Cat Reference Guide 2007

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

www.CAT.com

© 2007 Caterpillar

A Reference Guide to Mining Machine Applications

2007

Field Guide

Printed in U.S.A.

AEXQ0030–01

Scope

This document is intended for use primarily by Caterpillar®

and CAT® dealer project managers as a ready reference forthe assessment of machine application and haul roadconditions on their project sites. It may also prove useful toother Caterpillar and CAT dealer personnel, and customers inneed of a concise reference tool.

It contains practical benchmarking data that is achievablewith correct and well-managed machine application. It is alsointended to provide guidance on assessing haul road designand maintenance that supports sound industry practices.

Contents

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques Cost Per Ton (CPT) 2Large Wheel Loaders 6Hydraulic Front Shovels 12Hydraulic Backhoes 20Electric Rope Shovels 26Large Mining Trucks 34Motor Graders 40 Track-type Tractors 46Wheel Dozers 56Wheel Tractor Scrapers 60

Basic Haul Road Design and MaintenanceDesign and Maintenance 64

Basic Truck Dump Design and MaintenanceTruck Dump Operation 80

Management Review Strategies 84

Ground Engaging Tools (GET)GET Application 94

Caterpillar® Underground MachinesUnderground Applications 106

Reference InformationSpecifications from Performance Handbook 37 126

Notes

Cost Per Ton (CPT) 3

Requires:• Long mine life• Electric grid• Hard floor• 50-foot face• Well-shot material• Clean-up support

Wheel Loader$0.10 - 0.15/ton Mobility

Hydraulic Front Shovel $0.10 - 0.15/tonBreakout force and selectivity

Mass Excavator$0.10 - 0.15/tonBreakout force and selectivity

Electric Rope Shovel$0.05 - 0.07/tonReliable, low cost-per-ton

Requires: • Solid floor• Well-shot material• Dry floor

Requires:• Proper face height• Limited tramming• Clean-up support

Requires:• Proper bench height• Limited tramming• Clean-up support

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Large Wheel Loaders

Basic Application Benchmarksand Operating Techniques

Optimal Bench Height

Cycle Times

Bucket Fill Factor in Well-shot Rock

Most Efficient Pass Match

Conditions Favorable to Large Wheel Loaders

Conditions Unfavorable to Large Wheel Loaders

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 7LARGEWHEEL LOADERS

LARGE WHEEL LOADERSBucket hinge pin height at maximum lift

28 - 42 seconds (avg. 35 seconds)

90 - 110%

4 - 6 passes

• Level, dry, smooth, firm floors• Sufficient crossfall and drainage in high

rainfall areas to minimize tire damage• Well-fragmented materials that minimize

crowding time, particularly in the toe area of the cut

• Lower face profile• Multiple faces and frequent tramming

• Poor underfoot conditions– wet, soft, jagged

• Tight load areas• Poorly shot material

Things to watch for:

• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor• Operate in first gear, full throttle• Limit travel to 11/2 tire revolutions• Keep floor clean and smooth, maintain minimal spillage• Keep time in face below 12 seconds• Truck spotted at 45°• Maintain proper bucket kickout adjustment• Keep tight “V” loading pattern• Adjust “Rim Pull Control” setting• Work 11/2 bucket width dig pattern

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 9

LARGE WHEEL LOADERS

• Keep frame straight when digging • Lift bucket before crowding • Fill bucket by the time lift arms are

horizontal in face• Clean floor while approaching face when

necessary with minimum floor contact • Never operate with blunt GET or bare

bucket edge• Advance face left to right when possible• Minimize truck exchange time• Clean floor between trucks

Loading:• Operator controls dumping impact into bed (dump easy)• Place material vs. dumping material in truck bodies• Different loading tools have different effects on truck bodies• Pad body floors with smaller material before placing in

oversize material• DO NOT contact truck side rails• DO NOT push material in bodies


Parallel Dig Pattern:• Quick truck exchange• Right to left set-up• Works well with narrow cuts• Trucks spotted 15 - 20°

LARGEWHEEL LOADERS

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Hydraulic Front Shovels



Cycle Times



Conditions Favorable to Hydraulic Front Shovels

Conditions Unfavorable to Hydraulic Front Shovels

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELSJust above boom/stick pivot


90 - 100%

4 - 6 passes

• Selective digging• Multiple targets• Tight load area• Tough digging• Can work in poor floor conditions• Define dig pattern, L to R or R to L, and maintain pattern

• Excessive tramming• Low benches

HYDRAULICFRONT SHOVELS


• Keep work areas as tight as possible; keep swing distances to a minimum

• Avoid excessive prying or corner loading• DO NOT swing into existing material• Maximize GET* tip contact, minimize

bowl contact (i.e., boom up and curl bowl through material)

• Use “boom up” to minimize bucket heel contact

• Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge



HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS


1. First two passes: • Upper half of face

2. Third/fourth passes: • Load out the center

3. Final pass: • Clean up floor

and advance

HYDRAULICFRONT SHOVELS


Single back-up

• Less floor clean-up • Easier to maintain • Square set-up & dig

Double back-up

• Tight working envelope• Highly productive• Square set-up & dig

HYDRAULICFRONT SHOVELS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 17

HYDRAULIC FRONT SHOVELS



• Hauler pre-positions• Hauler positions on swing radius of shovel• Truck spotted on clean floor• Quicker truck exchange time• Clean up floor between shovel move

Right to left dig pattern• Single back-up loading• Greater swing angles

Left to right dig pattern• Single back-up loading• Trucks positions on clean floor• Shorter swing angles

Can Be Most Productive with Shorter Reach Front Shovels

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Hydraulic Backhoes



Cycle Times



Conditions Favorable to Hydraulic Backhoes

Conditions Unfavorable to Hydraulic Backhoes


HYDRAULIC BACKHOESLength of stick, or between truck side railand ducktail


80 - 110%

4 - 6 passes

• Low to moderate bench heights• Truck spotted either on top of bench

or on the floor below the backhoe• Tight load area• Short swing – 60° or less• Well-shot material• Remove farthest pass during truck

exchange (Key Cut)

• High benches• Excessive tramming• Unstable benches• Low angle of repose material

