CARPENTRY I

BUILDING MATERIALS, ADHESIVES AND FASTENERS

Chariho High School

Career and Technical Center

KINDS OF WOODKINDS OF WOOD

Softwood comes from Softwood comes from needle leaf, evergreen needle leaf, evergreen trees called coniferstrees called conifers

Hardwood comes from Hardwood comes from broadleaf trees that lose broadleaf trees that lose their leaves each fall their leaves each fall season, called deciduous season, called deciduous trees. Kinds of Woodstrees. Kinds of Woods

How Lumber is Sawn

Plain sawn (or flat-sawn) lumber has the growth rings of the tree parallel to the board's broad face. Plain sawn wood highlights the grain, loops and growth swirls of the wood.

Quarter sawn has the growth rings of the tree approximately perpendicular to the board's surface. Quarter sawn wood has the straightest grain. The lumber is cut with growth rings at an angle greater the 45 degrees.

Softwood types

White pine Easy to work with, straight

Yellow pine Wear resistant and tough

Fir Light, straight, and strong

Redwood Excellent decay resistance

Cedar Light and easy to split

Spruce Light, straight, strong and resonant

Uses of Softwood Types

White pineWhite pine – – shelving, interior shelving, interior finish, exterior finish, exterior trim, and door trim, and door framesframes

Yellow pineYellow pine – – benches, stairs, benches, stairs, where semi-hard where semi-hard surface is desiredsurface is desired

FirFir – framing – framing members, siding, members, siding, sheathing, and sheathing, and gatesgates

RedwoodRedwood – posts, – posts, fences, patios, and fences, patios, and sidingsiding

CedarCedar – fence – fence posts, sills, and posts, sills, and shinglesshingles

SpruceSpruce – aviation – aviation and musical and musical instruments instruments

HARDWOOD TYPES

Oak Tough, strong, and open-grained

Walnut Beautiful, brown, open grain

Maple Very durable and light-grained

Mahogany Grain is straight to interlocked, texture is medium to coarse and uniform

Poplar Uniform in texture, light, and soft; easy to work with

Hardwood Identification

OAK

MAPLE MAHAGONY

BIRCH

WALNUT

Uses of Hardwood Types

OakOak - used in floors, - used in floors, interior finish, interior finish, barrels, furniturebarrels, furniture

WalnutWalnut – used for – used for fine furniture, boat fine furniture, boat building, clock casesbuilding, clock cases

MapleMaple – used for – used for floors, interior finish, floors, interior finish, furniture, and guitar furniture, and guitar necksnecks

MahoganyMahogany – is used – is used for fine furniture, for fine furniture, boat interiors, pianos, boat interiors, pianos,

Birch Birch – used for – used for surface veneer on surface veneer on cabinets and doors, cabinets and doors, Furniture, high-grade Furniture, high-grade joinery, high-grade joinery, high-grade plywoodplywood

DEFECT VS. BLEMISH

A Lumber defect is an irregularity in A Lumber defect is an irregularity in or on the wood that reduces its or on the wood that reduces its strength, durability, or usefulnessstrength, durability, or usefulness

A Lumber blemish is a defect that A Lumber blemish is a defect that impairs only the wood’s appearanceimpairs only the wood’s appearance

Common Lumber Defects

Knots Knots HolesHoles SplitsSplits ShakesShakes Pitch pocketsPitch pockets BowBow

WaneWane DecayDecay Blue StainBlue Stain Warp / TwistWarp / Twist CrookCrook

Common Lumber Defects

Bow: A board that rocks from end to end when laid on one face.

Crook: A board that rocks from end to end when laid on one edge. (crown and bow together)

Common Lumber Defects

Cup: A board that rocks from edge to edge when laid on one face.

Twist: A board that rests on opposite diagonal corners when laid on one face.

Common Lumber Defects

Checks and shakes: Checks are cracks across the growth rings. Shakes are cracks between the rings.

Knots: These are remnants of branches.

Checks

Lumber Grading

S-Dry – 19% maximum moisture content MC15 – 15% maximum moister content S-GRN – over 19% moister content

(unseasoned)

MaterialRough lumber - 1x6 actually measures

”x6” Thickness identified by quarters – 4/4, 5/4,

6/4, 8/4, etc… Rough all 4 sides Less money – from the mill more time involved in preparation Ability to plane various thicknesses Sold by the board foot

Board Footage BF

Board Feet = quantity X width (in inches) X thickness (in inches) X length (in feet) / 12

Examples on one board foot 12”x12”x1” , 2”x3”x24”

Dimensional Lumber

Lumber that is supplied in nominal 2”, 3”, or 4” thicknesses with standard widths.

