CARS 2002 Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH

CARS 2002 Computer Assisted Radiology and Surgery

Proceedings of the 16th International Congress and Exhibition Paris, June 26- 29,2002

Edited by H. U. Lemke, M. W. Vannier, K. Inamura, A. G. Farman, K. Doi, and J. H. C. Reiber

, Springer

PROFESSOR HEINZ U. LEMKE, PHD

Technical University Berlin Computer Graphics and Computer Assisted Medicine Secr. FR 3-3 Franklinstrasse 28-29 10587 Berlin, Germany

PROFESSOR KIYONARI INAMURA, PHD

Osaka University Faculty of Medicine School of Allied Health Sciences Department of Radiological Technology & Medical Engineering 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita City Osaka, 565-0871, Japan

PROFESSOR KUNIO DOl, PHD

University of Chicago Hospitals Department of Radiology Kurt Rossmann Laboratories 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Mailcode 2026 Chicago, IL 60637, U.S.A.

PROFESSOR MICHAEL W. VANNIER, MD

The University of Iowa College of Medicine Department of Radiology 200 Hawkins Drive Room 3966 JPp Iowa City, IA 552242-1077, U.S.A.

PROFESSOR ALLAN G. FARMAN, PHD, DSc

University of Louisville School of Dentistry Department of Diagnosis and General Dentistry 501 South Preston, Room 222E Louisville, KY 40292, U.S.A.

PROFESSOR JOHAN H. C. REIBER, PHD

Leiden University Medical Center Division of Image Processing Department of Radiology P. O. Box 9600 Albinusdreef 2 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands

This volume of the CARS proceedings is published simultaneously in print and on the web. The web edition contains colour images.

ISBN 978-3-642-62844-3 ISBN 978-3-642-56168-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-56168-9

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permissions for use must always be obtained from Springer. Verlag or CARS. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.

http://www.springer.de http://www.cars·int.de

© Springer· Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2002 and CARS Originally published by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York in 2002

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1St edition 2002

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

SPIN 10755372 3113130 - 5 4 3 2 1 0-

Honorary President Kiyonari Inamura, PhD, Osaka University, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka (J)

Congress Organizing Committee

Ulrich Dick, MD University of Chicago Hospitals (USA)

Kees de Wilde Philips Medical Systems, Best (NL)

Kunio Doi, PhD University of Chicago Hospitals (USA)

Allan G. Farman, PhD, DSc University of Louisville (USA)

Guy Frija, MD Societe Francaise de Radiologie Medicale, Paris (F)

J. Thomas Lambrecht, MD, DMD, PhD University of Basle (CH)

Heinz U. Lemke, PhD Technical University Berlin (D)

Roberto Passariello, MD University "La Sapienza", Rome (I)

Pierre Rabischong, MD, PhD Centre Propara, Montpellier (F)

Johan H.C. Reiber, PhD Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Hans G. Ringertz, MD, PhD Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm (S)

Ramin Shahidi, PhD

v

Toyomi Fujino, MD, PhD, FACS International Med. Information Center, Tokyo (J) Stanford University Medical Center (USA) Gary M. Glazer, MD Stanford Univ. School of Med., Palo Alto, CA (USA)

Kiyonari Inamura, PhD Osaka University (J)

Takahiro Kozuka, MD Kaizuka Municipal Hospital, Osaka (J)

Industrial Advisory Board

Nicola H. Strickland, MD Hammersmith Hospital, London (UK)

Kintomo Takakura, MD, PhD Tokyo Women's Medical University (J)

Michael W. Vannier, MD The University of Iowa (USA)

Chairman: Kees de Wilde, Philips Medical Systems, Best (NL)

Heinz-Christoph Blied Siemens AG, MED, Erlangen (D)

Karel H.P. Cromzigt IEARC, Den Hague (NL)

Gerhard Kacmaczyk Image Devices GmbH, Taunusstein (D)

Annelies Kin Agfa Europe NV, Mechelen (B)

Kenneth A. Marks, MBA DOME Imag. Syst., Inc., Tiburon, (USA)

Willem Overlaet, PhD Toshiba Medical Sys., Zoetermeer (NL) Jiirgen Reyinger GE Medical Systems, Dornstadt (D)

Saeid Mitchell Seyedin CBYON, Palo Alto, CA (USA)

Kurt R. Smith, DSc Medtronics, Broomfield, CO (USA)

Chris Varian Eastman Kodak Company, Hemel (UK)

Stefan Vilsmeier BrainLAB GmbH, Heimstetten (D)

VI

Program Committee

Andreas Adam, MB, RCP, FRCR Guy's Hospital, London (UK)

Paul R. Algra, MD, PhD Medisch Centrum Alkmaar (NL)

David J. Allison, MD Hammersmith Hospital, London (UK)

Mostafa Analoui, PhD Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN (USA)

Yutaka Ando, MD Keio University, Tokyo (1)

Licinio Angelini, MD, FACS Universita "La Sapienza", Rome (I)

Takehide Asano, MD, PhD Chiba University School of Medicine (1)

Hanna Bachtiar Iskandar, DDS University of Indonesia, Jakarta (RI)

Frits H. Barneveld Binkhuysen, MD, PhD Hospital Eemland, Amersfoort (NL)

Elizabeth Beckmann, BSc Lanmark, Beaconsfield (UK)

Leonard Berliner, MD Swissray Int., Staten Island, NY (USA)

Silvio Diego Bianchi, MD Universita degli Studi di Torino (I)

Josip S. Bill, MD, DDS Julius-Maximillians-University, WUrzburg (D)

Uldis Bite, MD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (USA)

Michel Biery, MD H6pital de Bicetre, Le Kremlin-Bicetre (F)

Siegfried Bocionek, PhD Siemens Health Services GmbH, Erlangen (D)

Hugo G. Bogren, MD, PhD UC Davis Med. Center, Sacramento, CA (USA)

Nicolaas Bom, PhD Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam (NL)

Hans G. Bosch, MSc Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Carlos A. Bruguera, MD Inst. de Ensenanza Audiovis., Buenos Aires (RA)

Jean Noel Bruneton, MD Centre Antoine-Lacassagne, Nice (F)

Richard D. Bucholz, MD, FACS Saint Louis University (USA)

Gerhard Buess, MD Nova Med Klinik, MUnchen (D)

Jean-Marie Caille, MD Groupe Hospitalier Pellegrin, Bordeaux (F)

Davide Caramella, MD University of Pis a (I)

Ernest V. Carcia, PhD Emory Univ .. , Atlanta, GA (USA)

Robert Cavezian, MD Cabinet de Radiologie, Paris (F)

Curtis Ssu-Kuang Chen, DDS, MSD, PhD National Taiwan University, Taipei (CHN)

S. James Chen, PhD University of Colorado, Denver, CO (USA)

Kiyoyuki Chinzei, PhD Mechanical Engineering Lab. AIST, Ibaraki (1)

John C. Chiu, MD California Spine Inst., Thousand Oaks (USA)

Hiroaki Chiyokura, PhD Keio University, Kanagawa (1)

Gary E. Christensen, PhD University of Iowa (USA)

Philippe Cinquin, MD, PhD CHU Grenoble, La Tronche (F)

Michel Claudon, MD H6pitaux de Brabois, Vandoeuvre (F)

Claus D. Claussen, MD Eberhard-Karls-Univ. TUbingen (D)

Kevin Cleary, PhD Georgetown Univ., Washington, DC (USA)

Alan C.F. Colchester, MD, PhD University of Kent, Canterbury (UK)

Bernard L. Crowe, BA, MPH Health Inf. Soc. of Australia, Canberra (AUS)

Jack T. Cusma, PhD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (USA)

Paolo Dario, PhD Scuola Superiore S. Anna, Pisa (I)

Albert de Roos, MD Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Carlo del Favero, MD Ospedale "Valduce", Como (I)

Anthony M. DiGioia III, MD Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA (USA)

Jouke Dijkstra, PhD Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Takeyoshi Dohi, PhD The University of Tokyo (1)

Huilong Duan, PhD Zhejiang University Hangzhou (RC)

Andre J. Duerinckx, MD, PhD VA North Texas HC System, Dallas, TX (USA)

Masahiro Endo, PhD National lost. of Radiological Scie., Chiba (J)

Rolf Ewers, MD, DMD Allg. Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien (A) Aly A. Farag, PhD University of Louisville (USA)

Taeko T. Farman, PhD, DMD, RT University of Louisville (USA)

Allan G. Farman, PhD, DSc University of Louisville (USA)

Eckhard Fleck, MD Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (D)

Kevin T. Foley, MD Image-Guided Surg. Res. Ctr.,Memphis, (USA)

Erik Fosse, MD, PhD University of Oslo (N)

Bernard Fraysse, MD H6pital Purpan, Toulouse (F)

Hiroshi Fujita, PhD Gifu University (1)

Giinther Gell, PhD Universitat Graz - Landeskrankenhaus (A)

Bernard Gibaud Universite de Rennes I (F)

Maryellen L. Giger, PhD The University of Chicago (USA)

Stephen Golding, FRCR University of Oxford, Headington (UK)

Dietrich H.W. Gronemeyer, MD Universitat Witten-Herdecke (D)

Chiaki Hamanishi, MD Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka (1)

Daijo Hashimoto, MD, PhD Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital (1)

Makoto Hashizume, MD, PhD, FACS Kyushu University, Fukuoka (1)

Stefan Hallfeld, MD, MDS Ruprecht-Karls-Universitat, Heidelberg (D)

VII

David Hatcher Univ. of California, San Francisco, CA (USA)

David J. Hawkes, PhD Guy's, Hospital, London (UK)

J.H.C. Hendriks, MD University Hospital Nijmegen (NL)

Atsuko Heshiki, MD Saitama Medical School (1)

Kenneth R. Hoffmann, PhD University at Buffalo (USA)

Karl-Heinz Hohne, PhD Universitat Hamburg (D)

Steven C. Horii, MD Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (USA)

Alexander Horsch, PhD University of Munich (D)

Walter Hruby, MD Sozialmedizinisches Zentrum Ost, Wien (A)

H.K. Huang, DSc, FRCR (Hon.) Univ. of South. California, Los Angeles, CA (USA)

Junpei Ikezoe, MD Ehime University (1)

Herwig Imhof, MD Allgemeines Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien (A)

Hiroshi Iseki, MD, PhD Tokyo Women's Medical College (1)

Takeo Ishigaki, MD, PhD Nagoya University (1)

Akira Ito, PhD Japanese Foundation for Cancer Res., Tokyo (1)

Ian T. Jackson, MD lost. f.Craniofacial a.R.Surg., Southfield (USA)

