Week 14b. Bonus section: Week 14b. Bonus section: Articulating the treeArticulating the tree

CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax I

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope

We started We started off with a off with a relatively relatively simple simple structure, structure, with a CP, with a CP, an IP, a an IP, a VP.VP.

tk

VP

IP

V

Ii+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didI

ti

tj

PatDPk

DPeatV

DP

I

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope

As we As we looked looked closer, we closer, we had reason had reason to think to think that the that the “VP” was “VP” was more more complicatedcomplicated, involving a , involving a “little “little vv”. ”.

tk

vP

IP

v

Ii+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didI

ti

PatDPk

eatVm+v

DP

I

tm

VP

DPtj

V

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope But for many But for many

purposes, we purposes, we don’t don’t needneed to to focus on the focus on the minute details of minute details of the VP. In those the VP. In those situations, you’ll situations, you’ll find that people find that people still write VPs still write VPs like this, with like this, with the the understanding understanding that the that the vvP is P is there.there.

tk

VP

IP

V

Ii+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didI

ti

tj

PatDPk

DPeatV

DP

I

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope What we’re What we’re

going to do now going to do now is put “IP” under is put “IP” under the microscope, the microscope, where we’ll find where we’ll find it is more it is more complicated. For complicated. For most purposes, most purposes, we can continue we can continue to think about it to think about it as “IP”, but this as “IP”, but this is a preview of is a preview of where syntax can where syntax can go from here.go from here.

tk

VP

IP

V

Ii+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didI

ti

tj

PatDPk

DPeatV

DP

I

Let’s go back to French…Let’s go back to French…

Jean mange souvent des pommes.Jean mange souvent des pommes.Jean eats often of.the applesJean eats often of.the apples‘Jean often eat apples.’‘Jean often eat apples.’

*Jean souvent mange des pommes.*Jean souvent mange des pommes.

Recall that this was one of our Recall that this was one of our early examples showing verb-early examples showing verb-movement to I. French and movement to I. French and English differ in whether they English differ in whether they move finite main verbs to I. move finite main verbs to I.

ti

V

VP

des pommes

PP

Vi+I

I

IP

JeanDPj

mangeV

AdvPsouvent

tj

French negationFrench negation

This happens with respect This happens with respect to negation too—the finite to negation too—the finite verb move to the left of verb move to the left of negative negative paspas……

Jean ne mange pas des pommes.Jean ne mange pas des pommes.Jean Jean NENE eat eat NEGNEG of.the apples of.the apples‘J doesn’t eat apples.’‘J doesn’t eat apples.’

*Jean pas ne mange des pommes.*Jean pas ne mange des pommes.

But fortunately or But fortunately or unfortunately, things are unfortunately, things are more complex that this…more complex that this…

ti

V

VP

PP

I

IP

DPk

Neg

NegP

pasne mange

[Neg+Vi]j+I

tj

tk

French and a problem…French and a problem… FiniteFinite verbs (main verbs and auxiliaries) in French verbs (main verbs and auxiliaries) in French

precede adverbs and precede negative precede adverbs and precede negative paspas——they they must move to Imust move to I..

Now let’s look at Now let’s look at infinitivesinfinitives, first the , first the auxiliariesauxiliaries……

N’N’êtreêtre paspas invité, c’est triste. invité, c’est triste.NENE be beinfinf NEGNEG invited, it’s sad invited, it’s sad‘Not to be invited is sad.’‘Not to be invited is sad.’

Ne Ne pas êtrepas être invité, c’est triste. invité, c’est triste. NENE NEGNEG be beinfinf invited, it’s sad invited, it’s sad‘Not to be invited is sad.’‘Not to be invited is sad.’

Nonfinite auxiliaries can either move pastNonfinite auxiliaries can either move past paspas (to I) (to I) or notor not, it appears to be optional., it appears to be optional.

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux:+Fin aux: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to I.Moves to I. +Fin verb:+Fin verb: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to I.Moves to I. ––Fin aux:Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V):(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to I.(Opt.) Moves to I.

Nonfinite Nonfinite mainmain verbs…and adverbs… verbs…and adverbs… Souvent paraîtreSouvent paraître triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare.

Often appearOften appearinfinf sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’

Paraître souventParaître souvent triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare. AppearAppearinfinf often sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare often sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’

Nonfinite main verbs can either move past adverbs Nonfinite main verbs can either move past adverbs or or notnot; optional like with auxiliaries.; optional like with auxiliaries.