HYDRAULICB A C K H O E S


• Always maintain “Key Cut”• Start at Key Cut and work toward truck• Ideally dig no more than 45° either side

of centerline• Always work over idlers and swing no

more than 60° to truck• Prepare next cuts in advance• Maintain proper bench height• Never operate with blunt GET or bare

bucket edge


HYDRAULIC BACKHOES

Things to watch for:• Use “through the gate”

loading to increase production

• Truck on bottom level• Clean floor between

backhoe move• Quicker truck

exchange time

MOST PRODUCTIVE

HYDRAULICB A C K H O E S

• Over the rail loading• Trucks on bottom level• Dig depth equals

stick length• Minimum swing angles• Set-up provides ample

dig and reach• Alternate loading

positions

• “Through the gate” loading• Trucks & backhoe on same level• Single or double side loading• Minimum or maximum dig depth• 60° maximum swing angle

Three ways to increase productivity:

• 10 - 15% higher productivity when bench is correct height vs. too high

• 15 - 20% higher productivity when trucks are spotted on the floor below the excavator vs. on top of bench

• 5% higher productivity when excavator swings 60° vs. 90°


CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Electric Rope ShovelsBasic Application Benchmarks

and Operating Techniques


Cycle Times



Conditions Favorable to Electronic Rope Shovels

Conditions Unfavorable to Electronic Rope Shovels


ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELSTop of boom sheaves


80 - 110%

3 - 5 passes

• Working a single face of the correct height

• Solid, level floor• Wide benches to facilitate truck maneuverability

• Well-shot material

• Poor underfoot• Low faces• Poorly shot material• Multiple faces

ELECTRICROPE SHOVELS


• 70° - 90° maximum swing angle• Efficient support machine activity to keep floor clean • Power cable maintenance• Never operate blunt GET or a bare edge• DO NOT allow floor clean-up machine to interfere

with truck loading• Target 2 side loading and “0“ truck exchange time

NOTE: Recommendations from Manufacturer


ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS

• Advance dipper up face to get maximum bucket load

• Maintain floor grade• Do Not “jack boom”• Do Not stall during hoisting cycle• Operate machine as level as possible• Place material easily into body• Pad body for oversize material loading


• Double side load whenever possible• Keep exit from shovel in direct line to cable bridge• Clean up floor between trucks, not during truck loading cycle• Have trucks pre-spot when possible


NOTE: Recommendations from Manufacturer

• Position truck in target tolerance range• Utilize marker on dipper handle

or counterweight to assist truck operator pre-spotting and spotting

• Keep mirrors on shovel and truck clean



ELECTRIC ROPE SHOVELS


Load Placement:

• Correct load placement shown here• Observe Caterpillar® 10/10/20 Payload Policy• Side boards are designed to control material

spillage, not increase payload

• Double side loading (Double back-up)MOST PRODUCTIVE

• Single side loading

Evidence of previous instances of forward loading on the canopy


CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Large Mining Trucks


LARGEMINING TRUCKS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 35

LARGE MINING TRUCKS


Load Placement:

• Lateral: – Centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow

• Longitudinal:– Centered on centerline of body

• General: – No substantial amount of material on headboard– Enough freeboard to minimize spillage from sides

through corners and from rear of body on grades• Target 33%/66% payload split on front /rear axles

• Proper truck positioning• Report safety issues• Monitor body wear patterns• Report any tire wear and rock spillage• Manage proper spotting• Control 2nd gear shift point for better

TPMS accuracy• Manage proper TPMS Calibration

and Accuracy

Incorrect loading Correct loading

LARGE MINING TRUCKS

Truck exchange time:

The elapsed time from when loaded truck receives last loading pass until next truck receives first loading pass

Exchange time:

Good:• 42 seconds or less

Acceptable:• 54 seconds

Unacceptable: • over 1 minute

Caterpillar® 10/10/20 Load Management Policy

• The mean (average) of the payload distribution shall not exceed the target payload

• No more than 10% of payloads may exceed 1.1 times the truck target payload

• No single payload shall ever exceed 1.2 times the target payload

• No more than 10% of loads above 1.10

• No loads above 1.20• The average payload shall

not exceed the target

90% of loads should fall into this range

No more than 10% of loads shouldexceed 110% of the target payload

No loads should be above 120% of the target payload

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

Du

rab

ility

Num

ber o

f Loa

ds

90 % 10%80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

% of Target Payload

SA

FET

Y

Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 37LARGEMINING TRUCKS

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Motor Graders


MOTOR GRADERS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 41

MOTOR GRADERS

Favorable Applications:

• Haul road construction/maintenance • Selected load area cleanup• Selected dump area maintenance• Blasting cleanup• Reclamation• Snow removal• Utility ripping


• Grade in 2nd or 3rd gear: 6 - 11 km/h (4 - 7 mph)• Use wheel lean and articulation to reduce turning radius • Rip in first gear; manually operate throttle• Excessive speeds negatively affecting cutting edge life• Change cutting edges when down to 10 mm (0.5 in)• Use ripper attachment to rip hard-packed top surface• Always using differential lock when blading and ripping

MOTOR GRADERS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 43

MOTOR GRADERS


• Maintain full blade contact with floor to avoid high point loading

• Consider using track-type tractors or wheel dozers for assistance when unable to maintain full blade load

• Use wheel lean to hold front of machine in line, reduce side draft forces, and help reduceturning radius

• Always use differential lock when blading in a straight line

Proper blade angle:• Use widest possible pass width• Reduce pass width (increase angle) if material flows

around leading edge (toe)• Use maximum 10° blade angle if using Graderbit system

or serrated edge• Maintain contact with road

surface across the full width of the cutting edge

Proper blade tip angle:• Moldboard top should be 50 - 100 mm

(2 - 4 in) ahead of cutting edge on Cat® 16H and 24H motor graders

• Constant tip angle minimizes cutting edge wear Cut

Normal

Carry

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Track-Type Tractors


TRACK-TYPET R A C T O R S Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 47

TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS


Sizing Tractors for the Truck Dump:

Optimal track-type tractor – truck matchups:

• Production dozing • Dedicated waste dump operations • Stockpile operations/steep slopes • Haul road construction• Reclamation • Ripping

DOZING APPLICATIONS

D9 777

D10 777/785/789

D11 789/793/797


• Excessive tramming between locations

• Tramming less than 5% of tractor’s work time

• Loose or missing track hardware


• Dozing in 1st gear• Steering with blade

tilt cylinders rather than steering clutches when blade is loaded

• Minimized corner loading, prying, and impact dozing

• Maintain a steady dozing pressure

• Keep unloaded travel distance to a minimum


TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS

DOZING APPLICATIONS

Back Each Pass Technique(Less Efficient Technique)

