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7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: PRED NAI MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP, Thailand
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Thailand
PRED NAI MANGROVECONSERVATION ANDDEVELOPMENT GROUP
Empowered live
Resilient nation
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Parra, Brandon Payn
Mariajos Satizbal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group. All photo cred
courtesy o RECOFTC The Center or People and Forests. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group, Thailand. Equator Initiat
Case Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=8587/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: PRED NAI MANGROVE CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT GROUP, Thailand
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PROJECT SUMMARY
This community-based organization was ounded in themid-1980s to reverse the eects o destructive mangroveharvesting near the coastal village o Pred Nai. A parallelgoal was the recovery o local crab populations, whichare an important source o income or poorer members othe community. Ater developing a strong track-record osuccessul orest management and ecosystem restoration,the group became a model and point o reerenceor sweeping policy reorms that transerred orestmanagement authority to communities.
Since 2003, Pred Nai has developed a network that includesa number o other local villages, becoming ormalized asthe Community Coastal Resource Management Network,Trat Province. Through exchanging knowledge and sharingexperiences with community orestry, these villageshave learned rom each others successes and ailures;the network has served as the basis or a climate changeadaptation programme or coastal communities.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004
FOUNDED: 1993
LOCATION: Pred Nai, Trat Province, Thailand
BENEFICIARIES: 130 households
BIODIVERSITY: 1,920 Hectares of coastal mangroves
3
PRED NAI MANGROVE CONSERVATIONAND DEVELOPMENT GROUPThailand
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Key Activities and Innovations 6
Biodiversity Impacts 7
Socioeconomic Impacts 7
Policy Impacts 8
Sustainability 9
Replication 9
Partners 9
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4
On the eastern seacoast o Thailand, near the Cambodian border,
es one o the last remaining mangrove orests in the country.
his species-rich tropical mangrove orest is dominated by redRhizophora and Bruguirea spp.) and black (Avicennia spp.) mangrove
rees. With trees and shrubs that are adapted to the high salinity
nd water-logging o tidal environments, these orests are highly
roductive ecosystems that support a diverse variety o wildlie and
velihoods or coastal communities. Less than 10% o the original
stimated 48,000 hectares o Thailands mangrove orests remain
oday, however, thanks to the conversion o these coastal areas or
igh-impact commercial activities.
mpact o commercial cultivation on local livelihoods
During the 1980s, logging and intensive shrimp arming caused
major declines in agricultural productivity and resulted in the loss o
iodiversity in the mangroves. Logging concessions were granted by
he government to corporations, and oten restricted local villagers
rom harvesting crabs, shellsh, and other mangrove resources.
he deorested lands were then converted to ponds or intensive
hrimp arming. The large-scale nature o these concessions resulted
n widespread damage to the mangrove orests that could not be
eversed through small-scale replanting and natural re-growth.
red Nai was one o the communities hardest hit by the loss o the
mangrove orests. The village lies in the province o Trat, to the east one o the largest contiguous ragments o mangrove orests in
hailand, covering 1,920 hectares. In 2004 the village comprised 130
ouseholds. The main uses o land within the village area depend on
he elevation and distance rom the sea: lowlands are used or rice
nd sh arming, while the uplands have houses, ruit gardens, and
ubber plantations. Livelihoods o community members rely on rice,
ruits, and rubber cultivation, and are supplemented with harvests
resources such as crabs rom the mangroves. The destruction o
mangrove orests impacted heavily on household ood security and
ources o income, particularly through the loss o marine resources.
In 1985, resistance to these trends reached a peak when ne
logging concessions over-harvested the mangroves and prohi
villagers rom harvesting crabs, shellsh, sh and other resourc
the concession areas. Other local commercial interests conve
degraded mangrove areas into shrimp arms and built a gat
block seawater, which urther damaged the mangrove ecosys
In response to these threats to their livelihoods, the villagers o
Nai came together to prevent urther destruction o the mangr
and to better manage them or their sustained wellbeing. The i
resistance to destruction o the mangroves was marshaled by a g
o ten villagers, and successully halted commercial logging in 1
The gate was destroyed and roads into Pred Nai were blockade
villagers in the ace o concerted opposition and intimidation logging interests.
