcastle p110
• Summary andreferences p111
Photografies takenbyMattiasHallgren andKarl-MagnusMelinwhen
notelseismentioned.
2
PurposeandbackgroundThisPMistheresultofacarpentryartexcursionmadebyKarl-MagnusMelin andMattias
Hallgren inapril 2017.Karl-MagnusworksasacarpenterandcraftresearcheratKnadriks
Kulturbygg,isprojectleaderforthedioceseprojectHistoriccarpentryartinthedioceseof
LundandisadoctoralstudentattheUniversityofGothenburg.
Mattias isacraftresearcheraffiliatedtotheUniversityofGothenburgandacarpener
specialisedinmedievalcarpentryaswellasintechnicalcarpentryaswindmills,waterwheels
etcetera.BothworkwiththereconstructionofthecornertimberedchurchinSödraRåda.
ThemainreasonforthistripwastheattendanceontheConstructionHistorySocietyannual
conferenceinCambridge2017,whereKarl-MagnusMelin presentedapaperaboutthe
reinventionofmedievalcleavingtechniquesusedinthereconstructionofSödraRådacorner
timberedchurchinSweden.1
Mattias Hallgren incooperationwithdr GunnarAlmevik Gothenburguniversitypresenteda
paperabouttheanalysisoftheGrevbäckwoodenbelltower,erectedaround1304.2
Otherreasonswere:
- tovisitthestavechurchinGreensted tosearchfororiginaltoolmarks andcomparethem
withtoolmarks inoakstavechurchesfromtheDioceseofLund,Sweden(former
Denmark),
- toexaminethemedievaldoorandwindowoakframesinHadstock churchandcompare
thesewiththedoorsandframesintheDioceseofLund,
- todocumentthescaffoldinginSalisburycathedral’sspireasareferenceforpossible
scaffoldingtobeusedinSödraRåda,
- tovisitthefreestandingwoodenBellTowerinBrookland andcompareitwiththebell
towersintheDioceseinLundandtheDioceseinSkara.
Andfinally,ourinsatiablecuriosityandeagernesstogainsynergyeffectsinsharing
knowledgeandideaswithcolleagueswithdifferentpointsofview.
---
1Melin2017.http://timmermanskonst.se
2Hallgren&Almevik 2017.http://traditionsbararna.se/uncategorized/vetenskaplig-artikel-
om-medeltida-tornstapeln-i-grevback 3
4
AcknowledgementsMattias Hallgren gotascholarshipfromIsak Hirschtocoverthetravel
costsandtheparticipationontheCHSconference.
Karl-MagnusMelin attendedtheconferencerepresentingthe
reconstructionofSödraRådamedievalchurch.Thevisittothe
churcheswasdonewithfundsfromthedioceseproject“HistoricalcarpentryartinthedioceseofLund”.
Wewanttothank:JamesCampbellandhiscolleagueswhoorganised
theinterestingCHSconference,allthehelpfulguidesandother
peoplewhohelpedustogetaccess tothechurchesandthewooden
constructions,dendrochronologistMartinBridgeforthepapersand
reports.
MethodThewoodenconstructionsweresurveyedwithrakinglightfrom
strongbatteryLEDlamps.
Greensted churchandHadstock church,amongothers,wereselected
beforethetripinordertocomparethecarpentryartinEnglandwith
thecarpentryartinthedioceseofLund.Someofthechurcheswere
selectedontheroad.
BuildinghistoryInthisPMwedon´thavethepossibilitytogointothehistoryofeach
object.Insomecaseswemakeanoteaboutwheretogetmore
information.ThisPMistobeconsideredasapreliminaryreportand
someofthesubjectswillbepresentedunderothercircumstancesin
thefuture.SödraRådachurch,built 1310,burntdown2001,nowunder
reconstruction.
OnereasonforourtriptoEnglandwasourparticipationand
contributionofpapersaboutcraftresearchintheCHSconference.
Thetopics,wepresented,wereaboutmethodsofcontrolledcleaving
ofroofboardsandtheconstructionofthemedievalcampanileof
Grevbäck,Sweden.
CHSlink:http://www.constructionhistory.co.uk
Theconferencewas held inCambridgeatQueensCollege.