• Operator starts each pass at the back of the cut

• Each pass uses theentire length of the cut at a uniform depth

• Efficiency and productivity suffer because the machine travels the entire length of the cut in both directions with each pass

Back to Front Technique(Less Efficient Technique)

• Operator progresses the cut from back to front

• Push distance is reduced with each pass

• Efficiency suffers from uphill blade loading

• Does not fully utilize the slot throughout the cutFront to Back Technique

(Most Efficient Technique)

• Most efficient method of dozing• Works cut from front to back• Push distance increases with

each pass• Uses more efficient downhill

blade loading• Slot is created and utilized

throughout the cut

TRACK-TYPET R A C T O R S


TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS

Berm Management• Berm height should not

exceed blade height• Berm should only be high

enough to trap material for optimal loading

• Center berm width should be 1/3 the blade width

• The smaller the berm, the easier the disposal for improved productivity

Criss/Cross Berm Removal• Most efficient method

of center berm removal• Works cut from back

to front• Push distance reduces

with each pass• Uses existing slots to hold

in material and increase blade load

Blade positioning on dual tilt machines:

• Begin cut with blade tilted forward• Begin to lay blade back when nearly full• Continue to fill blade while lying back• Tilt blade forward to unload material

TRACK-TYPET R A C T O R S

DOZING APPLICATIONS

TRACK-TYPET R A C T O R S Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 53

TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS

RIPPING APPLICATIONS


• Rip downhill when possible• If loading scrapers, rip material

in same direction as loading• 1.5 - 2.5 km/hr (1.0 - 1.5 mph)

at 2/3 throttle is most economical• Reduce speed in high impact conditions• Try cross ripping if material

will not free up

Ripper position:• Begin pass with tip rearward• Pull tip forward after tip penetrates

Signs of incorrect positioning/operating:• Excessive track slippage• Blunt tips (GET)• Breaking shank protector or ripper tip pins

Ripper Ground Engaging Tools:• Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward • Ensure ground engaging tool pins, retainers, and bolts

are installed correctly• Never operate a bare shank or worn tip

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Wheel Dozers


WHEEL DOZERS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 57

WHEEL DOZERS


• Loading area cleanup• Dump area maintenance• Haul road construction/maintenance• Blasting area cleanup• Reclamation

Sizing Wheel Dozersfor the Truck Dump:

Optimal wheel dozer – truck matchups:

Wheel dozers are typically

more cost-effective and

offer greater speed than

track-type tractors in

light applications

834 773/777

844 777/785

854 785/789/793


• Keeps loads small, and material should “roll”• Avoid excessive down pressure • Push the load keeping machine as straight as possible • Minimize heel-plate contact • Maintain full blade contact with floor• Keep heel plates parallel with floor and back

of blade vertical

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Wheel Tractor Scrapers


WHEEL TRACTORSCRAPERS Basic Application Benchmarks and Operating Techniques 61

WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS


• Clay-type overburden• Soft underfoot conditions• Confined areas• High speed/short hauls

Push Loading Scrapers: Scraper – tractor push load matchups:

Single and twin-engine

scrapers are often push

loaded by track-type tractors

for greater productivity

Loading time for open bowl push-loaded Wheel Tractor Scraper*

*Shorter time for tandem, longer time for single-powered scrapers. Consult publications for self-loading (elevating/auger) and push-pull machines.

621 D8

631 D9/D10

651 D10/D11

Good 24 - 30 seconds

Average 36 - 43 seconds

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Basic Haul Road Design

and Maintenance

DESIGN ANDMAINTENANCE Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 65

MINE HAUL ROADS

HAUL ROADCONSIDERATIONS

HORIZONTAL AND GENERALVERTICAL ALIGNMENT

Three key factors in haul road design:• Material Quality• Design• Maintenance

Rules of thumb:

• If you can comfortably travel your haul roads at 60 km/h (35 mph) in a light vehicle, this is an indicator of good haul road conditions

• Haul roads begin at the loading face and end at the dump

• Maintain good floor conditions approaching and at the dump

• Maintain good floor conditions approaching and at the face

• Travel at reasonable speeds in the load and dump zones


• Design corners and crests with clear visibility at operating speeds

• Design for worst case scenarios

10

1


MINE HAUL ROADS

CROSS FALL KEEP GRADE SMOOTHAND CONSTANT

On flats:• Maintain minimum

slope for drainage• Use 2% constant

cross fall with extreme caution and travel loaded truck on the “uphill” side

• If constant cross fall is not selected, crown haul roads with minimum slope angle

On grades:• Minimal cross fall

is required unless rainfall is heavy

Smooth, constant grades:• Grades less than 10% are recommended for maximum tire life• Consistent grades should be maintained� Minimize transmission shifts� Maintain higher average speed� Allow more constant braking effort on returns

Two-Way Crossfall

1% - 4% 1% - 4%

USE EXTREME CAUTION

2° constant cross fall

Incorrect Correct

10

1


MINE HAUL ROADS

ROAD WIDTH CORNERS

BENCH WIDTH

Feet 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

50 13.0%

30.0%

100 7.0 %

15.0%

27.0%

150 4.0 %

10.0%

18.0%

28.0%

200 3.0 %

8.0 %

13.0%

21.0%

30.0%

300 2.0 %

5.0%

9.0 %

14.0%

20.0%

27.0%

500 1.0 %

3.0 %

5.0%

8.0 %

12.0%

16.0%

21.0%

27.0%

700 1.0 %

2.0 %

4.0 %

6.0 %

9.0 %

12.0%

15.0%

19.0%

1000 1.0 %

2.0 %

3.0 %

4.0 %

6.0 %

8.0 %

11.0%

14.0%

Radius ofTurn

Speed in mphOne-way straights and corners• A minimum of 2 - 2.5

widths is recommended

Two-way traffic:• In straights, a minimum

of 3 - 3.5 truck widths• In corners, a minimum

of 3.5 - 4 truck widths

Things to watch for:• Truck should be able to

clear loading tool under full acceleration

• Minimum bench width is the truck turning radius plus the safety berm plus loading tool swing radius (shovels)

Radius:

• Use maximum practical radius

• Keep constant and smooth transitions

Superelevation:

• Employ if speeds exceed 15 km/h (10 mph) as per Performance Handbook

• Greater than 10% superelevation should be used with caution

One-way (straight/corners)

Two-way (In straights)

Two-way (In corners)


MINE HAUL ROADS

DRAINAGE SAFETY BERMS (WINDROWS)