Light framing, joists, studs, and planks are classified dimensional lumberNominal size

(inches)Typical size

(inches)

Board feetper footof length

Linear feetper 1,000

bd. ft.

1 x 2 3/4 x 1 1/2 1/6 6,000

1 x 3 3/4 x 2 1/2 1/4 4,000

1 x 4 3/4 x 3 1/2 1/3 3,000

1 x 6 3/4 x 5 1/2 1/2 2,000

1 x 8 3/4 x 7 1/4 2/3 1,500

1 x 10 3/4 x 9 1/4 5/6 1,200

1 x 12 3/4 x 11 1/4 1 1,000

2 x 2 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 1/3 3,000

2 x 3 1 1/2 x 2 1/2 1/2 2,000

2 x 4 1 1/2 x 3 1/2 2/3 1,500

2 x 6 1 1/2 x 5 1/2 1 1,000

2 x 8 1 1/2 x 7 1/4 1 1/3 750

2 x 10 1 1/2 x 9 1/4 1 2/3 600

2 x 12 1 1/2 x 11 1/4 2 500

4 x 4 3 1/2 x 3 1/2 1 1/3 750

4 x 6 3 1/2 x 5 1/2 2 500

6 x 6 5 1/2 x 5 1/2 3 333

Dressed Lumber

Dressed Lumber - actual size dimensions of lumber after surfacing with a planer Usually ½” to ¾” less than the nominal or rough

sizeExamples

- surfaced four sides S4S, surfaced one side S1S, surfaced one edge S1E, surfaced twos sides one edge S2SE1

Increased cost- lumber yard/ home center less time in prep2 x 4 actually 1 ½ X 3 ½, 2 x 6 actually 1 ½ X 5 ½,

Basic Lumber Grades

Select – Select – – Grades A & B Grades A & B

suitable for suitable for natural finishesnatural finishes

– Grades C & D Grades C & D are suitable for are suitable for paint finishespaint finishes

Common – Common – – Common #1, 2, Common #1, 2,

and 3 are and 3 are suitable for use suitable for use without wastewithout waste

– Common # 4 Common # 4 and 5 are and 5 are suitable for use suitable for use permitting permitting wastewaste

Factors to Consider when Selecting Lumber

Quality construction does not Quality construction does not require that all the lumber be of the require that all the lumber be of the best gradebest grade

Several grades of lumber may be Several grades of lumber may be appropriate in a single structure appropriate in a single structure

Good economical construction Good economical construction requires the proper use of the requires the proper use of the lowest grade lumber suitable for the lowest grade lumber suitable for the purposepurpose

Lumber Grade Marks

To protect the buyer and consumer, the industry has developed a system requiring ink-stamped grade marking of each piece of lumber under adequate quality control measures. This assures delivery of the grade specified for its intended use. Lumber grading and marking is monitored and inspected by agencies accredited by the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC).

Pressure Treated Lumber

Handling Precautions Dispose of treated wood by ordinary trash

collection or burial. Treated wood should not be burned in open fires or in stoves, fireplaces, or residential boilers because toxic chemicals may be produced as part of the smoke and ashes.

Pressure Treated Lumber

Avoid frequent or prolonged inhalation of sawdust from treated wood. When sawing and machining treated wood, wear a dust mask. Whenever possible, these operations should be performed outdoors to avoid indoor accumulations of airborne sawdust from treated wood.

When power-sawing and machining, wear goggles to protect eyes from flying particles.

Pressure Treated Lumber

Wear gloves when working with the wood. After working with the wood, and before eating, drinking, and toileting, wash exposed areas thoroughly.

Because preservatives and sawdust may accumulate on clothes, they should be laundered before reuse. Wash work clothes separately from other household clothing.

Plywood

Grade Designations...   Most sanded plywood grades are identified by the veneer grade used on the face and back of the panel.   Veneer grades define veneer quality according to natural unrepaired growth characteristics and allowable number and size of repairs permitted during manufacture. Veneer grades in descending order of quality are A, B, C-Plugged, C and D.

Exposure Durability...   Sanded plywood is produced in three basic exposure classifications: Exterior, Exposure 1, and Interior.   The exposure durability classification relates to glue bond, and thus to structural integrity.

Plywood

Interior Panels Manufactured with exterior glue but are intended for

interior applications only.

Exterior Panels Made with a water resistant bond and are designed for

applications subject to permanent exposure to the weather or moisture.

Exposure 1 Panels Consists of a water-resistant bond and are designed for

applications where long delays may be expected prior to providing protection, or where high moisture conditions may be encountered in service.