6
Mattias (left)talkingaboutthewoodentowercampanileinGrevbäck and
thecraftmethodsusedinconstructionofhistorictowercampaniles.
Karl-Magnustalkingaboutthereconstructionofalostmedievaltechnique
tocleavetimberwithaxeandmallet.
7
AtTrinitycollegetherewas
anothermedievaldoorwith
veryfinewoodwork.Formore
infoseeYeomans etal2013.
10
Breath taking interior andamagic light inthelateevening
sun.
Ithasthelargest fanvault intheworld andsome of the
finest medievalstained glass.
13
Anoldliftingdevice,a
faucon,hasbeen
saved.According to
CecilHewet the
fauconmightbefrom
1510whenworkwas
carried outonthe
chapel,(Hewett
1985:192).
Ithasacasted bronze
wheel.
15
Thelastday attheCHSconferencetherewas atrip arranged to thecathedral
of Ely.Ithasalanternwithaninnervaultmade of 200tonoak covered by200
tonlead ontheoutside.Thechurchwas built in1083-1109.Theoctagon
collapsed 1322andwas rebuilt andcompleted in1340(Hewett 1985)
17
Wetriedtoexaminethecounterrebateddoors,buttheywerehugeandwecouldn´tfindanytoolmarksin
thelowerpart,whichhadbeenrestored.
18
ThenaveinElycathedralhasoriginalceilingandvaultingmadeofwood,fromearly12thcentury.Fantasticandmonumental.
Insidethelantern,fromthe14thcentury,therearepicturesofangelspaintedonhatches.Laterweopenedthehatchesandlookeddown.
19
AtthetopceilingofthelanterninElyGodhimselflooksdownfromacloudin3D.
Theceilingofthenorthandsoutharmsarealsodecoratedwithwoodenpanelswith28angelslookingdownatyou.Magnificent!
20
Toreachthelanternwehadtoclimbtheouterroof.Totheleft,Ladychapellookingeast.
Totheright,thestructureofthelantern.Manypartshadbeenreplacedintheoriginalwoodenconstruction.Therewaslimitedaccesssowehad
toquicklyfindoutwhichpiecesweretheoldestandmostinterestingonesforourquestions
21
WehadlookedatCecilHewetts drawingsofthe
woodenconstructionandknewtherewereassembly
marksdonewithraceknife,(Hewett1985).
22
Thetimber intheEly
lantern ishewnwitha
straightedged
broadaxe.Thesurface
isvery smooth.Afine
work.
Picturebelow,showing
amixof oldandnew
beams together.
23
Hadstock church,fromthe11thcentury,was the nextstoponourtrip.ThechurchhastheoldestdoorintheUK,datedtotheperiod1044-1067.ThereasonforustovisitHadstock churchwastoinvestigatethechurchdoorandtheoakwindowframes.Onthedoorwehopedtofindtool
marksthatcouldbeinterpreted.
Theoutsideofthedoorusedtobecoveredwithskinandhasalotofnailholes.ThefolkloretellsthatDaneskinswereusedtocoverthedoor,
butDNAanalysisrevealeditwascowhide,(Andrews2003).Thedoorwasrepairedin1830andtheironhingeswereprobablyreplacedwithnew
ones.Someoftheoriginalironworkandthe”daneskin”areinthecollectionsofSaffronWaldenmuseum,(Geddes1999:54).
27
28
Thedoorismadeoffourcleavedoakboardsthatoverlapeachotherwithsplayedrebates.Ontheinsidethereare3/4rounded ledgesfixedby
clinchednailsandroves.Theframearoundthedoorhasthesamecrosssectionastheledges.Thisframeconsistsofseveralpartsthatjoineach
otherwithsplayedscarfs.OnlytwodoorswithclinchednailsandrovesareknowninScandinavia,onefromSkanör churchintheDioceseofLund
- thatusedtobepartofDenmarkuntil1658butnowisapartofcurrentSweden- andonedoorfromHafslo churchinNorway.
LuckilywemetthelocalhistorianPatCroxton-Smith,an87-year-oldladywithabiggerman shepard,whocouldgiveusalltheinformationwe
needed.Whatacoincidence!
