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7/31/2019 CAS Let Su 4-25-06
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Enlightened by lasersQ. Charles Su
Intense Laser Physics Theory Unit
Illinois State University
CAS Lecture 2006 Illinois State University April 25, 2006
Support
National Science Foundation
US Department of Energy
Research Corporation
College of Arts & Sciences
Department of Physics
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Light
Newton, Edison (1879) lights up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,
light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world mapMedical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
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In the beginning there was no light
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fire makes us happy
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IN THE BEGINNING - (c 4.5 Billion BC)
THE SUN - (c 4 Billion BC)
THE EARTH - (c 4 Billion BC)
EARLY LIFE - (c 3 Billion BC)PHOTOSYNTHESIS - (c 2 Billion BC)
FIRST MAN - (c 1 Million BC)
EARLY MAN - (c 500,000 BC)
FIRE, FLAME and TORCH - (c 400,000 BC)
PRIMITIVE LAMPS - (c 13,000 BC)
ANIMAL LAMPS - (c 5000 BC)
EARLY LIGHTING - (3000 BC)
SUNDIAL - (c 1500 BC)
OIL POTTERY LAMPS - GREEK - (600 BC)
OIL RESERVOIR LAMP - (500 BC)
ROMAN - LIFE & LIGHT - (400 BC - 80 AD)
COLOR AND MUSIC (SOUND) - (c 350 BC)
EARLY OPTICS & LENSES - (c 300 BC)
HORN LANTERN - (c 100 AD)
CANDLE - (c 400)CAMERA OBSCURA - (c 1000)
COLORS OF THE SPECTRUM - (1666)
POLARIZATION/POLARIZED LIGHT - (1678)
PHOTOGRAPHY, EARLY - (1727)
ADDITIVE COLOR MIXING - (1769)
BETTY LAMP (& BETSY LAMP) - (1790)
FIRST - GAS LIGHTING - (1792)
INFRARED - (c 1800)
ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT (UV) - (1801)
ELECTRIC ARC LIGHT/ CARBON ARC LIGHT - (1809)
PHOTOGRAPHY, MODERN - (1826)
SPEED OF LIGHT - (1849)
SPECTROSCOPE - (c 1850)
KEROSENE LAMP - (1853)
FIRST - FOLLOWSPOT SPOTLIGHT - (c 1856)
PHOTOGRAPHY, MOTION PICTURES - EARLY - (1872)
FIRST - ELECTRIC FILAMENT (INCANDESCENT) LAMP - (1874)
EDISON LAMP - (1879)
SWAN LAMP - (1879)FIRST - PHOTOCELL - (1880)
ELECTRICITY - (1899)
HIGH INTENSITY DISCHARGE (HID) LAMP - (1901)
MERCURY-VAPOR LAMP - (1901)
TUNGSTEN FILAMENT LAMP - (1907)
GAS FILLED LAMP - (1913)
FLASHBULB - (1930)
SODIUM LAMP - (LOW PRESSURE) - (1932)
FLUORESCENT LAMP - (1937)
PHOTOGRAPHY - POLAROID CAMERA - (1947)
FIBER OPTICS - (1955)
LASER - (1960)
HOLOGRAM/HOLOGRAPHY - (a 1960)
QUARTZ HALOGEN LAMP - (1960)
LIGHT EMITTING DIODE - (a 1965)
A very brief history of light
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wave theory
corpuscular theory
Christiaan Huygens
16291695
James Clerk Maxwell
18311879
SirIsaac Newton
16431727
Electromagnetic waves
Albert Einstein18791955
photons
Theories of light
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laying of the mains and installation of the world's first permanent, commercial central
power system in lower Manhattan, which became operative in September 1882.
Edison practically lit up the world
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Light
Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,
light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world mapMedical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
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Laser usagesprecision
CD player
scannerprinter
power
cutting, laser surgery
temporal precision
probe fast processes
high temperature
fusion
photodynamic therapy
cheaper / safer imagingphoto density waves
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In the movies
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Laser shows
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Light
Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,
light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world mapMedical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
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Active medium (hurdles in a stadium)
Hurdles ~ Atoms
Hurdle in up position~ population inversion
Hurdle reset after fall down
~ external pumping
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A hurdle goes down, energy releases, a pigeon flies away
pigeon ~ photon
down randomly
~spontaneous emission of light
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After many hurdles are down
No laser
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Now a pigeon with the right energy knocks down a hurdle
+ = hurdle is down +
2 pigeons fly off exactly the same way
~stimulated emission of light (Einstein)
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2 4 8 16 32
64 128 256 512 1024
2048 4096 8192 16384 32768
(after 29 rounds) 536,870,912 > US population
(after 33 rounds) 8,589,934,592 > world population
all in concert with each other
~light amplification
Start with one pigeon
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Let pigeons turn around in the stadium and work hard
Then open up the stadium gate from time to time
~Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission ofRadiation
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Ingredients of a laser
(1) Active medium with population inversion
(2) Stimulated emission
(3) Light amplification with resonator
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Light
Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,
light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world mapMedical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
L l b t i d h th l t d t h
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Laser laboratories and how they are related to my research
Lab for Laser Energetics (U. Rochester)Laser fusion experiments
Diagnostics
temperature and density determinationsx-ray imaging
ISU-UR collaboration through the DOE NLUF grants
Intense laser facilities around the worldSaclay-France FOM-Holland MPQ-Germany Lund-Sweden
SIOFM-China U Tokyo-Japan QOLS-UK URC-Canada
ATT BrookHaven U Michigan LLL
ISU: Numerical/Gedanken experiments
Ultra relativistic laser experiments planedDESY, Hamburg GSI-Darmstadt
SLAC-Stanford CUOS-Ann Arbor
ISU: Computer simulations, NSF grants
Bio-optical imaging researchLabs: U Penn, UC Irvine, U Mass, UI
ISU: light scattering lab and MC computations
M d li l ti t
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Modeling laser action on computers
Physics and
equations
Computer
programming
Simulations of
experiments
Result visualization Explanation More simulations
Great space for (undergraduate) student involvement
bp(t )bp' p U(t) p'
p' dn'
p U(t) n'
n'
dn
(t) bp' n U(t) p' p' dn'
n U(t)n'
n'
bp(t)Wp(x) p dn
(t)Wn(x)
n(x,t)
U(t)=T exp{i0tdt [c p A(x,t)+bc2+V(x,t)]}
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Laboratory experiments guide theoryMultiphoton ionization 1960s
Above threshold ionization 1979
Higher order harmonic generation 1980s
Computer experiments predict new physics?
Atomic stabilization 1990
Cycloatom 2000
Klein paradox 2004Bioimaging 2005
Fishing or cleaning fish ?
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Laser atom
+
+
+
Laser-atom interaction
A microscopic view
Outcome 1: bound Outcome 2: ionized
How does ionization vary with laser intensity ?QuickTime and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressorare needed to see this pi cture.
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V(x) 1/ 1 x2
J. Javanainen, J.H. Eberly and Q. Su
Phys. Rev. A 38, 3430 (1988)
Computer simulation of atomic ionization
Pick a laser intensity I
Model atom (Rochester model)
Interaction with laser
Solve: Schrdinger
equation
Compute ionization for each state
Current QM state future state
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Gedanken experiment on computer:Ionization beyond 1016 W/cm2
ionization
100%
0 laser intensity
?IN
weak
all ionized
strong
superstrong
106 P(t)
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10 6
104
L
A
S
ER
I
NT
E
N
S
I
T
Y
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
P(t)
I1
I3
I2
I4
I4
I5
I6
I7
Su, Eberly, Javanainen PRL, 64, 862, 90
10-1
100
10-2
100
102
P(T
,I)
I (a.u.)
1strecovery
2nd3rd
Ionizat
ion
P(T)
Laser intensity, I
12
3
4 567
IonizationSuppression!
I > 1016 W/cm2
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Electron spatial density
Su,Laser Phys. 3, 241 (1993)
Gavrila,Atoms in Intense Fields (1992)
Laser
intensity
space0
atom Outcome 1:bound
+
stabilization+
Outcome 3:
stabilized
ionization+
Outcome 2:
ionized
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Computer prediction: Stabilization
Normally
Increased intensity increases ionizationmore chance for electron to pick up energy around nucleus
At super-strong fields
Laser also distorts electron orbits
reduces the chance of interaction with nucleus
Other theoretical studies and experimental evidence
Kulander et al, Atoms in Intense Laser Fields Ed Gavrila, (1992)
Keitel and Knight, Phys. Rev. A 51,1420 (1995)
van Druten, et al Phys. Rev. A 55 622(1997)
Longhi, et al, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 073002 (2005)
+
+
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10-1
100
10-2
100
102
P
(T,
I)
I (a.u.)
1strecovery
2nd3rd
n = S
S
Stabilization and recoveries of ionization
Su, Irving*, Johnson*, Eberly, J. Phys. B 29, 5755 (1996)
Su, Irving*, Eberly, Laser Phys. 7, 568 (1997)
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> 128 groups in 23 countries
Users of the Rochester model atom
QuickTime and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompresso
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Li ht
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Light
Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,
light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world map
Medical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
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safer than x-ray CT
cheaper than MRI
better resolved than ultrasound
Dream: to build an imaging device
Possible solution: IR laser based imaging
Imaging schemes
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Imaging schemes
shadowx-ray
shadow-gram (like x-ray, CAT)
reflection-gram (like ultra-sound)
scatter-gram (infrared lasers)
ultra-
sound
laser
F d bl ( di t th f t )
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medium> scattered light
medium
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Light-medium interaction computer simulations
Pane of glass Random medium
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FFT on the grid method Wanare, Su and Grobe, PRE 62, 8705 (2000)
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X-rays vs laser light
QuickTime and aGIF decompressor
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Monte Carlo Simulation
S. L. Jacques and L.-H. Wang, in Optical Thermal Response of Laser Irradiated Tissue,
edited by A. J. Welch and M. J. C. van Gemert (Plenum Press, New York, 1995), pp. 73-100.
C li i f l b d i i
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Complication of laser-based image reconstruction
X-ray
Laser
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Modulation of light induces beam narrowing
= 0
0
wide beam
narrow beam
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Transverse light beam waist
Pulse width () shrinks with increasing frequency
Distance from
optical axis
()
Intensity I()
ISU filed patent application in 2005
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()
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Beyond theory: experiment?
Input
LaserOutput
Fiber
z
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Laboratory measurements for on axis light intensityS. Campbell, A. OConnell, S. Menon, Q. Su and R. Grobe, PRE, submitted
0
4
8
0 10 20 30 40z [cm]
Log(N
)
experiment
simulation
theory I
theory II
-0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6
2
4
6
8
y [cm]
z=0cm
z=10cm
z=5cm
Light
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Light
Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,
light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world map
Medical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
M i f li h ?
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Matter creation from light?
E = mc2
Light = electron + positron
Mourou, Yanovsky
Opt. Ph. News 15, 40 (2004)
1026
Laser intensity >
P l i ti l tt ti f li ht
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Conjuring matter from light
Science, Aug, 29, 1997Real photons create matter
Physics News, Sept. 18, 1997
Light workNew Scientist, Sept. 27, 1997
Boom! From light comes matterPhotonics Spectra, Nov. 1997
Matter from lightCERN Courier, Nov. 1997
E=mc2, reallyScientific American, Dec. 1997
Let there be matterDiscover, Dec. 1997
Gamma rays create matter by plowing into laser lightPhys. Today, Feb 1998
Popular science articles on matter creation from light
W ti l d i ti f tt ?
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Wave or particle description of matter ?
Traditional wave view
Dirac Equation (1928)deals with physics after creation
(no creation)
Particle viewQuantum Field Theory (1940s)
deals with # of creation
(no wave nature)
Computational QFTPhys. Rev. Lett. (2004)
wave nature during creation
(new framework)
?????????????
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What are these nice graphs?
Solution of the field operator for eand e+
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From quantum field theory to quantum mechanics
it (x,t)= [ c p A+bc2+V ] (x,t)
F(x,y,t) =
vacuumstate
positivefrequency
part
chargeconjugation
initialstate
S.S. Schweber, An introduction to relativistic quantum field theory
Krekora, Su, Grobe, PRL 92, 040406 (2004) ; PRL 93, 043004 (2004)Braun, Su, Grobe, PRA 59, 604 (1999)
C.H. Keitel, Cont. Phys. 42, 353 (2001)A.D. Bandrauk, H. Shen J. Phys. A, 7147 (1994)
Solution of the field operator for e and e
bp(t) bp' p U(t) p'
p' dn'
p U(t) n'
n'
dn
(t) bp' n U(t) p' p' dn'
n U(t)n'
n'
Dirac equation for field
Solution where
bp(t)Wp(x)p
dn(t)Wn(x)
n(x,t)
U(t)=T exp{i0tdt [c p A(x,t)+bc2+V(x,t)]}
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The space-time resolved pair creation
e e+energy
Sample projects that employed the new CQFT method
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Sample projects that employed the new CQFT method
(1) Space time resolved pair creation
(2) Klein paradox, 70 years old
Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 040406 (2004)
Phys. Rev. A 72, 064103 (2005)
(3) Localization and Zitterbewegung
Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 043004 (2004)
(4) EntanglementJ. Mod. Opt. 52, 489 (2005)
(5) Modified Schwinger formula
Las. Phys. 15, 282 (2005)
(6) Supercritical bound states
Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 070403 (2005)
(7) Interpretational difficulty in QED
Phys. Rev. A, 73, 022114 (2006)
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Experimental verification?
Time dependent colliding ions(existing)
Static supercritical field
Experimental plans:
CUOS Ann Arbor, Michigan
DESY Hamburg, Germany
GSI Darmstadt, Germany
SLAC Stanford, California
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Laser fields lead to new unions of
Particle
GravitationalAtomic
Plasma
Astro-physics
Cosmology
E li h d ?
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Enlightened ?
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Light
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g
Newton, Edison lights (1879) up Manhattan (1882)
Laser usages
CD writer, player, laser pointer, scanner,light knife, cosmetic treatment, laser show
Whats in a laser
active medium, stimulated emission, resonatorMaiman, Townes, MIT echo off moon
Probing matter with lasers
Ionization process, world map
Medical imaging, patent
Matter creation, Klein
Research vs education
ILP approach
Graduate or Undergraduate
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Graduate or Undergraduate
US, best graduate school system in the world
> 50% Nobel in Science after WWII
good research-industry relation
What about our pre-graduate education
Cuts in education funding
Flat science funding
Math/Science not cool in school
Do we need to change the perception?
Undergraduate physics research at ISU
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Large number of students
Large number faculty mentorsNational awards
Show cased at conferences
Center or Research and Education on Nanostructures
Center for Research and Instruction in Space PhysicsIntense Laser Physics Theory Unit
Surface Science Lab
Polarized Electron Lab
Atomic Structure
Statistical MechanicsNonlinear Dynamics
Mathematical Physics
Undergraduate physics research at ISU
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Undergraduate research at ILP
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Undergraduate research at ILP
Our approach
Start early
Small group collaboration
Project design, execution, completion
Know physics, math, programmingUse intuition, catch misconception
Communicate result with others
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Thanks to funding agencies
Big thanks to colleagues past and present
Support from CAS, RSP, Honors ProgramPhysics faculty colleagues
Postdoctoral fellows
All 35 undergraduate students
Especially Prof. Grobe for collaborations
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Thanks to Alex,
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Christina, and Jean!
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Thanks for attending
and
enjoy some refreshment !
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