C. Carl Jaffe, MD Yale Univ. School of Me d., New Haven (USA)

Pierre Jannin, PhD Universite de Rennes I (F)

Werner Jaschke, MD Univ-Klinik fUr Radiodiagnostik, Innsbruck (A)

Jack Jellins, PhD Intern. Breast Ultrasound Sch., Sydney (AUS)

Peter Jensch, PhD OFFIS e.V., Oldenburg (D)

Ferenc A. Jolesz, MD Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (USA)

Leo Joskowicz, PhD The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (IL)

VIII

Willi A. Kalender, PhD Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat, Erlangen (D)

Shigenobu Kanda, DDS, PhD Kyushu University, Fukuoka (1)

Kazuhiro Katada, MD Fujita Health University, Aichi (J)

Amami Kato, MD, PhD Osaka University Medical School (1)

Erwin Keeve, PhD CAESAR, Bonn (D)

Ron Kikinis, MD Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (USA)

Reinhard Klette, PhD University of Auckland (NZ)

Klaus Jochen Klose, MD Universitats-Klinikum, Marburg (D)

Goran Knezevic, DDS, PhD University of Zagreb (HR)

Hidefumi Kobatake, PhD Tokyo Univ. of Agriculture & Technology (J)

Masahiro Kobayashi, MD Keio University, Tokyo (1)

Gerhard Koning, MSc Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Martti Kormano, MD, PhD Turku University Central Hospital (FIN)

Uwe G. Kuhnapfel, PhD Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH (D)

Chikazumi Kuroda, MD Osaka Medical Center for Cancer (1)

Axel Kuttner, MD Klinik. der Eberhard-Karls-Univ. TUbingen (D)

Frode Laerum, MD, PhD, MHA University of Oslo (N)

J. Thomas Lambrecht, MD, DMD, PhD University of Basle (CH)

Alexandra Lansky, MD Cardiov.r Research Found., New York (USA)

Tore A. Larheim, PhD, DDS University of Oslo (N)

Stephane Lavallee, PhD PRAXIM, La Tronche (F)

Swamy Laxminarayan, PhD New Jersey Inst.ofTechn., Newark, NJ (USA)

Lilian L.Y. Leong, MBBS Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong (RC)

Yves Ligier, PhD CareON S.A., Grand Saconnex (CH)

Jae Hoon Lim, MD Sung Kyun Kwan University, Seoul (ROK)

Martin J. Lipton, MD The University of Chicago Hospitals (USA)

Yu-Qing Liu, MD FuWai Hosp. & Cardiovascular Inst.. Beijing (RC)

Tim C. Lueth, PhD Campus Yirchow-Klinikum. Berlin (D)

Xiu-chen Ma, PhD Peking Univ. Sch.ofStomatology, Beijing (RC)

Riley H. Lunn, DDS Chattanoooga, TN (USA)

Heber MacMahon, MD The University of Chicago (USA)

Sumio Makino, PhD Yokohama-City (1)

Borut Marincek, MD Universitatsspital ZUrich (CH)

Steffen Markle, PhD Technical University Berlin (D)

Tom H. Marwick, MD University of Queensland, Brisbane (AUS)

Herbert K Matthies, PhD Hannover Medical School (D)

Hans-Peter Meinzer, PhD Deutsches Krebsforschungsz., Heidelberg (D)

Andreas Melzer, MD MUhlheimer Radiologie Inst., MUlheim (D)

Reto A. Meuli, MD CHUY. Lausanne (CH)

Kazuo Miyasaka, MD Hokkaido University, Sapporo (1)

Kensaku Mori, PhD Nagoya University (1)

Seong K Mun, PhD Georgetown University, Washington, DC (USA)

Eike Nagel, MD Deutsches Herzzentrum Berlin (D)

KS. Nagesh R.Y. Dental College, Bangalore (IND)

Hironobu Nakamura, MD, PhD Osaka University Medical School (1)

Wolfgang Niederlang, PhD Krankenhaus Dresden-Friedrichstadt (D)

Robert M. Nishikawa, PhD The University of Chicago (USA)

Hiromu Nishitani, MD, PhD The University of Tokushima (1)

Lutz-P. Nolte, PhD Maurice E. MUlier Institute, Bern (CH)

FridtjofNiisslin, PhD Eberhard-Karls-Universitat, TUbingen (0)

Takahiro Ochi Osaka University (1)

NagaakiOhyama,PhD Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama (1)

Silas Olsson, MSc Telia Research AB, Farsta (S)

Dietrich Onnasch, PhD University of Kiel (0)

Stelios Orphanoudakis, PhD Institute of Computer Science, Heraklion (GR)

Michel Osteaux, MD, PhD Vrije Universiteit Brussels (B)

Helmut Oswald, PhD T-Systems HCS AG, Bern (CH)

Hiroshi Oyama, MD Kyoto University Hospital (1)

Paolo Pavone, MD Universita "La Sapienza", Rome (I)

Heinz-Otto Peitgen, PhD University of Bremen (0)

Prem Pillay, MD Asian Brain Spine Nerve Ctr., Singapore (SGP)

Gabriel E. Pislaru Charlotte, NC (USA)

E. James Potchen, MD Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (USA)

Henri Primo Siemens Medical Syst., Inc., Iselin. N1 (USA)

Osman M. Ratib, MD, PhD Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (USA)

Hans F. Reinhardt, MD Bethesda Spital. Baste (CH)

Maximilian Reiser, MD Klinikum GroBhadern, MUnchen (0)

Stephen J. Riederer, PhD Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN (USA)

Otto Rienhoff, MD Georg-August-Universitat, Gottingen (0)

Rainer K. Rienmiiller, MD Universitatskliniken Graz (A)

Richard A. Robb, PhD Mayo Foundation. Rochester, MN (USA)

Ichiro Sakuma, PhD The University of Tokyo (1)

Georges Salamon, MD NW Univ. Med. School, Chicago, IL (USA)

Richard M. Satava, MD Yale University. New Haven, CT (USA)

Ronald B. Schilling, PhD PGI Corporation, Los Altos Hills, CA (USA)

Peter M. Schlag, MD, PhD Robert-Rossle-Klinik, Berlin (0)

Wolfgang Schlegel, PhD Oeutsches Krebsforschungsz., Heidelberg (0)

Rainer M.M. Seibel, MD Univ. WitteniHerdecke, MUlheimIRuhr (0)

Wolfhard Semmler, MD Oeutsches Krebsforschungsz., Heidelberg (0)

Jean Sequeira, PhD Laboratoire d'lnformatique de Marseille (F)

lekado Shibata, MD, PhD Toho University. Tokyo (1)

Faina Shtern, MD Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (USA)

Robert Sigal, MD, PhD Institut Gustave-Roussy, Villejuif (F)

Peter Sloot, PhD University of Amsterdam (NL)

Milan Sonka, PhD University of Iowa (USA)

Edward V. Staab, MD National Cancer Inst.. Rockville, MO (USA)

Gero Strauss, MD University of Leipzig (0)

Nobuhiko Sugano, MD Osaka University Med. School (1)

Predrag Sukovic, MS

IX

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (USA)

Naoki Suzuki, MD, PhD 1ikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo (1)

Takashi Takahashi, PhD Kyoto University Hospital (1)

Hiroshi Takeda, MD, PhD Osaka University Medical School (1)

x

Shin-ichi Tamura, PhD Osaka University Medical School (1)

Russell H. Taylor, PhD Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore, MD (USA)

Bart M. ter Haar Romeny, PhD University Hospital Utrecht (NL)

Andrew E. Todd-Pokropek, PhD University College of London (UK)

Thomas Tolxdorff, PhD Freie Universitat Berlin (D)

Jun-Ichiro Toriwaki, PhD Nagoya University (1)

Hikmet Umar, DMD, MSIS, DlC, PhD Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (USA)

Vlastimil Valek, MD, PhD University Hospital Bmo (CZ)

Rob J. van der Geest, MSc Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Ernst E. van der Wall Leiden University Medical Center (NL)

Rob van Geuns Philips Medical Systems, Best (NL)

Paul P.F.G.M. van Waes, MD, PhD University Hospital Utrecht (NL)

Past Honorary Presidents

CAR '89 Heinz Oeser, MD Berlin (D)

CAR '91 Auguste Wackenheim, MD Strasbourg (F)

CAR '93 J. Oscar M.e. Craig, MD London (UK)

Jos Vander Sioten, PhD Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Heverlee (B)

Robert H. Vandre, DDS, MS US Army, Maryland, MD (USA)

Max A. Viergever, PhD Utrecht University (NL)

Clemens von Birgelen, MD Universitatsklinikum Essen (D)

Robert F. Wagner, PhD Food and Drug Admin., Rockville, MD (USA)

Andreas Wahle, PhD University ofIowa (USA)

Mamoru Wakoh, DDS, PhD Tokyo Dental College, Chiba (1)

Thomas Wendler, PhD Philips Research Laboratories, Hamburg (D)

Karl-Jiirgen Wolf, MD Univ.-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Berlin (D)

Richard Wootton, PhD, DSc The Univ. of Queensland, St. Lucia (AUS)

Hirouki Yoshida, PhD The University of Chicago (USA) Frans W. Zonneveld, PhD University Hospital Utrecht (NL)

CAR '95 Alexander R. Margulis, MD San Francisco (USA)

CAR '97 Takahiro Kozuka, MD Osaka (J)

CAR '98 Herbert Kaufmann, MD Berlin (D)

CARS '99 Raffaella de Dominicis, MD Florence (I)

CARS 2000 Pierre Rabischong, MD, PhD Montpellier (F)

CARS 2001 Toyomi Fujino, MD, PhD Tokyo (J)

CARS 2002 in cooperation with

AAOMR

BAR

BIR

CRS

CURAC

DGBMT

DRG

ESCR

ESEM

American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

Bulgarian Association of Radiology

The British Institute of Radiology

Czech Radiological Society

Deutsche Gesellschaft flir Computer- und Roboterassistierte Chirurgie e.V.

Deutsche Gesellschaft flir Biomedizinische Technik e.V.

Deutsche Rontgengesellschaft

European Society of Cardiac Radiology

European Society for Engineering and Medicine

EuroPACS European Association for Promotion ofinformation Exchange on PACS Research

GI Gesellschaft flir Informatik

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GMDS Deutsche Gesellschaft flir Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie e.V.

