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The illustrated seismic section is an arbitrary line oriented south-east, north-west to west across Kazakhstan and Russia within the Central Caspian Sea. A number of key markers have been interpreted throughout the section to highlight the different sequences from rift to drift stages. Primary source rocks are situated within the deeper Triassic rift section with reservoirs within the Jurassic through to Cretaceous. Potential secondary source rocks and reservoirs can be found in Tertiary sequences within large-scale clinoform systems, in particular within the Maykop Series.

The Caspian Sea has been a major focus for hydrocarbon exploration for many years, with particular attention on the Precaspian and South Caspian Basins. However, hydrocarbon exploration in the Central Caspian Sea has been sparse, with drilling activity largely focused near shore and little to no activity within the central part of the basin. Primary hydrocarbon discoveries have been made in the deeper Triassic to Cretaceous strata, with potential still remaining in the shallower Tertiary sequences.

Caspian Sea:Frontier Exploration

in the Middle Caspian Basin

CGG’s study area covers the offshore Middle Caspian Basin within Russia and Kazakhstan. A regional 2D seismic grid has been used to assess the area’s petroleum geology.

This CGG multi-client dataset consists of 81 long-offset 2D seismic lines extending over 10,000 line kilometers across the Middle Caspian Basin.

Just over 5,000 km were acquired in the Russian sector in 1995 and subsequently reprocessed by CGG in 2009, while another 5,000 km of modern seismic were acquired and processed in 2010 in the Kazakh sector.

Terek-Sulak Foredeep North Apsheron Depression South Mangyshlak Sub-basin

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Base Jurassic Unconformity

Upper Jurassic Unconformity

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Lower Tertiary Sequence Boundary

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Thick Tertiary

sequence

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Large-scale clinoforms

Truncation of rift structures

Deep canyons

Deep Triassic graben fill

Volcanics

Extremely shallow water depths

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Middle Miocene sandstones from the Russian sector in 1893. Notable onshore discoveries in Kazakhstan began in the 1950-60s, comprising Tenge (119 MMbo and 810 Bcf), Uzen (1.5 Bbo) and Dunga (408 MMbo). Most of the Middle Caspian Basin’s discoveries trend along the South Mangyshlak Sub-basin in a south-easterly direction.

A small number of wells were tested in the offshore region of Kazakhstan but no discoveries were made. The first offshore oil and gas field was encountered in 1974 near shore in Russia. Other onshore and offshore discoveries in Russia include Khvalynskoye (127 bcm and 9.6 million tonnes of gas condensate), Yuri Korchagin (570 MMboe) and Tsentralnoye (98 MMboe), which is a shared discovery between Russia and Kazakhstan.

Seismic StratigraphySeismic data clearly illustrates that sediment thickness varies considerably from west to east, due to basin architecture and heterogeneities. In the deeper section from basement to base Jurassic, clear rift features can be seen; faulted basement blocks are present with deep graben infill of Triassic sediments. Evidence of compression and volcanism can be seen in this section through deep folds and strong amplitude seismic reflections within the South Mangyshlak Sub-basin. Seismic data offshore Kazakhstan shows Jurassic strata directly overlying basement blocks, indicating areas where the Triassic is absent.

Potential in the Middle Caspian BasinCGG multi-client 2D seismic data across the Central Caspian Sea helps provide understanding of current and new petroleum systems in a frontier area.

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The Middle Caspian Basin extends onshore into parts of Russia and Azerbaijan, with the offshore section in Russia and Kazakhstan. In terms of structural geology, the basin is bounded by the Great Caucasus fold belt on the west and south-west, and the Karabogaz regional basement high on the east and south-east. The northern boundary of the basin extends along the Karpinsky ridge and the Mangyshlak fold belt. The west area of the basin is a typical foreland basin whereas the eastern area is situated on a shallow crustal block between two areas of uplift (Figure 1). Rifting of Hercynian basement occurred during the Late Permian to Triassic and led to the infill of basinal lows with thick clastics and carbonates. Volcanism followed in the Late Triassic, with a period of compression resulting in uplift and erosion of rifted blocks. The basin in the east underwent strong deformation during that period, with thrusting and folding forming the Mangyshlak fold belt. From Jurassic to Eocene the western area of the basin became a passive margin, with continental and marine environments making up the Cretaceous and Tertiary section (Ulmishek, 2001).