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux:+Fin aux: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to I.Moves to I. +Fin verb:+Fin verb: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to I.Moves to I. ––Fin aux:Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V):(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to I.(Opt.) Moves to I. ––Fin verb:Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), …(V) Adv (V), …

Nonfinite Nonfinite mainmain verbs…and negation… verbs…and negation… Ne Ne pas semblerpas sembler heureux est une condition pour écrire des heureux est une condition pour écrire des

romans.romans.NENE NEGNEG seemseeminfinf happy is a prerequisite for write happy is a prerequisite for writeinfinf of.the novels of.the novels‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’

*Ne *Ne sembler passembler pas heureux est une condition pour écrire des heureux est une condition pour écrire des romans.romans. NENE seemseeminfinf NEGNEG happy is a prerequisite for writehappy is a prerequisite for writeinfinf of.the novels of.the novels ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’ ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’

Nonfinite main verbs can Nonfinite main verbs can not not move past negationmove past negation..

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux/verb:+Fin aux/verb:

V Adv, V neg V Adv, V neg Moves to I.Moves to I.

––Fin aux:Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(Opt.) Moves to I.(Opt.) Moves to I.

––Fin verb:Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), neg V(V) Adv (V), neg VMoves over adv not neg??Moves over adv not neg??

So we have the whole patternSo we have the whole pattern—and we didn’t predict it. —and we didn’t predict it. Where could the verb be Where could the verb be moving?moving? A head can’t adjoin A head can’t adjoin to an XP, it has to be moving to an XP, it has to be moving to a to a head. head. (Must remain X-(Must remain X-bar compliant)bar compliant)

V

VP

PP

I

IP

Neg

NegP

pas

ne

I

VAdvPsouvent

Neg

DPk

V

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux/verb:+Fin aux/verb:

V Adv, V neg V Adv, V neg Moves to I.Moves to I.

––Fin aux:Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(Opt.) Moves to I.(Opt.) Moves to I.

––Fin verb:Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), neg V(V) Adv (V), neg VMoves over adv not neg??Moves over adv not neg??

We need there to be a head We need there to be a head herehere in the tree for the verb to move in the tree for the verb to move to…to…

That means we need to insert a That means we need to insert a whole phrase (heads always head whole phrase (heads always head something)…something)…

V

VP

PP

I

IP

Neg

NegP

pas

ne

I

VAdvPsouvent

Neg

DPk

V

A new FPA new FP

+Fin aux/verb:+Fin aux/verb:V Adv, V neg V Adv, V neg Moves to (F, then to) I.Moves to (F, then to) I.

––Fin aux:Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(Opt.) Moves to (F, then to) I.(Opt.) Moves to (F, then to) I.

––Fin verb:Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), neg V(V) Adv (V), neg V(Opt.) Moves to F(Opt.) Moves to F

Now we have a place for nonfinite Now we have a place for nonfinite main verbs to move, past adverbs main verbs to move, past adverbs but under negation. They can move but under negation. They can move to F.to F. V

VP

PP

I

IP

Neg

NegP

pas

ne

I

VAdvPsouvent

Neg

DPk

V

F

FP

F

What is FP?What is FP? Vous avez pris les pommes.Vous avez pris les pommes.

you have taken the applesyou have taken the apples 3MSG 3FPL3MSG 3FPL‘You took the apples.’‘You took the apples.’

Vous les avez prises.Vous les avez prises.you them have taken you them have taken 3PL 3FPL3PL 3FPL‘You took them (3fpl).’‘You took them (3fpl).’

Quelles pommes avez-vous Quelles pommes avez-vous prises?prises?Which apples have you Which apples have you takentaken 3FPL 3FPL 3FPL 3FPL‘Which apples did you take?’‘Which apples did you take?’

Vous avez pris la pomme.Vous avez pris la pomme.you have taken the appleyou have taken the apple 3MSG 3FSG3MSG 3FSG‘You took the apple.’‘You took the apple.’

Vous l’avez prise.Vous l’avez prise.you it have taken you it have taken 3SG 3FSG3SG 3FSG‘You took it (3fsg).’‘You took it (3fsg).’

Quelle pomme avez-vous Quelle pomme avez-vous prise?prise?Which apple have you Which apple have you takentaken 3FSG 3FSG 3FSG 3FSG‘Which apple did you take?’‘Which apple did you take?’

A new FPA new FP As the verb and the As the verb and the

object make their way object make their way up the tree, assuming up the tree, assuming the object moves to the object moves to SpecFP, there is a SpecFP, there is a point where the verb point where the verb and object are in a and object are in a Spec-head Spec-head configuration.configuration.

This is how the verb This is how the verb would check its object would check its object agreement features.agreement features.

