Upload
terence-paul
View
218
Download
5
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Case study:Case study:The NetherlandsThe Netherlands
EU policies towards ethnic minorities
Winter semester 2006 – December 6, 2006
Typical Dutch village
Dutch flag
Country profile: basic stats Population: 16,339,385 (August 2006 est.)
Ethnic groups:
Dutch 81% (13,2 million)
Immigrants Western descent 8,5% (1,4 million)
Immigrants non-Western descent 10,5% (1,7 million) Of which 41% are born in NL “2nd generation”
Religions: (2002)
Roman Catholic 31%
Dutch Reformed 13%
Calvinist 7%
Muslim 6%
other 2.5%
none 40.5%
Immigrants of nonwestern origin:
Turks 2.3% (364.000)
Surinamese 2.1% (331.000)
Moroccans 2.1% (323.000)
Antilleans 0.8% (130.000)
Asylum 2004 9.8002005 12.350
History Prior to WWII: monocultural society
• Regional differences• Nationbuilding process• Emigration• Religious freedom, tolerance, and pillarisation
After WWII: immigration• Immigration• Multiculturalism• Political correctness• Dutch culture unifies• Cultural issues / segregation
History (cont.)
1950’s: immigration of Indonesiers • Ex-colony• Dutch language• Integration ease
1960’s: wave of immigrants from Southern Europe
• Spanish and Italians• Work• Stayed short
History (cont.)
1970’s: immigration of Surinamers • Ex-colony• Independency 1975• Dutch language
1960’s-1990’s: immigration of Muslims from Turkey and Marocco
• Work temporarily - stayed• Dutch aid• Generational differences
Politicians & Policies
PM Den Uyl (1970’s)• Immigrant policy• Prisma of multiculturalism, Political correctness• Dutch adaptation to immigrants• No debate about integration and immigration
PM Lubbers (1980’s) • Prisma of multiculturalism, Political correctness• No debate about integration and immigration• Neutral policy: no adaptation • Reunification of broader familie • “Bride import”
Politicians & Policies (cont.)
PM Kok Bolkenstein (1990’s)• No debate about integration and immigration• Politicians agree to avoid immigration debate• Political correctness continues, but… • Concepts of political correctness and
multiculturalism show signs of problems
Gap between politicians and public opinion widens fast
• Slow decrease of immigration• Bolkenstein, first politician who mentions
immigration issues
Politicians & Policies (cont.)Fortuyn (2002)
• massive support for Fortuyn
• Critized Islamitization of Netherlands Wanted certain degree of assimilation Wanted integration and not segregation
• BUT also had many ideas not connected to integration, immigration, or Islam smaller-scale organisation of public services, moral standards, liberal Critized (politic) elite
• Moved Dutch political spectrum to the right
• Created space for conservative parties
Politicians & Policies (cont.) PM Balkenende Verdonk (2000’s)
• Van Gogh murdered • Verdonk thougher on illegal immigrants• Less immigrants• Political correctness of 70’s, 80’s, and 90’s replaced by
open debate about integration and immigration• Introduction of “Rotterdam policy”
Wilders (VVD own party / 2006)• Wilders & Pastors first real conservative parties• No veils in public functions• Immigration stop of non-Westerners• Change constitution Christian, Jewish, and humanistic
roots to remain dominant• 5 year stop of mosques and Islamic schools• Close radical mosques, expel radical imams• Forbid the wearing of bhurkas
Politicians & Policies (cont.)
Current general opinion• Main task is integration, pluralism, repair balance:• The immigrants should:
- master the Dutch language
- participate in Dutch society
- contacts between ethnic groups
- acknowlegde Dutch norms & values
- activily create their own chances, supported
by opportunities given by the government
Elections 2006 Traditional parties lose:
– Christen D.: 44 41 -3– Labour: 42 33 -9– Liberals: 28 22 -6– D66: 6 3 -3
Right and left win:– Socialists: 9 25 +16– Wilders: 1 9 + 8– (Verdonk): 620.000 votes 9 seats
Government Coalition possibilities:– Christen / Socialist Chr.Dem, Labour, Soc.
most likely: 3 parties & 99/150 seats– Christen / Liberal / Conservative Chr.Dem, Liberals, Wilders not
so likely: 4 parties&76/150
Integration & Immigration policy
Coordination:
• Ministry of Justice
• Ministry for Immigration and Integration
Minister is Verdonk / part of Justice
• Goals of ministry:• Better integration• Restrictive entrance policy • Combat illegals and effective remigration policy
of illiegals
Integration & Immigration policy
ETA The Equal Treatment Act (1994) The Equal Treatment Commission (semi-judicial)
Newcomers Integration Act (1998)/ Wet inburgering nieuwkomers
“Stranger Act” / Vreemdelingen Wet (2000) “Live Together Act” / Wet Samen (2004)
Replacement National Network Diversity
Rotterdam Act (2006) Integration Act / Wet Inburgering (2007)
What are the “problems”?
“No integration, society is segregated”
Ethnic minorities live in biggest cities, city centers, high density (80%)
Ethnic Dutch live in suburbs
Increasing tension between
the two groups
Muslim irritations
Discrimination in the job market
Criminality statistics in media prejudice immigrants, mainly Moroccans & Turks
Generalization of terrorism to whole Muslim population
Electoral gains of conservatives
Less tolerance from Dutch
Criminality Statistics
The official statistics of criminality
Dutch irritations Culture problems:
• Equal rights women• Liberal democracy• Handshake• Murder of honor not acceptable• Holocaust
Islamitization of NL High costs, low benefits: health care costs,
social care expenses, integration difficulties Murder van Gogh Irritations towards political correctness of
70s/80s/90s
The EndThe End
Thank you for your attention !
Questions?
Niet-westers = non-western foreignerWesters = western foreignerAutochtoon = native Dutch1e generatie = 1st generation2e generatie = 2nd generation3e generatie = 3rd generation