Exploration HistoryApproximately 14 Bboe have been discovered in the Middle Caspian Basin, with primary reservoirs consisting of Jurassic and Cretaceous rocks, while secondary reservoirs are found within the Tertiary. The first discovery in the Middle Caspian Basin encountered shallow oil within the

The base Jurassic is marked by an angular unconformity, which is a prominent basin-wide marker indicating the interface between the top of the rift sequence and the base of the post-rift section (Figure 2). It is a significant event representing the transition from continental to marine environment and a period of basinal subsidence and quiescence which dominated from the Jurassic period. The Jurassic section thins and becomes shallower to the east with the top of the sequence marked by another unconformity. The Cretaceous section is a thin, uniform and fairly undeformed section only partially affected by faulting. The Lower Cretaceous is thought to be siliciclastic-rich, especially within the Aptian and Albian, and the Late Cretaceous is dominated by a carbonate sequence. The Late Cretaceous has been significantly eroded, as deep incised canyons (up to 300m) are observed as a result of large-scale erosion during the Tertiary.

The Maykop Series marks the base of the Tertiary sequence. Large-scale clinoforms are evident with chaotic reflectivity at the base, indicative of debris flows and slump deposits such as olistostromes, suggesting the possibility of later uplift in the Caucasus region (Figure 3). The Maykop Series is thick in the west (~1,200m) and thins eastwards to about 600m where it downlaps the underlying Cretaceous section. The top of this sequence is marked by an angular and highly erosive unconformity. A number of sequence boundaries can be interpreted within the shallower Tertiary section, with multiple series of clinoforms prograding mainly towards the south-east (Figure 3). This major series of clinoforms is possibly indicative of a large sediment supply coming from the Great Caucasus Fold belt with the influence of high-magnitude sea level variations.

Areas of Potential and Undrilled StructuresExploration so far has focused onshore and near shore in the basin, with little information known about the offshore area. One can assume there are analogies to be made between the two parts of the basin when looking at the geology and hydrocarbon potential. Discoveries located in the Great Caucasus Fold Belt consist of structural traps within long and narrow faulted anticlines trending north-west south-east. In Stavropol Arch and Prikum Arch (see map), hydrocarbon accumulations are found in isometric low relief anticlines located over deeper Triassic reef structures or basement highs (Dyman et al., 2001). The permeability and connectivity of many hydrocarbon reservoirs found in that region is thought to be highly

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Figure 2: Petroleum potential of undrilled structures within the Triassic and Jurassic.

Figure 1: The Middle Caspian Basin is bounded by the Great Caucasus fold belt, the Karabogaz regional basement high, the Karpinsky ridge and the Mangyshlak fold belt.

Figure 3: Petroleum potential in large-scale Tertiary clinoform complexes, where there are possibilities of multiple stacked reservoirs.

dependent on fracturing. This has been observed in Cretaceous carbonates of the South Mangyshlak Sub-basin and fractured Lower Maykop Series shales in the Prikum Arch.

The faults present within the post-rift can be related to significant gas escape features throughout this section. These gas chimneys are located directly above steeply dipping extensional faults at depth and clearly show that a working petroleum system is in place, especially in the less explored central part of the basin.

There are a number of structural and stratigraphic traps visible in the underexplored central area of the Caspian Sea. Compressional anticlinal folds in the deeper sections within the Triassic and Jurassic can be considered as major targets with both sequences acting as reservoirs (Figure 2). Potential can also be found within the Tertiary clinoforms, with reservoir porosity and permeability likely to be preserved due to their shallow burial. The presence of a regional seal in this case may be an issue, forcing exploration to be reliant on more localized seals (Figure 3). References:Dyman, T.S., Litinsky, V. A. and Ulmishek, G. F. (2001). Geology and Natural Gas Potential of Deep Sedimentary Basins in the Former Soviet Union. Chapter 3, U. S. Geological Survey Digital Data Series 67.Ulmishek, G. F. (2001). Petroleum Geology and Resources of the Middle Caspian Basin, Former Soviet Union. USGS Bulletin 2201-A.