CASE PRE 3RD YR GRP1.docx

8/11/2019 CASE PRE 3RD YR GRP1.docx

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AKP_H@^CPAHK

Yn, irhup 2 hg Dnvnd AAA snctahk 2, fbvn cfhsnk tfas cbsn th ibak lkhwdnìn bk`

th gbeadabrazn ak àsnbsn prhcnss, ntahdhiy, ebkagnstbtahks bk` ebkbinenkts bohut

entbohdac bdtnrbtahk tfbt cbusn snazurns. Yn bdsh wbkt th aeprhvn hur lkhwdnìn bk`

sladds ak `nbdaki watf akàvaùbds watf tfas lak` hg àsnbsn, nspncabddy ak prnvnktaki tfn

hccurrnkcn hg npash`ns hg snazurns bk` ats chepdacbtahk. Hur pbtankt .!. as b " ynbrs

hd` ebdn wfh as àbikhsn` hg bcutn ibstrhnktnratas watf snazurns.

#a`y, $. %&'2&( )bstrhnktnratas as bk akgnctahk hg tfn iut. At cbusns àbrrfnb, bk`

cbk bdsh cbusn vheataki, tueey pbak bk` htfnr syepthes. Ak ehst cbsns tfn akgnctahk

eby on cdnbrn` watfak b gnw `bys, out shentaens tblns dhkinr. #fn ebak rasl as

`nfy`rbtahk, wfacf eblns rnfy`rbtahk ats ebak trnbtenkt bk` tfn nkchurbinenkt hg tfn

cfad` th nbt bs khrebddy bs phssaodn.

!bky cfad`rnk fbvn ehrn tfbk hkn npash`n ak b ynbr. #fn snvnraty cbk rbkin

grhe ead` tueey upsnt ghr b `by hr twh watf shen ead` àbrrfnb, th snvnrn àbrrfnb bk`

vheataki ghr snvnrbd `bys hr nvnk dhkinr. !bky varusns, obctnrab bk` htfnr eacrhons

%inres( cbk cbusn ibstrhnktnratas.

*dtfhuif hgtnk chksa`nrn` b onkaik àsnbsn, bcutn ibstrhnktnratas rnebaks b

eb+hr cbusn hg ehroaàty bk` ehrtbdaty ak cfad`rnk brhuk` tfn whrd` bcchuktaki ghr 2."

eaddahk `nbtfs bkkubddy ak cfad`rnk yhukinr tfbk - ynbrs, hr rhuifdy 2- hg bdd cfad`

`nbtfs. *s tfn àsnbsn snvnraty `npnk`s hk tfn `nirnn hg gdua` dhss, bccurbtndy

bssnssaki `nfy`rbtahk stbtus rnebaks b crucabd stnp ak prnvnktaki ehrtbdaty.

2 / : b i n



Ak ehst cfad`rnk, tfn syepthes brn ead` bk` tnk` th int onttnr watfak b gnw `bys.

Ag vheataki hccurs, at hgtnk dbsts hkdy b `by hr sh, out at shen cbsns, at eaift on

prhdhkin`. abrrfnb hgtnk chktakuns bgtnr tfn vheataki sthps bk` cheehkdy dbsts ghr

bohut - th ? `bys. 3daiftdy dhhsn sthhd eby pnrsast ghr b wnnl hr sh gurtfnr onghrn b

khrebd pbttnrk rnturks. 3hentaens tfn syepthes cbk dbst dhkinr.

*reak, nt.bd %&''?( abrrfnbd àsnbsns brn hkn hg tfn dnbàki cbusns hg ehrtbdaty

bk` ehroaàty ak cfad`rnk, bk` chkvudsahks brn hkn hg tfn chepdacbtahks. $fad`rnk eby

`nvndhp gnoradn snazurns ag gnvnr bcchepbkans tfn àbrrfnb. 3hentaens bgnoradn snazurns

fbvn onnk lkhwk th hccur ak bsshcabtahk watf `nfy rbtahk, ndnctrhdytn aeobdbkcn,

fyphidycneab hr fyphcbdcbneab bk` chepdacbtn` bcutn ibstrhnktnratas0 fhwnvnr tfn

hccurrnkcn hg bgnoradn snazurns ùraki varbd ibstrhnktnratas watfhut `nfy rbtahk hr

ndnctrhdytn aeobdbkcn fbs bdsh onnk rnphrtn`.

3nazurn as ondanvn` th bggnct 2 th & hg tfn phpudbtahk0 bpprh>aebtndy & eaddahk

pnhpdn fbvn onnk àbikhsn` watf tfas àshr`nr %Dappakchtt Yaddabes 7 Yadlaks &''?(.

#fn akca`nkcn as faifnst ak cfad`fhh` bk` hd` bin.

$hksa`nraki tfn gbct tfbt snazurn bsshcabtn` watf ibstrhnktnratas eby on

bttraoutbodn th gnvnr, tfn typn hg obctnrab, `nfy`rbtahk, hr ndnctrhdytn aeobdbkcn, wn

`nsaikn` tfas stu`y th nvbdubtn tfn chkknctahk ontwnnk shen pbrbcdakacbd bk` cdakacbd

gakàki, nstaebtaki tfn rasl hg hccurrnkcn bk` th bssast ak ats prhept àbikhsas bk`

prnvnktavn enbsurns.

& / : b i n



A. @NEHI_BZFAC @BPBB. Akatabds hg Cdankts‑ Kben9 .!. @btn hg Bèassahk= bkubry ?, &'2O. B``rnss= 6bac $bvatn Paen hg Bèassahk=2'92- peC. Bn= " ynbrs hd`@. Oart! @btn= 6hvneonr 2-, &'2' @btn hg Aktnr"an#= bkubry &2, &'2

N. Oart! Zdb$n= 6bac $bvatn Zraebr% Akghrebkt9 :btankt1s !htfnr &. Ink`nr= !bdn Ht!nr @btb 'h(r$ns= :btankt1s $fbrtI. Ca"ad 'tbt(s= 3akidnF. _ndaahk= =hebk $btfhdacA. &bt!nr‑s H$$()btahk= <brenr

Eht!nr‑s H$$()btahk= 4husnwagn*. Enà$bd s())hrt= :fad 4nbdtf %:btankt .!1s !htfnr wbs tfn :fad4nbdtf !neonr(

AA. CFANG CHEZDBAKP

:btankt fb` n>pnrankcn` àbrrfnb ghr & `bys prahr th fhspatbdazbtahk. Hkn

`by prahr th bèassahk wfadn tfn pbtankt ebkagnstn` gnvnr, n>pnrankcn` vheataki bk`

bk npash`n hg snazurn ghr bdehst " eakutns. 4n wbs vnry pbdn bk` dntfbriac.

AAA. FASPH_Q HG Z_NSNKP ADDKNSS

*cchr aki th fas ehtfnr, :btankt ! stbrtn` fbvaki àbrrfnb twh `bys prahr th

fhspatbdazbtahk, fn `ngncbtn` tfracn b `by watf ynddhwasf wbtnry sthhd, kh shda`

pancns, nktarndy da5ua` bk` bcchràki th tfn pbtankt1s ehtfnr, pbrbsatac whres wnrn

prnsnkt. :btankt .!1s vheat fb` ynddhwasf da5ua` àscfbrin nvnry taen fas ehtfnr gn`

fae. #fn pbtankt chepdbakn` pbak ak tfn bo`henk. Hkn `by prahr th bèassahk, tfn

cdankt n>pnrankcn` gnvnr %";. 8J$( bk` vheataki watf bk npash`n hg snazurn tfbt

dbstn` ghr bdehst " eakutns, ghrcaki tfn ehtfnr th snnl en acbd b`vacn. #fn kn>t

`by, :btankt ! oncben vnry arratbtn` bk` `hns kht wbkt th nbt. Bvnktubddy, tfnrn as

wnaift dhss grhe 22 li th 2' li tblnk hk bkubry &2, &'2. 4n dhhln` pbdn bk`

dntfbriac.

" / : b i n



AW. ZBSP EN@ACBD FASPH_Q

4n hkdy iht 2 `hsn hg O$), 2 `hsn hg 4npb O, & `hsns hg :#, hkn `hsn hg

H:C bk` !nbsdns vbccakn. #fn pbtankt à` kht nkchuktnr bky bcca`nkts hr gbdds ak

tfn pbst, à` kht fbvn bky bddnriy, bk` at wbs fas garst taen th snnl enàcbd cbrn.

*cchr aki th :uodac 4nbdtf 6ursaki, b cfad` as sba` th on @<uddy Aeeukazn` $fad`N

wfnk b cfad` rncnavns hkn `hsn hg O$), " `hsns hg H:C watf bk aktnrvbd ontwnnk

`hsns hg wnnls, " `hsns hg :# watf bk aktnrvbd ontwnnk `hsns hg wnnls, "

`hsns hg 4B:* O watf G wnnls aktnrvbd grhe 2st `hsn th &k` `hsn bk` ; wnnls

aktnrvbd grhe &

k`

`hsn th "

r`

`hsn.

!1s ehtfnr cdbaen` tfbt fn à` n>pnrankcn cheehk addknssns daln gnvnr,

chuif, bk` chd`s. #fn pbtankt fb` cfaclnkph> wfnk fn wbs 2 ynbr hd , bk`

enbsdns wfnk fn wbs ; ehktfs. 3fn cdbaen` tfbt pbtankt ! fb` kh lkhwk

bddnrians ak ghh` bk` enàcbtahks. #fny à` kht rndy tfbt eucf ak hvnr tfn chuktnr

`ruis oncbusn at wadd +ust ebln fae ehrn `npnk`nkt ak syktfntac rnenàns bk` sfn

cdbaen` tfbt sfn usubddy usns dbiukà bk` hrnibkh bs fnrobd enàcakn. #fn cdankt as

bdsh kht tblaki bky vatbeaks. #wh `bys prahr th bèassahk tfn pbtankt n>pnrankcn`

àbrrfnb, fn `ngncbtn` tfracn b `by watf ynddhwasf wbtnry sthhd, kh shda` pancns,

nktarndy da5ua` watf snnk wfatn pbrbsatac whres bk` bcchepbkan` oy bo`heakbd pbak.

:btankt .! bdsh vheatn`, cfbrbctnrazn` oy ynddhwasf da5ua` àscfbrin nvnry taen fn

wbs gn` oy fas ehtfnr. 4as ehtfnr bdsh cdbaen` tfbt ak tfnar gbeady, tfnrn brn kh

fasthry hg fnrnàtbry àsnbsns sucf bs àbontns bk` fypnrtnksahk. #fn pbtankt à`

kht nkchuktnr bky bcca`nkts hr gbdd tfus fn à` kht fbvn bky grbcturn ak tfn pbst.

:btankt !1s ehtfnr cdbaen` tfbt at as fas garst taen th on fhspatbdazn`.

/ : b i n



W. FN_N@H- GBEADABD FASPH_Q

Aktnrprntbtahk=

#fn inkhirbe as b pacthrabd àspdby hg .!1s gbeady rndbtahksfap bk` enàcbd

fasthry. At sfhws tfn tfrnnIinknrbtahk gbeady hg tfn pbtankt. #fn àbirbe akcdu`ns tfn

currnkt bins bk` currnkt fnbdtf stbtus hg nbcf gbeady eneonr grhe tfn tfrnn inknrbtahk

grhe tfn pbtankt.

- / : b i n



#fn pbtnrkbd bk` ebtnrkbd sa`n hg tfn pbtankt ak ohtf hg fnr irbk`pbrnkts wnrn

`nb` out tfn ehtfnr wbs kht surn ghr tfn n>bct cbusn hg fnr `nbtf.

Ak 3nchk` )nknrbtahk, ehst hg tfn gbeady eneonrs wnrn bdavn bk` wndd. #fny

`hk1t fbvn bky àsnbsns tfbt wnrn fnrnàtbry.

<hr tfn tfar` inknrbtahk, fas hd`nr sastnr àn` ak tfn &''8 oncbusn hg snpsas.

+A. @N+N,HZENKPB, FA'PH_-

Nra Nrashk‑s Zs%$!hsh$abd @n"ndh)enkt P!nhr%

'tbn ')n$aga$ Pbs/s:N"a`nk$ns hg Eadnsthkn

B$!an"nenkt

Buthkhey vs.Sfben bk

@hu!t "Ph#n$%

nvndhpenktbd tbsl as th ghre bsnksn pnrshkbd chktrhd hvnr

pfysacbd sladds bk` b snksn hg

ak`npnk`nkcn. 3uccnss dnb`s

th gnndakis hg buthkhey, gbadurn

rnsudts ak gnndakis hg sfben bk`

`huot.

*s stbtn` oy fas ehtfnr, tfn pbtankt

oniaks th aeatbtn pbrnkts `haki

fhusnfhd` cfhrns. @!bfadai saybki

ebidbrh bt lbpbi kbidbdbob blh

kbeaeadat saybki ebidbob àk.N 4n

lkhws fas hwk kben bk` bdrnb`y

lkhws th cfhhsn wfbt lak` hg

cdhtfns sfhud` fn wnbr hr wfbt lak`

hg thys sfhud` fn pdby. 4n grn5unktdy

usns @khN nspncabddy wfnk fn

`hnsk1t wbkt at.

'ae(k` &rn(`‑s Zs%$!hbkbd%ta$ @n"ndh)enkt P!nhr%


B$!an"nenkt

Bkb# Stb&n"'( ehktfs-)

ynb$s h#%

#fn cfad` fbs th dnbrk th

chktrhd fas hr fnr ohàdy knn`s.

*cchràki th tfn pbtankt1s ehtfnr,

@Fbpbi kbtbtbn h kbaafa sayb

kbibsbsboa sayb sb blak bt

sakbsbebfbk lhN. 4as pbrnkts

utadazn prbasn bk` rnwbr`s ghr

G / : b i n



usaki tfn thadnt.

*nbk Zabnt‑s Chkata"n @n"ndh)enkt P!nhr%

'tbn ')n$aga$ Pbs/s:

N"a`nk$ns hg Eadnsthkn

B$!an"nenktZ$n-h*n$bt+hkb#

Pfhu&ft

#h `dnrs dnbrk tfrhuif

prntnk` pdby out stadd struiidn

watf dhiac bk` tblaki tfn phakt

hg vanw hg htfnr pnhpdn.

*cchr aki th fas ehtfnr, @!bfadai

sayb eblapbidbrh eaksbk

ebdbwbl yuki aebiakbtahk kayb.

)akbibyb kayb yuki tbtby kayb

pbdbia lbpbi kblalapbiludatbk.N

*cchr aki th fas ehtfnr, tfn

pbtankt fbs b wa`n aebiakbtahk,

dalns th àschvnr knw tfakis. 4n

as stbrtaki th onchen curahus ak

shentfaki fn snns, dalns th

5unstahk bk` akvnstaibtn knw

tfakis. 4as tfhuifts onchen

ehrn syeohdac. 4n usns bk

ho+nct th rnprnsnkt shentfaki

ndsn, sucf bs prntnkàki b orhhe

as b fhrsn, b oh> as b tbodn bk` b

pancn hg pbpnr as onaki pdbtn. 4n

pdbys watf tfn htfnrs bk` crnbtns

ndbohrbtn pdhts bk` cfbrbctnrs

cudeakbtn ak tfn uk`nrstbkàki hg

rnprnsnktbtahkbd tfhuifts bk`

bctavatans.

,b#rnk$n 2h!d?nr‑s Ehrbd @n"ndh)enkt P!nhr%


B$!an"nenkt

Z$n,hkvnkt+hkb# #h``dnr fbvn dattdn chkcnpt hg :btankt1s ehtfnr stbtn` tfbt tfn

? / : b i n



Stb&n"Ph#n$%

bky ehtavbtaki ghrcn onyhk`

tfbt hg tfnar pbrnkts. #h``dnr

dnbrks tfbt wfnk tfny `h

cnrtbak bctahks, pbrnkts iavn

bggnctahk bk` bpprhvbd0 ghr

htfnr bctahks, pbrnkts schd`

bk` dbond tfn onfbvahr

@ob`N. At as aephrtbkt ak tfas

stbin th prbasn b th``dnr ghr

`haki wfbt fn hr sfn fbs

onnk bsln` th `h.

pbtankt as rnsphksavn th rudns

out vanws tfne ak tnres hg

pdnbsbkt chksn5unkcns hg

bctahks. 3fn vnrobdazn`, @Fbpbi

kbeaeadat saybki ebidbob rak

lbpbi kbidbdbob blh,

sakbsboafbk lh dbki saybki

ebionfbvn. Fbpbi kbionfbvn

sayb oaoaiybk lh sayb ki

prneyh. !aksbk tbtbfaeal dbki

sayb. :nrh eby eib brbw raki

kbipupueadat sayb bt kbiIaaybl.

+AA. IH_@HK‑' 33 &^KCPAHKB, FNB,PF ZBPPN_K'

B. Fnb#tf Zn$,n*t+hk- Fnb#tf Ebkb&nenkt

3fn cdbaen` tfbt tfn pbtankt à` n>pnrankcn cheehk addknssns daln gnvnr,

chuif bk` chd`s. *t tfn bin hg 2 tfn pbtankt sthppn` `raklaki eadl out akstnb` fn

as `raklaki chggnn. 4as ehtfnr cdbaen` tfbt wfnknvnr fn iht sacl, tfny à` kht

tbln fae th tfn fhspatbd aeenàbtndy oncbusn hg tfn dbcl hg ehkny. Akstnb , tfny

usn` fnrobd enàcakns ghr enàcbtahks, sucf bs hrnibkh bk` dbiukà. #fny

prngnrrn` fnrobd enàcakns bs b rnen`y wfnknvnr fn iht sacl. #fn pbtankt as kht

tblaki bky vatbeaks.