Hungarian Society for Computer Assisted Radiology

IADMFR The International Association of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology

IEARC International Exhibitors Association on Radiological Congresses

IEEE

JCR

JRS

JSOMR

The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Japanese College of Radiology

Japan Radiological Society

Japanese Society for Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology

NVvR Nederlandse Vereniging voor Radiologie

ORG Osterreichische Rontgengesellschaft

OWGTM Osterreichische Wissenschaftliche Gesellschaft flir Telemedizin

Polish Section of the Polish-German Radiological Society

PMSR Polish Medical Society of Radiology

RCR The Royal College of Radiologists

EFSUMB European Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology

SFR Societe Franc;aise de Radiologie Medicale

SGR-SSR Schweizerische Gesellschaft flir Radiologie

SICTECA Societa Italiana di Chirurgia TecnoIogica e Computer-Assistita

SIRM Societa Italiana di Radiologia Medica

Chinese Society for Computer Assisted Radiology

SPIE The International Society for Optical Engineering

SRS Slovak Radiological Society

TU Technische Universitat Berlin

WABT World Academy of Biomedical Technologies

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ISCAS - International Society for Computer Aided Surgery

Administrative Council

President: Kintomo Takakura, MD, PhD Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo (J)

Past President: Michael W. Vannier, MD The University of Iowa (USA)

Vice Presidents: J. Thomas Lambrecht, MD, DMD, PhD University of Basle (CH)

Jeffrey L. Marsh, MD St. Louis Children's Hospital (USA)

Board Members

Richard D. Bucholz, MD, FACS Saint Louis University (USA)

Alan C.F. Colchester, MD, PhD University of Kent, Canterbury (UK)

Daijo Hashimoto, MD, PhD Tokyo Metropolitan Police Hospital (J)

Honorary Board Member: Pierre Rabischong, MD, PhD Centre Propara, Montpellier (F)

General Secretary: Heinz U. Lemke, PhD Technical University Berlin (D)

Adjoint Secretary: Takeyoshi Dohi, PhD The University of Tokyo (J)

Treasurer: Toyomi Fujino, MD, PhD International Med. Information Center, Tokyo (J)

Adjoint Treasurer: Rolf Ewers, MD, DMD Allg. Krankenhaus der Stadt Wien (A)

Richard A. Robb, PhD Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN (USA)

Russell H. Taylor, PhD Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD (USA)

Jun-Ichiro Toriwaki, PhD Nagoya University (J)

xv

Preface

Most, if not all, human knowledge is artificially divided into areas or fields by scientific culture and/or social convention. Professional disciplines are therefore man-made frameworks based on shared models, concepts and definitions. This is the ontological basis for communication and action for professionals in medical physics, radiology, surgery or computer science. In general, new knowledge is being squeezed into these existing boundaries or frames of fields of knowledge. Increasingly, however, this fitting process faces difficulties, particularly in rapidly evolving knowledge areas, such as information technology induced activities - to which CAR (Computer Assisted Radiology) and CAS (Computer Assisted Surgery) belong. Rather than allowing a simple fit into the traditional fields of mathematics, physics, engineering, informatics, medicine or management sciences, these new areas occupy knowledge subsets of two or more of these traditional disciplines. They may therefore be termed interdisciplinary. An example of such evolving interdisciplines is given in Figure I.

Figure 1 shows the distribution of research and development activities in a number of new interdisciplinary fields or themes as demonstrated by the topics covered by the paper and poster abstract submissions to CARS 2002.

These CARS themes contribute towards the extension and/or fading of the boundaries of traditional disciplines, in particular Medical Physics, Informatics, and Medicine.

Engineering Anth ropometty

Minimally Invasive Thoracic Abdominal

Surgery

Surgical Simulatjon and Education

Surgicill Robotics and Instrumentation

Surgical Navigation

Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy

Cardiovascular

Imaging

Computed I

Imaging

Image Processing and Display

Image Management and CommunIcation

Fig. I Interdisciplinary themes of paper and poster abstract submissions for CARS 2002

XVI

The following brief defmitions of the most important interdisciplines may serve as a guideline regarding the structure on which the CARS 2002 program has been compiled:

Medical Imaging (MI) The science and engineering needed for the sourcing, acqUisition, and processing of signals from the human body to generate multi-dimensional digital images.

Cardiovascular Imaging (CVI) MI applied to the special requirements of the cardiovascular system and extended with IPD methods to allow quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced medical diagnosis.

Computed Maxillofacial Imaging (CMI) MI applied to the special requirements of maxillofacial structures and extended with IPD methods to allow quantitatively and qualitatively enhanced medical diagnosis in this area.

Image Processing and Display (IPD) Processing of elements/objects of images, e.g. pixels, voxels, regions and contours to enhance the quality, understanding, and representation of images. Image processing steps may include enhancement, restoration, registration, segmentation, analysis, interpretation, and multi-modality image fusion. Display steps may include various visualisation algorithms to represent data interrelationships or to enhance reality.

Image Management and CommunicationlPACS Systems for storage, transmission, manipulation and display of digital images and the management of these images to enable an effective and hardcopyless (e.g. film less) healthcare infrastructure.

Telemedicine and E-health (TMEH) The use of information and communication technology to enable the transfer of medical data and programs to support healthcare activities between geographically separate locations.

Computer Aided Diagnosis (CAD) MI and IPD methods applied to specific body parts to enable an image-guided diagnosis which enhances sensitivity and/or specificity of a diagnostic procedure carried out by humans.

Engineering Anthropometry (EA) Acquisition, modelling, management and analysis of anatomic/physical landmarks and 3D surface data of different human populations. EA methods are based on data models, software tools and theoretical constructs and principles to support, for example, the searching and visualisation of 3D objects (human body scans). In healthcare, EA tools may also, for example, support anatomic atlas-based segmentation as well as the design of endoprosthetic devices and implants.

Surgical Navigation (SN) IT-based systems to assist surgical procedures by guiding instruments within a surgical target volume to an operated volume with maximum accuracy and safety.

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Surgical Robotics and Instrumentation (SRI) IT and MEMS-based systems which use SN or SS to passively assist surgical activities semi-automatically or fully automatically.

Surgical Simulation (SS) and Education IPD methods and simulation software applied to an surgical target volume to optimize surgical activities for the purpose of training and preoperative planning.

Image Guided Neurosurgery (lGNS) The use of one or more methods derived from SN, SS or SRI, with a strong bias towards using images, to achieve minimally invasive interventions directed towards surgical target structures including the brain or spinal cord.

Computer Assisted Orthopaedic and Spinal Surgery (CADS) The use of one or more methods derived from SN, SS or SRI to achieve minimally invasive interventions directed towards surgical target volume including orthopaedic structures, such as the spinal vertebrae, hip, knee, ankle, or long bones. In a wider definition it may also include rapid prototyping and the design and manufacturing of endoprosthetic devices and implants.

Minimally Invasive Thoracic Abdominal Surgery (MIT AS) The use of one or more methods derived from SN, SS or SRI to achieve minimally invasive interventions directed towards surgical target volume within the thorax (excluding the cardiovascular structures) and the abdomen.

Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy (CART) Modelling of radiation target structures with IPD methods and the application of radiation dose planning programs to optimize target volume (tumor) radiation treatment.

The subset of knowledge from the traditional fields of mathematics, physics, engineering, informatics, medicine, and management science required to advance the CARS interdisciplines given above is also subject of change. A proper understanding of this may illuminate which traditional profession comes closest to pursuing the respective activities within the CARS themes.

Results derived from CARS methods and applications provide valuable data, information, knowledge and even wisdom, and are changing medicine and associated professions. The impact this will have on current educational curricula as well as on changing the professional profiles of medical physicists, radiologists, surgeons, and computer scientists is substantial and requires further examination. As yet, few teaching institutions have responded to this challenge and are ready to offer appropriate educational courses and training. CARS 2002 and future CARS congresses are aimed at showing the direction into which a significant part of medicine will evolve in research, development and practice.

Heinz U. Lemke Paris, June 2002

XVIII

Acknowledgements

Once upon a time, back in the 1960s, when I first had to program a computer it was done in an assembler language. The good thing about this was that this language or interface to the computer, had a finite set of instructions and a finite set of combining these. The bad things were the lack of computational power of the workstation and the user interface to the assembler. On execution, however, the computer did more or less what one wanted it to do. Now, in 2002, times have changed. The good thing now is, that some twelve levels of hardware and software sophistication separate the assembler from the modem "easy to use" graphical user interfaces. Super computational power takes care of everything. The bad thing is, that the computer does not always do what one wants it to do.

Anyone who does not believe this, I should like to invite to do the electronic editing of the next CARS proceedings. The non-believers probably belong to the approx. 5% of authors who submitted their papers according to the author instruction for electronic submission for the CARS proceedings. These authors focused not only on providing excellent content but also on the structure and visual appearance of their papers. The other 95% obviously preferred to focus on content only and have worked, as I like to do, that is, leaving styling and layout of the paper to others.

The move into the electronic age was necessary in order to improve the quality and ensure the timely appearance of the CARS proceedings as a hardbound copy and also on the web. It has meant, however, a considerable amount of extra workload for Franziska Schweikert and her team, in particular Dagmar Harrison, in addition to the "usual" organizational and management work. During a two week period before and at the deadline of paper submission (i.e. 15th March, 2002) approx. 170 papers and 110 posters were received at the CARS Conference Office and electronically prepared and edited. The four weeks in March meant double-shift work for Franziska Schweikert and this is my written promise that next for year's CARS, we will engage additional assistance.

I also should like to acknowledge and thank for the continuing help received from the personnel of my department at the Technical University of Berlin, in particular from Helga Kallan, Steffen Markle, Kai Kochy and Rene Tschirley. This is carried out in an environment marked by an increasing number of students in courses and for supervision, against a background of further cuts in teaching staff positions.

We are all delighted to have Prof. Kiyonari Inamura as the Honorary President of CARS 2002. I have known Kiyo Inamura for more than 10 years and had the pleasure to work closely together with him on a number of projects and many congress events. His contributions to research and development in many fields relating to CARS are documented in numerous publications. In particular, I treasure him for his engagement in advancing interdisciplinary and international cooperation. Through his remarkable selflessness, he is a great benefit not only for Japan but also for the rest of the world.

Heinz U. Lemke Paris, June 2002

XIX

Prelude

CARS, Quo Vadis?