• Slope must adequately carry away maximum expected rainfall, with minimum puddling, pot-holing or water entry into road sub-base


• Recommended berm height is a minimum of half the wheel height

– Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump– Safety berm along all haul road edges

• Check your local mining regulations


MINE HAUL ROADS

HAUL ROAD MODELING ROLLING RESISTANCE

These are examples of a

poorly constructed haul road

(top) and a well constructed

haul road (bottom)

Top:• Poor drainage• Poor compaction• Poor road base material

Bottom:• Good drainage• Good compaction• Good road base material

Tire Penetration

For off-highway trucks running radial-ply tires,assume a minimum rolling resistance of:

• 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road• 3% for a well-maintained road with little flexing• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration• 5% for a road with 50 mm (2 in) tire penetration• 8% for a road with 100 mm (4 in) tire penetration• 14% for a road with 200 mm (8 in) tire penetration

In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistance can result in up to10% decrease in production and a 35% increase in production costs.


MINE HAUL ROADS

COMPACTION HAUL ROAD ECONOMICS

SOFT AND WET AREAS

An example of highrolling resistance• 610 mm (24 in) deep tire

penetration• 30% rolling resistance• Reduced production• Excessive fuel burn• Reduced tire life• Reduced component life

Things to watch for:• Remove soft and wet

spots; completely refill and compact with good dry material

• Without a good repair, these spots will continually deteriorate

Performance vs. Rolling Resistance10,000 ft. Flat Haul

Tire Penetration

Rolling Resistance

Fuel

Cos

t

Prod

uctio

n

Fuel Cost Production

180%

160%

140%

120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

-40%

-50%

-60%1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%

DESIGN ANDMAINTENANCE

• The haul road begins at the loading face and ends at the dump point

• Once a road deteriorates, it takes five times as long to repair it to good condition again“Fix it once, fix it right!”

• If one can travel comfortably in a light truck at 60 km/h (35 mph), then road surfaces are good

• Good roads improve production, extend tire life, and reduce overall operating costs

Basic Haul Road Design and Maintenance 77

MINE HAUL ROADS

DUST CONTROL

• Watering removes dust hazard and maintains compaction

• Use “checkerboard” or “spot” intermittent pattern on grades to reduce slippage risk during retarding on grades

• “Spot watering” works well for areas with limited water supply

POINTS TO REMEMBER

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Basic Truck Dump Design

and Maintenance

TRUCK DUMPO P E R AT I O N Basic Truck Dump Design and Maintenance 81

TRUCK DUMPS

• Body bulldozing– Pulling through berm

after dumping is hard on underside of the body

• Dumping into existing pile– Not lowering body

prior to moving forward

Damage Indicates:• Pulling through pile• “Pinching” material

under tail• Pushing with a dozer• Poor dumping practice

can result in rear rib and tail area damage


• Maintain eye contact with dump maintenance tool whenever possible

• Watch dump edge for stability• Dump away from safety berm if edge

is unstable (dump short)• Maintain proper safety berm height• Lower body before moving from dump• Advance haul road with dump• Maintain slight slope for water drainage

POOR DUMP PRACTICES

DUMPCONSIDERATIONS

TRUCK DUMPS

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Management Review

STRATEGIES Management Review 85

VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD

LOADING ZONE

DUMP ZONEThings to watch for:

• Smooth floors• Adequate water drainage• No debris spillage from trucks• Proper truck positioning• No tight, high-speed turns as trucks

return to loading area• Loading zones that are too tight,

rough, or congested• Location of 2nd gear reweigh• Trucks leave under full,

continuous acceleration

HAUL ROADSThings to watch for:• Well maintained,

smooth road• Sufficient drainage• Smooth, constant grades• Adequate passing room• Adequate corner radius• Expected haul road

speeds are achieved• No debris on roads

• No potholes, ruts, gullies• No rubber on tight or rocky turns• No high braking forces required

on curves

Things to watch for:• Smooth floor to maintain speed• Entering parallel to edge• Braking in straight line before turning and stopping

to reverse and dump• Safety berms at regulated

height along entire edge• Stable dumping capability• No debris in area


MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES TO REDUCE COSTS

MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES TOREDUCE COSTS

Reducing your costs through properoperating procedures:

• To minimize cost, first look at the big picture, then use a common sense approach

• Select proper type of equipment• Properly equip for the specific job• Properly match buckets and bodies• Stress teamwork and communication• Properly set up load area

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR WHEEL LOADERS

Better bucket fill factors through:• Improved material fragmentation• Correct bucket selection,

GET selection, and maintenance• Correct bench heights • Correct loader orientation to face

Faster loader cycle times through:• Correct orientation to face• Correct truck placement• Improved material condition• Improved floor condition



MANAGEMENTSTRATEGIESFOR TRUCKS

Higher average mining truck haul speeds through:

• Smoother roads(including loading and dump zones)

– VIMS® System– Truck Payload Measurement (TPM)– Application Severity Analysis (ASA)– Road Analysis Control (RAC)

• Minimize rolling resistance• Better haul road designs

– Reduce switchbacks– Remove crossovers that require

stop signs• Better payload control to ensure highest

possible gear on grade– Use VIMS® System and VIMS®

Supervisor– Truck Payload Management System

(TPMS)

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES

Model the effects on total productivity through changes to:

• Average road speeds – Higher on-grade speeds– Reduced rolling resistance– Reduced corner severity– Removal of speed limits

• Improved bucket fill factors and truck/loader match• Reduced truck exchange and waiting times• Reduced fuel consumption• Improved component life and machine/fleet availability• Improved tire life/reduced tire costs



ECONOMICPUSH/HAULDISTANCES

Dozers: 0 to 150 m (0 to 500 ft)

Load and Carry: 50 to 120 m (150 to 400 ft)

Scrapers: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4,000 ft)

Articulated Trucks: 120 to 1200 m (400 to 4,000 ft)

Rear Dump Truck: 120 to 9000 m (400 to 30,000 ft)

Wagon/Hauler: 7000 to 20,000 m (4,000 to 65,600 ft)

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Ground Engaging Tools

(GET)

GETAPPLICATION Ground Engaging Tools (GET) 95

Incorrect

GROUND ENGAGINGTOOLS (GET)