*t prnsnkt, tfn ehtfnr pnrcnavn` tfbt tfn inknrbd fnbdtf hg fas shk wbs

cheprheasn`. #fn ehtfnr cdbaen` tfbt at as tfn garst taen tfbt tfn pbtankt fb` b

snrahus chkàtahk bk` fhspatbdazbtahk ghr bdehst " wnnls.

; / : b i n



. Kut$+t+hkb#-Entb!h#+, Zbttn$k

*cchràki th !1s ehtfnr, tfn pbtankt usn` th ornbstgnn` uktad fn stbrtn`

`raklaki ghreudbtn` eadl bt 2 ynbr hd`. *cchràki th fas ehtfnr, fn dalns th `rakl

chggnn0 fn stbrtn` `raklaki wfnk fn wbs 2 ynbr hd` oncbusn shentaens tfny

wnrn kht bodn th purcfbsn eadl. #fn cdankt usn` th nbt gruats, vnintbodns, enbt,

bk` racn `bady. 4n btn tfrnn taens b `by bk` tfbt akcdu`ns ornblgbst, dukcf, bk`

àkknr. 4as typacbd `bady gdua` aktbln as bohut "I idbssns hg wbtnr. #fn shurcn hg

tfnar wbtnr cben grhe tfn gbucnt bk` at wbs kht ohadn`. *gtnr pdbyaki ak tfn gbre,

tfn pbtankt `hns kht wbsf fas fbk`s onghrn bk` bgtnr enbds.

Yfnk fn wbs fhspatbdazn`, tfn pbtankt dhst fas bppntatn ehst hg tfn taen

bk` dbcl hg aktnrnst hk nbtaki. Yfnk fn ints fukiry, ! wadd +ust snttdn hk ornb`

bk` chggnn tfrhuifhut `by. 4as ehtfnr bdsh cdbaen` tfbt wfnknvnr fn nbts fn

su``nkdy vheats watf ynddhwasf àscfbrin. phk pfysacbd n>beakbtahk, tfnrn brn

" `nktbd cbrans9 2 bt tfn dngt dhwnr ehdbr, 2 ak raift dhwnr ehdbr bk` 2 ak prnehdbr.

#fn pbtankt à`k1t tbln bky vatbeaks hr suppdnenkts.

#fn pbtankt `h kht fbvn bky prhodne hk cfnwaki bk` swbddhwaki. 4n bdsh

fb` `ry slak bk` phhr slak turihr, wfacf akàcbtns `nfy`rbtahk. *cchràki th tfn

`hcthr1s hr`nr fn as ebaktbakn` hk gnn` watf 3*:. 4n bdsh `ncrnbsns oh`y wnaift

grhe 22li th 2'li bs tblnk uphk pfysacbd n>beakbtahk. #fn pbtankt fbs bk AC

akgusahk hg -A!O shdutahk ak -''ed, rniudbtn` bt ;I8 uiits hk fas dngt

entbcbrpbd vnak. At ak acbtn` ghr tfn ebaktnkbkcn hg gdua` bk` ndnctrhdytns

8 / : b i n



nspncabddy th pbtankts wfh knn` cbdhrans bk` fy`rbtahk. #fn AC dakn wbs akgusaki

wndd bk` kh bar bk` obcl gdhw snnk.

C. N#+e+kbt+hk

Onghrn fhspatbdazbtahk, tfn pbtankt1s ehtfnr stbtn` tfbt tfn cdankt usn` th

`ngncbtn rniudbrdy ghr bohut " taens b wnnl. #fn gncbd cfbrbctnrastac wbs orhwk

ak chdhr, sdaiftdy shgt watf snpbrbtn` dueps watf sneashda` tn>turn. 4n `hns kht

fbvn bky àggacudty hr prhodnes ak chktrhddaki, bk` whud` usubddy akghre fas ehtfnr

wfnk fn knn`n` th urakbtn bk` `ngncbtn. 4n urakbtns " th taens `bady watf daift

ynddhw ak chdhr. *cchràki th <uk`benktbds hg 6ursaki ? tf Bàtahk oy Fhzanr,

cfbrbctnrastac hg khrebd sthhd as ynddhw ak chdhr, ghren`, shgt, sneashda` bk` ehast.

bkubry -IG, &'2, #wh `bys prahr th bèassahk tfn pbtankt `ngncbtns tfracn b

`by watf ynddhwasf wbtnry sthhd, kh shda` pancns, nktarndy da5ua` bk` wfatn pbrbsatac

whres fbvn snnk bcchepbkan` oy bo`heakbd pbak. :btankt .! bdsh vheats

cfbrbctnrazn` oy ynddhwasf da5ua` àscfbrin nvnry taen fn wbs gn` oy fas ehtfnr.

*t tfn 2st bk` &k` `by hg fhspatbdazbtahk wfacf as bkubry ?I;, &'2, tfn pbtankt

`ngncbtns twacn b `by watf ynddhwasf eusfy sthhd watf snea shda` pbrtacdn bk`

vheatn` hkcn watf stadd ynddhwasf àscfbrin. uraki ak hur &9''I2'9'' pe sfagt,

bkubry &', &'2, tfn pbtankt fbs àggacudty ak `ngncbtahk, tfus fn à` kht pbss

sthhd ghr bdehst & `bys. 6h npash`ns hg vheataki fb` hccurrn`. 4n urakbtn` &

taens b `by watf ynddhw urakn hutput hg &-'cc bk` &''cc. phk hosnrvbtahk, tfn

pbtankt fb` prhgusn swnbtaki bs nva`nkcn` oy wnt on` daknks bk` cdhtfns out

watf kh ukusubd h`hr.

2' / : b i n



@. B,t+v+ty- Nn$,+sn Zbttn$k

Onghrn tfn pbtankt wbs bèattn` th tfn fhspatbd, fas ehtfnr sba` tfbt tfn

dnvnd hg fas bctavaty cbk on `nscraon` bs vnry bctavn, oncbusn fn usn` th pdby

hutsa`n ak tfn gbre watf fas grank`s bk` saodaki nvnry `by. Yfnk fn as bt fhen, fn

usubddy wbtcfns tndnvasahk onghrn ihaki th sdnnp. Oncbusn fn as stadd yhuki fn

`hnsk1t fbvn bky ghre hg n>nrcasns.

Yfnk fn wbs fhspatbdazn`, ! gndt vnry wnbl bk` tarn` ùn th n>cnss

vheataki bk` `ngncbtaki. 4n dhhln` pbdn bk` dntfbriac. 4as pfysacbd bctavaty

dnssnkn` bk` fn bdwbys +ust ih th sdnnp th chksnrvn fas nknriy. *dsh, fn knn`s

bssastbkcn wfnknvnr ihaki th tfn obtfrhhe hr nvnk stbkàki up ak prnvnktaki

bcca`nkts nspncabddy gbdd.

#fn pbtankt bdsh oncben arratbodn bk` cran` grn5unktdy nspncabddy wfnk fn

snns b pnrshk `rnssn` ak wfatn ukaghre, `haki tfn rhuk`s, shen hg wfacf us

stu`nkt kursns bk` rniastnrn` kursns whud` `h. At wbs cbddn` Yfatn $hbt *k>anty.

3trnss bk` bk>anty pdby b fuin rhdn ak tfn `nvndhpenkt hg wfatn chbt syk`rhen.

Ag yhu fb` b ob` n>pnrankcn watf enàcbd àbikhsas bk` trnbtenkt ak yhur

cfad`fhh`, at as vnry phssaodn tfbt khw yhu brn suochkscahusdy bgrba` hg bdd `hcthrs

oncbusn tfny rneak` yhu hg yhur pbst n>pnrankcn. Ak tfn kn>t gnw `bys tfn

pbtankt sfhwn` kh aktnrnst ak pdbyaki, bk` fn oncben ehrn arratbodn bk` wnbl.

2bt0 Ak`n> hg Ak`n)nk`nk$n ak B$ta"atans hg @bad% ,a"ak

22 / : b i n



*ctavatans Ak`npnk`nkcn %2(npnk`nkcn %'(

Obtfaki '@rnssaki '

Phadntaki '

Prbksgnrraki 'jjChktaknkcn '

Gnnàki 'PHPBD

ZHAKPS='

Aktnrprntbtahk=#fn pbtankt wbs guddy `npnk`nkt th fas ehtfnr. 4n snnls iua`bkcn

bk` bssastbkcn watf fas ehtfnr.

N. S#nn*-_nst

*cchràki th tfn pbtankt1s ehtfnr, ! bdehst spnk`s tfn nktarn `by

sdnnpaki. 4n whud` usubddy wbln up bt G be bk` sdnnps bt brhuk` 2' pe. #fn

ùrbtahk hg fas sdnnp as +ust nkhuif ghr fas `nvndhpenkt. uraki spbrn taen, sfn

spnk`s at oy pdbyaki watf fas grank`s bk` chusaks bk` fn bdwbys tbln bk

bgtnrkhhk kbp grhe 2& pe th pe.

uraki fhspatbdazbtahk, tfn ehtfnr cdbaen` tfbt fn `hns kht fbvn bky

nkhuif sdnnp nspncabddy wfnk tfn kursns wnrn `haki tfnar rhuk`s bk` tblaki vatbd

saiks. #fn pbtankt usubddy sdnnp - fhurs ghr nvnkaki tfnk fbs b kbp ghr & fhurs ak

tfn bgtnrkhhk. 4as sdnnpaki àsturobkcns wnrn fas bo`heakbd pbak bk` fht rhhe

tnepnrbturn. Onghrn ihaki th sdnnp fn bdwbys prbyn` bs fas ehtfnr tnbcfns fae.

4as ehtfnr stbtn` tfbt fn bdwbys seadns bgtnr wblaki ukdaln khw tfbt fn

usubddy crans wfnk fn wblns up bk` wfnk fnr ehtfnr dnbvns fae wfadn fn wbs

2& / : b i n



stadd sdnnpaki. #fn ehst cheghrtbodn sdnnpaki phsatahk hg :btankt .! wbs sa`n

dyaki phsatahk watf 2 paddhw hk tfn fnb` bk` `hnsk1t wbkt b odbklnt.

G. Ch&k+t+vn / Zn$,n*tub#

Onghrn fhspatbdazbtahk, pbtankt ! fb` kh prhodne ak sendd, vasahk bk`

fnbraki nvnk tfhuif fn wbs n>phsn` hk dhu` khasn bt tfnar fhens. 4n as b vnry

pdbygud pnrshk bk` vnry grank`dy watf htfnrs.

:btankt .! nbsady ghcusns bttnktahk nspncabddy wfnk fn wbtcfns

tndnvasahk. 4n cbk bdsh nbsady rneneonr kbens, pdbcns bk` kueonrs. 4n cbk

bdsh ghddhw bk` uk`nrstbk` àrnctahks.

uraki fhspatbdazbtahk bk` uphk tfhrhuif pfysacbd n>beakbtahk, :btankt

! fbs kh prhodne watf fas fnbraki, sendd bk` watf fas vasahk out fb` cfbkins ak

tbstn hg ghh`s bs nva`nkcn` oy dhss hg bppntatn bk` cfhhsaki b vabk`. #fn pbtankt

fb` n>pnrankcn` pbak ak tfn bo`henk bk` sfhws iubr aki onfbvahr bk`

arratboadaty.

I. Sn#:-Zn$,n*t+hk - Sn#:-,hk,n*t Zbttn$k

#fn pbtankt as " ynbrs hd`, currnktdy n>pnrankcaki pbak bk` wbs kht bodn th

sby bkytfaki bohut faesndg. *s stbtn` oy tfn ehtfnr, pbtankt .! bs b cfnnrgud,

kbuifty, b dhvaki shk bk` orhtfnr. Onghrn fhspatbdazbtahk, fn wbs bodn th ibak

trust th bkyhkn out wfnk fn wbs stbrtn` th bèattn`, fn nbsady ints arratbtn`

2" / : b i n



oncbusn hg tfn beoabkcn ak tfn fhspatbd bs wndd bs wfnk tfn kursn `haki tfnar

rhuk`s oncbusn fn cbkkht rnst wndd. #fn ehtfnr bdsh cdbaen` tfbt sfn lknw tfbt

tfn pbtankt1s fnbdtf wbs tfnk cheprheasn` bk` wbs kht bodn th pdby daln onghrn.

F. _h#n _n#bt+hksf+*

:btankt ! as tfn yhukinst behki tfn cfad`rnk hg fas pbrnkts. 4n davns

watf fas dhvaki pbrnkt bk` saodaki. *cchràki th fas ehtfnr, ! bdwbys eblns

tfne fbppy wfnknvnr fn seadns bk` bdwbys pdbyaki watf fas hd`nr orhtfnrs. 4as

pbrnkts usubddy vasat bk` tbln ihh` cbrn hg fae oncbusn tfny sba` tfbt tfnar cfad`

wbs vnry aephrtbkt th tfne. #fn pnrshk wfh spnk`s dhki pnrah` hg taen watf tfn

pbtankt as fas ehtfnr bk` at as nva`nkcn` tfbt tfn pbtankt as rncnavaki nkhuif cbrn

bk` dhvn.

uraki tfn aktnrvanw fas pbrnkts wbs thtbddy whrryaki bohut tfn pbtankt1s

chkàtahk. At snnes tfbt tfny rnbddy cbrn ak tfnar yhukinst cfad`. #fny ebkbin tfn

pbtankt oy iavaki bk n>trb cbrn th fndp fae rnchvnr oy fas addknss. *s hg khw, tfnar

akchen wbs kht nkhuif ghr tfn fhspatbd n>pnksns, oncbusn fas gbtfnr1s +ho wbs

aksuggacankt ghr tfnar `bady dagn. #fny trust )h` tfbt tfnar shk wadd on fnbdn`.

A. Wb#un / n#+n: Zbttn$k

*cchr aki th fas ehtfnr, :btankt ! wbs obptazn` bs =hebk $btfhdac bk`

nvnry 3uk`by tfny wnkt th cfurcf watf fas gbeady. 4n prbctacns prbyaki onghrn

sdnnpaki bt kaift. 4as ehtfnr sba` tfbt )h` fndps tfne th int tfrhuif watf tfnar

2 / : b i n



prhodnes ak dagn. =ndaiahk ghr tfne wbs vnry aephrtbkt. #fny trust bk` ibak strnkitf

oy )h`. #fny ondanvn` tfbt tfnar shk wadd on fnbdn` shen`by.

uraki fhspatbdazbtahk, :btankt ! as kht bctavn ak ihaki th cfurcf oncbusn fn

as stadd ak fhspatbd bk` tfn pbtankt knn`s iubràbk. nspatn hg at, fas ehtfnr bk`

pbtankt .! wnrn stadd prbyaki ghr fas gbst rnchvnry. Ak tnres hg enàcbd bpprhbcfns,

fas ehtfnr rndans akth tfn fnrobd enàcakns bk` cdbaen` tfbt sfn `hnsk1t rndy thh

eucf hk tfn hvnr tfn chuktnr `ruis. #fny bdsh ondanvn ak 5ubcl `hcthrs bk`

ondanvn` ak supnrstatahus bs nva`nkcn` oy inttaki tfn fnaift hg tfn pbtankt wfadn fn

wbs sdnnpaki out tfn ehtfnr rn+nctn` oncbusn sfn ondanvns tfbt at as daln inttaki tfn

sazn hg tfn chggak. *s b stu`nkt kursn, wn uk`nrstbk` bk` rnspnctn` tfnar cudturn bk`

ondangs.

Ak tfn knbr guturn, tfny wbkt tfnar cfad` th onchen succnssgud bk` gakasfn` fas

stuàns shen`by. #fn ehst aephrtbkt tfakis ak tfnar dagn wnrn :btankt .! bk` tfnar

gbeady.

+AAA. CHEZ_NFNK'A+N ZF-'ACB, N7BEAKBPAHK

B. +atbd 'aks

*bk(br% 961 963

PAEN

Pne)nrbt(rn _btn

/<C:

Z(dsn _btn

/?)e:

_ns)arbtahk _btn

/$)e:

&9''pe "G.- M$ 2'' ope &? cpe

9''pe "G.M$ 8; ope &- cpe

G9''pe "G.- M$ 22' ope &- cpe;9''pe "G."M$ 2'- ope &; cpe

*bk(br% 931 963

PAEN

Pne)nrbt(rn _btn

/<C:

Z(dsn _btn

/?)e:

_ns)arbtahk _btn

/$)e:

&9''pe "G.- M$ 8; ope &- cpe

2- / : b i n



9''pe "?.8 M$ 22' ope &; cpe

G9''pe "?."M$ 2'' ope &- cpe

;9''pe "G.-M$ 22' ope "' cpe

O. Bkt!rh)hentra$ @btb=

b Fnb` Car$(egnrnk$n= 8 ceo C!nst Car$(egnrnk$n= -" cec B?`henk Car$(egnrnk$n= -2 ce` Fna!t= 8; cen 4na!t=22 li

Oh`% Ebss Ak`n>=

&hre(db= /Obsn hk ECK 5t! n`. ?% Zaddatnra;B))nkà> N1 Irh#t! C!brts ).38JJ&hr %nbrs hd`= Oh%:

OEA Ynaift %li( L 3tbturn %ce( L 3tbturn %ce( > 2','''

Hr Ynaift %do( L 3tbturn %ak( L 3tbturn %ak( > ?'"