It is generally known that CARS involves a very wide spectrum of topics based on medicine, physics, computer science and even sociology. Since the first CAR Conference in 1985 up to the 16th CARS in 2002, there have been more than 60 topics. The terminology of these topics mainly came from the title of the sessions. However, I found that these topics could be grouped into 6 main categories, A to F, as shown below:

A. Modalities and their related topics 1 MRI, 2. CT, 3. Nuclear medicine, 4. Ultrasound, 5. Digital radiography involving a flat panel detector, 6. Angiography involving DSA, 7. Mathematical modeling for reconstruction etc., Multi-modality imaging and Medical imaging

B. Application of modalities 8. Radiation therapy and minimal invasive therapy, 9. Computer assisted radiology, Radiology diagnosis and Cardiology, Pediatric radiology, Neurology, IVR, Dosimetry in diagnosis and Computer assisted stereotaxy

C. Image processing, communication, display, interaction and related systems 10. PACS, RIS, HIS, Electronic med. record, Workflow, Standards such as DICOM, IHE (Integrating Healthcare Enterprise), 11. Telemedicine, 12. Image processing & display, Human-computer interaction and Virtual reality, 13. Workstation and Voice recognition applic., 14. Computer vision, 15. Computer graphics

D. Surgery, orthopaedics, maxillofacial and other related invasive topics 16. Surgery, Anthropometry, Surgical simulator, Surgical navigation, Neurosurgery, Spinal surgery, Thoracic and abdominal surgery, Standards in information-guided therapy, Surgical robotics, Optical diagnosis & in-situ tissue analysis, Ergonomics & motion analysis, Curved and steerable instr. and Endoluminal, 17. Orthopaedics, 18. Maxillofacial and Implantology, 19. Virtual endoscopy, 20. Cardio-vascular, Coronary and Medical innovation and technology

E. 21. Computer Aided Diagnosis

F. Surrounding and supporting infrastructure 22. Healthcare infrastructure, Interface between medicine and computer sciences, 23. Technology assessment and/or social implications, 24. Education, Knowledge based systems, Expert systems, Learning systems and Training systems, 25. Planning in the radiology department, 26. Strategic thinking, Decision making and Biointelligence

The chronological change in the number of presentations is shown in Table 1. The bracketed number indicates a double counted number. Example: (5) means that 5 presentations are double counted somewhere else in the same year. 16. Surgery in 2001 has 161 presentations and 72, the latter are broken down into I -VI. Also 16. Surgery in 2002 has 46 presentations and 56, the latter are composed of VII - XII. The features of CARS compared with those of other international conferences would be as follows:

xx

1. Interdisciplinarity SPIE, SCAR, ICR and ECR cannot complete or bridge areas as CARS does in the categories shown in 0 and F in Table 1. Even RSNA is not as comprehensive as CARS.

2. Flexibility and elasticity CARS is sufficiently flexible to accept hot topics, new ideas, new concepts and different point of views. As shown in Table 1, sessions have been organized according to problem-oriented thinking. Session names have been revised rather frequently each year compared with other international conferences, because participants in CARS want different but the most appropriate solutions to chronologically changing problems. For example, the topics of "Computer vision" and "Computer graphics" which emerged in 1985 were revised to "Workstation" from 1991 and to "Image processing and display" from 1995, as shown in topics numbers 14, 15, 13 and 12 in Table 1.

3. Extension, penetration, but never fading out Depth and originality are respected, but they have often been driven by extension and penetration into other areas such as "medical innovation and technology".

I would like to point out the significance and importance of joint conferences. It was ten years ago, during his stay at Osaka Univ. as a visiting professor in 1992, that Prof. Heinz U. Lemke encouraged me to consider the extension of CAR topics, even outside conventional radiology. His idea was realized in 1995 when CAR collaborated with EuroP ACS, ISPRAD, Telerad., The 2nd Congress of the Int. Society for Computer Aided Surgery-ISCAS 95, Computed Maxillofacial Imaging-CMI, and Image Guided Therapy.

In 1997, CAR, in collaboration with the 151 Annual Conference of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery, was held in Berlin. However, the first CAR outside Europe was in Japan in 1998, and that was the beginning of a new era for CARS which had collaborated with more than 3 international formal annual conferences. Nowadays, for example in 2001, 6 international conferences joined with CARS and most enjoy exchanging common intellectual property. Efficacy, effectiveness and efficiency of knowledge communication as well as "autbeben" of new concepts and/or new ideas are the obvious advantages of joint international conferences. Especially young scientists, who accumulate a wealth of knowledge, will be stimulated intensively each June during 4 days in the last week.

I am sure that, in future, CARS will increasingly contribute to the education and training of young scientists, even though the development of new technologies and highly advanced medicine itself are the targets of CARS. In the field of radiology, the RSNA has its own education system with an educational fund, awards and credits etc, however, they have no consistent training. The disciplines and interdisciplines in CARS must be gradually focus and order to establish a training methodology to acquire and disseminate joint intellectual property among young scientists.

Kiyonari Inamura, PhD, Osaka University, Japan Honorary President, CARS 2002

Tab

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XI

Spi

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XII

Tho

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Sur

gery

10

x X

......

Contents

List of Committee Members

Program Committee

Cooperating Societies

ISCAS Board

Preface / Acknowledgements

Prelude

6th Annual Conference of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery - ISCAS

Surgical Simulation

Towards patient specific, anatomy based simulation of facial mimics for surgical nerve rehabilitation

XXIII

V

VI

XI

XII

XV

XIX

S. Zachow, E. Gladilin, H.-C Hege and P. Deuflhard 3

Interactive simulation of the human hand L. Sibille, M Teschner, S. Srivastava and J.-C Latombe 7

Planning and training of minimally invasive surgery by integrating soft tissue cuts with surgical views reproduction M Nakao, T. Kuroda, H. Oyama, M Komori, T. Matsuda and T. Takahashi 13

An integrated system for maxillo-facial surgery simulation M Maggio Binllcci, C Lamberti, R. Gori, L. Montagna and A. Sarti 19

Towards functional simulation of soft tissue deformation for preoperative planning and postoperative evaluation P. ZerJass and E. Keeve 25

Force feedback master arms, from telerobotics to robotics surgery training J.-P. Friconneau, M Karouia, F. Gosselin, P. Gravez, N. Bonnet and P. Leprince 31

The generalized implementation of virtual instruments for surgical simulation K. Montgomery, C Bruyns and A. Menon 37

Models of the human heart for simulation of clinical interventions F.B. Sachse, G. Seemann, MB. Mohr, L.G. Bliimcke and CD. Werner 43

XXIV

Simulation of surgical interventions: atrial radio frequency ablation with a haptic interface G. Seemann, F.B. Sachse, CD. Werner and 0. Dassel 49

An interaction model between multiple deformable objects for realistic haptic force feedback in surgical simulations Y. Kuroda, M Nakao, S. Hacker, T Kuroda, H. Oyama, M Komori, T Matsuda and T Takahashi 55

Surgical Navigation

Accuracy evaluation of a 3D ultrasound-based neuronavigation system T Lango, J. Bang, F. Lindseth and TA. Nagelhus Hernes

Ultra-fast image registration embedded in intraoperative MR imaging J. Tokuda, S. Morikawa, T Dohi and N. Hata

A virtual environment for navigating and controlling intraoperative magnetic resonance images E. Samset, A. Talsma and M Kintel

Collision avoidance in robot assisted surgery

63

69

74

A. Austad, 0.J. Elle, L. Aurdal, E. Samset, H. Fontenelle, E. Fosse and K.E. Malvig 80

Single-step robot guided bone resection and individual reconstruction of the skull S. Weihe, D. Engel, M Wehmoller, J. Raczkowsky, C Rasche, S. Hassfeld and H. Eufinger 86

A novel vacuum immobilization device and a novel targeting device for computer assisted interventional procedures R.J. Bale, M Vogele, T Lang, P. Kovacs, M Rieger, M Freund, A. Chemelli, F. Rachbauer, C Hoser, C Fink, B. Dolali, R. Rosenberger and W. Jaschke 92

Surgical Education and Training

CathI - catheter instruction system U. Hofer, T Langen, J. Nziki, F. Zeitler, J. Hesser, U. Miiller, W. Volker and R. Manner 101

Advanced training environment for gynecologic endoscopy W. Miiller-Wittig, M Becker, T Elias, U. Bockholt and G. Voss 107

Minimally invasive surgery training by realistic virtual techniques M Alcaniz, 1. Blanquer, J. Garcia-Collada, V. Hernandez, U. Meier and C Monserrat 113

xxv

Image Guided Neurosurgery

Acquisition of 3D ultrasound images during neuronavigation M MJ. Letteboer, P. WA. Willems, P. Hellier and WJ. Niessen 121 Neuronavigation with intraoperative 3D ultrasound; multimodal 2D and 3D display techniques and interactive stereoscopic visualisation for guiding surgical procedures TA. Nagelhus Hernes, F. Lindseth, T Lango, S Ommedal and G. Unsgard 127

Neurosurgical biopsies guided by 3D ultrasound - comparison of image evaluations and histopathological results T Selbekk, G. Unsgard, S Om medal, T Muller, S. Torp, G. Myhr, J. Bang and T Nagelhus Hernes 133

How to implement high-field intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging C Nimsky, 0. Ganslandt and R. Fahlbusch 139

Development of Hitchcock stereotactic frame for intraoperative open MRI H. Taniguchi, H. lseki, T Taira, H. Shirakawa, H. lwano, Y. Muragaki, M Sugiura, E. Kobayashi, K. Naemura, T Hori and K. Takakura 144

Intra-operative brain deformation using non-rigid image registration on a shared-memory multiprocessor computer T Rohlfing, CR. Maurer Jr., D.L.G. Hill, T Hartkens, WA. Hall, CL. Truwit, H. Liu, A.J. Martin and R. Shahidi 150

Real time three-dimensional image rendering in suboccipital approaches to the skull base SK. Rosahl, A. Gharabaghi, T Liebig, C Dalle-Feste and M Samii 156

The NASA smart probe project for real-time multiple microsensor tissue recognition: automating stereotactic brain biopsy and other procedures R.J. Andrews, R. Mah, S. Jeffrey, K. Freitas, M Guerrero, R. Papasin and C. Reed 161

The application accuracy of the NeuroMate robot - a quantitative comparison with frameless and frame-based surgical localization systems Q.H. Li, L. Zamorano, A. Pandya, MS Gong and F. Diaz 167

Robotics and Telesurgery

Interactive robots for medical applications J. Troccaz, P. Berkelman, P. Cinquin and A. Vilchis-Gonzales 175

XXVI

Surgical Robotics and Instrumentation

A dual-view endoscope with image shift Y. Yamauchi, J. Yamashita, Y. Fukui, K. Yokoyama, T. Sekiya, E. Ito, M. Kanai, T. Fukuyo, D. Hashimoto, H Iseki and K. Takakura 183

Head tracking of a surgical robotic scopeholder - a user involvement test of the system 0.J. £lIe, MG. Gundersen, E. Samset, G. ten Cate, L. Aurdal, A. Austad, T.K. Lien and E. Fosse 188

Application of image tracking for positioning scope in the robotic assisted laparoscopic surgery S. Payandeh and A. Zhang 194

The implementation of an intuitive man-machine interface in robot-aided endoscopic laser surgery H-W Tang, H Van Brussel, P. Koninckx and J. Vander Sloten 200

Motion estimation in minimally invasive beating heart surgery T. Ortmaier, M Grager and G. Hirzinger 206

Sensor-aided milling with a surgical robot system D. Engel, J. Raczkowsky and H. Warn 212

Software architecture for robotically assisted and image-guided minimally invasive interventions K. Cleary, A. Patriciu, S. Xu, M Mocanu and D. Stoianovici 218

Effect of video streaming delay on telemedicine based on the surgical cockpit system K. Hori, T. Kuroda, H Oyama, Y. Ozaki, T. Nakamura and T. Takahashi 224

Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery

The new frontier in minimally invasive spine surgery through computer assisted technology (CAT) J.e. Chiu, T.J. Clifford, R.A. Princenthal and R.B. Sion

Image-guided magnetic surgery M W Vannier

Computer Assisted Orthopaedic Surgery

Validation of fluoroscopy based navigation in the hip region. What you see is what you get?