Thedoorisweatheredandtherewerenotsomanyvisibletoolmarks.Ontheendgrainatthetop,wheredendrochronologists hadcutwitha
razorblade,wecouldseethattheboardshadbeenradiallycleft.Smalltoolmarksfromabroadaxecouldbeseenontheinsideofthedoorblade.
29
Below,thedoorisseen fromabove.Thephotos showshow
theboardsoverlapswithsplayed rebates.
Wenoticed many other interestingdetails.Avaluable
construction fromatime withadifferentlogic.
Wemade avideoaboutourexaminationof thedoorthatwill
beuploaded ontheYoutubewebsite of Craftlaboratory.
31
Left,ascarfjointwithaclinched nail androw.Right,toolmarks,made against thegrainwithastraightedged broadaxe,.
32
Some other interestingdetails inHadstock church.
Daisywheel
Thecurved rabbetplanehasgot
stuckagainst thegrain.
There isalso ascarfjoint.
33
Theoak frames inthedoublesplayedwindows areof thesameageandbuildingphaseasthedendrochronological dated door,(Rodwell
1974:13).6Thereare four intact frames andeach frame ismade of four parts.Similar frameshavebeen recorded inFramlevchurchinDenmark.
Since we had noladder we could notmakeaclose inspection.
34
Greensted churchThemainreasontovisitGreensted stavechurchwastosearchfororiginaltoolmarks.
Theoriginaloaktimbershavebeendendrochronologically datedtoafter1063- before
1100.Thedendrochronological analysiswasdoneon20of53possiblyoriginaltimbers.
Wedidnothaveaccesstothedendro reportwhenwewenttoGreensted butitwas
easytoseewhichstaveswereancientandwhichwereaddedlater.Theweathered
outersurfacesdidnothaveanydistinguishableoriginaltoolmarks.Ourhopewasto
findoriginaltooltraces ontheinside.Butafterinvestigatingbotholdandnewerstaves
andtoolmarks onrepairsontheoriginalstaves,wecametotheconclusionthatthere
arenooriginaltoolmarksleft.Afterourvisitwereadinthedendro analysisreportthat
noneofthesampled19originalstavescamefromthesametree.Onesuggested
explanationwasthatthestaveswereroundoriginallyandwerelatercutdowntothe
presentstate,(Tyers 1996:9).
Thedendro reportisavailableontheinternet:http://services.english-
heritage.org.uk/ResearchReportsPdfs/014-1996.pdf.Thereportishighlyrecommended
asitdiscussestheresultsthoroughlyandalsodiscussesthepreviousunscientificdating
ofthechurchdoneinthe1960s.
37
Some of thestaves had their originalupper beveling left,otherswereshortened andrecut.Allstaves had been cut offatthebottomandthesill
was replacedwithabrickwall.Theroof construction had also been changed.
38
39
Itcould also bedebated if this istheoldest stave churchstillstandingorachurchbuilt 1848withalotof reusedmedievaltimbers.Most
probableallthestaves are rearrangedmorethan once,they aresurely shortened (probably alot),theground- androof- constructions are from
1848.
Webelieve itismorecorrect tosay itisachurchfrom1848withreusedmedievalmaterial.
There wereamixof reused parts,originalandnewones.Interestingly someof theolder repairings had almost thesamepatinaastheassumed
originalparts.
40
Thenorthwest corner
postissupposed to be
original.Though itisnot
asweathered asthe
other originalstaves.
41
Totheleft,theinsideof thestaves that we believeare cut flat.How
thestaves looked originally ishardtotell.
Some strangecuttingmarksfromavery damaged axecan beseen in
deeper dens hereandthere.
42
Thetoolmarksaredonewiththesameaxeandatthesametime ontheoldstaves andtheinserted repair wood.Therefore itissafe toconclude
that thetoolmarksarenotoriginalbutdone later.
43
After Greenstedwe drovedowntoBrooklandchurch inthesouth east.Wewanted toexaminethemedievalbelltower,dendrochronologically
dated to1264-71(Bridge2012),andcompareitwithfree standing campaniles inSwedenandDenmark.