'hd(tahk=OEA Ynaift %li( L 3tbturn %ce( L 3tbturn %ce( > 2',''' 22 li L 8; ce L 8; ce L > 2','''OEA 33.5 hr (k`nr kh(ras!

C. INKN_B, BZZNB_BKCN=

:btankt ! inknrbddy dhhls pbdn bk` dntfbriac. #fn oh`y wbs daift ouadt watf sebdd

+hakt bk` fas euscdn wbs dnbk. <dbccaàty wbs nva`nkt watf tfn pbtankt bk` wbs kht

rndb>n`. 4as slak wbs cdnbk bk` fas kbads wnrn knbt. ! fb` kh ukusubd oh`y bk`

ornbtf h`hr.

:btankt ! fbs cheprnfnksaodn tfhuifts bk` fas vhacn cbk on fnbr` ak eh`nrbtn

pbcn.

2G / : b i n



2? / : b i n



Cn)!bdh$b(`bd Bssnssenkt/Obsn` hk t!n C!ad`rnk +brabtahks:

@. Cn)!bdh$b(`bd Bssnssenkt=

/Obsn` hk t!n C!ad`rnk +brabtahks:

Oh`% Zbrt

N>beakn`

Khrebd &akàk B$t(bd &akàk Cdaka$bd 'akaga$bk$n

AKPNIÊNKPB_- '-'PNE

S2+k?A9 slak chdhr, E3lak chdhr rbkins

grhe pbdn wfatn

watf pakl, ynddhw,

hr hdavn thkns th

`brl orhwk hr

odbcl.

A9 Kslak chdhr as

orhwk

Kgdusfn` slak

Akspnctahk rnvnbds nvnkdy

chdhrn` slak thkns, watfhut

ukusubd àschdhrbtahks.

*cchràki th Ynoonr 7

Fnddny 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak

6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt

2; / : b i n



3ebdd behukt hg endbkak

brn cheehk ak wfatnr slaks,

wfadn dbrin behukts hg

endbkak brn cheehk ak

hdavn bk` `brlnr slaks.

$brhtnkn bcchukts ghr b

ynddhw cbst.

*okhrebd gakàki9 <dusfn`

slak ùn th akcrnbsn oh`y

tnepnrbturn.

h`hr, E6h strhki h`hr

sfhud` on nva`nkt.

A9 Kkh strhki

h`hr

Kprhgusn

swnbtaki

*cchràki th 4nbdtf 7

:fysacbd *ssnssenkt ak

6ursaki oy 1*each bk`

Obrobrath tfbt Eabpfhrnsas

%prhgusn swnbtaki( hccursùraki n>nrtahk, pbak, bk`

nehtahkbd strnss.

ED*O9 Akcrnbsn dnvnd hg

$rnbtakakn ak 22G.-8uehdLD

cbusn `nfy`rbtahk hr

akb`n5ubtn wbtnr aktbln

sucf bs swnbtaki cbk cbusn

odhh` chkcnktrbtahk bk`

rnùcn` odhh` gdhw ak tfn

la`knys. crnbtakakn waddakcrnbsn.

bk` dnsahks. Eslak sfhud` on

dnsahk grnn.

A9 Kwatf dnsahks ak

tfn ohtf dhwnr

n>trneatans

Kwatf atcfaknss




fbvaki dnsahks ak tfn slak

wbs ùn th aksnct oatns.

:bdpbtn ghr

tnepnrbturn,

E3lak as khrebddy

wbre tnepnrbturn.

:b9 K wbre th

thucf

K"?.8'$

%bkubry &2,&'2(

*cchràki th Ynonr bk`

FnddyI 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak

6ursaki0 "r` n`. #fbt Cnry

wbre slak eby akàcbtn bgnoradn stbtn.

ehasturn, E3lak surgbcns

vbry grhe ehast th

`ry `npnkàki hk

tfn brnb

bssnssn`.

:b9 K`ncrnbsn`

ehasturn

*cchràki th Ynonr bk`

FnddyI 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak

6ursaki0 "r` n`. #fbt

`ncrnbsn` ehasturn hccurs

watf `nfy`rbtahk.

28 / : b i n



turihr, E3lak pakcfns

nbsady bk`

aeenàbtndy

rnturks th ats

hraiakbd phsatahk.

:b9 Kphhr slak

turihr



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt slak

as kht 5uacldy b rnturk th

hraiakbd sfbpn bgtnr onaki

pakcfn`. :hhr slak turihr

akàcbtns `nfy`rbtahk.

ED*O39 * dhwnrItfbkIkhrebd

dnvnd hg cfdhra`n %;;.-

eehdLD( as cbddn`

fyphcfdhrneab. At eby on

ùn th nfy`rbtahk.

Infy`rbtahk hr b ànt faif

ak prhtnak cbk ebln yhur

O6 dnvnd faifnr %&".&'LD(.I * dhwnrItfbkIkhrebd dnvnd

hg cfdhra`n %;;.- eehdLD( as

cbddn` fyphcfdhrneab. At

eby on ùn th nfy`rbtahk.

bk` n`neb. E3lak rnohuk`s

bk` `hns kht

rnebak ak`nktn`

wfnk prnssurn as

rndnbsn`.

:b9 Kkh n`neb *cchr aki th Ynoonr 7


6ursaki "r` nàtahk as

*osnkcn hg n`neb eby

akàcbtn b `nscnkt slak

chkàtahk.Fb+$?

A9 nvnkknss hg

irhwtf,

tfaclknss, chdhr,

tn>turn

EBvnkdy

àstraoutn`, tfacl

bk` sehhtf fbar.

A9 KB5ubd

àstraoutn`

Kodbcl ak chdhr

Ktfak fbar



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt fbar

chdhr as `ntnreakn` oy tfn

behukt hg endbkak prnsnkt.

Hadaknss,

akgnctahk hr

akgnstbtahk

E3pbrsn `bk`rugg

eby on vasaodn bk`

sebdd behukt

hadaknss. 3cbdp as

cdnbk bk` `ry.

A9 Kkh hadaknss

bk` akgnctahk hr

akgnstbtahk

prnsnkt.




Akgnstn` fbar eby akàcbtn b

knn` ghr cdankt tnbcfaki

bohut phhr fyiankn hr

bssastbkcn watf bctavatans hg

`bady davaki.

Oh`y fbar ECbryaki behukts A9 K<akn vnddus *cchr aki th Ynoonr 7

&' / : b i n

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/dehydration

http://www.webmd.com/diet/old-diet-toc






hg tnreakbd fbar

chvnr tfn scbdp,

b>addbry, oh`y, bk`

puoac brnbs

bcchràki th

khrebd ink`nr

àstraoutahk.

fbar Fnddny 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak

6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt <akn

vnddus fbar chvnrs tfn nktarn

oh`y n>cnpt ghr shdns,

pbdes, daps, bk` kappdns.

:9 sehhtfknss E4bar as sehhtf

bk` gare,

shenwfbt ndbstac.

:b9 Ksehhtf bk`

nvnk




sehhtf bk` nvnk fbar as

khrebd.

• Kb+#?

A9 on` chdhr E:akl thkns

sfhud` on snnk.

3hen dhkiatuàkbd

raìaki as khrebd.

A9 Kpakl ak chdhr *cchr aki th Ynoonr 7


6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt :bdn

hr cybkhtac kbads eby

akàcbtn fyph>ab hr bkneab.

nddhw àschdhrbtahk eby on

snnk ak gukibd akgnctahks hr

pshrabsas. 6bad pattaki as

cheehk ak pshrabsas.

tn>turn E6bads brn fbr`

bk` obsacbddy

aeehoadn.

A9 Kcdnbk

gakinrkbads



6ursaki "r`

nàtahk tfbt kbadsbrn sehhtf bk` gare0 kbad

pdbtn sfhud` on garedy

bttbcfn` th kbad on`.

pdbtn sfbpn E=huk` hr s5ubrn

kbad sfbpn

bcchràki th tfn

cutacdn. #fnrn as

khrebddy 2G'I

`nirnn bkidn

ontwnnk tfn kbadobsn bk` tfn slak.

A9 Ksehhtf bk`

gare



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt tfn

khrebd sfbpn sfhud` on

rhuk` watf 2G' `nirnn

oncbusn htfnr tfbk tfas cbk

chktraoutns th bkychepdacbtahks.

:9 odbkcf tnst E:akl thkns

rnturks

aeenàbtndy th

odbkcfn` kbad on`s

wfnk prnssurn as

:b9 Kchdhr

rnturks

aeenàbtndy akth

khrebd

K2I& snchk`s



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt Ag

tfnrn as sdhw %irnbtnr tfbk "

snc.( cbpaddbry rngadd,

&2 / : b i n



rndnbsn`. akàcbtns hg rnsparbthry hr

cbràhvbscudbr àsnbsns tfbt

cbusn fyph>ab wfacf as bk

bokhrebd gakàki.F N N K P /Fnb`1 N%ns1 Nbrs1 Khsn P!rhbt:

Fnb3 Kn,23 bk Cn$v+,b# Dye*f Khns

Fnb`. 6htn tfn

sfbpn bk`

syeentry

E4nb` as

khrehcnpfbdac,

syeentrac bk` ak

ea`dakn watf kh

dnsahk prnsnkt.

A9

Kkhrehcnpfbdac

Ksyeentrac

Krhuk`

Knrnct

:b9Kkh dnsahk




4nb` sazn bk` sfbpn vbry,

nspncabddy ak bcchr` watf

ntfkacaty. subddy tfn fnb` as

syeentrac, rhuk`, nrnct,

bk` ea`dakn. 6h dnsahks brn

vasaodn.

#nst fnb`

chktrhd, fnb`

phsturn, rbkin

hg ehtahk.

E<udd rbkin hg

ehtahkZup, `hwk,

bk` sa`nwbysZas

khrebd.

A9 K <udd rbkin hg

ehtahkZup,

`hwk, bk`

sa`nwbys

Kcbk chktrhd

tfn fnb`




<udd rbkin hg ehtahk as up,

`hwk bk` sa`nwbysZas

khrebd oncbusn daeatn`

rbkin ehtahk eby akàcbtn

thrtachddas wfacf as bokhrebd.&b$n. 6htn tfn

bppnbrbkcn,syeentry, bk`

ehvnenkt.

:bdpbtn tfn

pbrhta` idbk`s

ghr swnddaki.

E<bcn as khrebddy

prhphrtahkbtn bk`syeentrac.

E!hvnenkts brn

n5ubd oadbtnrbddy.

:brhta` idbk`s brn

khrebd sazn.

A9 Karratbodn

Kcryaki Krhuk` gbcn

Ksyeentrac

Kkh bokhrebd

ehvnenkts

:b9 Kkh swnddaki

hr tnk`nrknss


Fnddny 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt tfn

gbcn as syeentrac, rhuk`

bk` nrnct, ak ea`dakn. 6h

dnsahks bk` n`neb sfhud`

on vasaodn bk` kh ukusubd

ehvnenkts sfhud` on

khtn`.

$ryaki bk` arratboadaty hccurs

ùn th tfn àsnbsn chkàtahk

n>pnrankcn` oy tfn pbtankt.Kn$. :bdpbtn

tfn tfyrha` idbk`

bk` tfn trbcfnb.

*dsh akspnct bk`

pbdpbtn tfn

cnrvacbd dyepf

E#fn kncl as

usubddy sfhrt watf

slak ghd`s ontwnnk

tfn fnb`

E#fn astfeus as

tfn hkdy phrtahk hg

A9 Ksyeentrac

Kkh bokhrebd

ehvnenkts.

:b9 Kkh

nkdbrinenkt hg




kncl as syeentrac watf fnb`

cnktrn` bk` watfhut oudiaki

ebssns. 6hrebddy kncl

&& / : b i n



kh`ns ghr

swnddaki,

ehoadaty,

tnepnrbturn,

bk` tnk`nrknss.

tfn tfyrha` tfbt

sfhud` on

pbdpbodn.

E#fn trbcfnb as

ea`dakn.

EDyepf kh`ns brn

usubddy kh

pbdpbodn ak akgbkts.

dyepf kh`ns

wbs khtn`.

Kkh swnddaki hr

tnk`nrknss

Ktrbcfnb as

ea`dakn

ehvnenkt sfhud` on

sehhtf bk` chktrhddn` watf

gdn>ahk, n>tnksahk, dbtnrbd

boùctahk bk` rhtbtahk. *k`

tfn trbcfnb sfhud` on ak

ea`dakn. 6h nkdbrinenkt hr

tnk`nrknss as prnsnkt.

Nyns

N>tnrkbd n%n.

6htn tfn

phsatahk, sdbkt,

bk` npacbktfbd

ghd`s hg tfn

n>tnrkbd nyn.

EAkknr cbktfus

àstbkcn

bpprh>aebtndy &.-

ce, fhrazhktbd

sdbkt, bk` kh

npacbktfbd ghd`s.EHutnr cbktfus

bdaiks watf taps hg

tfn pakkbs.

A9 K kh npacbktfbd

ghd`s

KAkknr cbktfus

as fhrazhktbddy

sdbkt

KHutnr cbktfusbdaiks watf taps hg

tfn pakkbs




akknr cbktfus àstbkcn

bpprh>aebtndy fhrazhktbd

sdbkt bk` hutnr cbktfusbdaiks watf taps hg tfn pakkbs

watf kh npacbktfbd ghd`s.

A9 nynda`

pdbcnenkt,

swnddaki.

ascfbrin bk`

dnsahk.

E6h swnddaki,

àscfbrin, hr

dnsahk hg nynda`s.

A9 Kkh n`neb

Kbosnkcn hg

tnbrs

Kkh swnddaki

Kdnsahk grnn

Kkh àscfbrin




uppnr bk` dhwnr da`s cdhsn

nbsady bk` ennt chepdntndy

wfnk cdhsn`. 3lak hk ohtf

nynda`s as watfhut rn`knss,swnddaki, hr dnsahks hr

àscfbrins.

Akspnct tfn

scdnrb bk`

chk+ukctavb ghr

chdhr, àscfbrin,

dnsahk, rn`knss,

bk` dbcnrbtahk.

E3cdnrb bk`

chk+ukctavb brn

cdnbr bk` grnn hg

àscfbrin, dnsahk,

rn`knss, hr

dbcnrbtahks.

A9 Kcdnbr

Kkh àscfbrin

Kdnsahk grnn

Kkh rn`knss hr

dbcnrbtahk.




Oudobr chk+ukctavb as cdnbr,

ehast, bk` sehhtf.

k`nrdyaki structurns brn

cdnbrdy vasaodn. 3cdnrb as

wfatn.A9 aras bk` tfn

pupads.

E:upads brn n5ubd,

rhuk`, bk`

rnbctavn th daift

bk`

bccheeh`btahk

%:B==D*(.

A9 Kn5ubd

K rnbctavn th

daift bk`

bccheeh`btahk

Kkhrebd bk`

n5ubd ak sazn




aras as typacbddy rhuk`, gdbt,

bk` nvnkdy chdhrn`. #fn

pupad, rhuk` watf b rniudbr

&" / : b i n



KarasIrhuk`, gdbt,

bk` nvnkdy

chdhrn`

KpupadI rhuk`

watf rniudbr

ohr`nr, as

cnktrn` ak aras.

ohr`nr, as cnktrn` hk tfn aras.

<akbddy akspnct

tfn nynorhw bk`

nyndbsfns.

EBynorhws

sfhud` on

syeentrac ak

sfbpn bk`

ehvnenkt. #fny

sfhud` kht ennt

ak ea`dakn.

EByndbsfnssfhud` on nvnkdy

àstraoutn` bk`

curdn` hutwbr`.

A9 Knvnkdy

àstraoutn`

Knynorhws

`hns kht ennt ak

tfn ea`dakn

Ksyeentrac ak

sfbpn bk`

ehvnenkt.




nynorhws sfhud` on

syeentrac ak sfbpn bk`

ehvnenkt.

Nb$s bk Fnb$+k&

A9 bu$+,#ns ghr

chdhr, syeentry

bk` phsatahk

E#fn nbrs brn

nvnkdy chdhrn`. At

as n5ubd ak sazn

oadbtnrbddy.

A9 Kburacdn bdaiks

watf tfn chrknr hg

nbcf nyn

K oadbtnrbddy

n5ubd ak sazn

Kchdhr aschksastnkt watf

gbcabd chdhr




chdhr, phsatahk bk` tfn

syeentry hg tfn nbrs sfhud`

on a`nktacbd bk` ukaghredychdhrn`. #fn bdaikenkt hg

tfn buracdn ebln strbaift th

tfn chrknr hg tfn nyn.

9 ntn$kb# ,bkb#

ghr cnruenk

E* sebdd behukt

hg h`hrdnss

cnruenk as tfn

hkdy àscfbrin

khrebddy prnsnkt.

A9 K6hrebd

behukt hg

ynddhwasf

cnruenk uphk

bssnssenkt ak

fnr nbr.



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt tfnrn

sfhud` on kh n>cnssavn

cnruenk.

<hudIsenddaki, stacly, ynddhw

àscfbrinZhtatas n>tnrkb hr

aepbctn` ghrnaik oh`y.

dnsahks, pus hr

odhh`

E#fn cbkbd wbdds

sfhud` on pakl

bk` sehhtf bk`

watfhut khùdns.

A9 Kkh dnsahks,

pus hr odhh`

prnsnkt bs snnk

watf tfn usn hg

pnkdaift.