Things to watch for: GET• Use the best option for the application

to maximize production• Protect, but do not overprotect

– Increases bucket/implement weight– Decreases payload– Affects GET component life– Reduces penetration and productivity– Better penetration reduces fuel

consumption– Adversely affect operating techniques

• Replace components when they reach 100% wear

– Helps penetration thereby increasing bucket fill factor

– Better penetration reduces fuel consumption and tire slip

– Use worn GET wear patterns as a condition monitoring tool to manage operating techniques

HYDRAULIC BACKHOES

Things to watch for: GET• Maintain proper bench height• Load square to the face• Avoid excessive prying or corner loading• Maximize GET* tip contact

(i.e., boom up and curl bowl through material)– Minimizes bowl contact– Keeps heel clear of the material– Keeps bucket throat open

• Use “boom up” to minimize bucket heel contact• Never operate with blunt GET or bare bucket edge

Throat Open

Ground Engaging Tools (GET) 97

Incorrect

WHEEL LOADERS

Things to watch for: GET

• Clean floor while approaching face when necessary with minimum floor contact

• Rear of the bucket kept clear of the floor

• Minimize floor contact (GET will overheat and melt)

• Minimize speed • Never operate with blunt GET

or bare bucket edge


• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor• Operate in first gear, full throttle• Smooth steady speed• Keep floor clean and smooth with minimal bucket contact• Maintain proper bucket kickout adjustment• Tips do not touch the floor more than 150 - 400 mm

(6” - 16”) before the toe

GETAPPLICATION


Incorrect

TRACK-TYPE TRACTOR

Things to watch for: GET• 1.5 - 2.5 km/hr (1.0 - 1.5 mph)

at 2/3 throttle is most economical and recommended

• Reduce speed in high impact conditions

• Try cross ripping if material will not free up

• Keep ripper beam parallel to the floor• DO NOT turn or reverse with

shank in ground• Rip in 1st gear

Ripper position:• Begin pass with tip rearward• Pull tip forward after tip penetrates

Signs of incorrect positioning/operating:• Excessive track slippage• Blunt tips• Breaking ripper tip or shank protector pins

Ripper Ground Engaging Tools:• Penetration ripper tip reinforcing ribs must face upward • Ensure ground engaging tool pins, retainers, and bolts

are installed correctly• Never operate a bare shank or worn tip

Ripping Applications

GETAPPLICATION


WHEEL DOZERS

Things to watch for: GET• Keep loads small and material should “roll”• Minimize heel-plate contact • Maintain full blade contact with floor• Avoid excessive down pressure • Minimize speed and contact to

prevent cutting edges from overheatingand softening

• Keep heel plate parallel with floor and back of blade vertical

TRACK-TYPE TRACTOR Things to watch for: GET• Doze in 1st gear• Use slow steady speed

(More speed = less production)• Steer with blade tilt cylinders rather than

steering clutches when blade is loaded• Minimize corner loading, prying, and impact• Maintain a steady dozing pressure• Never back blade

LHD LOADER


• Lift bucket before curling when first entering pile• Keep frame straight when digging • Keep lift arms as low as possible when tramming• Never operate blunt GET or bare bucket edge• Maintain proper bucket kick-out settings• Minimize floor contact• Cutting edge does not touch the floor more than

150 mm - 400 mm (6” - 16”) before the toe

Dozing Applications

GETAPPLICATION


LHD LOADER


• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor

• Keep spillage to a minimum• Keep floor clean and smooth• Keep tight “V” loading pattern• Clean floor while approaching

face when necessary with minimum floor contact

– Rear of the bucket kept clear of the floor

– Minimize floor contact (GET will overheat and melt)

– Minimize speed

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LHDS

Better bucket fill factors through:• Improved fragmentation• Correct bucket selection,



GETAPPLICATION

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Caterpillar® UndergroundMachines

UNDERGROUNDA P P L I C AT I O N S Caterpillar® Underground Machines 107

TRUCKS

Things to watch for: • Proper truck

positioning• Safety issues• Body wear patterns• Tire wear/rock

spillage• Proper spotting• Overhead obstructions

• Loader operator spots truck• Ensure truck does not have to

turn around once loaded• Position truck away from

overhead services• Position for fastest cycle times• Wheel loaders tight “V“ pattern• Keep rear tires away from

rocks and toe• Minimize wait time

• Lateral: – Centered over hoist cylinders or on body arrow

• Longitudinal:– Centered on centerline of body

• General: – No substantial amount of material on headboard– Enough freeboard to minimize spillage from sides

through corners and from rear of body on grades• Target 33%/66% payload split on front/rear axles

Correct Loading

Correct Loading Incorrect Loading

Incorrect Loading

LOAD PLACEMENT ON TRUCKS

UNDERGROUNDA P P L I C AT I O N S Caterpillar Underground Machines 109

TRUCKS

Truck exchange time:

The elapsed time from when loaded truck receives last loading pass until next truck receives first loading pass

Exchange time:

• Good: 42 seconds or less• Acceptable: 54 seconds• Unacceptable: over 1 minute

Caterpillar 10/10/20 Load Management Policy

• The mean (average) of the payload distribution shall not exceed the target payload

• No more than 10% of payloads may exceed 1.1 times the truck target payload

• No single payload shall ever exceed 1.2 times the target payload

• No more than 10% of loads above 1.10

• No loads above 1.20• The average payload

shall not exceed the target

90% of loads should fall into this range

No more than 10% of loads shouldexceed 110% of the target payload

No loads should be above 120% of the target payload

Num

ber o

f Loa

ds

90 % 10%80 85 90 95 100 105 110 115 120

% of Target Payload

Pro

du

ctiv

ity

Du

rab

ility

SA

FET

Y

UNDERGROUNDA P P L I C AT I O N S

Cycle Times



Conditions Favorable to LHDs

Conditions Unfavorable to LHDs

LHD LOADER PARAMETERS30 - 60 seconds (avg. 45 seconds)

90 - 110%

2 - 4 passes

• Stable, level, dry floors• Good water drainage• Well-shot material,

less bucket fill time• Average face height• Multi-face loading• Low face profile

• Poor, wet underfoot conditions• Oversize material• Poorly shot material

Caterpillar Underground Machines 111

LHD LOADERS

Things to watch for:• Lift bucket before curling when first entering pile• Keep frame straight when digging • Keep lift arms as low as possible when tramming• Keep time in face

below 12 seconds• Never operate

worn GET or bare bucket edge

• Maintain proper bucket kick-out settings

• Control tire slippage

Things to watch for:• Enter pile straight-on, with bottom of bucket parallel to floor• Operate in first gear, full throttle• Keep spillage to a minimum• Keep floor clean and smooth• Keep tight “V” loading pattern• Clean floor while approaching

face when necessary with minimum floor contact

• Minimize truck exchange time


LHD LOADERS

Loading:

• Operator controls dumping impact into body (dump easy)

• Place material vs. dumping material in body

• Different loading tools have different effects on truck body

• Pad body floor with smaller material before placing in oversize material

• DO NOT contact truck side rails• DO NOT push material in body

MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES FOR LHDS

Better bucket fill factors through:• Improved fragmentation• Correct bucket selection,




MOTOR GRADERS

Things to watch for:• Grade in 1st gear• Determine drainage pattern

prior to grading• Obtain road bed material

sufficient to slope road• Always keep edges sharp

for better penetration• Change edges prior to

moldboard damage• Always lock differential

when grading or ripping• Always perform articulated turns with wheel lean to reduce turning radius

Proper blade angle:• Use widest possible pass width• Reduce pass width (increase angle) if material flows

around leading edge (toe)• Use maximum 10° blade angle if using Graderbit system

or serrated edge• Maintain contact with road

surface across the full width of the cutting edge

Proper blade tip angle:• Moldboard top should be 50 mm

(2 in) ahead of cutting edge • Constant tip angle minimizes

cutting edge wearCut

Normal

Carry


HAUL ROADCONSIDERATIONS

Three key factors in haul road design:• Material Quality• Design• Maintenance

HORIZONTALAND GENERALVERTICAL ALIGNMENT

Things to watch for:• Design corners

and crests with clear visibility at operating speeds

• Design for worst case scenarios

KEEP GRADE SMOOTH AND CONSTANT

Smooth, constant grades:• Grades less than 10% are recommended for maximum tire life• Consistent grades should be maintained�Minimize transmission shifts�Maintain higher average speed�Allow more constant braking effort on returns

SAFETY BERMS (WINDROWS)

Things to watch for:• Recommended berm height is a minimum of half

the wheel height– Safety berm along the edge of the truck dump– Safety berm along all haul road edges

• Check your local mining regulations


ROLLING RESISTANCE

For off-highway trucks runningradial-ply tires, assume a minimumrolling resistance of:

• 1.5% for a hard, well-maintained, permanent haul road

• 3% for a well-maintained road with little flexing

• 4% for a road with 25 mm (1 in) tire penetration




In practice, a 5% increase in rolling resistancecan result in up to a 10% decrease in productionand a 35% increase in production costs.

Tire Penetration

HAUL ROAD ECONOMICS

Performance vs. RollingResistance 10,000 ft. Flat Haul

Rolling Resistance

Fuel

Cos

t

Prod

uctio

n

Fuel Cost Production

180%

160%

140%

120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

10%

0%

-10%

-20%

-30%

-40%

-50%

-60%1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10%


SOFT AND WET AREAS

Things to watch for:• Remove soft and wet

spots, completely refill and compact with good dry material

• Without a good repair, these spots will continually deteriorate

HAUL ROADMAINTENANCE

Things to watch for:• Begin at face; end at dump• Truck travels at a reasonable

and constant speed• Where trucks slow down,

evaluate the cause and repair• Remove and repair wet/soft spots• Ride in jump seat; if it is rough

the road is too rough

VISUAL INSPECTIONS WHILE DRIVING THE HAUL ROAD

Loading Zone — Things to watch for:• Smooth floors• Adequate water drainage• No debris spillage from trucks• Proper truck positioning• No tight, high-speed turns as trucks return to loading area• Loading zones that are too tight, rough, or congested• Trucks leave under full, continuous acceleration

Haul Roads — Things to watch for:

• Well maintained, smooth road • Sufficient drainage• Smooth, constant grades• Adequate passing room• Adequate corner radius• Expected haul road speeds

are achieved• No debris on roads

• No potholes, ruts, gullies• No rubber on tight or

rocky turns• No high braking forces

required on curves• Use reference signs

where necessary


VISUAL INSPECTIONSWHILE DRIVING THEHAUL ROAD

Dump Zone — Things to watch for:

• Smooth floor to maintain speed• Braking in straight line before turning

and stopping to reverse and dump• Stable dumping capability• Back height is adequate for body• Trucks brake in straight line, then

turn and stop to reverse to dump• Safety berms and ore pass stop

blocks are regulation height• Trucks dump the load without delays

GENERALMANAGEMENTSTRATEGIES

Model the effects on total productivitythrough changes to:

• Higher fill factors improve productivity and reduce cost per ton

• Achieve higher fill factors through:– Better fragmentation– Correct bucket selection– Correct GET selection and

maintenance– Correct bench heights– Correct loader orientation

to face– Correct operating techniques

for maximum production

LHD CYCLE TIMES

• Faster cycle times improve productivity and reduce cost per ton• Achieve faster cycle times through:

– Correct orientation to face– Improved floor conditions– Correct truck placement– Improved material condition– Proper tram distance to and from truck

UAT ROAD SPEEDS

• Higher truck road speeds improve productivity and reduce cost per ton

• Achieve faster speeds through:– Smooth roads (load to dump)– Reduced rolling resistance– Better road design– Better payload control

CAT® GLOBAL MINING

Reference Information

Caterpillar® PerformanceHandbook Edition 37

Reference Information 127

TRACK-TYPE TRACTORS

D9T D10T D11T D11T CD

105,600 lb 146,500 lb 230,100 lb 248,600 lb47,900 kg 66,451 kg 104,600 kg 113,000 kg

410 hp 580 hp 850 hp 850 hp306 kW 433 kW 634 kW 634 kW

C18 ACERT C27 ACERT C32 ACERT C32 ACERT

17.7 yd3 (13.5 m3) 24.2 yd3 (18.5 m3) 35.5 yd3 (27.2 m3) —21.4 yd3 (16.4 m3) 28.7 yd3 (22 m3) 45.0 yd3 (34.4 m3) —

57 yd3 (43.6 m3)

14'2" ft/in (4.31 m) 15'11" ft/in (4.86 m) 18'4" ft/in (5.60 m) —15'3" ft/in (4.65 m) 17'3" ft/in (5.26 m) 20'10" ft/in (6.35 m) —

22'0" ft/in (6.71 m)

11'5" ft/in 12'9" ft/in 14'7" ft/in 14'7" ft/in3.47 m 3.89 m 4.44 m 4.44 m



MACHINESPECIFICATIONS

MODEL

Operating Weight

Flywheel Power

Engine Model

Blade Capacity– SU– U– CD

Blade Width– SU– U– CD(included end bits)