Background and Context
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55
From resistance to proactive management
he villagers initially developed a orest management plan under
he Pred Nai Community Forestry Group (PNCFG) that conducted
ntensive mapping o orest resources and instituted orest patrols to
revent illegal logging and charcoal production. The group initiated
ree-planting activities in degraded mangrove areas and developed
egulations on crab harvesting that prohibited any harvesting
uring crab reproduction periods.
ven ater the concessions stopped, however, it was dicult to
revent outsiders rom nearby villages and arther away rom
arvesting or destroying resources within the mangrove area.
rohibitions on shing in the mangroves aected the poorest
illagers and shers whose livelihoods depended on the mangroves.
A key component o the groups eorts in reversing the trend o
eorestation thereore was winning widespread support rom
ocal communities. In 1993, with the help o a local Buddhist monk
nd the support o village elders, the core group o villagers began
aising awareness o the importance o protecting the areas natural
heritage. The monk also helped to create a village savings group
provided low-interest loans to villagers or investing in educa
and healthcare, while keeping the earnings rom the interest w
the community. Now known as the Pred Nai Mangrove Conserva
and Development Group, the initiative currently oversees a va
o community development projects.
Partnerships have been critical or the success o the Pred
initiative, especially during its early years. The group has engsheries researchers or technical assistance with monito
methods and new ideas to improve the sustainable manageme
their mangroves. The Thailand Royal Forest Department (RFD
part o the Ministry o the Environment) also played a crucial
in developing a management plan that helped the group to ev
rom an inormal orest patrolling group into a ormal exam
o village-based orest management. Since 1999, Pred Nai
partnered with the Regional Community Forestry Training Ce
or Asia and the Pacic (RECOFTC), a not-or-prot organization
specializes in capacity building or community orestry and devo
orest management.
We have received a lot of training and support in the development of our knowledge cente
mangrove management systems, and the creation of the sub-district network through RECOFT
and other organizations, but we are facing new challenges now from climate change, and nee
technical and institutional support.
Mr. Amporn Phaetsat, President of the Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group
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6
Key Activities and Innovations
ince 1993, the Pred Nai initiative has ocused on the sustainable
management o marine resources, ecological monitoring within the
mangrove orests, and raising environmental awareness among the
ommunities o Pred Nai and neighbouring villages.
nstituting sustainable orest management
As part o the villages rst management activity, volunteers planted
rees in denuded mangrove areas. Over time, some stands have begun
o regenerate naturally thanks to strict protection under harvesting
egulations. Harvesting regulations were also introduced or the
Grapsid crab (Metopograpsus sp.) in 1997. These rules specied the
losure o the harvest during the crabs breeding period in October.hese small crabs are typically harvested or sale locally. For another
conomically important species the Giant Mud Crab (Scylla serrata)
villagers set out to increase production by instituting a crab bank.
egg-bearing crabs were caught, they were placed in one o several
ages established by the management group in the village canals.
red Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group also
ook action to prevent destructive shing practices, and have
xperimented with thinning the dense natural stands o Ceriops
mangroves. Fisheries researchers have been engaged to assist with
monitoring o these eorts and collection o relevant data. Analysis
o the process and results is refected in subsequent planning cycles.
his conscious learning process has been an important aspect o theroups success.
Network development or scaling-up success
n 2003, the Pred Nai management concluded that the people o a
ingle community could not eectively implement successul and
ustainable management policies across a wide area o coastal
mangrove orests, especially since boundaries were not demarcated
nd there was a lack o existing regulations on orest use. The group
eveloped a network that included a number o other local villages.
This was initially limited to those villages bordering Pred Nai; it qu
expanded to a larger number along the coast, becoming orma
as the Community Coastal Resource Management Network,
Province. Through exchanging knowledge and sharing experie
with community orestry, these villages have learned rom
others successes and ailures. Their collaboration has also allo
them to initiate new ideas and practices that eectively respon
community needs.
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7
Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTShe chie biodiversity impact o the Pred Nai project has been the
estoration and protection o 1,920 hectares o coastal mangrove
orest. This substantial regeneration o mangrove orest cover
as also allowed or the return o wildlie species to the coastal
rea. Villagers report that stocks o crab, shellsh, and sh have
ll increased. Many water birds like the Painted stork (Mycteria
eucocephala), Purple Swamphen (Porphyrio poliocephalus), Purple
eron (Ardea purpurea), Grey heron (A. cinerea), Indian Whistling
Duck (Dendrocygna javanica) and Brahminy Kite (Haliastur indus) are
eturning, while Crab-eating macaques (Macaca ascicularis) have
een reported as returning ater disappearing during the logging
eriod. Razor Clams (Solen strictus Gould) known locally as Hoi Lod,
ut absent rom the area or twenty years, have also reappeared
hanks to improved ecological conditions.