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt khkI

bppnbrbkcn hg dnsahks bk`

odhh` as khrebd. Odhh`y,

& / : b i n





chkthur, chdhr,

tn>turn, ehasturn,

dnsahk

E:akl daps brn

khrebd ak daiftI

slakkn` cdankts bs

brn oduasf hr

grncldn` daps ak

shen `brlI

slakkn` cdankts.

pakl

K 6h dnsahks

brn prnsnkt.

eneorbkn as ùn th

`nfy`rbtahk hr aksuggacankt

gdua` aktbln.

ED*O39 * dhwnrItfbkIkhrebd

dnvnd hg cfdhra`n %;;.-

eehdLD( as cbddn`

fyphcfdhrneab. At eby on

ùn th nfy`rbtahk.

Infy`rbtahk hr b ànt faif

ak prhtnak cbk ebln yhur

O6 dnvnd faifnr %&".&'LD(.

I * dhwnrItfbkIkhrebd dnvnd

hg cfdhra`n %;;.- eehdLD( as

cbddn` fyphcfdhrneab. At

eby on ùn th nfy`rbtahk.9 tnntf ghr

bdaikenkt, dhss,

`nktbd gaddakis bk`

cbrans.

Enca`hus tnntf

oniak th `nvndhp

ontwnnk bk` G

ehktfs0 bdsh &'

nrupt oy "G

ehktfs0 tnntf

oniak th gbdd hut

brhuk` G ynbrs,

wfnk pnrebknkt

thhtf nruptahk bk`prhirnssns uktad

bdd "& fbvn

nruptn`.

A9 K" nktbd

cbrans, 2 bt tfn

dngt dhwnr ehdbr

bk` 2 ak raift

dhwnr ehdbr0 2 ak

prnehdbr




thhtf `ncby %cbrans( eby

bppnbr bs orhwk `hts hr

chvnr ehrn n>tnksavn brnbs

hg cfnwaki surgbcn. * cfbdly

wfatn brnb ak tfn thhtf

surgbcn as b cbvaty tfbt wadd

turk `brlnr watf taen.

9 &ues ghr

odnnàki, chdhr,

rntrbctahk,

dnsahks, swnddaki

E )ues brn pakl,

ehast, bk` gare

watf taift ebriaks

th tfn thhtf. E6h

dnsahks hr

ebssns.

A9 K paklasf iues,

watfhut tfn

prnsnkcn hg

odnnàki,

dnsahks, swnddaki,

hr iue rntrbctahk

bs hosnrvn`.



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt =n`,

swhddnk iues tfbt odnn`

nbsady brn snnk ak iakiavatas,

scurvy %vatbeak $

`ngacankcy(, bk` dnulneab.

=ncnàki rn` iues watf

dhss hg tnntf brn snnk ak

pnrah`hktatas. At as bokhrebd

ak yhukinr cdankts.

9 thk&un ghr

phsatahk, chdhr 7

E #hkiun sfhud`

on pakl, ehast, b

A9 K thkiun wbs

pakl ak chdhr watf



&G / : b i n








tn>turn eh`nrbtn sazn

watf pbpaddbn

prnsnkt, bk`

syeentrac ak

phsatahk.

wfatn chdhrbtahk,

ehast, bk`

syeentrac.

K#fnrn as b

prnsnkcn hg

pbpaddbn hk at.


behki phssaodn

bokhrebdatans brn `nnp

dhkiatuàkbd gassurns snnk ak

`nfy`rbtahk0 b odbcl thkiun

akàcbtavn hg oaseutf

th>acaty9 odbcl, fbary thkiun0

b sehhtf, rn`àsf, sfaky

thkiun watfhut pbpaddbn

akàcbtavn hg kabcak hr O2&

`ngacankcans, cnrtbak bkneab,

bk` bktaknhpdbstac tfnrbpy.

ehvnenkt E #fn thkiun

hggnr strhki

rnsastbkcn.

A9 K thkiun

ehvns wfnk

akstructaki tfnpbtankt th ehvn

at.



6ursaki "

r`

nàtahk tfbtncrnbsn` thkiun strnkitf

eby hccur watf b `ngnct hg

tfn RAA crbkabd knrvn

%fyphidhssbd( hr watf b sfhrt

grnkudue tfbt daeats ehtahk.

9 *b#btns ghr

chdhr, sfbpn,

tn>turn, prnsnkcn

hg ohky

prheaknkcns

E #fn fbr` pbdbtn

as pbdn hr wfatasf

watf gare,

trbksvnrsn ruibn.

A9 K shgt pbdbtn

IIpaklasf bk`

sehhtf

Kfbr`

pbdbtnIII gare bk`fbs tfn prnsnkcn

hg trbksvnrsn

ruibn.



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt *

cbkà`bd akgnctahk eby

bppnbr bs tfacl wfatnpdb5uns hk tfn fbr` pbdbtn.

9 uvu#b ghr

phsatahk 7

ehoadaty

E #fn uvudb as b

gdnsfdy, shda`

structurn tfbt

fbkis grnndy ak

tfn ea`dakn.

E 6h rn`knss hg

hr n>u`btns grheuvudb bk`

syeentrac

ndnvbtahk hg tfn

shgt pbdbtn.

A9 K #fn uvudb as

syeentrac bk`

ehvns wfnk

sbyaki @bbbfN.



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt ag

pbdbtn gbads th rasn bk` uvudb

`nvabtns th khrebd sa`n, at

akàcbtns watf crbkabd knrvn

R %vbius( pbrbdysas.

6htn tfn

chkàtahk hg tfn

E#hksads brn

nbsady snnk oy

A9 K#hksads brn

khrebddy pakl



&? / : b i n



tfrhbt bk` thksads bin G wfnk tfny

akcrnbsn th bùdt

àenksahks.

bk` syeentrac.

K6h n>u`btn hr

dnsahks.


ohtf thksads brn ghuk`

onfak` tfn paddbrs.

CB_@AH+B'C^,B_ '-'PNE

Fnb$t

Zrn$hrà(e.

6htn dagts,

fnbvns, bk`

bpacbd aepudsn.

E#fn bpacbd

aepudsn as bt tf

aktnrchstbd spbcn

%A$3( uktad tfn bin

hg ? ynbrs, wfnk

at `rhps th tfn -tf.

EAt as th tfn dngt hg

tfn ea`cdbvacudbr

dakn %!$D( uktad

bin .

A9 K*pacbd

aepudsns eby

kht on vasaodn

:b9 Kkh pudsbtahk

hr vaorbtahks brn

pbdpbtn` ak brnbs

hg bpn>



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt b

systhdac fnbvn ag eby

akàcbtnIraift vnktracudbr

nkdbrinenkt. *pacbd pudsn

tfbt as kht ak prhpnr dhcbtahk

ghr bin eby akàcbtn

cbràheyhpbtfy,

pknuehtfhrb>, hr

àbpfrbiebtac fnrkab.

6htn rbtn rfytfe

hg tfn bpacbd

aepudsn.

E*wbln bk`

rnstaki rbtns vbry

watf tfn bin hg

tfn cfad`9

& ynbrs th 2'

ynbrs9 ?'I22'

ope

:b9 :udsn =btn9

%bkubry &',

&'2(

'&pe9 2'' ope

'pe9 8; ope

'Gpe9 22' ope

';pe9 2'- ope

%bkubry &2,&'2(

'&pe9 8; ope

'pe9 22' ope

'Gpe9 2'' ope

';pe9 22' ope

K:udsn =btn as ak

khrebd rbkin




:udsn eby on bdtnrn` oy

bpprnfnksahk hr bk>anty,

enàcbtahks, bctavaty, bk`

pbak, bs wndd bs pbtfhdhiac

chkàtahks.

_N'ZA_BPH_- '-'PNE

Pfh$b

Akspnct tfnsfbpn hg tfn

tfhrb>.

E#fhrb> assehhtf, rhuk`n`,

bk` syeentrac.

A9 Ksehhtf Krhuk`n`

Ksyeentrac

*cchràki th Ynoonr 7Fnddny 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak


bokhrebd sfbpns hg tfn

tfhrb> eby akàcbtn hg

pnctus n>cbvbtue bk`

pnctus chrakbtue.

&; / : b i n



$fad`rnk uk`nr ?

ynbrs hd` brn

bo`heakbd

ornbtfnrs.

E=nsparbtahks

sfhud` on

ukdbohrn` bk`

rniudbr ak bdd

bins.

A9 K=nsparbthry

=btn9

%bkubry &',

&'2(

'&pe9 &? cpe

'pe9 &- cpe

'Gpe9 &- cpe

';pe9 &; cpe

%bkubry &2,

&'2(

'&pe9 &- cpe

'pe9 &; cpe

'Gpe9 &- cpe

';pe9 "' cpe




=nsparbtahk sfhud` on, &

ynbrs th 2' ynbrs9 &'I&;

ornbtfs pnr eakutn.

C!nst. uraki

pnrcussahk hg tfn

dukis, khtn thkn

ndacatn`.

E4ypnr

rnshkbkcn as tfn

khrebd thkn

ndacatn` ak yhuki

cfad`rnk.

:n9 Kwatf 4ypnr

rnshkbkcn



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt at as

6hrebd ùn th tfn tfakknss

hg tfn cfnst wbddZ#fas

àeakasfns bs tfn cfad` bins

bk` tfn cfnst wbdd `nvndhps.

*uscudtbtn ghr

ornbtf shuk`

bk` b`vnktatahusshuk`.

EOrnbtf shuk`

eby snne dhu`nr

bk` fbsfnr akyhuki cfad`rnk hg

tfnar tfak cfnst

wbdds.

E 6h b`vnktatahus

shuk`s sfhud` on

fnbr` bdtfhuif

trbkseattn` uppnr

barwby shuk`s

eby on fnbr` hk

buscudtbtahk hg

tfhrb>.

Kkh b`vnktatahus

shuk`s fnbr`



6ursaki "r`

nàtahk tfbtàeakasfn` ornbtf shuk`s

suiinst rnsparbthry

àshr`nrs sucf bs

pknuehkab hr btndnctbsas.

@AIN'PA+N '-'PNE

Akspnct tfn

sfbpn hg tfn

bo`henk.

EAk cfad`rnk up th

ynbrs hg bin,

tfn bo`henk as

prheaknkt ak

A9 K prheaknkt ak

supakn phsatahk

Kdnsahk grnn

Krhuk`n` hr




bo`henk as inknrbdazn`

&8 / : b i n



stbkàki bk`

supakn phsatahks.

prhtuonrbkt

bo`henk

prhtuonrbkt hr àstnk`n`

bo`henk akàcbtns hg

ebdkutratahk.

6htn tfn chdhr,

àscfbrin,

nva`nkt

fnrkabtahk hg tfn

ueoadacus.

Eeoadacus as

pakl, kh

àscfbrin, h`hr,

rn`knss, hr

fnrkabtahk.

A9 Keoadacus as

pakl

Kkh àscfbrin,

h`hr, rn`knss, hr

fnrkabtahk




eoadacus as saeadbr slak

thkn th tfn surrhukàki ak

bo`henk watf nvnkdy

paklasf. *k` at as ak tfn

ea`dakn bt dbtnrbd dakn.

*uscudtbtn ohwnd

shuk`s.

E #fny shuk` daln

cdacls, iuridns, hr

irhwds.

EOruats as kht

khrebddy fnbr`

*9 Kphsatavn

ohwnd shuk`s

Kwatf )uridn

shuk`s prnsnkt

Kkh oruats

fnbr`




shuk` daln cdacls, iuridns, hr

irhwds. Oruat as kht khrebddy

fnbr`.

:bdpbtn

bo`henk ghr

shgtknss hr

fbr`knss.

E*o`henk as shgt

th pbdpbtahk bk`

watfhut ebssns hr

tnk`nrknss.

:b9 Kkh ebssns

K kh

tnk`nrknss

Kshgt th

pbdpbtn



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt shgt

th pbdpbtahk bk` watfhut

ebssns hr tnk`nrknss brn

khrebd gakàkis watfak tfn

bin hg tfn pbtankt.

:bdpbtn tfnodb``nr.

EOdb``nr eby onsdaiftdy pbdpbodn

ak sebdd cfad`rnk.

:b9 KrakbryOdb``nr sdaiftdy

pbdpbodn

*cchràki th Ynoonr 7Fnddny 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak


tfnrn as bk nkdbrin` odb``nr

eby akàcbtn hg urakbry

rntnktahk out eby on ùn th

b ebss.

Bkus bk _n,tue

#fn bkus sfhud`

on akspnctn` ak

cfad`rnk.

E#fn bkbd

hpnkaki sfhud`

on vasaodn bkèhast.

E:nrabkbd slak

sfhud` on sehhtf

bk` grnn hg

dnsahks.

E:nrabkbd slak

A9 Kdnsahk grnn

Kehast

Ksehhtf Ktaiftdy cdhsn`

Kkh rn`knss,

dueps, udcnrs,

rbsfns.



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt tfnbrnb as khrebddy sehhtf bk`

grnn hg rn`knss, bk` ehast.

"' / : b i n



tbis eby on

khtn`._NZ_H@^CPA+N '-'PNE

$nbst

6htn sfbpn,

syeentry, chdhr,

tnk`nrknss,

àscfbrin,

dnsahk, bk`

ebssns

E#fnrn brn kh

pbdpbodn ebssns

ak tfn ornbst.

E*rnhdb vbrans

grhe `brl pakl th

`brl orhwk,

`npnkàki hk tfn

pbtankts1 slak

thkn.

E6appdns brn

knbrdy n5ubd

oadbtnrbddy ak sazn

bk` brn sben

dhcbtahk hk nbcf

ornbst.

EOrnbst as gdbt bk`

syeentrac ak

prnpuonrtbd

cfad`rnk. Honsn

cfad`rnk eby

bppnbr th fbvnornbst tassun.

A9 Kkh dnsahk, hr

àscfbrin

prnsnkt

K6appdns bk`

brnhdb brn knbrdy

oadbtnrbddy n5ubd

ak sazn bk` chdhr

pakl.

Kgdbt ornbst

:b9 Kkh pbdpbodn

ebssns

Kkht tnk`nr




Ag tfnrn as rn`knss, n`neb,

bk` tnk`nrknss at akàcbtns

hg ebstatas.

Eb#n 0nk+tb#+b

Akspnct tfn

inkatbdab,

hosnrvaki sazn

ghr bin bk` bky

dnsahks.

E:nkas as khrebd

sazn ghr bin, bk`

kh dnsahks brn

snnk.

E#fn ghrnslak as

rntrbctbodn ak

ukcarcuecasn`

cfad`.

Erakbry enbtus

as bt tap hg idbk`s

pnkas bk` fbs kh

àscfbrin hr

rn`knss.

E:nkas eby

A9 Ksebdd ak sazn

Kdnsahk grnn

Kkh àscfbrin

Kkh rn`knss

Kukcarcuecasn`




gakàkis hg sebdd sazn, kh

àscfbrin, kh rn`knss,

ukcarcuecasn` bk` dnsahk

grnn as 6hrebd watf tfn bin

hg tfn pbtankt.

"2 / : b i n



bppnbr sebdd ak

honsn ohys

oncbusn hg

hvnrdbppaki slak

ghd`s.

Akspnct bk`

pbdpbtn scrhtue

bk` tnstns.

E3crhtue as grnn

hg dnsahks.

E#nstns brn

pbdpbodn ak

scrhtue watf tfn

dngt tnstacdn

usubddy dhwnr tfbk

tfn raift.

E#nstns brn n5ubd

ak sazn, sehhtf,ehoadn bk` grnn hg

ebssns.

A9 Kkh dnsahk

Kn5ubd ak sazn

:b9 Ktnstns brn

pbdpbodn ak

scrhtue

Ksehhtf th

pbdpbtn

Kehoadn bk`

grnn hg ebssns




dnsahk grnn, n5ubd ak sazn,

sehhtf, ehoadn, bk` tnstns

brn pbdpbodn ak scrhtue as

khrebd watf tfn bin hg tfn

pbtankt.

Akspnct bk`

pbdpbtn akiuakbd

brnb ghr fnrkabs.

E6h akiuakbd

fnrkabs brn

prnsnkt

A9 Kkh khtn`

akiuakbd fnrkabs

:b9 Kkh bky

oudin ak tfn

akiuakbd brnb as

suspnctn`



6ursaki "r` nàtahk tfbt kh

akiuakbd fnrkabs brn sfhud`

on khtn`.

E^'C^,H'2N,NPB, '-'PNE6htn syeentry,

sfbpn, bk`

ehvnenkt. *k`

phsatahkaki hg tfn

gnnt, dnis, bres

bk` fbk`s.

E<nnt bk` dni brn

syeentrac ak sazn,

sfbpn bk`

ehvnenkt.

EB>trneatans

sfhud` on wbre

bk` ehoadn watf

b`n5ubtn

cbpaddbry rngadd.

E#fas as bkakwbr` %phaktaki

thwbr` cnktnr hg

tfn oh`y(

phsatahkaki hg tfn

ghrnghht watf tfn

fnnd ak khrebd

A9 Kn>trneatans

brn syeentrac

K6h swnddaki hr

`nghreatans

Kwatf dnsahks ak

tfn ohtf dhwnr

n>trneatans

Kscrbtcfaki

ùn th atcfaknss

:b9 KkhkItnk`nr

bk` watfhut

khùdns.

K<nnt brn

bdaikenkt watf

tfn dhwnr dni.




fbvaki b dnsahks ak tfn slak

as bokhrebd ùn th aksnct

oatns.

Yfadn tfn rnst brn khrebd bs

nva`nkt hg kh swnddaki bk`

kh n`neb prnsnkt watf ihh`

ehvnenkt bk` bdaikenkt.

"& / : b i n



strbaift phsatahk0 at

rnshdvns

sphktbknhusdy.

