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CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY

AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY

Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma

Freddie E. Hall, Jr., PhDChemical Engineer

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATEPOLLUTION PREVENTION BRANCH

CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGCASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGYREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY

AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERAT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITYINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY

Tinker Air Force Base, OklahomaTinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma

Freddie E. Hall, Jr., PhDFreddie E. Hall, Jr., PhDChemical EngineerChemical Engineer

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATEENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT DIRECTORATEPOLLUTION PREVENTION BRANCHPOLLUTION PREVENTION BRANCH

NDIA03-Paper #1

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§ Introduction§Project Overview§Distinctive Elements of Effort§Air Emission Model§Air Dispersion Model§Coupled Model Validation /

Calibration Process§Coupled Model Results§Comparison to Remote Optical

Monitoring System§Application to Risk Assessment§Summary and Conclusions

INVESTIGATION OVERVIEWOutline

INVESTIGATION OVERVIEWOutline

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§Tinker AFB covers 5,031 acres� Only 200 acres are undeveloped

§765 Facilities� 15.3M feet2 of industrial operations

§Three Creek Systems§700-plus Air Emission Sources§200 Underground Storage Tanks§11-Miles Industrial Wastewater Lines§Three Wastewater Treatment Plants§36 Restoration Sites§Provides Logistics Support to USAF

Weapon Systems� B-1, B-52, E-3 Sentry, C/KC-135 aircraft

TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction

TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction

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§Tinker AFB performs Depot Level Maintenance§Process Assessment identified four Primary Processes� Depainting, Painting, Electroplating & Cleaning� Majority of processes discharge to an on-base treatment facility

§Regulatory Requirement to quantify Air Emissions fromIndustrial Wastewater Treatment Facility [IWTF]� Toxic Release Inventory and Air Emission Inventory� Clean Air Act Title V permit requires source & emission information� POTW NESHAP requirement

§Efforts focus on Methylene Chloride and Phenol� Both are CAA Title III Listed Hazardous Air Pollutants [HAPs]� VOC and semi-VOC examples� These chemicals account for majority of purchases / releases

TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction [CONTD]

TINKER AFB, OKLAHOMAIntroduction [CONTD]

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§ Investigation will be presented in four Major Tasks§Coupling of Emission and Dispersion Models represents a

Cost-Effective and Environmentally-Responsible Approach� Coupling refers to sequential use of models [output is input]� Meet impact predictions, regulatory reporting requirements, and

pollution prevention needs� Estimate emissions from IWTP process unitsØWATER8 air emission model developed by EPA

� Estimate atmospheric dispersion concentrationsØISC-ST3 air dispersion model designed by EPA

� Validate predictive accuracy of the coupled modelØComparison of coupled model predictions to field dataØComparison of coupled model predictions to OP-FTIR data

� Demonstrate potential applications to include Risk Assessment

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGProject Overview

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGProject Overview

CoupledModel

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§Distinctive Elements of Investigation� Combined use of WATER8 and ISC-ST3� Literature directed to specific applications� Coupled model compared to MAAC� Literature limited to single emission sources� Literature focused at municipal wastewater

treatment� Detail and size of periodic canister data� Investigation of three remote optical paths� Multiple retroreflectors that bend optical path� Evaluation of chemical depainting agents� Coupled model used in risk assessment� Completeness and comparative analysis

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGUniqueness of Investigation

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGUniqueness of Investigation

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IWTP PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMPrimary, Secondary, & Tertiary Treatment

IWTP PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMPrimary, Secondary, & Tertiary Treatment

D2BLENDING

TANK

INFLUENT

LIFTSTATION 2

PUMPSTATION

EFFLUENT

INFLUENT

PRESSUREFILTERS

PRESSUREFILTERS

OIL-WATERSEPARATOR

OIL-WATERSEPARATOR

STORAGETANK

STORAGETANK

D1BLENDING

TANK

STRIPPINGWASTE

CLARIFIER

SOLIDSCONTACTCLARIFIER

SOLIDSCONTACTCLARIFIER

EQUALIZATIONBASIN

EQUALIZATIONBASIN

MIXING BASINS

AERATIONBASINS

FINALCLARIFIER

FINALCLARIFIER

D1-D2DS

PUMPSTATION

OWDOWD90%

10%

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COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPBCOUPLED MODEL OUTPUT

Maximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPB

PC

D1

D2

OWDOW-N

OW-S

ST-W ST-E

EQ-N

EQ-S MIXSCCN

SCCSBIO

SC-S

SC-N

FENCELINE

2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300

X-Coordinate, West to East

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

Y-C

oord

inat

e, S

outh

to N

orth

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ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGLocation of Periodic Canister Data

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGLocation of Periodic Canister Data

RCRA Facility Investigation Data [A1-A13]

1993 Battelle Study [A1, A2, A3]

OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A1, A2, A3]

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-91]

A1 A2 A3

A4

A5

A6

A7A8

A9

A10

A11

A12

A13

PC

D1

D2

OWDOW-N

OW-S

ST-W ST-E

EQ-N

EQ-S MIX

SCCN

SCCSBIO

SC-S

SC-N

FENCELINE

2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300

X-Coordinate, West to East

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

Y-C

oord

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§Open-Path Monitoring System measures AtmosphericEmissions� Directing infrared optical energy along physical path that crosses

downwind of emission source plume� OP-FTIR system used for environmental monitoring

§Pollutants modify Spectral Signal� Allows for determination of identity and quantity of pollutants