Track On Ground

Height To Top of Canopy (ROPS)

Overall LengthSU-Blade & Single Shank Ripper


MODEL

Operating Weight

Engine

Flywheel Power

Rated Payload

Dump Height

Dump Reach

Bucket Size

Breakout Force

Full Turn Tip Load

992G 992G HL 993K 993K HL 994F 994F HL 994F SHL

210,424 lb 218,513 lb 294,670 lb 296,800 lb 427,300 lb 430,900 lb 467,100 lb95,447 kg 99,116 kg 133,637 kg 134,603 kg 192,244 kg 193,782 kg 207,068 kg

3508B DITA 3508B DITA C32 ACERT C32 ACERT 3516B 3516B 3516B

800 hp 800 hp 950 hp 950 hp 1463 hp 1463 hp 1463 hp 597 kW 597 kW 708 kW 708 kW 1092 kW 1092 kW 1092 kW

24 T 24 T 25 T 25 T 38 T 35 T 35 T21.7 t 21.7 t 22.7 t 22.7 t 35 t 32 t 32 t

15'2" ft/in 17'3" ft/in 15'7" ft/in 17'11" ft/in 18'3" ft/in 19'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in4626 mm 5250 mm 4745 5465 5698 mm 5931 mm 7315 mm

7'7" ft/in 7'7" ft/in 8'3" ft/in 8'7" ft/in 7'5" ft/in 8'11" ft/in 9'6" ft/in 2315 mm 2315 mm 2515 2616 2263 mm 2643 mm 2926 mm

15 - 30 yd3 15 - 30 yd3 17 yd3 17 yd3 19.5 - 41 yd3 19.5 - 41 yd3 41- 47 yd3

11.4 - 23 m3 11.4 - 23 m3 13 m3 13 m3 15 - 31 m3 15 - 31 m3 31- 36 m3

137,692 lb 134,753 lb 159,562 lb 159,416 lb 222,553 lb 203,968 lb 156,562 lb612 kN 599 kN 709.2 kN 708.5 kN 989 kN 1015 kN 696 kN

112,764 lb 108,664 lb 158,026 lb 131,417 lb 243,760 lb 203,968 lb 152,014 lb51,149 kg 49,289 kg 71,667 kg 59,599 kg 110,570 kg 92,518 kg 68,952 kg


WHEEL LOADERS


834H 844H 854G

103,849 lb 156,120 lb 219,128 lb47,106 kg 70,815 kg 99,395 kg

C18 ACERT C27 ACERT 3508B DITA

498 hp 627 hp 800 hp 372 kW 468 kW 597 kW

10.3 yd3 (7.9 m3) 20.7 yd3 (15.9 m3) 33.4 yd3 (25.5 m3) 9.0 yd3 (22.3 m3) 40.2 yd3 (30.7 m3) 58.2 yd3 (44.7 m3)10.5 yd3 (8.04 m3) — —

15'5" ft/in (4.69 m) 19'2" ft/in (5.85 m) 20'7" ft/in (6.32 m)18'7" ft/in (5.68 m) 17'8" ft/in (5.42 m) 23'7" ft/in (7.20 m)16'8" ft/in (5.07 m) — —

4F/3R 3F/3R 3F/3R

24.1 mph (38.7 kph) 14.0 mph (22.5 kph) 13.6 mph (23.2 kph)14.3 mph (23.0 kph) 15.4 mph (24.8 kph) 15.0 mph (24.2 kph)

13'5" ft/in 16'6" ft/in 17'10" ft/in4.09 m 5.023 m 5.44 m



MODEL

Operating Weight

Engine

Flywheel Power

Blade Capacity– Semi - U– Coal– Straight

Blade Width– Semi - U– Coal– Straight

Transmission Gears

Top Speed– Forward– Reverse

Height To Top of Canopy (ROPS)

Overall Length

Overall Width


WHEEL DOZERS


MODEL

Body Type

Gross MachineOperating Weight*

Target Payload*

Maximum CapacityHeaped (2:1) (SAE)

Engine

No. Cylinders

Gross Power

Tires

Top Speed (loaded)

Loading Height

Overall Length

Overall Width

777F 785C 789C 793D 797B

Dual Slope Lined Dual Slope Dual Slope X Body MSD II

360,000 lb 550,000 lb 700,000 lb 846,000 lb 1,375,000 lb163,293 kg 249,435 kg 327,515 kg 383,673 kg 623,583 kg

99.6 tons 150+ tons 195+ tons Dependent 380+ tons 90.4 tonnes 136+ tonnes 177+ tonnes on (MA#)** 345+ tonnes

78.8 yd3 102 yd3 137 yd3 195 yd3 290 yd3

60.2 m3 78 m3 105 m3 140 m3 220 m3

C32 ACERT 3512B EUI 3516B EUI 3516B EUI 3524B EUI

12 12 16 16 24

1,016 hp 1,450 hp 1,900 hp 2,415 hp 3,550 hp758 kW 1,082 kW 1,417 kW 1,801 kW 2,648 kW

27.00R49 (E4) 33.00R51 37.00R57 40.00R57 59/80R63

40.1 mph 33.6 mph 32.7 mph 33.7 mph 42 mph64.5 km/h 54.1 km/h 52.6 km/h 54.2 km/h 67.6 km/h

14'7" ft/in 16'4" ft/in 17'1" ft/in 21'1" ft/in 23'6" ft/in4.43 m 4.97 m 5.21 m 6.43 m 7.15 m



*Reference Caterpillar’s 10/10/20 Payload Policy Revision #4 for ** MA1= 255T (232t), MA2= 254T (231t), MA3= 258T (234t), MA4= 254T (231t), MA5= 253T (230t).information on gross machine operating weight and target payload.