E#aoab0 thrsahk,

bdsh cheehk ak

akgbkts bk`

th``dnrs, chksast

hg twastaki hg tfn

taoab akwbr` hr

hutwbr` hk ats

dhki b>as, bk` as

usubddy cbusn` oy

aktrbutnrakn

phsatahkaki0 tfas

typacbddy chrrnctsatsndg oy tfn taen

cfad` as & ynbrs

hd`.

E 3ehhtf,

rhuk`n` enàbd

ebddnhdbr

prheaknkcns watf

prheaknkt fnnds

bk`

entbtbrshpfbdbkinbd +hakt.

K3ehhtf,

rhuk`n` enàbd

ebddnhdbr

prheaknkcns

watf prheaknkt

fnnds bk`

entbtbrshpfbdbk

inbd +hakt.

Kkh pbak, fnbt,

bk` swnddaki

')akbd

bdakenkt.

Hosnrvn spakn

bk` phsturn.

EOy 2&I2;

ehktfs, tfn

dueobr curvn

`nvndhps.

#h `dnrs àspdby

dhr`htac phsturn.

<akàkis ak hd`nr

cfad`rnk bk`

b`hdnscnkt brn

saeadbr th tfhsn ak

bùdts.

A9 Kkh bokhrebd

phsturn khtn`




gakàki hg kh bokhrebd

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rbkin hg ehtahk,

swnddaki,

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swnddaki, rn`knss

hr tnk`nrknss.

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ehtahk

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daeatn` ghr rbkin hg ehtahk

"" / : b i n



tnk`nrknss.

:b9 kh

tnk`nrknss

brn 6hrebd gakàkis ak tfn

bin hg tfn pbtankt.

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sazn bk`

strnkitf.

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strnkitf sfhud`

on b`n5ubtn ghr

tfn pbrtacudbr bin

bk` sfhud` on

n5ubd oadbtnrbddy.

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oadbtnrbddy

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chhràkbtahk hg

ehvnenkt




n5ubd oadbtnrbddy ak euscdn

sazn bk` strnkitf as 6hrebd

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" / : b i n



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• ruis, sucf bs chrtachstnrha`s bk` npaknpfrakn

• $nrtbak obctnrabd akgnctahks

• $nrtbak varbd akgnctahks

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Mbk.29, ?:20

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• *kneab

• B>cnssavn odnnàki• !bdkutratahk

• 6utratahkbd `ngacankcans9 arhk, chppnr, ghdbtn, vatbeaks OG bk` O2&

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4nehidhoak

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odhh` cndd ats rn` chdhr. #fn fnehidhoak tnst enbsurns tfn behukt hg fnehidhoak ak

odhh` bk` as b ihh` enbsurn hg tfn odhh`Ss boadaty th cbrry h>yink tfrhuifhut tfn oh`y.

* dhw fnehidhoak chukt as b cheehkdy snnk odhh` tnst rnsudt. Ak ebky cbsns, b dhw

fnehidhoak chukt as hkdy sdaiftdy dhwnr tfbk khrebd, askSt chksa`nrn` saikagacbkt bk`

cbusns kh syepthes. * dhw fnehidhoak chukt cbk bdsh on cbusn` oy bk bokhrebdaty hr

àsnbsn. Ak tfnsn satubtahks, b dhw fnehidhoak chukt as rngnrrn` th bs bkneab

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4nebthcrat

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Mbk.29, ?:20

Dhw fnebthcrat eby on ùn th9

*kneab

Odnnàki

nstructahk hg rn` odhh` cndds

Dnulneab

!bdkutratahk

6utratahkbd `ngacankcans hg arhk, ghdbtn, vatbeak O2&, bk` vatbeak OG

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#fn !$C %enbk chrpuscudbr vhduen( as bk ak`n> hg tfn sazn hg tfn =O$s. Akcrnbsn hr`ncrnbsn ak ohtf !$C dnvnds brn usn` th `ntnreakn vatbeak OG hr eaknrbd %chppnr hrarhk( `ngacankcans bk`Lhr n>cnss O2& bk` ghdac bca`. #fn ehst cheehk cbusnshg eacrhcytac bkneab brn arhk `ngacankcy %ùn thakb`n5ubtn àntbry aktbln, , sa`nrhodbstac bkneab hr cfrhkac àsnbsn.

"; / : b i n

http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000560.htm


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcytic_anemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_disease



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcytic_anemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sideroblastic_anemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_disease



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Mbk.

29, ?:20

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&-.

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&-."

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!$4$

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Mbk.

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_blood_count


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cells




6, ?:20

#fn !$4$ as `npnk`nkt uphk tfn sazn hg tfn =O$ bs wndd bs tfn behukt hg fnehidhoakak nbcf cndd. $nrtbak àsnbsns bk` bkneabs wadd bdtnr tfn =O$ chukt bk`Lhr tfn behukthg fnehidhoak ak tfn cndd. #fn !$4$ as kht bs `npnk`nkt uphk tfn =O$ chukt bs tfnhtfnr tnsts ak tfas snctahk.

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6nutrhpfad

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6, ?:206nutrhpfads brn nssnktabd ak prhtnctaki tfn oh`y bibakst àsnbsn bk` akgnctahks oy

rnehvaki bk` `nstrhyaki shen typns hg obctnrab, wbstns, ghrnaik suostbkcns, bk` htfnr

cndds.

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?.?

Mbk.

' / : b i n



21, ?:20

Dyepfhcytns

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!hkhcytn

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!hkhcytns brn wfatn odhh` cndds tfbt fndp htfnr wfatn odhh` cndds th rnehvn `nb` hr

`bebin` tassuns, `nstrhy cbkcnr cndds, bk` rniudbtn aeeukaty bibakst ghrnaik

suostbkcns. *k akcrnbsn` kueonr hg ehkhcytns ak tfn odhh` %ehkhcythsas( hccurs akrnsphksn th cfrhkac akgnctahks, ak buthaeeukn àshr`nrs, ak odhh` àshr`nrs, bk` ak

cbkcnrs.

*k akcrnbsn` pnrcnktbin hg ehkhcytns eby ak acbtn9

$frhkac akgdbeebthry àsnbsn

2 / : b i n

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/white-blood-cell.html

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/autoimmune-disease.html


http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/inflammation.html

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/white-blood-cell.html


http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/inflammation.html



:brbsatac akgnctahk

#uonrcudhsas

Carbd akgnctahk %ghr n>bepdn, akgnctahus ehkhkucdnhsas, eueps, enbsdns(

8.2

Mbk.29, ?:20

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Mbk.21, ?:20

Bhsakhpfads

2.'I.'

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Mbk.

6, ?:20 *k nhsakhpfad chukt as b typn hg odhh` tnst tfbt enbsurns tfn 5ubktaty hg nhsakhpfads%b

typn hg wfatn odhh` cndd( ak yhur oh`y. Bhsakhpfads fbvn twh àstakct gukctahks ak yhur

aeeukn systne. <arst, tfny `nstrhy akvbàki inres daln varusns, obctnrab, hr pbrbsatns

sucf bs )abràb bk` pakwhre. Bhsakhpfads bdsh crnbtn bk akgdbeebthry rnsphksn.

*k bokhrebddy dhw nhsakhpfad chukt cbk on cbusn` oy akth>acbtahk grhe bdchfhd hr

n>cnssavn prhùctahk hg chrtashd %b stnrha` prhùcn` kbturbddy ak tfn oh`y(.

*k bokhrebddy faif nhsakhpfads chukt eby on cbusn oy b vbranty hg chkàtahks, asnbsns

bk` gbcthrs, akcduàki9

• :brbsatac bk` gukibd àsnbsns

• *ddnrians, akcdu aki th en acbtahks hr ghh`

• *`rnkbd chkàtahks

& / : b i n

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/parasite.html

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/tuberculosis.html

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/mononucleosis.html


http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/mumps.html

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/parasite.html

http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/tuberculosis.html


http://www.diagnose-me.com/definition-of/mumps.html



• 3lak àshr`nrs

• #h>aks

• *uthaeeukn àsnbsns

2'.2

Mbk.29, ?:20

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Mbk.21, ?:20

Obshpfads

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Mbk.6, ?:20

6hrebd rndbtavn %( chktnkt hg obshpfads .Obshpfads brn b typn hg wfatn odhh` cndd tfbt brn akvhdvn` akakgdbeebthry rnbctahks ak yhur oh`y, nspncabddy tfhsn rndbtn` th bddnrians bk` bstfeb.Yfnk staeudbtn`, obshpfads rndnbsn fastbeakn bk` htfnr nkzyens tfbt cbk dnb`th akgdbeebtahk, orhkcfhchkstractahk, bk` bstfeb syepthes.

'." Mbk.

29, ?:20

'.-

" / : b i n

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B

http://asthma.about.com/od/glossary/g/Allergic_atopic.htm

http://asthma.about.com/od/glossary/g/Def_bronchoconstriction.htm


http://asthma.about.com/od/adultasthma/a/symptoms.htm

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B

http://asthma.about.com/od/glossary/g/Allergic_atopic.htm


http://asthma.about.com/od/adultasthma/a/symptoms.htm



Mbk.21, ?:20

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22.-I2.-

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=YI $C as tfn rndbtavn àstraoutahk wa`tf hg rn` odhh` cndds oy vhduen, chnggacankt hgvbrabtahk. !$C ihns fbk` ak fbk` watf rn` odhh` cndd àstraoutahk wa`tf %=Y( ak tnreshg bkneab bk` htfnr fnebthdhiy àshr`nrs, bk` tfn vbduns hg ohtf brn akgdunkcn` oynbcf htfnr.

6hrebd =Y bk` dhw !$C as bsshcabtn` watf tfn ghddhwaki chkàtahks9

• *kneab hg cfrhkac asnbsn

• 4ntnrhzyihus tfbdbssneab

4nehidhoak B trbat

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/ : b i n

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8


http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B





Mbk.6, ?:20

* pdbtndnt chukt as b tnst th enbsurn fhw ebky pdbtndnts yhu fbvn ak yhur odhh`.:dbtndnts fndp tfn odhh` cdht. #fny brn sebddnr tfbk rn` hr wfatn odhh` cndds.

$hkàtahks hr gbcthrs tfbt cbk cbusn b faif pdbtndnt chukt brn9

• ArhkI`ngacankcy bkneab %ufI6BBIenIuf(

• 4nehdytac %4BBIehfIdatIacl( bkneab

• *osnkcn hg b spdnnk %bgtnr surinry th rnehvn tfas hribk(

• $bkcnr

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b ebcfaknIcbdcudbtn` enbsurnenkt hg tfn bvnrbin sazn hg pdbtndnts ghuk` ak odhh` bk`

as typacbddy akcdu`n` ak odhh` tnsts bs pbrt hg tfn $O$. 3akcn tfn bvnrbin pdbtndnt sazn as

dbrinr wfnk tfn oh`y as prhùcaki akcrnbsn` kueonrs hg pdbtndnts tfn !:C tnst rnsudts

- / : b i n

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ida/ida_whatis.html

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ha/ha_whatis.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platelets


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_tests


http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ida/ida_whatis.html

http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/ha/ha_whatis.html


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_tests




cbk on usn` th ebln akgnrnkcns bohut pdbtndnt prhùctahk ak ohkn ebrrhw hr pdbtndnt

`nstructahk prhodnes

;.'

Mbk.29, ?:20

G / : b i n

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_marrow



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rngdnct la`kny gukctahks ghr $F pbtankts.

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phssaody cbusn` oy la`kny prhodnes.

$busns hg faif crnbtakakn dnvnds

2. nfy`rbtahk hr akb`n5ubtn wbtnr aktbln

sucf bs faif gnvnr, swnbtaki, àurnsas cbk

cbusn odhh` chkcnktrbtahk bk` rnùcn`

odhh` gdhw ak tfn la`knys. $rnbtakakn wadd

akcrnbsn.

&. HvnrItarn`knss, dbcl hg rnst cbk cbusn

ndnvbtahk hg crnbtakakn dnvnd.

". rakn bokhrebdatans sucf bs dhki tnre

fnebturab, prhtnakurab cbk on bcchepbkan`

oy faif crnbtakakn.

. Aktbln hg `ruis tfbt fbvn rnkbd th>acaty

cbk cbusn faif crnbtakakn wfacf cbk nvnk

on arrnvnrsaodn.

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akgnctahks sucf bs chd , pknuehkab,

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? / : b i n

http://www.kidneyfailureweb.com/creatinine/

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/urea

http://www.kidneyfailureweb.com/creatinine/

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/urea



eb`n wfnk prhtnak as orhlnk `hwk ak yhuroh`y. rnb as eb`n ak tfn davnr bk` pbssn`hut hg yhur oh`y ak tfn urakn.

4nbrt gbadurn, `nfy`rbtahk, hr b ànt faif akprhtnak cbk ebln yhur O6 dnvnd faifnr

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2;uehdLD

2&-."uehdLD 3hàue as hkn hg tfn ehst aephrtbkt

ndnctrhdytns bggnctn` oy `nfy`rbtahk.

)bstrhnktnratas cbk cbusn fyphkbtrneab, hr

dhw shàue dnvnds, rnsudts wfnk tfn oh`y

dhsns ehrn shàue tfbk wbtnr, nspncabddy ak

cbsns hg snvnrn vheataki bk` àbrrfnb.

3aiks hg fyphkbtrneab akcdu`n fnb`bcfn,

chkgusahk bk` dntfbriy

:htbssaue ".GI-.-

eehdLD

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; / : b i n

http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/liver

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/heart-failure-8021




http://www.webmd.com/hepatitis/liver






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ndnctrhdytns bggnctn` oy `nfy`rbtahk.

)bstrhnktnratas cbk cbusn fyphkbtrneab, hr

dhw shàue dnvnds, rnsudts wfnk tfn oh`y dhsnsehrn shàue tfbk wbtnr, nspncabddy ak cbsns hg

snvnrn vheataki bk` àbrrfnb. 3aiks hg

fyphkbtrneab akcdu`n fnb`bcfn, chkgusahk

bk` dntfbriy

:htbssaue ".GI-.-

eehdLD

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eehdLD:htbssaue as ehstdy ghuk` aksa`n tfn oh`ySscndds, sh sebdd cfbkins ak tfn phtbssaue dnvndak tfn odhh`strnbe cbk fbvn b saikagacbktaepbct ak b pnrshk watf ibstrhnktnratas.

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* cfdhra`n tnst enbsurns tfn dnvnd hg cfdhra`nak yhur odhh` hr urakn. $fdhra`n as hkn hg tfn

ehst aephrtbkt ndnctrhdytns ak tfn odhh`. At

fndps lnnp tfn behukt hg gdua` aksa`n bk`

hutsa`n hg yhur cndds ak obdbkcn. At bdsh fndps

ebaktbak prhpnr odhh` vhduen, odhh` prnssurn,

bk` p4 hg yhur oh`y gdua`s

* dhwnrItfbkIkhrebd dnvnd hg cfdhra`n as cbddn`

fyphcfdhrneab. At eby on ùn th9

• *`àshkSs àsnbsn

• $hkinstavn fnbrt gbadurn

• nfy`rbtahk

8 / : b i n

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/electrolytes-and-electrolyte-imbalances

http://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood

http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/blood-pressure-causes

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/ph



http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/electrolytes-and-electrolyte-imbalances

http://www.webmd.com/heart/anatomy-picture-of-blood

http://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/blood-pressure-causes

http://www.webmd.com/hw-popup/ph





• B>cnssavn swnbtaki

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as aephrtbkt ghr fnbrt gukctahk. At bdsh fndps

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3hen enàcakns, odbclonrrans, onnts, rfuobro, hr

odhh` ak tfn urakn cbk turk urakn rnÌorhwk.

-' / : b i n





http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/tc/dietary-supplements-topic-overview





http://www.webmd.com/food-recipes/tc/dietary-supplements-topic-overview



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ak knpfrhtac syk`rhen, `nfy`rbtahk, bcutn

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at as hkn hg tfn garst prhtnaks bodn th pbss tfrhuif tfn

la`knys akth tfn urakn wfnk tfnrn brn la`kny

prhodnes. #fas prnsnkcn hg sebdd behukts hg

bdoueak ak tfn urakn as tfn chkàtahk cbddn`

eacrhbdoueakurab. At eby akàcbtn la`kny gbadurn bk`

cfad`rnk watf `nfy`rbtahk brn bt faif rasl ak

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chkàtahks wfnrn tfn odhh` iduchsn dnvnds brn faif,

fypnridycneab, bs hccurs watf àbontns enddatus.

-2 / : b i n



!acrhschpac

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ak urakn as 5uatn khrebd. Out thh ebky hg tfne eby

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YO$s brn prnsnkt ak urakn, tfny eby bdsh on

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nstnrbsn.

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akth tfn urakn

Bpfatndabd

cndds

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snàenkt. 35ubehus npatfndabd cndds brn dbrin bk`

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irbkudbr cythpdbse0 tfnar prnsnkcn suiinsts

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npatfndabd cndds as khrebd. #fnsn cndds brn sebddnr

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akàcbtns saikagacbkt rnkbd pbtfhdhiy Brytfrhcytns

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ysehrpfac nrytfrhcytns, wfacf fbvn h`` sfbpns

oncbusn hg tfnar pbssbin tfrhuif bk bokhrebd

idhenrudus, suiinst idhenrudbr àsnbsn.