233

238

N. WL. Schep, T. Walsum, J.s. de Graaf, I.A.MJ. Broeders and e. van der Werken 247

XXVII

Realistic haptic volume interaction for petro us bone surgery simulation A. Petersik, B. Pflesser, U. Tiede, KH Hahne and R. Leuwer 252

Non-invasive osteotomy using focused ultrasound S. Ishida, N. Hata, T. Azuma, S. Umemura and T. Dohi 258 Computer-assisted arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction J Sabczynski, E. Hille, S. Dries, W. Zylka, L. Tafler, P. Haaker and T. Istel 263

Fast generation of 3D bone models for craniofacial surgical planning: an interactive approach L. Ritter, M Lievin, R. Sader, H-F. ZeilhoJer and £. Keeve 269

A virtual fluoroscopy system based on a small and unobtrusive registration / calibration phantom R. Phillips, V Peter, G.-£. Faure, Q. Li, KP. Sherman, w.J Viant, M Bielby and A.MMA. Mohsen 275

Clinical applications of a laser guidance system with dual laser beam rays as augmented reality of surgical navigation N. Sugano, T. Sasama, S. Nishihara, H Nakase, T. Nishii, H Miki, Y. Momoi, I. Sakuma, M Fujie, S. Yoshinobu, Y. Nakajima, S. Tamura, Y. Yonenobu and T. Ochi 281

Robust computational osteotomy planning tools for autologous bone grafts in reconstructive surgery Z. Krol, M Chlebiej, P. ZerJass, H-F. ZeilhoJer, R. Sader, P. Mikolajczak and £. Keeve 285

3D assessment and simulation of surgical correction of spine deformities by in situ contouring technique R. Dumas, V LaJage, JP. Steib, D. Mitton, JA. de Guise and W. Skalli 291

Special Session on Validation of Medical Image Processing in the Context of Image-Guided Therapy

White paper: validation of medical image processing in the context of image­guided therapy P. Jannin, M Fitzpatrick, D.J Hawkes, X Pennec, R. Shahidi and M W. Vannier 299

Minimal Invasive Thoracic Abdominal Surgery

What is new in robotic surgery? M Hashizume, M Shimada, K Konishi, T. Akahoshi, M Tomikawa, S. Maehara and K Sugimachi 308

XXVIII

A new compact robot for manipulating forceps using friction wheel and gimbals mechanism T. Suzuki, E. Kobayashi, D. Kim, H Inada, T. Tsuji, T. Dohi and I. Sakuma 314

Merits of a newly-developed laparoscope manipulator: experiences with 4 cases M Tomikawa, M Hashizume, E. Kobayashi, S. Yamaguchi, I. Sakuma, M Fujie, F. Nakamura, T. Dohi, M Shimada and K Sugimachi 320 Feasibility of robot-assisted laparoscopic intestinal anastomosis; an experimental study in pigs JP. Ruurda and I.A.MJ Broeders 324

Evaluation of a magnetic tracking-guided needle placement system featuring respiratory gating in an in vitro liver model E.B. Levy, K Cleary, F. Banovac, D. Tanaka, S. Xu, D. Lindisch and N. Glossop 329

Evaluation of time-loss in robot-assisted surgery JP. Ruurda and I.A.MJ Broeders 335

HepaVision2 - a software assistant for preoperative planning in living-related liver transplantation and oncologic liver surgery H. Bourquain, A. Schenk, F. Link, B. Preim, G. Prause and H-O. Peitgen 341

Preoperative prostate cancer volume estimation based on clinically correlated needle biopsy simulation J Zeng, R. Conelly, J Bauer, W. Zhang, I.A. Sesterhenn, J W. Moul and S.K Mun 347

Resection proposals for oncologic liver surgery based on vascular territories B. Preim, H Bourquain, D. Selle, KJ Oldhafer and H.-a. Peitgen 353

16tb International Congress and Exhibition on Computer Assisted Radiology - CAR

Medical Imaging

Perfusion weighted MRl: a new tool for epilepsy surgery J-M Scarab in, B. Broche, C. Grova, C. Argaud, M Schaefer and P. Jannin 361

Stereo radiography: distortion correction and perception improvement A. Berestov 366

Development and performance evaluation of the first model of 40 CT-scanner M Endo, T. Tsunoo, S. Kandatsu, S. Tanada, H Aradate, Y. Saito, M Kusakabe, K Satoh and S. Matsusita 372

Pixels based statistical differences between lung SPECT: experimental approach to help for the diagnosis and the follow-up of pulmonary embolism

XXIX

S-E. Bendada, JM Rocchisani and JL. Moretti 377

A fast automatic method for 3D volume segmentation of the human cerebrovascular M Sabry, CB. Sites, A.A. Farag, S Hushek and T Moriarty 382

Contrast-enhanced three dimensional MR angiography of pulmonary artery and pulmonary perfusion imaging in pig - a comparison study with OSA S Liu, W Dong and X Xiao 388

A virtual training system for linear-type endoscopic ultrasonography SHacker, U. Tiede, E. Burmester, T Leineweber and K-H Hahne 394

Image Processing and Display

Automated quantification of avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) from 3D MR images R.A. Zorooji, T Nishii, Y. Sato, N. Sugano, H Yoshikawa, T Ochi and S Tamura 401

Efficient segmentation of MSCT images by interactive region expansion C Lorenz, T Schlathalter, I. Carlsen and S Renisch 407

Automated segmentation of pelvis and femur from 3-D CT images R.A. Zorooji, Y. Sato, B. Borgheai, T Sasama, T Nishii, N. Sugano, K Yonenobu, H Yoshikawa, T Ochi and S. Tamura 413

Registration and matching of projection imaging and tomographic imaging. Application to X-rays angiographies and magnetic resonance angiographies M Vermandel, C Kulik, J Y. Gauvrit, C Vasseur and J Rousseau 419

Construction of an average CT brain image for brain infarct pattern comparison C Jongen, JP. W Pluim, MA. Viergever and WJ Niessen 425

Fast Feldkamp-reconstruction for real-time reconstruction using c-arm-systems K Kornmesser, B. Schadler, J Hesser, R. Manner, M Ebert and W Schlegel 430

Trial for making other serially sectioned images (Visible Korean Human) MS Chung, Js. Park, J Y. Kim, WS Hwang, JK. Kim and H-S Park 435

An alternating-constraints optimization method for volume-preserving non-rigid registration of MR breast images T Rohlfing, CR. Maurer Jr., MA. Jacobs, D.A. Bluemke and R. Shahidi 439

Integrating the insight toolkit itk into a medical software framework N. Hanssen, B. von Rymon-Lipinski, T Jansen, M Lievin and E. Keeve 445

xxx

Validation of MRlISPECT similarity -based registration methods using realistic simulations of normal and pathological SPECT data C Grova, A. Biraben, l. Buvat, H. Benali, A.M Bernard, B. Gibaud and J-M Scarabin 450

Automatic 3D-reconstruction of the ocular fundus from stereo images M Wuenstel and H. Schumann 456 Performance evaluation of LCD displays H. Roehrig, JH. Fan, T Furukawa, M Ohashi, A. Chawla and K Gandhi 461

Fast volume rendering based on software optimization using multimedia instructions on PC platforms K Mori, Y. Suenaga and J Toriwaki 467

Interactive tutorials: development of a large scale 3D database of pathological cases using interactive volume rendering technique H. Shin, U von Jan, M Galanski and H.K Matthies 473

Image Management and Communication

RIS/PACS integration in a web environment R. Passariello, G. Venturi, V Campanella, S. Simonetti, C Catalano and A. Fiumicelli 479

Implementation of RlS/PACS at Princess Alexandra Hospital Brisbane, Australia B.L. Crowe 485

Expressing DICOM SR constraints in XML KP. Lee 491

A digital imaging network to facilitate a multi-center clinical trial for adrenoleukodystrophy ML. lngeholm, B.A. Levine, A. Fatemi, G. Jimenez-Sanchez and H. W. Moser 497

ACRIN digital mammographic imaging screening trial informatics infrastructure CR. Welsh, B. Young, V Gopalakrishnan, l. Mahon, S. Sabina, C Gatsonis, E. Pisano and M Yaffe 503

Multicenter clinical trials of imaging workstations and methods CR. Welsh, V Gopalakrishnan, J Flaim-Spetsas, A. Toledano and CD. Johnson 509

Detailed image classification code for image retrieval of medical images (IRMA) B.B. Wein, T Lehmann, D. Keysers, H. Schubert and M Kohnen 513

XXXI

Computer Assisted Radiation Therapy

Dynamic reconstruction for radiotherapy planning A. Koenig, P. Grangeat, S. Bonnet and P. Hugonnard 521

Registration of 3D U/S and CT images of the prostate E.A. Fir/e, W. Chen and S. Wesarg 527

Interferometric measurement of patient surface topology changes during therapy irradiation C Moore, K. Woods, P. Sharrock, F. Lilley, M Lalor and D. Burton 533

Adaptive filtering to predict lung tumor motion during free breathing MJ Murphy, M Isaakson and J Jalden 539

Protocol conversion by automatic pattern matching for the on-line linkage between multi-institutional radiation oncology databases Y. Kumazaki, H. Harauchi, K. Haneda, H. Kou, T Kondou, M Ishibashi, H. Numasaki, K. Shimizu, T Umeda, A. Takemura and K. Inamura 545

Photon radiosurgical system for treating brain tumors K. Takakura, 0. Kubo, Y. Muragaki, H. Iseki and M Sugiura 551