Together withtheScandinavianNationalHeritageBoards,we are planningafuture project concerningmedievalcampaniles inScandinaviaandnorthern Europe.Itwill beacrossoverscientificproject lookingattraditionsincrafts.
44
Thechurchhasmanyoldartefactsthatcaughtourinterest.
Thecarvingsaroundtheporchwerefromearly14th
century.IthassomesimilaritieswithSödraRåda inSweden.
45
Thebelltowerhasatleastthreegenerationsofbuildingperiods.Theoriginaloaktowerhasfourlargecornerposts22”x22” standingoneven
biggersills.Itisworryingtoseetheconcretethathasbeenpouredoutaroundthesills.Thisisaverybadsolution,especiallyovertime.Itwould
bebettertoliftthetowerup,createanewstonegroundingthatisventilated.Thesillsareprobablyrottenandneedtobe repaired.Itisofgreat
importancethatthisuniqueconstructionwillbepreservedandtakencareofinapropermanner.
47
BROOKLAND,St Augustine's Church (TQ989258)Dendro reports (Bridge2010&2012).
(a)Belltower innerstructureFellingdaterange:1264-71(OxCal;unrefined 1266-87)(b)Belltower aisles Fellingdaterange:1394-1414(a) Mainposts1238(h/s),1247(h/s),1251(h/s+14NM);Braces1244(h/s),1247(h/s).SiteMaster1064-1251BRKLND1(t=16.9LONDON;11.3
BLLNGSGT;10.9SWANMED).(b)Posts1366(h/s),1374(1),1379(11),1385(h/s).SiteMaster1312-1385BRKLND3(t=7.4HALDEN;6.4KGDASQ0;,6.1WYMNDBRY).
“ThecampanileatBrookland consistsofadetachedtimbertowerroofedandenclosedfromtheoutsetasathree-stagespire.Thestructureconsistsofabaseframeoffourmassivecantedpostslinkedbythreetiersoftenoned horizontalrailsandstiffenedbyasystemoflatticebracesopennotchlappedtotheposts.Attheheadaringbeamandcrossbeamsaresurmountedbyasmallerupperframehavingthesamesystemofrailsandlapjointedlatticebraces.Bothframesincorporatetenoned timberuprightstowhicharetenoned shortbracketsandbraceswhichsupportoctagonalringbeamswhichinturncarrytheheadsandfeetoftheraftersofthethreeroofstages.Anoriginalaislestructurewasreplacedlaterinthemedievalperiodbyanarcadedopenoctagonalaisleformingthepresentbottomstageoftheroof.Theheadofthespirewasprobablyalwayssupportedbyamast.Extensivemodernreplacementofthestructurehasbeencarriedout.“(MilesandBridge2010,VA 41,list224)
48
Grevbäckcampanile Swedendendrochronologically dated 1304. Kliplev campanile Denmark dendrochronologically dated 14thcentury.
Mattiasiseuphoric finding this fantasticcampanile.Totheright,brandingmarks, protective fire.This isoften seen
inmedievalbuildings inScandinavia.
49
Alltheredmarked postsandbraces areasecondary construction,put into supportthenewheavier
bells.Theoriginalconstruction stands outsidethenewinnertower.
50
Originally thebelltower mighthave had some kindof skirt,similar totheone ithastoday orjustaprotection forthesills.There areseveral
mortices left open that reveal that partshave been removed.Thetower isstabilizedbyasystemoflatticebraces,opennotchlappedtothe
postsoutside.(OnbelltowersinDenmark andSwedenthebraces aregenerally ontheinside.)Itisinteresting tosee that theoriginalbelltower
hassharp canted corners ontheposts,compared totheyounger tower.This can becomparedwithwhat we knowfromtheScandinavian
towers.They had adifferentlogicandpreferred irregularities andsharp corners onthehewn timber instead of regular dimensionsandround
corners.Theolder braces havesapwood that hasrotted andfallenoff.Originally theymay havehad canted corners.
52
Thelatticebraceshasbeenconnectedtothepostswithopen notched laps.Tecurved ends onthelaps isacraft phenomena that we find
occasionally alloverEuropeoncampaniles andbelfrys dating from1250-1510.