-& / : b i n

http://www.healthcaremagic.com/articles/The-Urinary-Tract/8110

http://www.healthcaremagic.com/topics/leukocyte-esterase/33867


http://www.healthcaremagic.com/articles/The-Urinary-Tract/8110





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-" / : b i n



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- / : b i n



Cbsn Ebkbinenkt

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-- / : b i n



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-G / : b i n



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chepntatavn akàvaùbds.

http://www.mims.com/PHILIPPINES/drug/search/Anxiolytics


http://www.mims.com/PHILIPPINES/drug/search/Anticonvulsants






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bk>anty bk`tnksahk bk`th dnssnkrncbdd akpbtankts prahrth suriacbdprhcnùrns,cbràhvnrsahk, bk`nk`hschpac

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Ak`bk1 Cb"atn






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n5uatbodn bk` rndnvbkt nùcbtahkbd hpphrtukatansak tfn brts, scankcn bk` tncfkhdhiy tfrhuif

5ubdaty akstructahk bk` rndnvbkt rnsnbrcf bk``nvndhpenkt bctavatans. At sfbdd prhùcn

prhgnssahkbd, sladdn` bk` ehrbddy upraiftakàvaùbds ghr idhobd chepntatavnknss.




Ak`bk1 Cb"atn



=nvnrsaodnchkgusahkbdstbtn. <nvnr,brtfrbdiab,eybdiab,odhh` 7 $Càshr`nrs

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bsparbtn.

G / : b i n





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Ih kht sndgIenàcbtncfad`rnk ghr pbak ehrn

GG / : b i n







Ak`bk1 Cb"atn






Cdnbr pnrapfnrbd odhh`

gdhw.

th prnvnktphstIaeeukazbtahkpyrn>ab %faiftnepnrbturn(.

:brbcntbehdas hgtnkakcdu`n` akchuif, chd`

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tfbk - ` watfhutchksudtaki b pfysacabk.

Ih kht usn ghr gnvnrpnrsastaki dhkinr tfbk "`, gnvnr hvnr "8.- $ %2'"<(, hr rncurrnkt gnvnr.

I h kht iavn cfad`rnk

ehrn tfbk - `hsns ak &

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O. @antbr% Zrns$ra)tahkM _nstra$tahk

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Zrh$n`(rns Akà$btahk &akàks K(rsak

_ns)hksa?adatans

H>%nk

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chkcnktrbthrs as

bkhtfnr enbks hg

prhvaàki vbryaki

behukts hg h>yink.

6bsbd $bkkudb fbs

suiinstn` gdhw rbtn

hg 2IG DLeak.

:btankt .! wbs

iavnk bk h>yink

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rndang ghr ornbtfaki.

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iavnk h>yink

akfbdbthr vab kbsbd

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prahr th bèassahk.#fn kbsbd cbkkudb

`ndavnrs 2' th '

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supphrt th tfn

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hg tfn surgbcn sfhud`

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euchsb `ryaki.

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binkt.

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snnk.

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sfhud` on rniudbtn`

bccurbtndy bcchràki

th tfn `hcthr1s hr`nr.

AC $btfntnrazbtahk As tncfka5un ak :btankt ! wbs #fn 6ursn sfhud`

G; / : b i n



wfacf b cbkkudb as

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th prhva`n vnkhus

bccnss.

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odhh` bs wndd bs

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pbrnktnrbd kutratahk,

cfnehtfnrbpy, bk`

odhh` prhùcts.

cbtfntnrazn` watf kh.

"" -A!O rniudbtn`

bt ;I8 uitts hk fnr

dngt entbcbrpbd vnak.

bssnss tfn AC satn th

cfncl ag tfnrn as

neohdase,

easpdbcnenkt hg AC

$bkkudb hr htfnr

prhodnes ak rndbtahk th

AC #fnrbpy.

G8 / : b i n



Hvnrvanw *kbthey bk` :fysahdhiy

?' / : b i n



BKBPHE- BK@ ZF-'AH,HI-

IB'P_HAKPN'PAKB, P_BCP

#fn fuebk bstrhaktnstakbd trb$t %)A trbct(, rngnrs th tfn sthebcf bk` aktnstakn,

bk` as àva`n` akth tfn uppnr bk` dhwnr ibstrhaktnstakbd trbcts. At cbk bdsh akcdu`n bdd tfnstructurns grhe tfn ehutf th tfn bkus.

#fn wfhdn àinstavn trbct as bohut kakn entrns dhki. #fn trbct eby bdsh on

àva`n` akth ghrniut, eaìut, bk` fakìut, rngdnctaki tfn neoryhdhiacbdhraiak hg nbcf

snienkt hg tfn trbct.

#fn )A trbct chkstbktdy rndnbsns fhrehkns th fndp rniudbtn tfn àinstavn prhcnss.

#fnsn fhrehkns, akcduàki ibstrak, sncrntak, cfhdncysthlakak, bk` ifrndak, brn enàbtn`

tfrhuif natfnr aktrbcrakn hr buthcrakn encfbkases, akàcbtaki tfbt tfn cndds rndnbsaki

tfnsn fhrehkns brn chksnrvn` structurns tfrhuifhut nvhdutahk.

BKBPHE-

^))nr bstrhaktnstakbd trb$t

#fn uppnr ibstrhaktnstakbd trbct chksasts hg tfn nshpfbius, sthebcf,

bk` ùh`nkue. #fn n>bct `nebrcbtahk ontwnnk tfn uppnr bk` dhwnr trbcts cbk vbry.

phk àssnctahk, tfn ùh`nkue eby bppnbr th on b ukagan` hribk, out at as hgtnk àva`n`

akth twh pbrts obsn` uphk gukctahk, brtnrabd suppdy, hr neoryhdhiy.

#fn suspnkshry euscdn hg ùh`nkue as bk aephrtbkt bkbtheacbd dbkèbrl wfacfsfhws tfn ghrebd àvasahk ontwnnk tfn ùh`nkue bk` tfn +n+ukue, tfn garst bk` snchk`

pbrts hg tfn sebdd aktnstakn, rnspnctavndy. #fas as b tfak euscdn wfacf as `nravn` grhe

tfn neoryhkac ensh`nre.

,h#nr bstrhaktnstakbd trb$t

?2 / : b i n

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomach


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mouth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foregut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracrine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocrine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_mouth

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foregut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midgut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindgut

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholecystokinin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghrelin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intracrine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autocrine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagus



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspensory_muscle_of_duodenum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryonic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoderm



#fn dhwnr ibstrhaktnstakbd trbct akcdu`ns ehst hg tfn sebdd aktnstakn bk` bdd hg

tfn dbrin aktnstakn.

Oh#nd hr aktnstakn

'ebdd Aktnstakn9 4bs tfrnn pbrts9

@(h`nk(e= 4nrn tfn àinstavn +uacns grhe tfn pbkcrnbs %àinstavn

nkzyens( bk` fhrehkns bk` tfn ibdd odb``nr %oadn( ea>. #fn àinstavn

nkzyens ornbl `hwk prhtnaks bk` oadn bk` neudsagy gbts akth eacnddns.

#fn ùh`nkue chktbaks OrukknrSs idbk`s wfacf prhùcn b eucusIracf

bdlbdakn sncrntahk chktbakaki oacbrohkbtn , wfacf Ak cheoakbtahk watf

oacbrohkbtn grhe tfn pbkcrnbs knutrbdazns 4$d hg tfn sthebcf.

*nL(k(e= #fas as tfn ea`snctahk hg tfn aktnstakn, chkknctaki tfn

ùh`nkue th tfn adnue. At chktbaks tfn pdacbn carcudbrns, bk` vadda tfbt

akcrnbsn tfn surgbcn brnb hg tfas pbrt hg tfn )A #rbct. :rhùcts hg àinstahk

%suibrs, beakh bca`s, bk` gbtty bca`s( brn boshron` akth tfn odhh`strnbefnrn.

Adn(e= 4bs vadda saeadbr th tfn +n+ukue, bk` boshros ebakdy vatbeak

O2& bk` oadn bca`s, bs wndd bs bky htfnr rnebakaki kutrankts.

,brn Aktnstakn= 4bs tfrnn pbrts9

Cbn$(e= #fn vnreaghre bppnkà> as bttbcfn` th tfn cbncue.

Chdhk= Akcdu`ns tfn bscnkàki chdhk, trbksvnrsn chdhk, `nscnkàki

chdhk bk`

'aeha` &dn>(rn= #fn ebak gukctahk hg tfn $hdhk as th boshro

wbtnr, out at bdsh chktbaks obctnrab tfbt prhùcn

onkngacabd vatbeaks daln vatbeak F.

_n$t(e

• Bkbd $bkbd= #fn tnreakbd pbrt hg tfn dbrin aktnstakn.

ZF-'AH,HI-

#fn taen tblnk ghr ghh` hr htfnr akinstn` ho+ncts th trbksat tfrhuif tfn

ibstrhaktnstakbd trbct vbrans `npnkàki hk ebky gbcthrs, out rhuifdy, at tblns dnss tfbk

bk fhur bgtnr b enbd ghr -' hg sthebcf chktnkts th nepty akth tfn aktnstakns bk` thtbdneptyaki hg tfn sthebcf tblns brhuk` & fhurs. 3uosn5unktdy, -' neptyaki hg tfn

sebdd aktnstakn tblns 2 th & fhurs. <akbddy, trbksat tfrhuif tfn chdhk tblns 2& th -' fhurs

watf wa`n vbrabtahk ontwnnk akàvaùbds.

?& / : b i n

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Intestine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestive_enzymes


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_bladder

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsify

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelles


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunner's_glands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HCl


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plicae_circulares

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intestinal_villus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Intestine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caecum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendix


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_colon

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse_colon


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_colon



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_Flexure

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut_flora

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_canal


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestine

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowel


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_Intestine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pancreas



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gall_bladder


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulsify

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micelles


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunner's_glands

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicarbonate


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plicae_circulares


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileum




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bile_acids

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_Intestine


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermiform_appendix


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_colon




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoid_Flexure


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_K

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectum

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_canal



Aee(kn g(k$tahk

#fn ibstrhaktnstakbd trbct as bdsh b prheaknkt pbrt hg tfn aeeukn systne. #fn

surgbcn brnb hg tfn àinstavn trbct as nstaebtn` th on tfn surgbcn brnb hg b ghhtobdd gand`.

Yatf sucf b dbrin n>phsurn, tfn aeeukn systne eust whrl fbr` th prnvnkt pbtfhinks

grhe nktnraki akth odhh` bk` dyepf.#fn dhw p4 %rbkiaki grhe 2 th ( hg tfn sthebcf as gbtbd ghr

ebky eacrhhribkases tfbt nktnr at. 3aeadbrdy, eucus %chktbakaki Ai* bktaohàns(

knutrbdazns ebky hg tfnsn eacrhhribkases. Htfnr gbcthrs ak tfn )A trbct fndp watf

aeeukn gukctahk bs wndd, akcduàki nkzyens ak sbdavb bk` oadn. Bkzyens sucf bs

$yp"*, bdhki watf tfn bktaphrtnr bctavatans, bdsh brn akstruenktbd ak tfn aktnstaknSs rhdn

hg `nth>agacbtahk hg bktainks bk` >nkhoahtacs, sucf bs `ruis, akvhdvn` ak garst pbss

entbohdase.

4nbdtfInkfbkcaki aktnstakbd obctnrab snrvn th prnvnkt tfn hvnrirhwtf hg

phtnktabddy fbregud obctnrab ak tfn iut. #fnsn twh typns hg obctnrab chepntn ghr spbcn

bk` Vghh`,V bs tfnrn brn daeatn` rnshurcns watfak tfn aktnstakbd trbct. * rbtah hg ;'I;-

onkngacabd th 2-I&' phtnktabddy fbregud obctnrab inknrbddy as chksa`nrn` khrebd watfaktfn aktnstakns. !acrhhribkases bdsh brn lnpt bt oby oy bk n>tnksavn aeeukn systne

cheprasaki tfn iutIbsshcabtn` dyepfha` tassun %)*D#(.

O_BAK

#fn orbak as hkn hg tfn ehst chepdn> bk` ebikagacnkt hribks ak tfn fuebk oh`y.

Hur orbak iavns us bwbrnknss hg hursndvns bk` hg hur nkvarhkenkt, prhcnssaki b

chkstbkt strnbe hg snkshry `btb. At chktrhds hur euscdn ehvnenkts, tfn sncrntahks hg

hur idbk`s, bk` nvnk hur ornbtfaki bk` aktnrkbd tnepnrbturn. Bvnry crnbtavn tfhuift,gnndaki, bk` pdbk as `nvndhpn` oy hur orbak. #fn orbak1s knurhks rnchr` tfn enehry hg

nvnry nvnkt ak hur davns.

BKBPHE-

?" / : b i n

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saliva




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotic

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_pass_metabolism



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PH

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IgA

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodies





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigen

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenobiotic




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gut-associated_lymphoid_tissue



#fnrn brn àggnrnkt wbys hg àvaàki tfn orbak bkbtheacbddy akth rniahks. Dnt1s usnb cheehk entfh` bk` àva`n tfn orbak akth tfrnn ebak rniahks obsn` hk neoryhkac`nvndhpenkt9 tfn ghrnorbak, eaòrbak bk` fakòrbak. k`nr tfnsn àvasahks9

• #fn ghrn?rbak %hr prhsnkcnpfbdhk( as eb`n up hg hur akcrn aodn cnrnorue,

tfbdbeus, fyphtfbdbeus bk` paknbd idbk` behki htfnr gnbturns. 6nurhbkbtheasts cbddtfn cnrnorbd brnb tfn tndnkcnpfbdhk bk` usn tfn tnre ànkcnpfbdhk %hr aktnrorbak( thrngnr th tfn brnb wfnrn hur tfbdbeus, fyphtfbdbeus bk` paknbd idbk` rnsa`n.

• #fn ea`?rbak %hr !nsnkcnpfbdhk(, dhcbtn` knbr tfn vnry cnktnr hg tfn orbak

ontwnnk tfn aktnrorbak bk` tfn fakòrbak, as chephsn` hg b phrtahk hg tfn orbakstne.

• #fn !ak`?rbak %hr rfh!+nkcnpfbdhk( chksasts hg tfn rnebakaki orbakstne bs

wndd bs hur cnrnonddue bk` phks. 6nurhbkbtheasts fbvn b whr` th `nscraon tfnorbakstne suoIrniahk hg hur fakòrbak, cbddaki at tfn !$ndnkcnpfbdhk, wfadn tfny usn tfnwhr`!ntnkcnpfbdhk ak rngnrnkcn th hur cnrnonddue bk` phks chddnctavndy.Onghrn n>pdhraki tfnsn àggnrnkt rniahks hg tfn orbak, garst dnt1s `ngakn tfn aephrtbkt typnshg cndds bk` tassuns tfbt brn tfn ouadàki odhcls hg tfne bdd.

Fasthdh% Orbak cndds cbk on orhlnk akth twh irhups9 knurhks bk` knurhidab.

Knu$hks1 hr knrvn cndds, brn tfn cndds tfbt pnrghre bdd hg tfn cheeukacbtahk bk`prhcnssaki watfak tfn orbak. 3nkshry knurhks nktnraki tfn orbak grhe tfn pnrapfnrbdknrvhus systne `ndavnr akghrebtahk bohut tfn chkàtahk hg tfn oh`y bk` ats surrhukàkis.!hst hg tfn knurhks ak tfn orbak1s irby ebttnr brn aktnrknurhks, wfacf brn rnsphksaodn

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ghr aktnirbtaki bk` prhcnssaki akghrebtahk `ndavnrn` th tfn orbak oy snkshry knurhks.Aktnrknurhks snk` saikbds th ehthr knurhks, wfacf cbrry saikbds th euscdns bk` idbk`s.

Knu$h&#+b1 hr idabd cndds, bct bs tfn fndpnr cndds hg tfn orbak0 tfny supphrt bk`prhtnct tfn knurhks. Ak tfn orbak tfnrn brn ghur typns hg idabd cndds9 bstrhcytns,

hdaih`nk`rhcytns, eacrhidab, bk` npnk`yebd cndds.

• Bst$h,ytns prhtnct knurhks oy gadtnraki kutrankts hut hg tfn odhh` bk` prnvnktaki

cfneacbds bk` pbtfhinks grhe dnbvaki tfn cbpaddbrans hg tfn orbak.

• H#+&hnk$h,ytns wrbp tfn b>hks hg knurhks ak tfn orbak th prhùcn tfn

aksudbtahk lkhwk bs eyndak. !yndakbtn` b>hks trbkseat knrvn saikbds eucf gbstnr tfbkukeyndakbtn` b>hks, sh hdaih`nk`rhcytns bccndnrbtn tfn cheeukacbtahk spnn` hg tfnorbak.

• E+,$h&#+b bct eucf daln wfatn odhh` cndds oy bttbclaki bk` `nstrhyaki pbtfhinks

tfbt akvb`n tfn orbak.

• N*nkyeb# ,n##s dakn tfn cbpaddbrans hg tfn cfhrha` pdn>usns bk` gadtnr odhh`

pdbseb th prhùcn cnrnorhspakbd gdua`.#fn tassun hg tfn orbak cbk on orhlnk `hwk akth twh eb+hr cdbssns9 irby ebttnr bk`wfatn ebttnr.

• 0$by ebttn$ as eb`n hg ehstdy ukeyndakbtn` knurhks, ehst hg wfacf brn

aktnrknurhks. #fn irby ebttnr rniahks brn tfn brnbs hg knrvn chkknctahks bk`prhcnssaki.