Villagers have also moved beyond protection o the mangrove orests
nd their species to more proactive methods o management. Pred
Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Group has advocated
or the sustainable harvesting o mud crabs, or instance, rather than
imple protection. This arose partly as a response to diculties in
rying to prohibit access to these economically-valuable species. Mud
rabs have become especially valuable thanks to their increasing
arity as mangroves have disappeared along Thailands coastline.
Community members who were interested in cultivating mud crabsor sale ormed a group to increase production. This group acilitates
he exchange o ideas between members, and has sought the advice
sheries researchers who specialize in crab aquarium breeding.
ncreases in crab species have been seen through increased
arvesting yields or poorer members o the village. Harvests o
Grapsid crabs (Metopographus spp.), or instance, have almost
oubled rom approximately 8 kg per day per harvester in 1998 to
5 kg per day in 2004 ater regulations were introduced to prohibit
arvesting during the crabs breeding period. The introduction o
technologies or improving crab harvests, coupled with impro
population management techniques, has helped to inculcate a
conservation ethic or the networks small-scale harvesters.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
The immediate beneciaries o the sustainable managemen
the villages mangrove resources have been the poorer mem
o the community. Pred Nai as a village is not especially poor
crab collecting is an important economic activity or the low-inc
households o the village. As well as providing marine resou
the mangrove ecosystem is the basis o a way o lie or the
Nai village as a whole. Local management eorts have also spu
other community development activities.
As o 2004, there were approximately 20 part-time crab collec
25-30 part-time or seasonal collectors, and numerous crab bu
and processors in the village. Sustained, healthy population
both Grapsid and Giant Mud Crabs support the livelihoods o t
community members. Anecdotal evidence supplied by villa
suggests that the income level o villagers involved in crab collec
has almost doubled as a result o improved catches o Grapsid c
While exact gures on income are not available, data suggest
the poorer villagers engaged in crab collection could earn 600
baht (USD 15-18) per day. Collectors can also nd crabs much mquickly as a result o greater availability, particularly in the low sea
this provides opportunities or additional economic activities.
Articial sh houses made rom blocks o used car tyres have b
installed in the villages canals. This has reduced the time nee
or sh harvesting. Pred Nai villagers have also begun attemp
restore the coastline, advocating or a 3,000-metre conserva
zone extending that would protect the coast rom destructive s
practices like use o push nets and trawlers. This would allow
stocks to regenerate and increase the economic potential o s
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Diversifed livelihoods and education options
The Pred Nai community orestry project has encouraged villagers
o initiate other livelihood activities based on the mangrove orests.
A savings management group ormed in 1995 had more than 600
members and a und totaling nearly six million baht (about USD
72,000) in 2004. Through loans to community members, this und
has allowed the development o small-scale enterprises within the
village. Examples o recent ventures have included a marketing
ystem or locally-produced goods, processing edible crackers maderom mangrove plants, and producing local wine. Other community
organizations have been established, including a womens group
and a youth group.
Local education has also benetted rom the Pred Nai initiative.
Villagers have collaborated with schools and village elders to
educate school children about mangrove ecology and coastal
esources, using the mangrove community orest as a learning
aboratory. Young community members have joined adult villagers
n the planting programme and the orest thinning experiment.
The villagers have also constructed a walkway in the mangrove
or educational purposes. The success and prole o Pred Nai was
ecognized when, in July 2003, the Asia-Pacic Economic CommunityAPEC) sponsored a group o school children rom various countries
o attend an environmental camp and carry out eldwork at the
villages mangrove orest site.
POLICY IMPACTS
The successul example o Pred Nais attempts to manage their orests
has received substantial attention at the national and international
evels, lending substantive support to calls or the devolution o
orest management to the community level in Thailand and other
Asian nations. Proponents o joint orestry management schemes
or community-based orestry have pointed to Pred Nais economicand ecological impacts as proo that the involvement o local
people in natural resource management can have conservation and
development benets.