53
There areassembly marksontheoldtower.One
beam isfullof other markings,we don’t know if
they aregrafitti ornot.
54
Onevery valuablepiece istheonly survivor of theoctagonalringbeams,whichhavecarriedtheheadsandfeetoftheraftersofthethreeroof
stages.Ifthis1/8oftheringbeamhadn’tbeenthere,theoriginalroofconstructionwouldhavebeendifficulttoexplain.
Left,seen fromnorth andright,seen fromsouth.
55
Left,theoctagonal frameseen fromunderneath,supported bythetiebeamshangingout.
Right,Karl-Magnussearching fortoolmarks inthedusty environment.
56
Theupper endof thecornerpost
endswitha4”x4” tenon thatholds
thebeamframehalflappedover
eachother.
57
SalisburyCathedralThemain reasonwas to examine thescaffolding inthespire.
9
In1990,33samplesweretaken,in2003-2004,32moresampleswere
takeninordertodendrochronologically datetheconstruction.
Contrary to established theories thescaffoldingwas around 50years
younger than thespire.Probably itwas erected to repair damagethat
occured in1362.10
Wevisited thespirebut itwas notpossible forus to climb up inthe
scaffoldingbecauseof security reasons.Wecould see that thescaffolding
hadmany reused timbers,something theresults of the
dendrochronological analysis confirm.
9InHewett 1985thereareexellentdrawings of thespire.
10Milesetal2004.
58
There were lotsof graffitiandcraftsmens ”discussion
sketches”onbothwood andstonesurfaces.
Totheright,acurved piece of wood,naturally bentand
selected forthis specific use.
66
Some of thepostswere nicely shaped anditwas still
possible to see theguiding lines scribed onthesurface.
Totheright,thenaveseen fromwest.
68
There are lotsof reused timber intheroof overtheSalisburynave.
Some of thewood have been hewed into squareblocksandthen
sawn inhalf withapitsaw.
Some of thebeams haveacuttingpattern that are similar toswedish
medievaltimber,withasmaller axediagonally along thefibers.
71
Medievalironwork inSalisbury
tower approximatelymade in1250
inwhite paint.Complementory
ironwork frommoderntimes in
grey.
73
Thescaffolding fromthe
14thcentury left standing
insidethetower.Built of a
mixof newandreused
timber.
76
Inthetower,themedievalwindlass isstillin
function.It istested yearly forwinchingdown
injured peopleatemergencies.
Totheright,adrawingof thespireandthe
scaffolding inside.
81
Picturesbelow showing trademarks froma
shippingharbour,probably age16th-19th
centuries.
Totheright,Karl-Magnusisenjoying theview
overSalisburyskyline.
83
After thecathedral,we went toSt ThomasBecketchurch,
15thcentury,inSalisburywithawooden panelroof.
84
Luckilywe gottheopportunity to visittheattic and
thetower,thanks to EleanorLewiston,one of the
cathedral guides.
Thecentraltower was built inthefirstdecade of the
13thcentury.
94
Thestool that thebells arehanging in,ismade of
reused beams,probably partsfromtheelder tall
belltower that once stood insidethestone tower.
97
There aredeep cuttings fortheswingingbells intheformerbellbeam (nowupsidedown).Markings forassembly,resembling runes,can beseen
hereandthere.Itwould bepossible tofigureouthowthestandingbelltower looked like,bymaking adeeper examinationanddrawings of allthe
parts.Making adigitalorascale model of itcould give abetter understanding.Wevisited similar belltowers inLiege,Belgium,in2016.
98
Now,upsidedown
Inoneopen notch fromtheformerbelltower,there aretoolmarks fromachisel thecarpenter used.There aremany cutting marksfromcutting
offthebarkontheroundsurfaceof thebeam.
99
Intheroof of thestairway,in
thetower of Winchester
cathedral,there aremarks
fromthemoldingplanksthat
showthey were cleaved,not
sawn.
102
KronhusetinGothenburg,Sweden,built in1654.
Theroof construction overthenave inWinchestercathedral has
been rebuilt several times andtherefore itisamixof allkindsof
timber,newandreused.