• >f+tn ebttn$ as eb`n hg ehstdy eyndakbtn` knurhks tfbt chkknct tfn rniahks hg

irby ebttnr th nbcf htfnr bk` th tfn rnst hg tfn oh`y. !yndakbtn` knurhks trbkseat knrvnsaikbds eucf gbstnr tfbk ukeyndakbtn` b>hks `h. #fn wfatn ebttnr bcts bs tfnakghrebtahk faifwby hg tfn orbak th spnn` tfn chkknctahks ontwnnk àstbkt pbrts hg tfnorbak bk` oh`y.

FAK@O_BAK /_FHEONKCNZFB,HK:

Orbakstne $hkknctaki tfn orbak th tfn spakbd chr`, tfn orbakstne as tfn ehst akgnrahr phrtahkhg hur orbak. !bky hg tfn ehst obsac survavbd gukctahks hg tfn orbak brn chktrhddn` oy tfnorbakstne.

#fn orbakstne as eb`n hg tfrnn rniahks9 tfn enùddb hodhkibtb, tfn phks, bk`tfn eaòrbak. * kntIdaln structurn hg ea>n` irby bk` wfatn ebttnr lkhwk bs tfn rntacudbr

ghrebtahk as ghuk` ak bdd tfrnn rniahks hg tfn orbakstne. #fn rntacudbr ghrebtahk chktrhdseuscdn thkn ak tfn oh`y bk` bcts bs tfn swatcf ontwnnk chkscahusknss bk` sdnnp ak tfnorbak.

#fn enu##b h!#hk&btb as b rhuifdy cydak`racbd ebss hg knrvhus tassun tfbtchkkncts th tfn spakbd chr` hk ats akgnrahr ohr`nr bk` th tfn phks hk ats supnrahr ohr`nr.#fn enùddb chktbaks ehstdy wfatn ebttnr tfbt cbrrans knrvn saikbds bscnkàki akth tfnorbak bk` `nscnkàki akth tfn spakbd chr`. Yatfak tfn enùddb brn snvnrbd rniahks hg irby ebttnr tfbt prhcnss akvhduktbry oh`y gukctahks rndbtn` th fhenhstbsas. #fn

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&H_NO_BAK /Z_H'NKCNZFB,HK:

@ank$n)!bdhk 3upnrahr bk` bktnrahr th tfn eaòrbak as tfn rniahk lkhwk bs tfn aktnrorbak, hrànkcnpfbdhk. #fn tfbdbeus, fyphtfbdbeus, bk` paknbd idbk`s ebln up tfn eb+hr

rniahks hg tfn ànkcnpfbdhk.

• #fn tfb#beus chksasts hg b pbar hg hvbd ebssns hg irby ebttnr akgnrahr th tfn

dbtnrbd vnktracdns bk` surrhukàki tfn tfar` vnktracdn. 3nkshry knurhks nktnraki tfn orbakgrhe tfn pnrapfnrbd knrvhus systne ghre rndbys watf knurhks ak tfn tfbdbeus tfbtchktakun hk th tfn cnrnorbd chrtn>. Ak tfas wby tfn tfbdbeus bcts daln tfn swatcfohbr`hpnrbthr hg tfn orbak oy rhutaki snkshry akputs th tfn chrrnct rniahks hg tfn cnrnorbdchrtn>. #fn tfbdbeus fbs bk aephrtbkt rhdn ak dnbrkaki oy rhutaki snkshry akghrebtahkakth prhcnssaki bk` enehry cnktnrs hg tfn cnrnorue.

• #fn fy*htfb#beus as b rniahk hg tfn orbak dhcbtn` akgnrahr th tfn tfbdbeus bk`

supnrahr th tfn patuatbry idbk`. #fn fyphtfbdbeus bcts bs tfn orbak1s chktrhd cnktnr ghr

oh`y tnepnrbturn, fukinr, tfarst, odhh` prnssurn, fnbrt rbtn, bk` tfn prhùctahk hg fhrehkns. Ak rnsphksn th cfbkins ak tfn chkàtahk hg tfn oh`y `ntnctn` oy snkshryrncnpthrs, tfn fyphtfbdbeus snk`s saikbds th idbk`s, sehhtf euscdns, bk` tfn fnbrt thchuktnrbct tfnsn cfbkins. <hr n>bepdn, ak rnsphksn th akcrnbsns ak oh`y tnepnrbturn,tfn fyphtfbdbeus staeudbtns tfn sncrntahk hg swnbt oy swnbt idbk`s ak tfn slak. #fnfyphtfbdbeus bdsh snk`s saikbds th tfn cnrnorbd chrtn> th prhùcn tfn gnndakis hg fukinr bk` tfarst wfnk tfn oh`y as dbclaki ghh` hr wbtnr. #fnsn saikbds staeudbtn tfnchkscahus eak` th snnl hut ghh` hr wbtnr th chrrnct tfas satubtahk. #fn fyphtfbdbeusbdsh àrnctdy chktrhds tfn patuatbry idbk` oy prhùcaki fhrehkns. 3hen hg tfnsnfhrehkns, sucf bs h>ythcak bk` bkta aurntac fhrehkn, brn prhùcn` ak tfnfyphtfbdbeus bk` sthrn` ak tfn phstnrahr patuatbry idbk`. Htfnr fhrehkns, sucf bs

rndnbsaki bk` akfaoataki fhrehkns, brn sncrntn` akth tfn odhh` th staeudbtn hr akfaoatfhrehkn prhùctahk ak tfn bktnrahr patuatbry idbk`.

• #fn *+knb# &#bk as b sebdd idbk` dhcbtn` phstnrahr th tfn tfbdbeus ak b suoI

rniahk cbddn` tfn npatfbdbeus. #fn paknbd idbk` prhùcns tfn fhrehkn endbthkak. Daiftstralaki tfn rntakb hg tfn nyns snk`s saikbds th akfaoat tfn gukctahk hg tfn paknbd idbk`. Aktfn `brl, tfn paknbd idbk` sncrntns endbthkak, wfacf fbs b sn`btavn nggnct hk tfn orbakbk` fndps th akùcn sdnnp. #fas gukctahk hg tfn paknbd idbk` fndps th n>pdbak wfy`brlknss as sdnnpIakùcaki bk` daift tnk`s th àsturo sdnnp. Oboans prhùcn dbrinbehukts hg endbthkak, bddhwaki tfne th sdnnp bs dhki bs 2G fhurs pnr `by. #fn paknbdidbk` prhùcns dnss endbthkak bs pnhpdn bin, rnsudtaki ak àggacudty sdnnpaki ùrakibùdtfhh`.

Cnrn?r(e #fn dbrinst rniahk hg tfn fuebk orbak, hur cnrnorue chktrhds faifnr orbakgukctahks sucf bs dbkiubin, dhiac, rnbshkaki, bk` crnbtavaty. #fn cnrnorue surrhuk`stfn ànkcnpfbdhk bk` as dhcbtn` supnrahr th tfn cnrnonddue bk` orbakstne. * `nnpgurrhw lkhwk bs tfn dhkiat&àkbd gass&rn ruks ea`sbiattbddy `hwk tfn cnktnr hg tfncnrnorue, àvaàki tfn cnrnorue akth tfn dngt bk` raift fneaspfnrns. Bbcf fneaspfnrn

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chr` prhva`ns ebky aephrtbkt gukctahks th tfn cnktrbd knrvhus systne. =btfnr tfbkonaki garedy bkcfhrn` th tfnar surrhukàki ohkns, tfn orbak bk` spakbd chr` gdhbt watfaktfn $3<. $3< gadds tfn suobrbcfkha` spbcn bk` n>nrts prnssurn hk tfn hutsa`n hg tfnorbak bk` spakbd chr`. #fn prnssurn hg tfn $3< bcts bs b stboadaznr bk` sfhcl boshronr ghr tfn orbak bk` spakbd chr` bs tfny gdhbt watfak tfn fhddhw spbcns hg tfn sludd bk`

vnrtnorbn. Aksa`n hg tfn orbak, sebdd $3<Igaddn` cbvatans cbddn` vnktracdns n>pbk` uk`nr tfn prnssurn hg $3< th dagt bk` akgdbtn tfn shgt orbak tassun.

$nrnorhspakbd gdua` as prhùcn` ak tfn orbak oy cbpaddbrans dakn` watf npnk`yebdcndds lkhwk bs cfhrha` pdn>usns. Odhh` pdbseb pbssaki tfrhuif tfn cbpaddbrans as gadtnrnòy tfn npnk`yebd cndds bk` rndnbsn` akth tfn suobrbcfkha` spbcn bs $3<. #fn $3<chktbaks iduchsn, h>yink, bk` ahks, wfacf at fndps th àstraoutn tfrhuifhut tfn knrvhustassun. $3< bdsh trbksphrts wbstn prhùcts bwby grhe knrvhus tassuns.

*gtnr carcudbtaki brhuk` tfn orbak bk` spakbd chr`, $3< nktnrs sebdd structurnslkhwk bs brbcfkha` vadda wfnrn at as rnboshron` akth tfn odhh`strnbe. *rbcfkha` vadda brngakinrIdaln n>tnksahks hg tfn brbcfkha` ebtnr tfbt pbss tfrhuif tfn ùrb ebtnr bk` akth

tfn supnrahr sbiattbd sakus. #fn supnrahr sbiattbd sakus as b vnak tfbt ruks tfrhuif tfndhkiatu akbd gassurn hg tfn orbak bk` cbrrans odhh` bk` cnrnorhspakbd gdua` grhe tfn orbakobcl th tfn fnbrt.

ZF-'AH,HI-

Entb?hdase nspatn wnaifaki hkdy bohut " phuk`s, tfn orbak chksuens bs eucf bs &' hg tfn h>yink bk` iduchsn tblnk ak oy tfn oh`y. 6nrvhus tassun ak tfn orbak fbs b vnryfaif entbohdac rbtn ùn th tfn sfnnr kueonr hg `ncasahks bk` prhcnssns tblaki pdbcnwatfak tfn orbak bt bky iavnk taen. Dbrin vhduens hg odhh` eust on chkstbktdy `ndavnrn`

th tfn orbak ak hr`nr th ebaktbak prhpnr orbak gukctahk. *ky aktnrruptahk ak tfn `ndavnry hg odhh` th tfn orbak dnb`s vnry 5uacldy th àzzaknss, àshranktbtahk, bk` nvnktubddyukchkscahusknss.

'nkshr% #fn orbak rncnavns akghrebtahk bohut tfn oh`y1s chkàtahk bk` surrhukàkis grhebdd hg tfn snkshry rncnpthrs ak tfn oh`y. *dd hg tfas akghrebtahk as gn` akth snkshry brnbshg tfn orbak, wfacf put tfas akghrebtahk thintfnr th crnbtn b pnrcnptahk hg tfn oh`y1saktnrkbd bk` n>tnrkbd chkàtahks. 3hen hg tfas snkshry akghrebtahk as buthkheac snkshryakghrebtahk tfbt tndds tfn orbak suochkscahusdy bohut tfn chkàtahk hg tfn oh`y. Oh`ytnepnrbturn, fnbrt rbtn, bk` odhh` prnssurn brn bdd buthkheac snksns tfbt tfn oh`yrncnavns. Htfnr akghrebtahk as shebtac snkshry akghrebtahk tfbt tfn orbak as chkscahusdybwbrn hg. #hucf, saift, shuk`, bk` fnbraki brn bdd n>bepdns hg shebtac snksns.

Ehthr Chktrhd

Hur orbak àrnctdy chktrhds bdehst bdd ehvnenkt ak tfn oh`y. * rniahk hg tfncnrnorbd chrtn> lkhwk bs tfn ehthr brnb snk`s saikbds th tfn slndntbd euscdns thprhùcn bdd vhduktbry ehvnenkts. #fn obsbd kucdna hg tfn cnrnorue bk` irby ebttnr ak

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tfn orbakstne fndp th chktrhd tfnsn ehvnenkts suochkscahusdy bk` prnvnkt n>trbknhusehtahks tfbt brn uk`nsarn`. #fn cnrnonddue fndps watf tfn taeaki bk` chhràkbtahk hg tfnsn ehvnenkts ùraki chepdn> ehtahks. <akbddy, sehhtf euscdn tassun, cbr abceuscdn tassun, bk` idbk`s brn staeudbtn` oy ehthr hutputs hg tfn buthkheac rniahks hg tfn orbak.

Zrh$nssak

Hkcn snkshry akghrebtahk fbs nktnrn` tfn orbak, tfn bsshcabtahk brnbs hg tfnorbak ih th whrl prhcnssaki bk` bkbdyzaki tfas akghrebtahk. 3nkshry akghrebtahk ascheoakn`, nvbdubtn`, bk` chepbrn` th prahr n>pnrankcns, prhvaàki tfn orbak watf bkbccurbtn pacturn hg ats chkàtahks. #fn bsshcabtahk brnbs bdsh whrl th `nvndhp pdbks hg bctahk tfbt brn snkt th tfn orbak1s ehthr rniahks ak hr`nr th prhùcn b cfbkin ak tfnoh`y tfrhuif euscdns hr idbk`s. *sshcabtahk brnbs bdsh whrl th crnbtn hur tfhuifts,pdbks, bk` pnrshkbdaty.

,nbrkak bk` Enehr%

#fn orbak knn`s th sthrn ebky àggnrnkt typns hg akghrebtahk tfbt at rncnavns grhetfn snksns bk` tfbt at `nvndhps tfrhuif tfaklaki ak tfn bsshcabtahk brnbs. Akghrebtahk aktfn orbak as sthrn` ak b gnw àggnrnkt wbys `npnkàki hk ats shurcn bk` fhw dhki at asknn`n`. Hur orbak ebaktbaks sfhrtItnre enehry th lnnp trbcl hg tfn tbsls ak wfacf tfnorbak as currnktdy nkibin`. 3fhrtItnre enehry as ondanvn` th chksast hg b irhup hg knurhks tfbt staeudbtn nbcf htfnr ak b dhhp th lnnp `btb ak tfn orbak1s enehry. 6nwakghrebtahk rnpdbcns tfn hd` akghrebtahk ak sfhrtItnre enehry watfak b gnw snchk`s hr eakutns, ukdnss tfn akghrebtahk ints ehvn` th dhkiItnre enehry.

DhkiItnre enehry as sthrn` ak tfn orbak oy tfn fapphcbepus. #fn fapphcbepus

trbksgnrs akghrebtahk grhe sfhrtItnre enehry th enehryIsthrbin rniahks hg tfn orbak,pbrtacudbrdy ak tfn cnrnorbd chrtn> hg tfn tnephrbd dhons. !nehry rndbtn` th ehthr sladds%lkhwk bs prhcnùrbd enehry( as sthrn` oy tfn cnrnonddue bk` obsbd kucdna.Fhenhstbsas

#fn orbak bcts bs tfn oh`y1s chktrhd cnktnr oy ebaktbakaki tfn fhenhstbsas hg ebky àvnrsn gukctahks sucf bs ornbtfaki, fnbrt rbtn, oh`y tnepnrbturn, bk` fukinr.#fn orbakstne bk` tfn fyphtfbdbeus brn tfn orbak structurns ehst chkcnrkn` watffhenhstbsas.

Ak tfn orbakstne, tfn enùddb hodhkibtb chktbaks tfn cbràhvbscudbr cnktnr tfbtehkathrs tfn dnvnds hg àsshdvn` cbrohk àh>a`n bk` h>yink ak tfn odhh`, bdhki watfodhh` prnssurn. #fn cbràhvbscudbr cnktnr b`+usts tfn fnbrt rbtn bk` odhh` vnssndàdbtahk th ebaktbak fnbdtfy dnvnds hg àsshdvn` ibsns ak tfn odhh` bk` th ebaktbak bfnbdtfy odhh` prnssurn. #fn enùddbry rfytfeacaty cnktnr hg tfn enùddb ehkathrsh>yink bk` cbrohk àh>a`n dnvnds ak tfn odhh` bk` b`+usts tfn rbtn hg ornbtfaki th lnnptfnsn dnvnds ak obdbkcn.

#fn fyphtfbdbeus chktrhds tfn fhenhstbsas hg oh`y tnepnrbturn, odhh`prnssurn, sdnnp, tfarst, bk` fukinr. !bky buthkheac snkshry rncnpthrs ghr tnepnrbturn,

;' / : b i n



prnssurn, bk` cfneacbds gnn` akth tfn fyphtfbdbeus. #fn fyphtfbdbeus prhcnssns tfnsnkshry akghrebtahk tfbt at rncnavns bk` snk`s tfn hutput th buthkheac nggncthrs ak tfnoh`y sucf bs swnbt idbk`s, tfn fnbrt, bk` tfn la`knys.'dnn)

Yfadn sdnnp eby snne th on b taen hg rnst ghr tfn orbak, tfas hribk as bctubddyn>trnendy bctavn ùraki sdnnp. #fn fyphtfbdbeus ebaktbaks tfn oh`y1s & fhur oahdhiacbd cdhcl, lkhwk bs tfn carcbàbk cdhcl. Yfnk tfn carcbàbk cdhcl akàcbtns tfbttfn taen ghr sdnnp fbs brravn`, at snk`s saikbds th tfn rntacudbr bctavbtaki systne hg tfnorbakstne th rnùcn ats staeudbtahk hg tfn cnrnorbd chrtn>. =nùctahk ak tfn staeudbtahk hg tfn cnrnorbd chrtn> dnb`s th b snksn hg sdnnpaknss bk` nvnktubddy dnb`s th sdnnp.

Ak b stbtn hg sdnnp, tfn orbak sthps ebaktbakaki chkscahusknss, rnùcns shen hg ats snksatavaty th snkshry akput, rndb>ns slndntbd euscdns, bk` chepdntns ebkybèakastrbtavn gukctahks. #fnsn bèakastrbtavn gukctahks akcdu`n tfn chkshda`btahk bk`sthrbin hg enehry, `rnbeaki, bk` `nvndhpenkt hg knrvhus tassun.