Devolution o orest management in Thailand
Recognition o Pred Nai dates back to 2002, when the project won
an award rom Thailands Royal Forest Department. As a prominent
example o successul cooperation between the countrys national
orest authority and a local community, the project was well-placed
o act as a fagship or sweeping orest policy reorm. Legislative
upport or local orest management eorts has been debated
or several decades in Thailand; the Thai Constitution stipulates
hat local communities have the right to participate in natural
esource management, and in practice this has been recognized
ince the 1970s. Supporting this is the Decentralization Act o
988, which enables local government units to acilitate local
peoples engagement in natural resource management, allowing or
assistance in developing management plans, accessing resources,
and networking. By 1989, an estimated 8,000 community orestry
ites existed in Thailand; today there are approximately 10,000 such
ites.
Obstacles still exist to ull community orestry, how
predominantly rom a coalition o academics and environment
who have argued or minimal human activity in Thailands prote
areas, apart rom recreation. Thailands Royal Forest Departm
a part o the Ministry o Natural Resources and Environmen
responsible or all orests not in protected areas, has long suppo
community orestry, and has a sub-department that supp
communities such as Pred Nai in legalizing sites. In con
the Ministrys National Park, Wildlie, and Plant Conserva
Department, responsible or protected-area orests, has la
worked to prevent community orestry in protected areas, opera
under the exclusionary National Park law.
Debates on community orestry have raged in Thailands legisl
since 1991. In March 2000, a community orestry bill was subm
to the Thai Parliament with 52,698 signatures. Ater a parliame
commission was set up to examine the bill, however,
dissolution o Parliament three months later halted the proce
media campaign was successul in changing the compositio
parliamentary committees, arguing or more inclusiveness, and
a new government was elected, a new commission was created
third o its members were peoples representatives. This comminalized the drated bill, which was then approved by the lo
house o Parliament. The bills ocus was changed dramatically b
Senates upper house, however. The critical part o the bill dea
with devolved orestry management Article 18, which stated
people settled in national parks, wildlie sanctuaries and waters
prior to the date the orests were declared protected could con
to manage and make sustainable use o orest products
deleted by the Senate. There were various reasons or this. S
senators cited concerns that i villagers received rights to ma
the orest, they would convert the ertile orest to grow cash c
others elt that outsiders might abuse the bill by encroachin
protected orest and then claiming the right to manage it.
The Community Forest Bill was eventually passed in November
by Thailands National Legislative Assembly. While there have
problems with its implementation, and there is still no recogn
or community orests that overlap with protected areas ae
between one and two million local people who depend on
resources rom these orest areas this bill nonetheless bui
many o the most successul aspects o the Pred Nai initiative.
National-level eorts to promote local management o
resources continue to fourish thanks to the eorts o a va
o actors, including the Royal Forest Department, NGOs suc
The Center or People and Forests (RECOFTC), based in Bang
and Thailands emerging community orestry networks. Tnetworks, such as the Community Coastal Resource Managem
Network in Trat Province, have proven to be an important ve
or sharing lessons learned and practical experience or settin
and managing sites. They also give supporters a stronger voi
advocate or legislative reorms. Networks typically include a r
o members, rom the Tambon (sub-district administrative
and district levels through to the Community Forestry Assem
which operates nationally. As o 2010, meanwhile, the Royal Fo
Department had ormally recognized and registered around 7
community orests, all outside o protected areas, and it is act
seeking to register more.
8
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9
Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYhe steady growth o project activities in Pred Nai since the mid-1980s
s testament to its resilience and broad-based support rom local
eople and national agencies, while the substantial management
apacity that has been developed through the Pred Nai Mangrove
Conservation and Development Group ensures that the initiative is
well-equipped to sustain its impact over time.
he initiative has operated at the local level since its inception,
while also strengthening relationships with government and non-
overnmental partners. Reliance on these partners has decreased
ver time, however. In the early days o community action, PredNai villagers typically contacted local government authorities or
ssistance; nowadays, when problems arise within the community
he group is able to initiate local solutions. New ventures such as
eveloping ecotourism acilities are being discussed at the village
evel in conjunction with partner organizations.