Thewesternpartshould havebeen rebuilt after afire inthe17th
century. Thecarpentry,assembly marksand”vampirepegs”isvery
similar to what we see inSwedenfromthis time.
103
Winchestercathedral
Some interesting assemblymarksonthenaves roof construction.There isalso one beam that ishalf burntoff.
104
Onthesouth side of thenave inWinchestercathedral theinnerplate isreused andhasboth verticalmortices andhorizontal dovetail joints.All
elder pieces fromtheroof construction can tell abouthow itwas made.Agigantic craftsmanspuzzle.
105
Farleft,atimber that firsthashasbeen hewn toasquarebeam,andthen cleaved into two pieces withapitsaw.Middle,abeam thathasbeen
used asaworkbench before itwas put up.Farright,anolder mortice notinuse,wherethescribing lines forthelayoutcan beseen.
106
107
Oneof thebeams hasclear tool marksfromahewing axegoingforward.Thescratches ontheedge of theaxeandthedirection of thecuts
reveal that.
108
TheWinchestercathedral’s roof iscoveredwith3-4mmlead plates.Onone oldroof boardwefound anoldleadnail withapiece of lead still
underneath.These leadnails sometimes havesmall”dots”,underits head,tobetter grab thelead sheet,sothehole forthenail doesn’t growand
causeleakage when temperaturechanges andthesheet expands/shrinks.
109
Southof thecathedral inWinchesterthereareanoldcityport,andtwo
moreatWinchesterCollege.They are stillingood health andare
definitelyworth taking acloser lookat.
There isalot of work behind buildingdoorslikethese,withfine
precisionandadvanced carpentry.
110
Thelaststopof ourroadtripwas inthecontrysideatasmallchurchinNorthStoke.Then we droveup toGuildford
castle andenjoyed thesummerflowers inthepark.
Itwas afew lovely days driving around,but thecloser to Londonwe got,themore intense was thetraffic.Thepeak
was whenwe weretrying to reach Heathrowrental car deport..Neveragain!!
Good byeEnglandfornow.See you again soon.
111
Summary:
Withthis PMwe hopetoinspireothers togoout there andseek informationthat ishidden inthebuildings.
Itwould bevery interesting tocontinuetheinvestigations andmakeadeeper comparison,withdetailed examinations,drawings andscale
models or3Dmodels,of belltowers,free standing andinsidecathedral towers,across theborders innorthern Europe.
Wehavealready awakened this thought inSweden,Denmark andNorway.Perhaps other countries could beinvolved inacrossoverborder
project inthefuture.
Referenser:
Andrews.David.(2003).Hadstock church.In SaffronWaldenHistorical JournalNo6
Bridge,Martin,&Miles,Daniel,(2012).Dendrochronologicallydated doorsinGreatBritain.InRegionalFurnitureXXVI2012.
Bridge,Martin,(2010&2012).Thetree-ringdatingof timbers fromthebelltower,BrooklandKent.OxfordDendrochronology laboratory report
2010/11&2012/05.
Geddes,Jane.(1999).MedievalDecorative ironworkinEngland.
Hallgren,Mattias,&Almevik,Gunnar,(2017).Thecraftmanship inconstruction andtransformationof historiccampaniles.InCampbell,Jameset
aleds.(2017).BuildingHistories.Theproceedings of thefourth conferenceof theConstructionhistory society.
Hewett,Cecil.(1982).Churchcarpentry.
Hewett.Cecil.(1985).Englisch CathedralandmonasticCarpentry.
Melin,Karl-Magnus(2017).Techniques of Cleavingwoodwithanaxeandamallet- Deconstructing presentcraft knowledge,inorderto
reconstructhistoric.InCampbell,Jamesetaleds.(2017).BuildingHistories.Theproceedings of thefourth conferenceof theConstruction
history society.
Miles,D.W.H.,Howard,R.E.,Simpson,W.G.,(2004).THetree-ringdatingof thetower andspireatSalisburyCathedralWiltshire.Centrefor
Archaelogy report44/2004.
Warwick,Rodwell,(1974).UnderHadstock Church.
Yeomans,David,etal.(2013).Repairing aMedievalDoor.InAdvancedMaterialsResearch,Vol.778,pp.739-746,2013