§OC-ALC Application consist of OP-FTIR Spectrometer� Operated in monostatic configuration� Designed to measure atmospheric dispersion concentrations along

five distinct optical paths� Primarily concerned with fenceline concentrations [P1, P2, P3]� System installed in 1995 and operational roughly three monthsØ36 percent of collected FTIR data considered unusable

OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMFourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy

OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMFourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy

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OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMRemote OP-FTIR Optical Monitoring Pathways

OPEN PATH MONITORING SYSTEMRemote OP-FTIR Optical Monitoring Pathways

ST-EOW-N ST-W

MIX

OW-S

D1

D2

SCC-N

BIO

SC-S

PC

SCC-S

SC-N

EQ-N

EQ-S

B62516P5

P4

P2

P3

A1P1 A11 A2 A3

A4

A5

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COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPBCOUPLED MODEL OUTPUT

Maximum Methylene Chloride Concentrations, PPB

PC

D1

D2

OWDOW-N

OW-S

ST-W ST-E

EQ-N

EQ-S MIXSCCN

SCCSBIO

SC-S

SC-N

FENCELINE

2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300

X-Coordinate, West to East

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

Y-C

oord

inat

e, S

outh

to N

orth

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OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P1

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P1

2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters

0

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

OP

M P

ath

1 M

ethy

lene

Chl

orid

e C

once

ntra

tion,

PP

BV

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]

FTIR Predictions

RCRA Facility Investigation [A1, A11, A2]

1993 Battelle Study [A1 & A2]

OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A1 & A2]

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OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P2

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P2

2150 2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters

0

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

OP

M P

ath

2 M

ethy

lene

Chl

orid

e C

once

ntra

tion,

PP

BV

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]

FTIR Predictions

RCRA Facility Investigation [A3]

1993 Battelle Study [A3]

OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A3]

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OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P3

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONMethylene Chloride--Optical Path P3

1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940Y-axis Coordinates (South to North Direction), meters

0

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

OP

M P

ath

3 M

ethy

lene

Chl

orid

e C

once

ntra

tion,

PP

BV

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]

FTIR Predictions

RCRA Facility Investigation [A4 & A5]

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COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Phenol Concentrations, PPB

COUPLED MODEL OUTPUTMaximum Phenol Concentrations, PPB

PC

D1

D2

OWDOW-N

OW-S

ST-W ST-E

EQ-N

EQ-S MIXSCCN

SCCSBIO

SC-S

SC-N

FENCELINE

2000 2050 2100 2150 2200 2250 2300

X-Coordinate, West to East

1700

1750

1800

1850

1900

1950

2000

2050

2100

Y-C

oord

inat

e, S

outh

to N

orth

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2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120 2140 2160X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters

0

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

100,000

OP

M P

ath

1 A

vera

ge P

heno

l Con

cent

ratio

n, P

PB

V

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]

FTIR Predictions

RCRA Facility Investigation [A1, A11, A2]

1993 Battelle Study [A1 & A2]

OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A1 & A2]

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P1

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P1

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OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P2

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P2

2160 2170 2180 2190 2200 2210 2220 2230 2240 2250 2260X-axis Coordinates (West to East Direction), meters

0

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

OP

M P

ath

2 P

heno

l Con

cent

ratio

n, P

PB

V

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]

FTIR Predictions

RCRA Facility Investigation [A3]

1993 Battelle Study [A3]

OC-ALC Bioenvironmental Data [A3]

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OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P3

OPM SYSTEM COMPARISONPhenol--Optical Path P3

1740 1760 1780 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880 1900 1920 1940Y-axis Coordinates (South to North Direction), meters

0

1

10

100

1,000

10,000

OP

M P

ath

3 P

heno

l Con

cent

ratio

n, P

PB

V

Coupled Model Predictions [1984-93]

FTIR Predictions

RCRA Facility Investigation [A4 & A5]

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§OP-FTIR Ineffective Method of Predicting Field Data� FTIR over-predicts field data along all three optical paths� FTIR data gathered over 12 months� FTIR over-predicts by orders of magnitude� No visual trends for both components� Clustering of data along optical path

§Reliability of Technology� Three months worth of data over five years� 36% of data considered unusable

§Potential Weaknesses� Poor maintenance and oversight� Weather data equipment and software� No daily background spectra� Significant water vapor impacts

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSummary & Conclusions

ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGSummary & Conclusions

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CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY

AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY

Tinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma

Freddie E. Hall, Jr.OC-ALC/EMPD

7701 Arnold Street, Suite 204Tinker AFB OK 73145-9100

COM: 405-734-3114DSN: 884-3114

EMAIL: freddie.hall@tinker.af.mil

CASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGCASE STUDY: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING USINGREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGYREMOTE OPTICAL SENSING [OP-FTIR] TECHNOLOGY

AT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERAT THE OKLAHOMA CITY AIR LOGISTICS CENTERINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITYINDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT FACILITY

Tinker Air Force Base, OklahomaTinker Air Force Base, Oklahoma

Freddie E. Hall, Jr.Freddie E. Hall, Jr.OC-ALC/EMPDOC-ALC/EMPD

7701 Arnold Street, Suite 2047701 Arnold Street, Suite 204Tinker AFB OK 73145-9100Tinker AFB OK 73145-9100

COM: 405-734-3114COM: 405-734-3114DSN: 884-3114DSN: 884-3114

EMAIL:EMAIL: freddie freddie.hall@tinker..hall@tinker.afaf.mil.mil