Based on this, FP is Based on this, FP is generally called generally called AgrOPAgrOP. . Object Object agreement phraseagreement phrase..

VP

ti

I

IP

I

Vtk

V

F

FP

F

C

CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

AgrOPAgrOP AgrOPAgrOP, , Object agreement Object agreement

phrasephrase.. As the verb moves up to I, As the verb moves up to I,

it has to stop off in AgrOP it has to stop off in AgrOP (the Head Movement (the Head Movement Constraint requires it)Constraint requires it), , forming successively forming successively more complex heads.more complex heads. VV AgrO+VAgrO+V I+[AgrO+V]I+[AgrO+V]

But why does the object But why does the object have to move to have to move to SpecAgrOP?SpecAgrOP?

VP

ti

I

IP

I

Vtk

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

C

CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

AgrOPAgrOP Why does the object have to Why does the object have to

move to SpecAgrOP?move to SpecAgrOP? What makes DPs move? We What makes DPs move? We

know the subject moves. know the subject moves. Partly for the EPP, but Partly for the EPP, but partly partly to get Caseto get Case..

The subject gets Case in The subject gets Case in SpecIP, so we know Case SpecIP, so we know Case can be assigned to a can be assigned to a specifier.specifier.

What if we revise our notion What if we revise our notion of how objects get Case and of how objects get Case and say that they too get Case in say that they too get Case in a specifier, of AgrOP? Then a specifier, of AgrOP? Then it would have to move.it would have to move.

Plus, it’s pleasingly Plus, it’s pleasingly symmetricalsymmetrical

VP

ti

I

IP

I

Vtk

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

C

CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

ECMECM AgrOP can solve a AgrOP can solve a

serious problem we serious problem we had in English toohad in English too……

Here’s the current way Here’s the current way we analyzed ECM we analyzed ECM sentences, where sentences, where me me gets Case from gets Case from wantwant because because meme is in the is in the “government radius” of “government radius” of wantwant..

The thing is, the The thing is, the embedded subject embedded subject actually acts like it’s in actually acts like it’s in the the matrix matrix clause clause somewhere.somewhere.

DPiBill

I

V

VP

wants

I

IP

VPIto

I

IP

leaveVtk

DPk1sg

…

ti

V

ECM v. BTECM v. BT Mary wants Mary wants herher to leave. to leave. Bill considers Bill considers himself himself to be a genius.to be a genius. Before we said that the binding domain for Before we said that the binding domain for

anaphors and pronouns was a clause (say, anaphors and pronouns was a clause (say, IP).IP).

HerHer and and himself himself above act like they are in above act like they are in the higher clause with the matrix subject.the higher clause with the matrix subject.

Our options are basically toOur options are basically to complicate the definition of binding domain in Binding complicate the definition of binding domain in Binding

TheoryTheory suppose the object has really moved out of the suppose the object has really moved out of the

embedded clause.embedded clause.

ECMECM

IfIf There is an There is an

AgrOPAgrOP and and Normal objects Normal objects

generally go generally go there there and and

ECM subjects ECM subjects act like objects act like objects

Then Then We can We can

suppose that suppose that ECM subjects ECM subjects move move therethere. .

AgrO

V

VP

wants

AgrO

AgrOP

VPIto

I

IP

leaveVtk

ti

DPiBill

I

IP

DPk1sg

tk

V

I

ECMECM

GreatGreat!! Except…Except…

But this isn’t the But this isn’t the surface word surface word order.order. *Bill me wants to *Bill me wants to

leave.leave.

Where is BT Where is BT checked? When is it checked? When is it important that important that pronouns be free and pronouns be free and anaphors be bound?anaphors be bound?

AgrO

V

VP

wants

AgrO

AgrOP

VPIto

I

IP

leaveVtk

ti

DPiBill

I

IP

DPk1sg

tk

V

I

ECMECM What’s special about What’s special about

ECM subjects?ECM subjects? CaseCase!!

All accusative objects All accusative objects move to SpecAgrOP move to SpecAgrOP (covertly in English if (covertly in English if they don’t need to move they don’t need to move on)on) to “check” Case. to “check” Case. They appear with a They appear with a Case, but it needs to be Case, but it needs to be verifiedverified by AgrO at LF. by AgrO at LF.

This is the standard This is the standard interpretation of interpretation of AgrOP.AgrOP.

Also another example of Also another example of “covert” movement “covert” movement between Spellout and LF.between Spellout and LF.