Towards a World Engineering Anthropometry Resource

Shape modeling driven by the product design R. Mollard

Medical image archives - present and future M W. Vannier, E. V. Staab and L.C Clarke

3D description of the human body shape: application of Karhunen-Loeve expansion to the CAESAR database Z. Benazouz, M Rioux and R. Lepage

Recent advances in Korean anthropometry Y.s. Lee

Automatic shape modeling of the foot: towards a database of foot shapes M Mochimaru and M Kouchi

A Web3D based CAESAR viewer S. Ressler and Q. Wang

Some tools for understanding anthropometry JF.M Molenbroek

559

565

571

577

582

588

593

XXXII

Telemedicine

A review "In-Home Healthcare" projects in the USA G.B. Devey

Home health monitoring and diabetes: a web-based approach to achieving better control

601

B.A. Levine, A. Alaoui, M-J. Hu, K Smith, S Clement, A. Neustadt and SK Mun 607 The communication concept of a regional stroke unit network based on encrypted image transmission and the DICOM-mail standard U. Engelmann, A. Schroter, T Schweitzer and H-P' Meinzer 612

Framework for systematic assessment of the regional HUSpacs after the reengineering of hospital and external processes K Harno, R. Roine, H Pohjonen, J. Kinnunen and T Kauppinen 618

Evaluation ofPACS and radiology services in 8 selected hospitals within the reference model program SaxTeleMed, using activity based costing and a generic business model (Marburg Model) J. Bottcher and KJ. Klose 623

Displaying and analysing DICOM waveforms on Java based cell phones and PDAs M Kroll, J. Riesmeier, K. Melzer, K Annacker, H-G. Lipinski and D.H W. Gronemeyer 627

Special Session on Electronic Health Record

Secure and future proof electronic health records over the internet B. Blobel 635

Patient-oriented visualisation and interaction in a three dimensional environment K. Kochy, R. Tschirley and S Markle 641

Do EHR communication standards account for imaging communication needs? F. Mennerat and J. Chabriais 647

4th International Workshop on Computer-Aided Diagnosis - CAD

Special Session on Breast CAD

Quantifying breast cancer risk from mammograms MJ. Yaffe and N.F. Boyd

An automated detection method of mammographic masses based on adaptive threshold technique utilizing multi-resolution processing S Kasai, D. Kaji, A. Kano, H Fujita, T Hara and TEndo

653

659

Image retrieval scheme for mammographic masses by using a local-pattern matching technique T Nakagawa, T Hara, H. Fujita, T lwase and TEndo

Segmentation of microcaJcifications in X-ray mammograms using entropy thresholding M Mel/oul and L. Joskowicz

On the problem of breast compression modelling F. Georgsson and N. Bjornestal

Special Session on Thoracic CAD

Automatic segmentation and texture analysis ofPA chest radiographs to detect abnormalities related to interstitial disease and tuberculosis

XXXIII

665

671

677

B. van Ginneken, B.M ter Haar Romeny and MA. Viergever 685

Clinical usefulness of temporal subtraction technique for detection of interval changes on digital chest radiographs S. Katsuragawa, T Uozumi, S. Kakeda, H. Watanabe, H. Nakata and K. Doi 689

Update on the development of an automated lung nodule detection method for CT scans s.G. Armato 1Il 695

A CAD system for lung cancer based on 3D CT images N. Niki, Y. Kawata, M Kubo, H. Ohmatsu, R. Kakinuma, K. Mori, H. Nishiyama, K. Eguchi, M Kusumoto, M Kaneko and N. Moriyama 70 I

Optimal image feature set for detecting lung nodules on chest X-ray images J Wei, Y. Hagihara, A. Shimizu and H. Kobatake 706

Effect of the computer output on radiologists' decision-making for classification of solitary pulmonary nodules in chest radiographs J Shiraishi, H. Abe, R. Englemann, M Aoyama, H. MacMahon and K. Doi 712

An efficient recognition method of lung nodules from X-ray CT images using 3D object models K. Shigemoto, H. Takizawa, S. Yamamoto, T Nakagawa, T Matsumoto, Y. Tateno, T Iinuma and M Matsumoto 717

Network based CAD system for lung cancer screening by X-ray CT H. Emoto, S. Yamamoto, M Matsumoto, T Matsumoto, Y. Tateno and T Iinuma 723

Computer classification of lung tumors from chest CT images according to the types of tissue using 3D extended Voronoi diagram Y. Hirano, J Hasegawa, J Toriwaki, H. Ohmatsu and K. Eguchi 729

XXXIV

Special Session on 3D CAD

Visualization and segmentation techniques in 3-D ultrasound images A. Fenster and D.B. Downey 737

Current concepts and future directions in computer-aided diagnosis for CT colonography R.M. Summers 743

Computer-aided detection of polyps in CT colonography: effect of feature-guided polyp segmentation J. Nappi and H. Yoshida 749

Feature-based approach toward computer aided detection and diagnosis Z. Liang, Z. Wang, L. Li and D.P. Harrington 755

Clinical potential ofCT colonography in the diagnosis of pelvic lymph node metastasis for patients with rectal cancer G. Iinuma, T. Akasu and N. Moriyama 761

Three-dimensional computer-aided diagnosis schemes for classification of benign and malignant pulmonary nodules Y. Kawata, N. Niki, H. Ohmatsu, M. Kusumoto, R. Kakinuma, K. Mori, H. Nishiyama, K. Eguchi, M. Kaneko and N. Moriyama 764

Pulmonary nodule detection using cartwheel projection analysis L. Fan, J. Qian, G.-Q. Wei and D.P. Naidich 770

Extraction and recognition of the thoracic organs based on 3D CT images and its application X Zhou, T Hara, H. Fujita, Y. Ida, K. Katada and K. Matsumoto 776

A preliminary study for automated recognition of branches of pulmonary artery and vein using anatomical positional relations from a 3-D chest X-ray CT image K. Mori, T Yamaguchi, T. Kitasaka, Y. Mekada, J. Hasegawa, J. Toriwaki and H. Otsuji 782

Development of a computer aided diagnosis system for three dimensional breast CT images Y. Hanzawa, A. Shimizu, H. Kobatake and K. Miyakawa 788

Development of automated detection and classification methods of masses on 3D breast ultrasound images T. Hara, D. Fukuoka, H. Fujita, T. Endo and w.K. Moon 794

xxxv

2002 International Symposium on Cardiovascular Imaging - CVI

Invasive Coronary Imaging

Coronary atherosclerosis: from pathophysiology to imaging in clinical practice F. Ledru 803 A novel approach for the detection of path lines in X-ray angiograms: the wavefront propagation algorithm J. Janssen, G. Koning, P.J.H de Koning, J.c. Tuinenburg and J.H.c. Reiber 808

A numerical 3D coronary tree model D. Sherknies and J. Meunier 814

Automatic stent border detection in IntraVascular UltraSound images for quantitative measurements of the stent parameters J. Dijkstra, G. Koning, J.c. Tuinenburg, P. V. Oemrawsingh, C. von Birgelen andJ.H.C. Reiber 819

Invasive Coronary and Vascular Imaging

ECG-gated 3D-rotational coronary angiography (3DRCA) v. Rasche, A. Biicker, M Grass, R. Koppe, J. Op de Beek, R. Bertrams, R. Suurmond, H. Kiihl and R. W. Giinther 827

Automatic trinocular 3D reconstruction of coronary artery centerlines from rotational X-ray angiography C. Blondel, R. Vaillant, F. Devernay, G. Malandarin and N. Ayache 832

Improved endpoint localization in guide wire tracking during endovascular interventions S.A.M Baert and w.J. Niessen 838

Improved radiological control of endovascular prothesis positioning, using a region-contour cooperation approach A. Raji, J. Lemoine, Y. Lahfi, J.c. Bossu and F. Boudghene 843

Modelling and process design of a new type of catheter for special endovascular treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysms P. Jo/i, C. Francois, T. Gagarina and F. Boudghene 849

Left and Right Ventricular Function

Quantitative biplane angiography for right and left ventricular volume determination F.K. Schmiel, D.G. W. Onnasch, K. Moldenhauer and HH Kramer 857

XXXVI

Development and evaluation of a software package for right ventricular analysis J. Hensgens, B. Weijers, J.-P.MM Aben and A.P.G. Kroes 863

Integration of tools for the estimation of heart vitality by tissue doppler and myocardial velocity gradients into a clinical useable software environment M Hastenteufel, I. Wolf, R. de Simone, S. Mottl-Link and H.-P. Meinzer 867

3D stress echocardiography: a novel application based on registration of real-time 3 D ultrasound images R. Shekhar, V. Zagrodsky, M Garcia and J.D. Thomas 873

Detecting changes in myocardial perfusion T.L. Faber, J.R. Galt, J. Chen, B.M W. Tsui and E. V. Garcia 879

Non-invasive Cardiovascular Imaging - Clinical Approach -An ESCR Symposium

Non-invasive approach to coronary heart disease R.K. Rienmilller, B. Schrottner, U. Reiter und G. Reiter

The use of imaging in chest pain MR. Rees and T. Cripps

Advances in Cardiovascular MRI and CT - A NASCI Symposium

3D active appearance models: application to cardiac MR and ultrasound image segmentation B.P.F. Lelieveldt, s.c. Mitchell, J.G. Bosch, R.J. van der Geest, M Sonka

887

890

and J.H.c. Reiber 897

Automatic correction of myocardial boundaries in MR cardio perfusion analysis L. Spreeuwers, F. Wierda and M Breeuwer 902

FAST analysis tool of global and local heart functions by MRI tagging C. Dornier, MK. Ivancevic, G. Lecoq, A. Righetti and J.P. Vallee 908

Advances in Cardiovascular MRI and MSCT - A NASCI Symposium

Correlation of quantitative MR-angiography of the carotid artery with in vivo measurement during carotid endarterectomy R. Guzman, A. Barth, L. Remonda, H. Oswald, G. Schroth, P. de Koning and R. van der Geest 917

Model-based vessel segmentation using an elliptical cylinder S. Young, V. Pekar, J. Weese, T. Netsch and A. van Muiswinkel 923

Integration of cath-lab signals and magnetic resonance imaging for postoperative computerized assessment of heart reduction

XXXVII

A. Ripoli, S. Berti, N. Olsen, M Lombardi, S. Bevilacqua and M Glauber 928

Development of software for four-dimensional cardiac function analysis using multi-slice CT scanner S. Yamamoto, S. Hamada, H Naito, T. Johkoh, M Miyamoto, J. Masumoto, S. Azemoto, T. Kanagawa, S. Nakanishi and H Nakamura 934