REPLICATION
red Nais high prole has won it support rom within Thailand
nd the international donor community or its community-based
esponse to the loss o orests. This has led to the identication o the
roject as a model or community-based resilience in the ace o the
rowing threats o climate change. Mangrove reorestation providesn attractive option or both mitigation and adaptation: regenerating
oastal orests that sequester carbon rom the atmosphere, and are
hereore eligible or pilot REDD+ schemes; and creating a barrier
gainst extreme fooding events such as tsunamis.
n 2011, this role or Pred Nai was recognized by the creation o a
limate change learning exchange network or coastal communities.
ECOFTC and the Norwegian Agency or Development Cooperation
Norad) launched the rst phase o the Coastal Resource Management
hrough Community-based Learning Centers project, which will
earmark USD 150,000 to train communities in six sub-districts
project is part o a larger USD 5,650,000 million Mangroves o
Future regional tsunami initiative, supported by Norway, Swe
Thailand, and other donors.
The Community-based Learning Centers component will
in restoring some 5,150 hectares o mangrove orest along
coastline, which will serve as a greenbelt, carbon sink, and an inc
source rom seaood. This represents a wide-scale expansion o
Pred Nai model to neighbouring communities, and builds on
ty workshops conducted by RECOFTC with coastal commun
between 2009 and 2011 addressing the local impacts o cli
change.
The launch o this programme on 29-30 April 2011 was attende
representatives rom the Norwegian and Swedish governmen
well as rom RECOFTC, and included a speech rom the Preside
the Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Development Grou
the lessons the group has learned rom more than two decad
community-based resource management.
Two other innovative pilots encouraged under the programm
the adoption o a low-carbon liestyle in one community and
leveraging o the unique Pred Nai Community Mangrove F
Management Fund, which could act as a prototype or a u
village climate change und.
PARTNERS
The work o Pred Nai Mangrove Conservation and Develop
Group has incorporated innovative partnerships and a wide r
o participants. Local users o the mangroves area have been
central participants in this. Following the initial end o log
concessions, the groups central committee was required to bec
more inclusive and democratic, incorporating the views o all t
within Pred Nai who relied on the mangrove orest resources.
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1010
artnerships also needed to be established with other villages
who wished to use the resources. In 2003, the Community Coastal
esource Management Network was created to enable dialogues
with several partner villages to ensure broad support or sustainable
arvesting o the coastal orests. This body meets in dierent villages
n a rotating basis, and has served as the basis or the Community-
ased Learning Centers project unded by RECOFTC.
illagers have gained experience in working collaboratively withutsiders such as shery experts and oresters. Relationships
with other institutions such as government orestry and shery
epartments, police patrols and politicians have also been important
or helping the group to overcome unding or technical challenges
o implementation o projects. The provincial governor became an
active supporter o Pred Nais initiative and their network ate
visited the project. Religious institutions have also been impor
partners or securing grassroots support.
Pred Nai has benetted rom the support o The Center or Pe
and Forests (RECOFTC) since 1998. This regional NGO has condu
some 50 workshops to help villagers handle resource confict
climate change impacts in recent years. Much o this innova
work is supported by the Norwegian Agency or DevelopmCooperation (Norad), the Swedish International Developm
Cooperation Agency (Sida), and the Royal Thai Government w
as core donors, have provided nancial support or RECOFTCs g
in community orestry in Asia and the Pacic.
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Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:
Equator Initiative
Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor
New York, NY 10017
Tel: +1 646 781-4023
www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UNs global development network, advocating or change and
necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
2012 by Equator Initiative
All rights reserved
URTHER REFERENCE
Ecoagriculture Snapshot http://www.ecoagriculture.org/documents/les/doc_67.pd
Lessons Learned rom the Equator Initiative: Community-based Management by Pred Nai Community Forestry Group in
Mangroves o Southeast Thailand http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/equatorknowledge/publications/sen
prednaicommunityorestry.pd
Kaewmahanin, J., Sukwong, S., and Fisher, R.J. Case Study 1. Pred Nai Community Forest, Trad Province, Thailand, in Fisher, R.J., Magin
S., Jackson, W.J., Barrow, E., and Jeanrenaud, S. 2005. Poverty and Conservation: Landscapes, People and Power. IUCN, Gland, Switzerla
and Cambridge, UK. pp. 61-71. http://data.iucn.org/dbtw-wpd/edocs/FR-LL-002.pd
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150795.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348160821.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348165708.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150159.pdf