AgrO

V

VP

wants

AgrO

AgrOP

VPIto

I

IP

leave

VVtk

ti

DPiBill

I

IP

DPk1sg

tk

V

I

A moment of silence for A moment of silence for Case under governmentCase under government

Let’s take stock here for a second.Let’s take stock here for a second. French told us:French told us:

There needs to be an FP between NegP and VP.There needs to be an FP between NegP and VP. Objects that move past FP have to stop there (inducing object Objects that move past FP have to stop there (inducing object

agreement)—so FP is AgrOP.agreement)—so FP is AgrOP. Why do they Why do they havehave to stop in AgrOP? to stop in AgrOP?

They need Case. So AgrOP is what’s responsible for accusative They need Case. So AgrOP is what’s responsible for accusative Case.Case.

But V used to be responsible for thatBut V used to be responsible for that!! Yet now we have a more symmetrical solution; Case is always Yet now we have a more symmetrical solution; Case is always

assigned in the specifier of a functional projection. assigned in the specifier of a functional projection. (just about, (just about, anyway)anyway)

And we have no more need for the “government radius” in Case And we have no more need for the “government radius” in Case assignment now that ECM is taken care of too.assignment now that ECM is taken care of too.

Plus, we have evidence from binding theory that objects Plus, we have evidence from binding theory that objects dodo seem to seem to move by LF to someplace outside the clause in ECM constructions.move by LF to someplace outside the clause in ECM constructions.

A moment of silence for A moment of silence for Case under governmentCase under government

This is a step forward.This is a step forward. We have a simpler theory (Case is assigned in only one We have a simpler theory (Case is assigned in only one

way, we don’t need the strange-looking construct of way, we don’t need the strange-looking construct of “government radius”).“government radius”).

We have an account for why ECM subjects act like We have an account for why ECM subjects act like they’re in the higher clause by LF.they’re in the higher clause by LF.

Moreover, we have yet another reason to think that Moreover, we have yet another reason to think that there there is is an LF level.an LF level.

So what does it mean for a verb to “assign accusative So what does it mean for a verb to “assign accusative case”?case”? Sadly, this is one place where we pay for the elegance elsewhereSadly, this is one place where we pay for the elegance elsewhere

—”verb that assigns accusative case” is now another name for —”verb that assigns accusative case” is now another name for “verb that has an AgrOP above it.”“verb that has an AgrOP above it.”

In Syntax II, we’ll see a potential solution to even this apparent In Syntax II, we’ll see a potential solution to even this apparent inelegance, but for now we just assume that transitive verbs are inelegance, but for now we just assume that transitive verbs are those with an AgrOP above them.those with an AgrOP above them.

An AgrO you can see?An AgrO you can see?

Recall from earlier this semester that Irish is Recall from earlier this semester that Irish is VSO, but yet seems to be SVO underlyingly:VSO, but yet seems to be SVO underlyingly:

PhógPhóg Máire an lucharachán. Máire an lucharachán.kissedkissed Mary the leprechaun Mary the leprechaun‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’

TáTá Máire ag- Máire ag-pógáilpógáil an lucharachán. an lucharachán.IsIs Mary ing- Mary ing-kisskiss the leprechaun the leprechaun‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’

If an If an auxiliaryauxiliary occupies the verb slot at the occupies the verb slot at the beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears between the subject and verb. Otherwise, the between the subject and verb. Otherwise, the verb moves to first position.verb moves to first position.

Northern IrishNorthern Irish

So, basically everything points to Irish being a So, basically everything points to Irish being a head-initial language except…head-initial language except…

Ba mhaith liom [Seán an abairt Ba mhaith liom [Seán an abairt a aLL scríobhscríobh]]C good with.C good with.1S 1S S.S.ACCACC the sentence. the sentence.ACCACC PRTPRT write write‘I want S to write the sentence.’‘I want S to write the sentence.’S writing the sentence is good with us (lit.)S writing the sentence is good with us (lit.) (cf. also (cf. also I want him to meet meI want him to meet me))

Ba mhaith liom [Seán fanacht]Ba mhaith liom [Seán fanacht]C good with.C good with.1S 1S S.S.ACCACC wait wait‘I want S to wait.’‘I want S to wait.’

Morphology on French Morphology on French verbsverbs

Past, varying persons:Past, varying persons: je mange-je mange-aiai--ss‘eat’‘eat’ tu mange-tu mange-aiai--ss

il mange-il mange-aiai--tt Fut, varying persons:Fut, varying persons: je mange-je mange-erer--aiai

‘eat’‘eat’ tu mange-tu mange-erer--asasil mange-il mange-erer--aa

Tense morphology is inside and separate Tense morphology is inside and separate from subject agreement morphology.from subject agreement morphology.

