Cars, factories, smokestacks, burning forests Burning fossil fuels

CO: Carbon Monoxide

Forms during combustion of carbon containing materials.

Problems: heart attacks, asthma, emphysema.

Nausea, dizziness, confusion, death!

CO2: Carbon Dioxide

93% forms naturally in C cycle. Rest from humans.

Problems: heat exhaustion, loss of food production

Car engines, coal power plants, lightening

Photochemical smog: citities

(NO) Nitric oxide Forms under high

temps w/combustion

(HNO3) Nitric acid Forms when NO2

reacts w/water vapor

Problems: irritate eyes. Nose, throat, lung conditons, lower visibility, stunt plant growth.

Coal and industrial plants, smelting, ASIAN BROWN CLOUD

(SO2 ): Sulfur Dioxide

Forms naturally: 1/3 sulfur cycle. 2/3 from human combustion.

Problems: In atm. Converts to aerosols.

(H2SO4): Sulfuric Acid

In aresols

Problems: reduce visibility, breathing problems, damage crops, water supplies, corrode metal, damage buildings.

Particulates◦ Suspended particulate matter (SPM) by EPA

Fine Ultrafine

◦Sources: 62% natural from dust, wildfires, sea salt.

◦38% from humans: cars, coal plants, factories, construction.

◦Human health and environmental impact

Photochemical smogPlants, wetlands, humans, cows, landfills, oil and natural gas wells.

(O3): Ozone Problems: respiratory

issues, lung and heart disease. Damages plants, rubber, fabrics, and paints.

(VOCs): Volatile organic compounds

Forms: naturally or exits in atmosphere. Comes from plants

CH4: Methane more harmful then CO2 at warming.

METHANE

Table 18-1, p. 470

Fig. 18-7, p. 471

In air, water, soil, plants, animals

Does not break down in the environment

Human health and environmental impact◦ Children most vulnerable ◦ Can cause death, mental retardation, paralysis

Reduction of lead (Pb)◦ Unleaded gasoline◦ Unleaded paint

Still problems◦ 15-18 million children have brain damage◦ Need global ban on lead in gasoline and paint

Fig. 18-8, p. 472

Chemical instruments

Satellites

Lasers and remote sensors

Biological indicators◦ Lichens

Fig. 18-A, p. 473

Chemical composition of industrial smog

Reduction of this smog in urban cities of the United States

China and smog◦ Human deaths◦ Need strong standards, especially for coal burning

Fig. 18-9, p. 474

Fig. 18-9, p. 474

Ammonium sulfate [(NH 4 )2SO4]Ammonia

(NH3)Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Water vapor (H2O)

Carbon monoxide (CO)

and carbon dioxide (CO2)

Sulfur trioxide (SO3)

Oxygen (O2)

Sulfur dioxide (SO2)

Burning coal and oil

Oxygen (O2)

Sulfur (S) in coal and oilCarbon (C) in coal and oil

Fig. 18-10, p. 474

Photochemical Smog◦ Chemical composition◦ Sources

VOCs + NOx + Heat + Sunlight yields◦ Ground level O3 and other photochemical oxidants

◦ Aldehydes◦ Other secondary pollutants

Human health and environmental impact

Fig. 18-11, p. 475

Fig. 18-12, p. 475

Outdoor air pollution may be decreased by1. Settling of particles due to gravity2. Rain and snow3. Salty sea spray from the ocean4. Winds 5. Chemical reactions

Outdoor air pollution may be increased by1. Urban buildings2. Hills and mountains3. High temperatures4. Emissions of VOCs from certain trees and

plants 5. Grasshopper effect6. Temperature inversions

Warm air above cool air prevents mixing

Fig. 18-13, p. 476

Should construction of tall smokestacks be banned in an effort to promote greater emphasis on preventing air pollution and acid deposition? Explain.

Read Chapter 18 Pages 481-484