8th Computed Maxillofacial Imaging Congress - CMI

Image-Guidance in Implantology

Clinical evaluation of patient misalignment during CT scans for computer assisted implantology - a new approach for compensation J. Brief, S. HassJeld, W. Stein, R. Krempien and J. Miihling 943

The precision of the RoboDent system - an in vitro study 0. Schermeier, T. Lueth, C. Cho, D. Hildebrand, M Klein, K. Nelson and J. Bier 947

A new method and a clinical case for computer assisted dental implantology F. Goulette, J. Dutreuil, C. Laurgeau, J.c. Zoreda and S. Lundgren 953

"Image guided implantology" - real-time guidance of dental implant surgery in the operative field using CT-scan image L. Shapira 959

Computer based approach for design and treatment of immediately loaded implants U. Meyer, T. Fillies, N. Meier, T. Stamm, HP. Wiesmann and U. Joos 965

Surgical simulation of multisegment osteotomies and implant dentistry in cleft palates R. Marmulla, S. HassJeld and J. Miihling 970

Computer aided navigation and interactive teleconsultation in dental implantology K. Schicho, A. Wagner and R. Ewers 975

Image-Guided Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery

3D osteotomy planning in cranio-maxillofacial surgery: experiences and results of surgery planning and volumetric finite-element soft tissue prediction in three clinical cases S. Zachow, E. Gladilin, A. Trepczynski, R. Sader and H-F. ZeilhoJer 983

Computer aided planning for orthognatic surgery M Chabanas, C. Marecaux, Y. Payan and F. Boutault 988

XXXVIII

The exact resection of a tumor and a transplant with the help of 3D navigation G. Schultes, H. Karcher, G. Santler and A. Gaggl 994

Assessment of maxillofacial pathological lesions by computed tomography using 3D surface and volume rendering techniques MG.P. Cavalcanti, P.s. Tossato and J.L.F. Antunes 997

Application of cone-beam X-ray CT in dento-maxillofacial region K. Maki, T. Usui, M Kubota, H. Nakano, Y. Shibasaki, K. Araki, T. Okano, K. Ueno and K. Yamamoto 1003

Poster Session

16th International Congress and Exhibition on Computer Assisted Radiology - CAR

Survival prediction using artificial neural networks in patients with lung cancer treated by radiotherapy M linuma, T. Teshima, Y. Iwanaga, M Kawamata, M Nagayoshi and K. Murase 1011

Clinical usefulness ofmuItidetector CT angiography: application to the diagnosis of arterial occlusive diseases in lower extremities N. Hirai, R. Tanaka, Y. Hori, M Higashi, S. Imakita and H. Naito 1012

Automatically reducing iodine in contrast head CT scans by image processing L. Yin, JK. Chang and A.I.Z. Abidin 1013

Improved visualization of3D data sets on the example of3D rotational angiography R. Koppe, E. Klotz and J Op de Beek 1014

EasyTW: computer-aided system for bone age assessment A.MM Da Silva, G.L. De Oliveira, G.P. Noal, C.A.A. Schmitz, L.S.B. Haeffner, P.s.P. Antunes and S.D. Olabarriaga 1015

3D X-ray imaging of human knee using a mobile C-arm J Liitjens, E. Klotz, R. Koppe, V. Rasche and M Grass 1016

Bone mineral density estimation after soft-tissue effect subtraction in X-ray images S. Kim, S. Lee and J -W. Jeong 1017

Virtual actors for a patient oriented virtual hospital J. Wilhelmy and S. Markle 1018

XXXIX

User-assisted segmentation of tomographic images A.A. Goshtasby and M Satter 1019

Quantitative evaluation of medical image fusion algorithms F. Vhlemann, S. Sobottka and R. Steinmeier 1020

The "Virtual Institute for Computer Assistance in Clinical Radiology" (VICORA): first results of the development of algorithms and applications S. Krass, F. Link, T Boskamp, A. Schenk, H Bourquain, S. Kohle, R. Rascher-Friesenhausen, W. Spindler, B. Kummer/en, M Lang, B. Wein, R. Leppek and H-a. Peitgen 1021

Three-dimensional composite images ofSPECT/MRI in hydrocephalus T Mito, I. Shibata, N. Sugo and M Takano 1022

Segmentation of MR brain images using region growing combined with an active contour model R. Parveen and A. Todd-Pokropek 1023

DISCIR: an architecture for high performance distributed and component-oriented image diagnosis applications C Alfonso, I. Blanquer, A. Gonzalez and V. Hernandez 1024

Usefulness of newly developed interactive multiplanar reconstruction viewer for large amount of image sets by multidetector-row CT: evaluation of invasion to surrounding organs of esophageal carcinoma T Johkoh, S. Yamamoto, T Murakami, M Hori, 0. Honda, T Kozuka, M Koyama, M Tsubamoto, S. Hamada, Y. Narum and H Nakamura 1025

Optimization of an anisotropic diffusion method for medical image processing K. Kawakami, K. Murase, Y. Yamazaki, M Shinohara, M Kawamata, M Nagayoshi and S. Iwamoto 1026

Fast image generation of cerebral perfusion parameters using multi-detector row CT and deconvolution analysis K. Murase, M Shinohara, Y. Yamazaki, K. Kawakami, S. Iwamoto, Y. Sugawara, T Veda and J. Ikezoe 1027

Automated volumetry of lateral ventricles in 3-D SPGR MR images using physicians' knowledge represented by fuzzy logic S. Kobashi, Y. Hata, E. Matsui, H Kitagaki, E. Mori and T Kanagawa 1028

Preliminary study for characterizing Legg-Calve-Perthes disease based on MRI segmentation P. Pouletaut, I. Claude, R. Winzenrieth, M-C Ho Ba Tho and G. Sebag 1029

XL

Magnetic resonance based biomechanical analysis of the knee joint M Siebert, K-H. Englmeier, R. von Eisenhart-Rothe, C Bringmann, F. Eckstein, H. Bonel, M Reiser and H. Graichen 1030

Connected morphological operators for CT-scan images of the abdomen B. Naegel, C Ronse and L. Soler 1031 Improvement of an automated patient recognition method for chest radiographs using edge-enhanced images K Kondo, J Morishita, S Katsuragawa and K Doi 1032

Automatic registration of thoracic FDG-PET and CT for diagnosis and staging of lung cancer JC Asmuth, R.H. Moore, L. Bogoni and SL. Aquino 1033

A segmentation method for 3D slice images: searching and bridging D. Kim, K. Ku and J Park 1034

NEUROCAD: a neurology computer-aided toolkit MC Oliveira, L. Cavalcanti, MC Oliveira, G.F. Caetano and P.M Azevedo-Marques 1035

Content-based image retrieval using texture features MO Honda, P.M Azevedo-Marques and JA.H. Rodrigues 1036

Enhancing the diagnostic capabilities ofMRCP by high-resolution image acquisition and stereoscopic viewing T. Yamagishi, T. Saito, K. Abe, J Ishida, R. Nishimura, T. Kudo, A. Petersik, U. Tiede and K-H. Hahne 1037

Wavelet de-noising in digital chest radiographs by generalized cross validation H. Kubota, Y Yamazaki, M Shinohara, K. Kawakami and K Murase 1038

A template-based method of ventricle part classification and realistic texturing for virtual ventriculoscopy I. Goncharenko, H. Emoto, T. Fujii, N. Sugou, T. Mito, I. Shibata, and Y Kanou 1039

Automatic extraction of cerebral blood vessel and aneurysm from magnetic resonance angiography Y Yamazaki, K Murase, M Shin ohara, K Kikuchi, H. Miki and J Ikezoe 1040

Volume-rendered TOF MR angiography: detection and characterization of intracranial aneurysms A. Mallouhi, S Felber, A. Chemelli, A. Dessl, A. Auer, M Schocke, W.R. Jaschke and P. Waldenberger 1041

Accuracy of cerebral blood flow obtained from dynamic susceptibility contrast­enhanced MRI using deconvolution analysis based on singular value decomposition M. Shinohara, K Murase, Y Yamazaki, M. linuma, T. Enoki, Y Iwanaga,

XLI

K Kikuchi, H Miki and J Ikezoe 1042

A new tool for unsupervised analysis of time series in functional imaging M. Buerki, C. Kiefer, A. Nirkko, H Oswald and G. Schroth 1043

Lung MR imaging: robust registration technique of the respiratory phase for quantitative ventilation and perfusion study T. Ueguchi, T. Johkoh, M. Koyama, C. Tanaka, M. Kawahara and H Nakamura 1044

How to .1etermine the borders of gray matter of young and aged brain on magnetic resonance images N. Tsukamoto, H Kumagai, K Saitoh, M. Monma, Y Ando, M. Kitamura and 0. Kawaguchi 1045

Computerized analysis of magnetic resonance angiography A.Z. Wang, S. Campbell and Q.-Y Chen 1046

Spectral PTF analysis using cine-MRI in normal pressure hydrocephalus T. Miyati, H Fujita, M. Mase, T. Banno, T. Kasuga, K Yamada, K Koshida S. Sanada and H Ima 1047

Development of a simple and non-invasive method for measuring cerebral blood flow using Technetium-99m compounds and spectral analysis M. Kawamata, M. Takasawa, M. Nagayoshi, T. Enoki, N. Oku and K Murase 1048

A multi-resolution retinal vessel tracker based on directional smoothing K-H Englmeier, S. Bichler, K Schmid, M. Maurino, M. Porta, T. Bek, B. Ege, 0. V. Larsen and o.K Hejlesen 1049

Two-year experience in using a telediagnostic regional network 0. Barbero, C. Rubies, J Fernandez-Bayo, J Valls, I. Periz, J Puig and L. Donoso 1050

Interactive (stereoscopic) DICOM image access on mobile devices K. Melzer, HG. Lipinski and D.HW. Gronemeyer 1051

Fast volume rendering endoscopy based on semi-automatic path generation s.M. Kwon, J Yi, S.H Kim, JK. Kim and JB. Ra 1052

Evaluation of PC-based 3D virtual colonoscopy J Kim, S. Lee and S. Kim 1053

Normalized cuts for spinal MRI segmentation J Carballido-Gamio, s.J Belongie and S. Majumdar 1054

XLII

6th Annual Conference of the International Society for Computer Aided Surgery - ISCAS

Three dimensional colour coded visualization of differences between CT patient data and resulting stereolithographical models E. Schwaderer, F. Dammann, M Heuschmid, 1. Hoffmann and CD. Claussen 1057

Information integration and management for computer assisted orthopaedic surgery over internet T. Wu, C Huberson, A. Zimolong, G. Miiller, K. Radermacher and G. Rau 1058

A novel system of 4-dimensional motion analysis after total hip arthroplasty K Hagio, N. Sugano, T. Nishii, H. Miki, Y. Otake, A. Hattori, N. Suzuki, T. Sasama, Y. Sato, S. Tamura, K Yonenobu, H. Yoshikawa and T. Ochi 1059

A cadaveric study of robotically assisted spinal needle placement versus manual placement K Cleary, K Ruitort and V Watson 1060

Accuracy of the 3D angular position of vertebrae reconstructed by low dose digital stereoradiography A. Le Bras, R. Dumas, M Savidan, D. Mitton, 1.A. De Guise and W. Skalli 1061

Ultrasound guidance for spinal radiosurgery T.C Ryken, S.L. Meeks, 1.w. Haller and1.M Buatti 1062

Endoscopic treatment of intraventricular lesions in virtual reality Z. Novak, P. Krupa, 1. Chrastina and I. Riha 1063

PC-based deep brain recording system for functional neurosurgery 1. Tejeiro, R.J. Macias, G. Lopez, 1.M Morales, L.M Alvarez, E.Guerra, C Maragoto, E. Alvarez, I. Garcia and W. Bouza 1064

Evaluation of a stereotactic neurosurgical robot (N euroMate) C Edlinger, 1.-P. Perrin, S. Baffert, E. Charpentier and E. Fery-Lemonnier 1065

An improved fMRI analysis for detecting motor cortex activity near brain tumors 1. W. Haller, T.A. Gallagher, T.C Ryken, K1. Ahn and M W. Vannier 1066

Combined image-guided surgical navigation and ultrasound images for cranial surgeries T.C Ryken, M Barua and 1. W. Haller 1067

A hybrid navigation system for reliable navigation surgery-microscopic optical tracking and electromagnetic suction tube tracking 1. Yamada, A. Kato, H. Kishima, M Hirata and T. Yoshimine 1068

Open MRI compatible HivisCAS video microscope system for neurosurgery K. Nambu, H, 1seki, Y. Muragaki, T. Maruyama, T. Taira, R. Mochizuki,

XLIII

M. Sugiura, K. Naemura, T. Hori and K. Takakura 1069

The results of image guided surgery with magnetic and optical hybrid navigation system A. Kato, J. Yamada, M Hirata, N. Hirabuki and T. Yoshimine 1070

A new method for 3D modeling of neurosurgical procedures 1. Koster, A. Sam ii, T. Brinker and H,K. Matthies 1071

Monte Carlo simulation for anisotropic error prediction in frameless stereotaxy P. WA. Willems, H,J. Noordmans, J. W Berkelbach van der Sprenkel, MA. Viergever and CA.F. Tulleken 1072

Education tools for surgery: a simulator for pelvic surgery J. Troccaz, R. Martin, M Valderrama, L. Vadcard, S. Viera and J. Tonetti 1073

Toward modelling and simulation of tearing and cutting in laparoscopic training environment S. Payandeh, H, Zhang and N. Azouz 1074

CT fluoroscopy using navigation and automated registration W Zylka, L. Tafter and H, Vohwinkel 1075

The meaning of precision in computer assisted surgery M Wehmoller, S. Weihe and H, Eufinger 1076

Practical clinical experience with microscopic 3D-navigation at the skull base W Freysinger, F. Kral, A.R. Gunkel and WF. Thumfart 1077

A fast and accurate method of ultrasound probe calibration for image-guided surgery J.N. Welch, M Bax, K. Mori, T. Krummel, R. Shahidi and CR. Maurer Jr. 1078

A clinical prototype system for projector-based augmented reality: calibration and projection methods J. Raczkowsky, H, Hoppe, C Kubler, H, Worn and S. Hassfeld 1079

Evaluation of a computer aided planning and surgical robot system for craniofacial surgery D. Engel, A. Pernozolli, 0. Schorr, J. Brief, T. Heurich, J. Raczkowsky, S. Hassfeld H, Worn and J. Muhling 1080

Robotic manipulator system for microsurgery (first report) H, Gotani and Y. Yamano 1081

XLIV

A distributed system for 3D anatomical structures visualization and surgical planning C. Koehl, L. Soler and J. Marescaux 1082

A unified process for computer assisted surgery O. Schorr, A. Pernozzoli, J. Raczkowsky and H Worn 1083

A novel computer-based approach to diagnostic imaging in the gut R. Mij1akhov 1084

Using distance transformations to determine safe needle/probe paths during interventional procedures L. Aurdal, O.J. £lIe, E. Samset, H Fontenelle, T. Om holt-Jensen, T. Mala and B. Edwin 1085

Multi-slider linkage mechanism for endoscopic manipulator H Yamashita, K. Daeyoung, N. Hata and T. Dohi 1086

Clinical application of 3D-CT angiography for laparoscopic colorectal surgery J. Okuda, K. Nishiguchi, K. Tanaka, S. W. Lee, M. Toyoda and N. Tanigawa 1087

The basis of magnetic navigation system for surgery J. Shimada, M. Kawakami, S. Endoh, F. Ikeda, M. Nagahara and Y. Yamamoto 1088

Study on bending forceps manipulator with electric-cautery function for laparoscopic surgery Y. Kim, T. Oura, D. Kim, E. Kobayashi, T. Tsuji, H In ada, T. Dohi and l. Sakuma 1089

A laparoscope positioning system based on the real-time visual tracking of the surgeon's face and surgical instruments A. Nishikawa, S. Asano, F. Miyazaki, M. Sekimoto, M. Yasui and M. Monden 1090

Feasibility of image-guided abdominal interventions using a novel magnetic position sensing device in an interventional radiology suite F. Banovac, M. Jay, D. Lindisch, N. Glossop and K. Cleary 1091

Reconstruction of intrahepatic vessel trees from three-dimensional freehand ultrasound-scans P. Hassenpjlug, M. Vetter, G. da Silva Jr., l. Wolf, M. Thorn, G.M. Richter, W. Lamade, M. Buchler and H-P. Meinzer 1092

Development of AR navigation system for laparoscopic surgery using magneto-optic hybrid sensor: experiences with 3 cases K. Konishi, M. Hashizume, M. Nakamoto, M. Miyamoto, M. Shimada, Y. Sato, S. Tamura and K. Sugimachi 1093

Evaluation of an augmented reality system for intraoperative data presentation - preliminary results T. Salb, J Brief, T. Welzel, 0. Burgert, T. Gockel, R. Krempien, S. Hassfeld

XLV

and R. Dillmann 1094

4th International Workshop on Computer-Aided Diagnosis - CAD

A detection method of ground glass opacities from chest X-ray CT images H. Takizawa, S. Yamamoto, T. Matsumoto, Y. Tateno, T. Iinuma and M Matsumoto 1097

Automated polyp detection from colon MRI images J Lamy, e. Ronse and L. Soler 1098

Three-dimensional analysis of pulmonary nodules using thin slice helical CT data: automated nodule classification and estimation of malignancy K. Murao, K. Awai, A. Ozawa, T. Yamanaka, M Komi and S. Hori 1099

Sonographic diagnosis of fatty liver using computer-aided quantification S. Kim, J-w. Jeong and S. Lee 1100

Detection of abnormal tissue in HRCT scans of the chest I.e. Sluimer and B. van Ginneken

Development of automated detection methods for architectural distortions on mammograms

1101

T. Matsubara, D. Yamazaki, T. Hara, H. Fujita, S. Kasai, T. Endo and T. Iwase 1102

Some results on the preprocessing of mammograms for microcalcification detection E. Nava, R. Mala, F. Sendra and E. Ristori 1103

2002 International Symposium on Cardiovascular Imaging - CVI

A multi scale medial axis detection of coronary arteries in X-rays angiographies B. Tremblais, B. Augereau and M Leard 1107

Model-based segmentation and visualization of IVUS images for radiation treatment planning in cardiovascular brachytherapy F. Weichert, e. Wilke, P. Spilles, A. Kraushaar, H. Muller, U. Quast and D. Wegener 1108

Hydatid cyst of the heart contribution of two-dimensional echocardiography S. Ernez-Hajri, G. Jeridi, H. Bouraoui, T. Filali, A. Mhadhaoui and H. Ammar 1109

Demonstration of three-dimensional visualization techniques for coronary artery evaluation using EBCT - a case study P.MA. van Ooijen, P.J. de Feyter and M Oudkerk 1110

XLVI

Left ventricular perfusion/function differences between ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathy assessed by gated SPECT myocardial imaging: visual and quantitative computer analysis 1. Peovska, J Maksimovic, M. Buseva, D. Pop Gorceva and V. Majstorov 1111

Heart phantom - a simple elastomechanical model of ventricle W. Sediono and 0. Dassel 1112

8th Computed Maxillofacial Imaging Congress - CMI

Image post-processing for optimization ofphotostimulable phosphor cephalograms T. T. Farman, KD. West, JP. Scheetz, A. Silveira, B.E. Johnson andA.G. Farman 1115

Evaluation of sensitivity of 3D-CT for diagnosis of craniofacial fractures MG.P. Cavalcanti and A.P.A. Costa e Silva 1116

Tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT(R)) applied to assess impacted teeth using 2D and 3D pseudo-holograms K Yamamoto, Y. Hayakawa, N. Kobayashi, Y. Kousuge, M Wakoh, H. Sekiguchi, M Yakushiji and A. G. Farman 1117

Development of new tomography equipment with magnification A. Satoh, R. Yamato, M Tada, H. Nakahama, N. Takahashi and Y. Okumura 1118

Computer simulation of an intraoral radiography using perspective projection ofCT data K Okamura, K Yoshiura, K Tokumori, T. Tanaka and S. Kanda 1119

44 years oftemporomandibular ankylosis M Anchieta and F. Salles 1120

Context sensitive visualized information in cranio-maxillofacial navigation systems R. Marmulla, S. Hassfeld, T. Heurich and J Miihling 1121

3D-imaging for the assessment of volume changes of the human face E. Nkenke, X Laboureux, M Benz, T. Maier, G. Hausler, P. Kessler, J Wiltfang and F. W. Neukam 1122

Evaluation of the exophthalmia reduction with a finite element model V. Luboz, A. Pedrono, F. Boutault, P. Swider and Y. Payan 1123

Digital X-ray mini-panel and dental treatment-planning outcomes for MRDD inpatients A.G. Farman, H. Hood, B. Horsley and E. Warr 1124

The need for model generation and validation in craniofacial prosthodontics: a feasibility study Z. Khan, A.A. Farag, T T Farman and A.G. Farman

Index of Authors

XLVII

1125

1127