#fnrn brn twh ebak stbins hg sdnnp9 rbpa` nyn ehvnenkt %=B!( bk` khkIrbpa`nyn ehvnenkt %6=B!(. uraki =B! sdnnp, tfn oh`y onchens pbrbdyzn` wfadn tfnnyns ehvn obcl bk` ghrtf 5uacldy. rnbeaki as cheehk ùraki =B! sdnnp bk` at asondanvn` tfbt shen enehrans brn sthrn` ùraki tfas pfbsn. 6=B! sdnnp as b pnrah` hg sdhw nyn ehvnenkt hr kh nyn ehvnenkt, cudeakbtaki ak b `nnp sdnnp hg dhw orbakndnctracbd bctavaty. rnbeaki ùraki 6=B! sdnnp as rbrn, out enehrans brn staddprhcnssn` bk` sthrn` ùraki tfas taen._ngdn>ns

* rngdn> as b gbst, akvhduktbry rnbctahk th b ghre hg aktnrkbd hr n>tnrkbd staeudus.!bky rngdn>ns ak tfn oh`y brn aktnirbtn` ak tfn orbak, akcduàki tfn pupaddbry daift rngdn>,

chuifaki, bk` sknnzaki. !bky rngdn>ns prhtnct tfn oh`y grhe fbre. <hr akstbkcn,chuifaki bk` sknnzaki cdnbr tfn barwbys hg tfn dukis. Htfnr rngdn>ns fndp tfn oh`yrnsphk` th staeuda, sucf bs b`+ustaki tfn pupads th oraift hr àe daift. *dd rngdn>ns fbppnk5uacldy oy oypbssaki tfn chktrhd cnktnrs hg tfn cnrnorbd chrtn> bk` aktnirbtaki ak tfndhwnr rniahks hg tfn orbak sucf bs tfn eaòrbak hr daeoac systne.

;2 / : b i n



$hkcnpt !bp%:btfhpfysahdhiy(

;& / : b i n



;" / : b i n

Akcrnbsn` nxcatboadaty bk`

dhwnrn` trnshd` !hr

stae"dbtahk h! n#adn#thinkac

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&ry da#s bk` e"ch"s

eneorbkn, s"k'nk nynobdds,

Akb`n("btn y`rbtahk

Chktak"h"s bk` bcta)n *"a`

+tae"dbtahk h! )heataki ak tn

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-btnry sthhd, y#nrbcta)n

ohwnd sh"k`

Akcrnbsn` *"a` )hd"en bk`

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boadaty th rnboshro *"a`

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sncrntahk

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wbtnr rnboshr#tahk

cta)n sncrntahk h! cdhra`n

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o`heakbd crbe#aki

Akcrnbsn` cndd #nrenboadaty

C$+ rns#hksn %bshàdbtahk

$nr)n ae#"dsn snkt th C$+

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3ndnbsn h! cneacbd

$hk#htbodn rak'aki

bthinkac eacrhhribkase

>ktbehnob asthdytacb7 nktnrs

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y#nrstae"dbtahk h!

&asr"#tahk h! cndd

Akcrnbsn` oahcneacbd

stae"da strnss "n th bcta)n

*"a` dhss bk` kb"snb bk`



; / : b i n

+#rnb` th orbakstne

cnktrhcn#bdac systne7

okhrebd s#hktbknh"s

ndnctracbd àscbrin

Ae#barn` bwbrnknss ktnrhirb`n beknsab hss h! chkscah"sknss

+#rnb` h! n#adn#tac àscbrin

+nkshry chrtnx

• k"eoknss

• takidaki

• #bak

+#rnb` h! n#adn#tac àscbrin

rbkssykb#tac encbkase

y#h#nr!"sahk h! tn

oadbtnrbd !rhktbd bk` #brantbd

bsshcabtahk chrtnx

>dnctracbd àscbrin ak

cnrnorbd chrtnx

Ehthr chrtnx

• sd"rrn` s#nnc

• cdhk"s

• e"scdn

sta=knss



6ursaki !bkbinenkt

;- / : b i n



,asts hg Zrahrata0n` K(rsak Zrh?dnes

I :rahratazbtahk hg prhodnes usaki %*arwby, Ornbtfaki, $arcudbtahk(

Zrahrata0btahk K(rsak Zrh?dne K(rsak @abkhsas

Zrh?dne Kh.3 *o`heakbd :bak *cutn :bak rndbtn` th bo`heakbdcrbepaki snchk`bry th

àstrbctahk hg bo`heakbd wbdd ùn

th arratbtahk bk` akgdbeebtahk hg

tfn sthebcf bk` aktnstakn.Zrh?dne Kh.9 4ypnrtfnreab Akcrnbsn` oh`y tnepnrbturn

rndbtn` th chktakuhus bk` bctavn

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ngacankt <dua` Chduen rndbtn` th

dhss hg gdua`s bk` htfnrndnctrhdytns snchk`bry th

obctnrabd akgnctahkZrh?dne Kh. k`nrkhurasfn` Aeobdbkcn` kutratahk dnss tfbk

oh`y rn5uarnenkts rndbtn` th

akboadaty th rnboshron` gdua` bk`

kutranktsZrh?dne Kh.5 Aepbarn` $heghrt Aepbarn` $heghrt rndbtn` th

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ùn th fypnr staeudbtahk ak tfn

aktnstakbd cbvaty ùn th obctnrabd

akgnctahk.Zrh?dne Kh. asturon` sdnnp pbttnrk asturon` sdnnp pbttnrk rndbtn` th

nkvarhkenktbd staeudbtahk bk`

àscheghrt.

;G / : b i n





C^N' BK@@BPB

K^_'AKI@ABIKH'A'

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H?Ln$ta"n=Iwatf iubràkionfbvahur Iwatfchktakuhuschepdbakts hgpbak.Iwatf gbcabdiraebcnIrnstdnsknssIdngt ppnr]ub`rbkt pbakschrn` -eh`nrbtn pbakusaki pbakscbdn 2I2'.

*cutn :bakrndbtn` thbo`heakbdcrbepakisnchk`bry thàstrbctahk hgbo`heakbd wbddùn th arratbtahkbkàkgdbeebtahk hg tfn sthebcfbk` aktnstakn.

Akinstahk hg

chktbeakbtn`

ghh`Lwbtnr

!acrhhribkaserndnbsn

nk`hth>ak

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hg aktnstakbd

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enàbthrs

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6nrvn aepudsn

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*gtnr rnk`nraknggnctavnkursaki

aktnrvnktahk tfcdankt1s dnvnd hpbak pbrtabddysuosa`n grhepbak schrn` -eh`nrbtn pbak

th pbak schrn` thdnrbodn

)H*D Y*3!B#.

;; / : b i n

BC^PN ZBAK



$63 rnsphksn9

vbshàdbtahk

Akcrnbsn`

:nrenboadaty

*o`heakbdcrbepaki

BC^PN ZBAK

- Bkchurbin`b`n5ubtn rnstpnrah`s.

@NZNK@NKP=- *èakastnrn`

enàcbtahk bshr`nrn` oy tfn`hcthr9:brbcntbehd22' ei AC:=6% bsknn`n`(

Iprhùcnsbkbdinsab oyrbasaki tfntfrnsfhd` hg tfnpbak cnktrn aktfn orbak bk` oyhostructakiaepudsns bt tfnpbakIenàbtakicfnehrncnpthrs.

;8 / : b i n



C^N' bk`

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rndbtn` th

chktakuhus bk`

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pyrhinks

snchk`bry th

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Akinstahk hg akgnctn`

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rndnbsn nk`hth>ak

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Akcrnbsn` wbtnr bk`

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Ybtnry sthhd,

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shuk`

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eneorbkn, phhr slak

turihr

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pbtankts

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I:rhva`n` prhpnr

vnktadbtahk

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<dua` Aktbln.

I$fbkin` pbtankt

cdhtfaki th daift

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tfn n>tnkt hg

cdankt1s

chkàtahk.

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I dhwnrs oh`y

fnbt tfrhuif

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chkùctahk.

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AKC_NB'N@ OH@- PNEZN_BP^_N



:yrhink :rhùctahk

3aikbds th tfn

4yphtfbdbeus

AKC_NB'N@ OH@-

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hr`nr.

nvbphrbtahk

I ncrnbsnsgnvnr oy bfyphtfbdbeacnggnct dnbàkith swnbtakibk`

vbshàdbtahk.I=npdbcns tfngdua`s tfbt dhssgrhe tfn oh`y.

82 / : b i n



C^N' bk`

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tfn

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s.

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!B#.

8" / : b i n



strbaks hg

irbe %I(

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cbusaki cndd`nbtf.

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8 / : b i n

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8G / : b i n

AEZBA_N@ CHE&H_P



iraebcn

Islak wbre

th thucf

crbepaki

ùn th fypnr

staeudbtahk ak

tfn aktnstakbd

cbvaty ùn th

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khcacnpthrs.

6nrvn aepudsn snk`

th $63

$63 rnsphksn9

vbshàdbtahk

Akcrnbsn`

:nrenboadaty

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• 3trbaiftnkaki

tfn on` daknks.

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pbtankts

cheghrt bk`

th rnùcn

tfn

akca`nkcn hg

cryaki.

tfn pbtankt

`hns kht

chepdbakn` hg

bky ascheghrt

bk` tfn kursn

wbs bodn th

bssnss tfn

pbtankt wndd.)H*D Y*3

!B#.

8? / : b i n



Ae)barn` Cheghrt bo`heakbd

àscheghrt

• Bepfbsazn`

àvnrsahkbd

bctavatans daln

dastnkaki eusac,

pdbyaki b iben

usaki b pfhkn

th àvnrt

bttnktahk th

pbak.

C^N' BK@@BPB

K^_'AKI@ABIKH'A'

'CANKPA&AC_BPAHKB,N

Z,BKKAKI AKPN_+NKPAHK 'CANKPA&AC_BPAHKB,N

N+B,^BPAHK

8; / : b i n

@A'P^_ON@ ',NNZ ZBPPN_K



H?Ln$ta"n=- Arratbodn- $ryaki- Dhhls pbdn

bk`dntfbriac

- subddysdnnps -fhurs ghrnvnkakitfnk fbs bkbp ghr &fhurs ak tfnbgtnrkhhk.

- *k>ahusbk` rnstdnss

asturon`sdnnp pbttnrkrndbtn` thnkvarhkenktbdstaeudbtahk bk`àscheghrt.

3ustbakn`nkvarhkenktbd

staeudbtahk

kcheghrtbodn

sdnnp bk`

prhdhkin`

àscheghrt

@A'P^_ON@',NNZ

ZBPPN_K

*gtnr rnk`nrakinggnctavnkursaki cbrnwatf tfn fndp hg enàcbdebkbinenktpbtankt wadd onbodn thaeprhvn` sdnnpbk` nkfbkcncheghrt.

AK@NZNK@NKP=- Bstbodasfn`

=bpphrt.

- =n bssnssn`

pbtankt1s

stbtus.

- =nvanwenàcbtahksonaki tblnkbk` tfnarnggncts hksdnnp.

- 3uiinstbostbakakigrhe bytaenkbps.

@NZNK@NKP=

- =niudbtn` AC

bs pnr `hcthr1s

hr`nr.

- #h `ncrnbsn`pbtanktbk>anty.

- #h `ntnreakn

tfn snvnraty bk`

tfn aktnkt hg

pbtankt1s

àsturon` sdnnppbttnrk.

- 3hen nggncts hg

enàcbtahks brn

ghuk` th on

aktnrgnraki.

- !by aepbarboadaty thsdnnp btkaift.

I:brnktnrbd gdua`s

rnpdbcn gdua`

dhss.

*t tfn nk` hg

tfn sfagt bk`

bgtnr rnk`nraki

nggnctavn

kursaki cbrn

tfn pbtankt `hn

onttnr sdnnp

bk` prhehtns

cheghrt.

)H*D Y*3

:*=#A*DD

!B#.

88 / : b i n



#nbcfaki :dbk

2'' / : b i n



Kben hg )btankt= ! @btn hg Bèassahk= bkubry ?, &'2

Bn= " yLh @abkhsas= 3nazurn, *cutn )bstrhnktnratas

'n>= !bdn

Pbn t!n enà$akn bs àrn$tn`=

#ndd tfn pbtankt1s ehtfnr th tbln prnscraon` enàcbtahks ghr gnvnr. Akghre tfn

pbtankt1s ehtfnr th cbdd b praebry fnbdtfcbrn prhva`nr ag tfn enàcakn as kht fndpaki hr

n>pnrankcn sa`n nggncts bk` bddnriac th bky enàcakn. #fn rndbtavn sfhud` lnnp b dast hg

tfn enàcakns tbln. Akcdu`n tfn behukts, bk` wfnk bk` wfy fn tblns tfne. Oraki tfn

dast hr tfn padd ohttdns th ghddhwIup vasats. $brry tfn enàcakn dast ak cbsn hg bk nenrinkcy.

Kben hg @r( @hsbn bk`

&rn(nk$%

_h(tn C(rbta"n Nggn$ts 'a`n Nggn$ts

Zbrb$ntbehd

/Cbd)hd:

2'' ei AC *ktapyrntacs,

khkhpaha`

bkbdinsacs.

<hr ead` pbak

bk` gnvnr.

IA= fnpbtac gbadurn,

fnpbthth>acaty

%hvnr`hsn(.

I^= rnkbd gbadurn

%faif `hsnsLcfrhkac

usn(.

Fnebt=

knutrhpnkab,

pbkcythpnkab,

dnulhpnkab.

@nre= rbsf,

urtacbrab

2'2 / : b i n



N>nr$asnMB$ta"at%=

*`vacn th pbtankt1s rndbtavn th bvha` strnkuhus bctavaty th chksnrvn nknriy.

4bvn pdnkty hg rnst ghr fae th rnchvnr nbsady bk` th prnvnkt tfn hccurrnkcn hg

ibstrhnktnratas b`vacn tfn ehtfnr hg tfn pbtankt th prbctacn fnr shk th pnrghre

fbk` wbsfaki onghrn bk` bgtnr enbds bt tfnar fhen.

Prnbtenkt=

#bln pbrbcntbehd bs knn`n` ag tfn pbtankt fbs b gnvnr bsshcabtn` watf bo`heakbd

crbep hr pbak th rndanvn pbak bk` rnùcn gnvnr.

HZ@M&hddh#;()=

<hddhwIup vasats ghr chktakuaki cbrn, trnbtenkts bk` htfnr kncnssbry akghrebtahk

knn`n` ghr tfn pbtankt1s chkàtahk. @ant=

'hgt @antM da(a` ànt

• rakl gdua`s sucf bs ibthrb`n hr cdnbr gruat +uacns. Ybat bt dnbst "' eakutns bgtnr

vheataki bk` tfnk stbrt gdua`s ak sebdd, grn5unkt saps.

/shgt chhln`, phbcfn` hr fbrÌohadn` hr scrbeodn` niis, tnk`nr enbt, gasf hr

phudtry, shgt cbln hr chhlans watfhut kuts hr rbasaks, outtnr, crnbe hr ebribrakn,

+nddy, chhln` hr rnb`yIthInbt cnrnbd, ohadn` hr ebsfn` phtbthn, obkbkbs hr snn`dnss

endhk(

• O=*# ant %Obkbkb, =basaks, *ppdn, #hbst(

@h‑s• *`n5ubtn rnst

• :nrghre prhpnr fyiankn, nspncabddy fbk` wbsfaki th bvha` tfn sprnb` hg

àsnbsn %*)B(

• Bbt phtbssaueIracf ghh`s sucf bs O=*# ànt %obkbkb, rbasaks, bppdn, thbst(.

• Akcrnbsn gdua` aktbln %&DL`by( bs eucf bs phssaodn ghr rnfy`rbtahk

2'& / : b i n



@hk‑ts

• *vha` bdd eadl prhùcts, htfnr +uacns, chggnn hr htfnr cbggnakbtn` onvnrbins,

bsparak bk` bdchfhd.

• *vha` nbtaki rbw hr fbdg chhln` ghh`s

Oaodahirbpfy

A. *kkn !. Cbk Dnnuwnk, norb . :hndfuasI Dntf. bva1s

$heprnfnksavn 4bkòhhl hg Dbohrbthry bk` abikhstac #nsts watf

6ursaki Aepdacbtahks "r` nàtahk.

2'" / : b i n



AA. bva` 3fanr,bclan Outdnr,=acla Dnwas &''8. 4hdn1s Bssnktabds hg

4uebk *kbthey bk` :fysahdhiy 2'tf nàtahk. !cI)rbw 4add, 6.

AAA. bknt Ynonr bk` bknt Fnddny0 4nbdtf *ssnssenkt ak 6ursakiI "r`

nàtahk. Yhdtnrs Fduwnr 4nbdtf / Dappakchtt Yaddabes 7 Yadlaks.

A+. Dappakchtt !bkubd hg 6ursaki :rbctacn 3nrans :btfhpfysahdhiy &''?.

+. 3uzbkkn 3endtnr, Ornk`b Obrn, bkacn 4akldn, Fnrry $fnnvnr &'2'.

#n>tohhl hg !nàcbdI 3uriacbd 6ursaki0 Orukknr bk` 3u``brtf1s 2&tf

nàtahk. Yhdtnrs Fduwnr 4nbdtf / Dappakchtt Yaddabes 7 Yadlaks.

s

Documents

CASE PRE 3RD YR GRP1.docx