Kind of looks like after tense, another, Kind of looks like after tense, another, subjectsubject-agreeing morpheme is attached…-agreeing morpheme is attached…

AgrSP?AgrSP? AgrOPAgrOP, , Object Object

agreement phraseagreement phrase.. AgrSPAgrSP, , Subject Subject

agreement phraseagreement phrase?? Pleasingly Pleasingly

symmetricalsymmetrical!!

Complex heads:Complex heads: VV AgrO+VAgrO+V T+[AgrO+V]T+[AgrO+V] AgrS+[T+AgrS+[T+

[AgrO+V]][AgrO+V]]

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

DPk

DPk

ti

C

C

Split-INFLSplit-INFL The assumption of The assumption of

this structure is this structure is sometimes referred sometimes referred to as the “Split-to as the “Split-INFL” hypothesis;INFL” hypothesis; the INFLectional the INFLectional nodes have been nodes have been “split” into “split” into subject subject agreementagreement, , tensetense, , and and object object agreementagreement.. VP

T

TP

T

V

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

DP

DP

C

C

The EPPThe EPP& NOM& NOM

We said before the T needs a We said before the T needs a specifier, that’s the essential specifier, that’s the essential content of the EPP. Plus, we said content of the EPP. Plus, we said before that this is where NOM is before that this is where NOM is assigned.assigned.

Now there is AgrSP as well.Now there is AgrSP as well. AgrOP is responsible for ACC.AgrOP is responsible for ACC. In a symmetrical world, seems like In a symmetrical world, seems like

AgrSP should be responsible for AgrSP should be responsible for NOM.NOM.

So, now that (kind of mysterious) So, now that (kind of mysterious) double motivation for moving to double motivation for moving to SpecIP has been clarified: The SpecIP has been clarified: The subject has to move to both subject has to move to both SpecTP and SpecAgrSP, but each SpecTP and SpecAgrSP, but each movement happens for a different movement happens for a different reason. T for EPP, AgrSP for NOM.reason. T for EPP, AgrSP for NOM.

VP

T

TP

T

V

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

DP

DP

C

C

Adopting the Split-INFL Adopting the Split-INFL hypothesishypothesis

Lots of good syntax has been done both Lots of good syntax has been done both adopting adopting the Split-INFL hypothesis the Split-INFL hypothesis (trees contain AgrSP, (trees contain AgrSP, TP, AgrOP) or TP, AgrOP) or notnot (trees contain only IP). (trees contain only IP).

For many things, it doesn’t matter which you For many things, it doesn’t matter which you choose—analyses can be directly translated into a choose—analyses can be directly translated into a Split-INFL tree or vice-versa.Split-INFL tree or vice-versa.

Where it doesn’t matter, it doesn’t matter, but Where it doesn’t matter, it doesn’t matter, but sometimes it matters.sometimes it matters.

Adopting the Split-INFL Adopting the Split-INFL hypothesishypothesis

The general program is that every dissociable The general program is that every dissociable piece of the structure should get its own piece of the structure should get its own place in the lexicon, its own functional head…place in the lexicon, its own functional head… Subject agreement is basically common Subject agreement is basically common acrossacross

verbs, an independent piece.verbs, an independent piece. Tense too is an independent piece.Tense too is an independent piece. And object agreementAnd object agreement And… plural marking… and progressive -And… plural marking… and progressive -inging,,

aspectual -aspectual -enen, …, … In Syntax II, we’ll spend a lot of the semester In Syntax II, we’ll spend a lot of the semester

looking at places in the tree where functional looking at places in the tree where functional projections need to be added.projections need to be added.

Split-INFLSplit-INFL In recent literature, In recent literature,

almost everything you almost everything you read will make this read will make this assumption, that cross-assumption, that cross-linguistically, the clause linguistically, the clause is minimally constructed is minimally constructed of these projections, of these projections, generally in this order:generally in this order: CPCP AgrSPAgrSP TPTP AgrOPAgrOP VPVP

VP

T

TP

T

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

C

C

CP

Split-INFLSplit-INFL

Another line of thought Another line of thought (described by Radford in ch. (described by Radford in ch. 9) puts them in a different 9) puts them in a different order (with AgrOP between order (with AgrOP between vvP and VP), but the same P and VP), but the same idea:idea: CPCP AgrSPAgrSP TPTP vvPP AgrOPAgrOP VPVP

There are various empirical There are various empirical and theoretical advantages and theoretical advantages and disadvantages to this and disadvantages to this order; they jury’s still out.order; they jury’s still out.

T

TP

T

v

vP

v

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

C

C

CP

VP

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO