Castling

Castling is a move in the game of chess involving aplayers king and either of the players original rooks. It isthe only move in chess in which a player moves two piecesin the same move, and it is the only move aside from theknight's move where a piece can be said to jump overanother.[1]

Castling consists of moving the king two squares towardsa rook on the players first rank, then moving the rook tothe square over which the king crossed.[2] Castling mayonly be done if the king has never moved, the rook in-volved has never moved, the squares between the kingand the rook involved are unoccupied, the king is not incheck, and the king does not cross over or end on a squarein which it would be in check. Castling is one of the rulesof chess and is technically a king move (Hooper &Whyld1992:71).The notation for castling, in both the descriptive and thealgebraic systems, is 0-0 with the kingside rook and 0-0-0 with the queenside rook. (In PGN, O-O and O-O-Oare used instead.) Castling on the kingside is sometimescalled castling short and castling on the queenside is calledcastling long the difference based on whether the rookmoves a short distance (two squares) or a long distance(three squares) (Hooper & Whyld 1992).Castling was added to European chess in the 14th or 15thcentury and did not develop into its present form until the17th century. The Asian versions of chess do not havesuch a move.

1 Requirements

Castling is permissible if and only if all of the followingconditions hold (Schiller 2001:19):

1. The king and the chosen rook are on the players firstrank.[3]

2. Neither the king nor the chosen rook have previouslymoved.

3. There are no pieces between the king and the chosenrook.

4. The king is not currently in check.

5. The king does not pass through a square that is at-tacked by an enemy piece.[4]

6. The king does not end up in check. (True of anylegal move.)

Conditions 4 through 6 can be summarized with the morememorable phrase: One may not castle out of, through,or into check.It is a common misperception that the requirements forcastling are evenmore stringent than the above.[5] To clar-ify:

The chosen rook may be under attack.

The rookmaymove through an attacked square, pro-vided the king does not. The only such square is theone adjacent to the rook, when castling queenside.

The king may have been in check earlier in the game(provided the king did not move when resolving thecheck).

In handicap games where odds of a rook are given, theplayer giving odds may still castle with the absent rook,moving only the king.[6]

2 Strategy

See also: Chess opening

Castling is an important goal in the opening, because itserves two valuable purposes: it moves the king into asafer position away from the center of the board, and itmoves the rook to a more active position in the center ofthe board (it is even possible to checkmate with castling).The choice as to which side to castle often hinges on anassessment of the trade-off between king safety and ac-tivity of the rook. Kingside castling is generally slightlysafer, because the king ends up closer to the edge of theboard and all the pawns on the castled side are defendedby the king. In queenside castling, the king is placedcloser to the center and the pawn on the a-file is unde-fended; the king is thus often moved to the b-file to de-fend the a-pawn and to move the king away from the cen-ter of the board. In addition, queenside castling requiresmoving the queen; therefore, it may take slightly longer toachieve than kingside castling. On the other hand, queen-side castling places the rook more effectively on thecentral d-file. It is often immediately active, whereas withkingside castling a tempo may be required to move therook to a more effective square.It is common for both players to castle kingside, and rarefor both players to castle queenside. If one player cas-

1

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2 5 NOTABLE EXAMPLES

tles kingside and the other queenside, it is called opposite(or opposite-side) castling. Castling on opposite sides usu-ally results in a fierce fight as both players pawns are freeto advance to attack the opposing kings castled positionwithout exposing the players own castled king. An ex-ample is the Yugoslav Attack, in the Dragon Variation ofthe Sicilian Defence.If the king is forced to move before it has the opportu-nity to castle, the player may still wish to maneuver theking towards the edge of the board and the correspond-ing rook towards the center. When a player takes threeor four moves to accomplish what castling would have ac-complished in one move, it is sometimes called artificialcastling, or castling by hand.

3 Tournament rules

See also: Rules of chess and Touch-move rule

Under the strict touch-move rules enforced in mosttournaments, castling is considered a king move. Butunder current US Chess Federation rules, a player whointends to castle and touches the rook first would sufferno penalty, and would be permitted to perform castling,provided castling is legal in the position. Still, the cor-rect way to castle is to first move the king. As usual, theplayers mind may change between all legal destinationsquares for the king until it is released. When the two-square king move is completed, however, the player hasformally chosen to castle (if it is legal), and the rook mustbe moved accordingly. A player who performs a forbid-den castling must return the king and the rook to theiroriginal places and then move the king, if there is anotherlegal king move, including castling on the other side. Ifthere is no legal king move, the touch-move rule does notapply to the rook (Just & Burg 2003:1314,1718,23).It is also required by the official rules that the entiremove be completed using only a single hand. Neither ofthese rules is commonly enforced in casual play, nor com-monly known by non-competitive players (Just & Burg2003:1314,1718,23).The right to castle must be the same in all three positionsfor a valid draw claim under the threefold repetition rule.

4 Chess variants and problems

Some chess variants, for example Chess960, have mod-ified castling rules to handle modified starting positions.Castling can also be adapted to large chess variants, likeCapablanca chess, which is played on a 108 board.In chess problems, castling is assumed to be allowed ifit appears possible, unless it can be proved by retrogradeanalysis that either the king or chosen rook has previously

moved.

5 Notable examples

Viktor Korchnoi, in his 1974 Candidates final matchwith Anatoly Karpov, famously asked the arbiter ifcastling was legal when the castling rook was underattack.[7] The answer was in the affirmative, and Ko-rchnoi ended up winning the game.

Three castlings occurred in the game betweenWolfgang Heidenfeld and Nick Kerins, in Dublin in1973. Of course, the third one (the second one byWhite) was illegal. The game is as follows:[8]

1.e4 e6 2.d4 d5 3.Be3Nf6 4.e5Nfd75.f4 c5 6.c3 Nc6 7.Nf3 Qb6 8.Qd2 c49.Be2 Na5 10.0-0 f5 11.Ng5 Be7 12.g4Bxg5 13.fxg5 Nf8 14.gxf5 exf5 15.Bf3Be6 16.Qg2 0-0-0 17.Na3 Ng6 18.Qd2f4 19.Bf2 Bh3 20.Rfb1 Bf5 21.Nc2h6 22.gxh6 Rxh6 23.Nb4 Qe6 24.Qe2Ne7 25.b3 Qg6+ 26.Kf1 Bxb1 27.bxc4dxc4 28.Qb2 Bd3+ 29.Ke1 Be4 30.Qe2Bxf3 31.Qxf3 Rxh2 32.d5 Qf5 33.0-0-0 Rh3 34.Qe2 Rxc3+ 35.Kb2 Rh336.d6 Nec6 37.Nxc6 Nxc6 38.e6 Qe5+39.Qxe5 Nxe5 40.d7+ Nxd7 01

Tim Krabb composed a joke chess problem con-taining vertical castling (king on e1, promoted rookon e8). The loophole in the definition of castlingupon which this problem was based was removedby the new requirement that the castling rook mustoccupy the same rank as the king.

Averbakh vs. Purdy, 1960Black to move, castled queenside, with the rook goingover the attacked square b8.

5.1 Averbakh game

In this game[9] between Yuri Averbakh and Cecil Purdy,Black castled queenside. Averbakh pointed out thatthe rook passed over a square controlled by White andthought it was illegal. Purdy proved that the castling waslegal since this applies only to the king, to which Aver-bakh replied Only the king? Not the rook?" (Evans1970:3839), (Lombardy & Daniels 1975:188).Ed. Lasker vs. Thomas, 1912Position after 17...Kg1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variation,_Yugoslav_Attack,_9.Bc4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defence,_Dragon_Variationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilian_Defencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_castlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_castlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-move_rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touch-move_rulehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_tournamenthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Chess_Federationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFJustBurg2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFJustBurg2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFJustBurg2003https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draw_(chess)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threefold_repetitionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_varianthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess960https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capablanca_chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_problemhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrograde_analysishttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Korchnoihttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatoly_Karpovhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Arbiterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Heidenfeldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Kerinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke_chess_problem#Offbeat_interpretations_of_the_rules_of_chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Averbakhhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Purdyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFEvans1970https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFEvans1970https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFLombardyDaniels1975

6.1 Nomenclature 3

5.2 Lasker game

In this game between Edward Lasker and Sir GeorgeThomas (London 1912),[10] Black had just played17...Kg1. White might have checkmated by 18.0-0-0#but instead played 18.Kd2#.[11] (See Edward Laskers no-table games.)Prins vs. Day, 1968Position before 31...0-0-0#

5.3 Prins versus Day

This game between Lodewijk Prins and Lawrence Dayended in a checkmate by castling: 31...0-0-0#.[12] (SeeLawrence Day' notable chess games.)Feuer vs. O'Kelly, 1934Position after 12...Kxd8

5.4 Feuer versus O'Kelly

In the game FeuerO'Kelly, Belgian Championship 1934,Feuer perpetrated what later became known as a famousopening trap against O'Kelly when he castled queen-side with check, simultaneously attacking and winningO'Kellys rook on b2, which had captured Feuers pawnon that square.

6 History

Castling has its roots in the kings leap. There weretwo forms of the leap: (1) the king would move once likea knight, and (2) the king would move two squares onhis first move. The knight-move might be used early inthe game to get the king to safety or later in the game toescape a threat. This second form was played in Europeas early as the 13th Century. In North Africa, the kingwas moved to a safe square by a two-step procedure: (1)the kingmoved to the second rank and (2) the rookmovedto the kings original square and the king moved to therooks original square (Davidson 1981:48).Before the bishop and queen acquired their current movesin the 16th Century they were weak pieces and the kingwas relatively safe in the middle of the board. When thebishop and queen got their current moves they becamevery powerful and the king was no longer safe on its orig-inal square, since it can be attacked from a distance andfrom both sides. Castling was added to allow the king toget to a safer location and to allow rooks to get into thegame earlier (Davidson 1981:16).The rule of castling has varied by location and time. Inmedieval England, Spain, and France, the white king was

allowed to jump to c1, c2, d3, e3, f3, or g1,[13] if no cap-ture was made, the king was not in check, and did notmove over check. (The black king might move similarly.)In Lombardy, the white king might jump an additionalsquare to b1 or h1 or to a2 (and equivalent squares forthe black king). Later in Germany and Italy, the kingmove was combined with a pawn move.In Rome from the early 17th century until the late 19thcentury, the rook might be placed on any square up toand including the kings square, and the king might bemoved to any square on the other side of the rook. Thiswas called free castling.In the Gttingen manuscript (c. 1500) and a game pub-lished by Luis Ramrez de Lucena in 1498, castling con-sisted of two moves: first the rook and then the king.The current version of castling was established in Francein 1620 and England in 1640 (Sunnucks 1970:66).In the 1811 edition of his chess treatise, Johann All-gaier introduced the 0-0 notation. He differentiated be-tween 0-0r (r=right) and 0-0l (l=left). The 0-0-0 no-tation for queenside castling was added in 1837 by AaronAlexandre.[14] The practice was then accepted in the firstedition (1843) of the Handbuch des Schachspiels.

6.1 Nomenclature

Castling is inmost European languages other than Englishknown as roszada, rochieren, rochada, rocada- Romanian, enroque, roda, arrocco, rokada,"", or some other derivative of the same root(from which also the English word rook is derived),while the local adjectives meaning long and short (orbig and small) are used in those countries to refer toqueenside and kingside castling, respectively.

7 See also

Outline of chess: Rules of chess

Artificial castling

Chess notation

Algebraic chess notation Descriptive chess notation

Rules of chess

8 References[1] Pandolfini, Bruce (1992). Pandolfinis Chess Complete:

The Most Comprehensive Guide to the Game, from Historyto Strategy. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 9780671701864.Retrieved 13 January 2014.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Laskerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Thomas,_7th_Baronethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_George_Thomas,_7th_Baronethttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Checkmatehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker#Notable_gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Lasker#Notable_gameshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Prinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Dayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Day#Notable_chess_gameshttp://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1104131https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chess_trapshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alb%C3%A9ric_O%2527Kelly_de_Galwayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_in_Europehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(chess)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFDavidson1981https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_(chess)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_(chess)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFDavidson1981https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_manuscripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Lucenahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling#CITEREFSunnucks1970https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Allgaierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Baptist_Allgaierhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Alexandrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Alexandrehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbuch_des_Schachspielshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_chess#Rules_of_chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_castlinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_notationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_notation_(chess)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptive_chess_notationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rules_of_chesshttp://books.google.com/books?id=3bDup8NHQ8AC&pg=PA34&dq=castling+jump+over&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NFrUUrP8PIex2wX_kIFw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=castling%2520jump%2520over&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=3bDup8NHQ8AC&pg=PA34&dq=castling+jump+over&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NFrUUrP8PIex2wX_kIFw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=castling%2520jump%2520over&f=falsehttp://books.google.com/books?id=3bDup8NHQ8AC&pg=PA34&dq=castling+jump+over&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NFrUUrP8PIex2wX_kIFw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=castling%2520jump%2520over&f=falsehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_&_Schusterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780671701864

4 8 REFERENCES

[2] Laws of Chess. FIDE. (Castling is in rule 3.8)

[3] Without this additional restriction, which was added tothe FIDE rules in 1972, it would be possible to promote apawn on the e file to a rook and then castle vertically acrossthe board (as long as the other conditions are met). Thisway of castling was discovered by Max Pam and usedby Tim Krabb in a chess puzzle before the rules wereamended to disallow it. See Chess Curiosities by Krabb,see also de:Pam-Krabb-Rochade for the diagrams on-line.

[4] http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=124&view=article

[5] See e.g. http://www.chessvariants.org/d.chess/castlefaq.html

[6] Abrahams, Gerald (1948). Chess. Teach Yourself Books.English Universities Press. p. 59.

[7] Korchnoi vs. Karpov

[8] Chess Records. Tim Krabb. (click on: Greatest num-ber of castlings)

[9] Averbakh vs. Purdy

[10] Ed. Lasker vs. Thomas, London 1912

[11] Edward Lasker, Chess for Fun and Chess for Blood, DoverPublications, 1962, p. 120.

[12] Prins vs. Day

[13] c1, c2, c3, d3, e3, f3, ga, g2, or g3, according to H. J. R.Murray

[14] Stefan Bcker: Was bedeutet 0-0?" (What does 0-0mean?), in: Kaissiber, No. 18, 2002, p.7071

Bibliography

Davidson, Henry (1981) [1949]. A Short History ofChess. McKay. ISBN 978-0-679-14550-9.

Evans, Larry (1970). Chess Catechism. Simon andSchuster. ISBN 0-671-20491-2.

Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), castling,The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.), OxfordUniversity Press, ISBN 0-19-280049-3

Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel B. (2003), U.S. Chess Fed-erations Official Rules of Chess (5th ed.), McKay,ISBN 0-8129-3559-4

Lombardy, William; Daniels, David (1975), ChessPanorama, Chilton, ISBN 0-8019-6078-9

Murray, H.J.R. (2012) [1913], A History of Chess,Skyhorse, ISBN 978-1-62087-062-4

Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (2nded.), Cardoza Publishing, ISBN 978-1-58042-092-1

Sunnucks, Anne (1970), castling, The Ency-clopaedia of Chess, St. Martins Press, ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1

http://www.fide.com/fide/handbook?id=124&view=articlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIDEhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_terminology#Filehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Krabb%C3%A9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke_chess_problem#Offbeat_interpretations_of_the_rules_of_chesshttps://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pam-Krabb%C3%A9-Rochadehttp://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=124&view=articlehttp://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=124&view=articlehttp://www.chessvariants.org/d.chess/castlefaq.htmlhttp://www.chessvariants.org/d.chess/castlefaq.htmlhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Abrahamshttp://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1067831http://timkr.home.xs4all.nl/records/records.htmhttp://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1329062http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1259009http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1037399https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._J._R._Murrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaissiberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-14550-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Evanshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-20491-2https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Vincent_Hooperhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Whyldhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-280049-3https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8129-3559-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Lombardyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8019-6078-9https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Murrayhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_History_of_Chesshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62087-062-4https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Schillerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avery_Cardozahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58042-092-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58042-092-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Sunnuckshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-4697-1https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7091-4697-1

5

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text Castling Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castling?oldid=661069431 Contributors: AxelBoldt, Lee Daniel Crocker, Alex.tan, Frit-zlein, PierreAbbat, Camembert, Dwheeler, Ubiquity, Lir, Eric119, Revolver, Timwi, Tempshill, Paul-L~enwiki, Sjorford, Robbot, Ro-manm, Chris Roy, Flauto Dolce, Jao, Andris, Fak119, Neilc, Cap601, Sonjaaa, OverlordQ, Andreas Kaufmann, Mike Rosoft, Mi-borovsky, AlexG, Tom, SpeedyGonsales, Lokifer, Alansohn, Neonumbers, Water Bottle, Garfield226, Gurulegend, L33th4x0rguy, Cygnus-Pius, Georgia guy, Sacham, Palica, Bunchofgrapes, Sjakkalle, Rjwilmsi, Quale, Tintazul, Bubba73, Vuong Ngan Ha, Cjpuffin, Yurik-Bot, Hairy Dude, Conscious, Lucinos~enwiki, Sikon, Lusanaherandraton, Chunky Rice, Krakatoa, Zwobot, BOT-Superzerocool, Bota47,Reyk, Chrishmt0423, LeonardoRob0t, McGeddon, Unyoyega, KocjoBot~enwiki, Cs-wolves, Ted87, DHN-bot~enwiki, Dumiac, Ioscius,Erzahler, Kazov, Jan.Kamenicek, Frazz, Pegasus1138, Axiomm, JForget, Cydebot, Adolphus79, DumbBOT, Thijs!bot, Mibelz, DaQuirin,QuiteUnusual, Vanjagenije, Ingolfson, The Transhumanist, James Strong, Aximilei, The elephant, BrentG, .anacondabot, Pianodwarf, Ma-gioladitis, Waterchan, JamesBWatson, Baccyak4H, KConWiki, Just to clarify, Maurice Carbonaro, Xbspiro, Wikieditor06, VolkovBot,Barneca, Mikevoltz, Voorlandt, AgentCDE, SieBot, Oxymoron83, Superraptor, ClueBot, Antarctic-adventurer, Bob1960evens, Dejvas,Alejandrocaro35, Sun Creator, Ouz Ergin, D.M. from Ukraine, Addbot, MrVanBot, Tomrosenbaum, Jan eissfeldt, Yobot, TaBOT-zerem,Riad.Bot~enwiki, Jean.julius, DemocraticLuntz, Killiondude, Piano non troppo, ArthurBot, Moteutsch, MrsHudson, RibotBOT, Cita-tion bot 1, JackEditer, MKFI, Reconsider the static, Electricmaster, Antonsusi, Dinamik-bot, RjwilmsiBot, TheOriginal.VictorZhang(),K6ka, Keleperkins, Stinkycheeseauthor, Ihardlythinkso, Jeffeff, ClueBot NG, Frietjes, AgniKalpa, Widr, Ashstark, Helpful Pixie Bot,, MusikAnimal, Michaelmalak, Toccata quarta, NJHartley, Nater1212, Ikswodasb1, Webclient101, KWiki, Epicgenius, Bas-ketbal314159, Rayaanxd, NateStemen, De las tardes and Anonymous: 126

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File:Chess_oot45.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Chess_oot45.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors:

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File:Chess_xot45.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Chess_xot45.svg License: Public domain Contribu-tors:

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6 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9.3 Content license Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/RequirementsStrategyTournament rulesChess variants and problemsNotable examplesAverbakh gameLasker gamePrins versus DayFeuer versus O'KellyHistoryNomenclatureSee alsoReferencesText and image sources, contributors, and licensesTextImagesContent license