Exterior ship-lap siding panel

Plywood

Is made from layers (plies) of wood veneer The center is known as the core. Average size is 4 X 8, some companies

produce larger and smaller sheets. Vary in thickness from 3/16” to 1 ¼” Three types of edges on the plywood:

Butt joint Shiplap Tongue-and-groove

Butt joint

Tongue-and-groove

Engineered Lumber

Laminated strand lumber (LSL) is engineered for consistent quality and uniformity. It is made with a network of hardwood strands laminated together with a waterproof adhesive to form a single, solid piece of material.

Defects found in solid lumber have been engineered out, so it resists bowing, twisting, shrinking and telegraphing. It is an excellent alternative to traditional stave lumber or solid sawn lumber cores.

OSB Oriented Strand Board

Oriented strand board (OSB) Rated Sheathing is an engineered wood structural panel used in wall and roof sheathing applications.

The product is made of compressed wood strands arranged in three perpendicular layers and bonded with phenolic resin. Panels contain no core voids, knots or splits. Multi-layered bonding provides exceptional dimensional stability and stiffness, and a remarkably smooth surface. These panels offer strength, racking and impact resistance, uniformity and excellent fastener retention.Thicknesses from 7/16" to 1-1/8" are available.

Hardboard

Hardboard is used in a variety of applications including furniture components, wall paneling, exterior siding and trim (tempered), underlayment, interior trim and perforated boards. In addition to the familiar brown board, panels are available in many forms including sophisticated wood grains and embossed surfaces.

A sheet metal screw is recommended for use with particleboard and hardboard.

HDO high density overlay

HDO plywood is manufactured with a thermosetting resin-impregnated fiber surface bonded to both sides under heat and pressure. It's the more rugged of the overlaid panels and ideal for such punishing applications as concrete forming and high wear applications.

HDO brings to the job all the proven advantages of plywood's large size, high strength, light weight, dimensional stability and rack resistance. The tough resin overlay withstands severe exposure without further finishing. It also resists abrasion, moisture penetration and deterioration from many common chemicals and solvents.

Nails are usually sold by weight (either in bulk or in boxes). In the US, the length of a nail is designated by its penny size . It is commonly believed that the origin of the term "penny" in relation to nail size is based on the old custom in England of selling nails by the hundred. A hundred nails that sold for six pence were "six penny" nails. The larger the nail, the more a hundred nails would cost. The penny size  is written with a number and the abbreviation d  for penny (e.g. - 10d). D  is an abbreviation for denerius, a Roman coin similar to a penny;

History of Nail Classification

Nails

penny sizelength

2d 1

3d 1¼

4d   1½

6d   2

7d   2¼

8d   2½

9d   2¾

10d 3

12d 3¼

16   3½

20d   4

30d   4½

40d   5

50d   5½

60d   6

Nails Terminology

Box  - a wire nail with a head; box  nails have a smaller shank than common  nails of the same size Bright  - no surface coating; not recommended for weather exposure or acidic or treated lumber Casing  - a wire nail with a slightly larger head than finish  nails; often used for flooring Common  - a common construction wire nail with a head: common  nails have larger shanks than box  nails of the same size Duplex  - a common nail with a second head, allowing for easy extraction, commonly used for concrete form and scaffold members. Finish  - a wire nail that does not have a "head"; can be easily concealed (with a nail set).Galvanized - treated for resistance to corrosion and/or weather exposure * Electrogalvanized - provides a smooth finish with some corrosion resistance * Mechanically galvanized  - deposits more zinc than electrogalvanizing for increased corrosion resistance * Hot-dip galvanized - provides a rough finish that deposits more zinc than other methods, resulting in very high corrosion resistance that is suitable for some acidic and treated lumber; often easier to bend than other types of nails Helix  - the nail has a square shank that has been twisted this makes the nail very difficult to pull out; often used in decking Ring Shank  - small rings on the shank to prevent the nail from being worked back out often used in flooring Spike  - a large nail (usually over 4") See nail board for actual nails.

Buck

A framing opening (door or window) in concrete is called a buck.

Concrete masonry unit (CMU)Concrete masonry unit (CMU) — also called

concrete block, cement block or foundation block — is a large rectangular brick used in construction. Concrete blocks are made from cast concrete, i.e. Portland cement and aggregate, usually sand and fine gravel for high-density blocks. Lower density blocks may use industrial wastes as an aggregate.

Concrete blocks may be produced with hollow centers to reduce weight or improve insulation. Blocks come in many sizes. In the US, the most common size is 8 in × 8 in × 16 in; the actual size is usually about 3/8 in smaller to allow for mortar joints.