LARGE MINING TRUCKS

Reference Information 135MACHINESPECIFICATIONS

735 740 740 Ejector

66,690 lb (30,250 kg) 72,400 lb (32,840 kg) 78,507 lb (35,610 kg)

138,781 lb (62,950 kg) 156,175 lb (70,840 kg) 162,282 lb (73,610 kg)

36 Tons (32.7 tonnes) 42 Tons (38 tonnes) 42 Tons (38 tonnes)

25.8 yd3 (19.7 m3) 30 yd3 (22.9 m3) 30.2 yd3 (23.1 m3)

ACERT C15 ACERT C15 ACERT C15

6 6 6

408 hp (304 kW) 457 hp (341 kW) 457 hp (341 kW)

26.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials 29.5R25 Radials

56'5" ft/in (17.2 m) 56'4" ft/in (17.2 m) 59'6" ft/in (18.2 m)

36.2 mph (58.3 km/h) 34 mph (54.7 km/h) 34 mph (54.7 km/h)





22'8" ft/in (6.96 m) 23'2" ft/in (7.07 m) —



* Includes coolant, lubricant and a full fuel tank. ** Rating dependent on optional equipment. Maximum gross weight (empty weight plus payload) should not be exceeded.

MODELOperating Weight (Empty)*

Gross Machine Weight

Target Payload

Maximum Capacity**Heaped (2:1) (SAE)

Engine

No. Cylinders

Gross Power

Tires

Circular Clearance Dia.

Top Speed (loaded)

Height To Top of Cab

Wheelbase (front -center of bogie)

Overall Length

Loading Height (Empty)

Height @ Full Dump

Overall Width

Front Tire Tread

ARTICULATED DUMP TRUCKS


MOTOR GRADERS


* Operating weight based on standard machine configuration with ** Minimum turning radius – Combining the use of articulated frame steering, full fuel tank, coolant, lubricants and operator. 24H includes ripper. front wheel steer and unlocked differential.

MODEL

Operating Weight (Empty)*

Flywheel PowerBase : Gears 1 - 8 VHP : Gears 4 - 8

Engine Model

No. Cylinders

Blade Length

Minimum Turn Radius** Full articulation &front wheel steer

Top SpeedForwardReverse

Height To Top of Cab

Overall LengthWith ripper & push plate

Overall Width At top of front tires

14H 16H 24H 14M 16M 24M

41,010 lb 54,350 lb 136,610 lb 47,133 lb 57,452 lb 137,692 lb18,600 kg 24,740 kg 61,950 kg 21,379 kg 26,060 kg 62,456 kg

220 hp (164 kW) 265 hp (198 kW) 500 hp (373 kW) 259 hp (193 kW) 297 hp (221 kW) 533 hp (397 kW)240 hp (179 kW) 285 hp (213 kW) — 274 hp (204 kW) 312 hp (233 kW) —

3176 3196 3412 HEUI C11 ACERT C13 ACERT C18 ACERT

6 6 12 6 6 6

14'0" ft/in 16'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in 14'0" ft/in 16'0" ft/in 24'0" ft/in4.3 m 4.88 m 7.32 m 4.3 m 4.88 m 7.32 m


28.7 mph (46.1 km/h) 29.9 mph (48.1 km/h) 23.4 mph(37.7 km/h) 31.0 mph (49.8km/h) 33.5mph (53.9km/h) 26.7mph (43.0km/h) 31.8 mph (51.1 km/h) 26.9 mph (43.2 km/h) 22.4 mph(36.1 km/h) 24.5mph (39.4km/h) 26.5mph (42.6km/h) 25.6mph (41.2km/h)





WHEEL TRACTOR SCRAPERS

631G 627G 637G 657G


462 hp (345 kW) 330 hp (246 kW) 462 hp (345 kW) 564 hp (421 kW)500 hp (373 kW) 365 hp (272 kW) 500 hp (373 kW) 600 hp (447 kW)

— 239 hp (178 kW) 266 hp (198 kW) 410 hp (306 kW)— 266 hp (198 kW) 283 hp (211 kW) 451 hp (337 kW)

C18 ACERT C15 ACERT C18 ACERT C18 ACERT — C9 ACERT C9 ACERT C15 ACERT

24 yd3 (18.3 m3) 15.7 yd3 (12 m3) 24 yd3 (18.3 m3) 32 yd3 (24.5 m3)34 yd3 (26 m3) 22 yd3 (17 m3) 34 yd3 (26 m3) 44 yd3 (33.6 m3)


33.0 mph 32 mph 33 mph 33 mph53.0 km/h 51.3 km/h 53 km/h 53 km/h





MODEL

Empty Weight

Flywheel PowerTractor (gears 1 - 2)Tractor (gears 3 - 8)Scraper (gears 1 - 2)Scraper (gears 3 - 8)

Engine ModelTractorScraper

CapacityStruckHeaped

Rated Load

Top Speed (Loaded)

Width of Cut

Height To Topof Canopy (ROPS)

Overall Length

Overall Width



UNDERGROUND MINING TRUCKS


AD30 AD45B AD55

408 hp 587 hp 650 hp 304 kW 438 kW 485 kW

C15 C18 C18

66,140 lb 89,303 lb 103,617 lb30,000 kg 40,500 kg 47,000 kg

132,280 lb 188,528 lb 226,871 lb60,000 kg 85,500 kg 102,000 kg

18.8 yd3 27.9 yd3 35.2 yd3

14.4 m3 21.3 m3 26.9 m3

14.8 yd3 (11.3 m3) (D) 27.9 yd3 (21.3 m3) (D) 35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (D) 18.8 yd3 (14.4 m3) (D) 32.8 yd3 (25.1 m3) (D) 44.2 yd3 (33.8 m3) (D) 22.0 yd3 (16.8 m3) (D) 47.9 yd3 (36.6 m3) (D)22.8 yd3 (17.5 m3) (D)19.8 yd3 (15.2 m3) (E) 30.0 yd3 (22.9 m3) (E) 35.2 yd3 (26.9 m3) (E)

7'10" ft/in 9'7" ft/in 10'0" ft/in2,385 mm 2,925 mm 3,045 mm



MODEL

Engine Power

Engine

Empty Weight

Loaded Weight

Capacity M3Heaped (2:1) (SAE)

SAE Body Capacity Dump (D)

Ejector (E)

Loading Height

Overall Length

Overall Width

Reference Information 143MACHINESPECIFICATIONS

MODEL

Operating Weight

Engine Power

Engine

Rated Payload

Overall Length

Overall Width

Bucket Size

Breakout Force

Static Tipping Load

R1300G II R1600G R1700G R2900G R2900G Xtra

46,187 lb 65,710 lb 84,880 lb 110,711 lb 123,459 lb20,950 kg 29,800 kg 38,500 kg 50,209 kg 56,000 kg

182 hp 270 hp 353 hp 430/447 hp 430/447 hp136 kW 201 kW 263 kW 321/333 kW 321/333 kW

C6.6 ACERT 3176C EUI ATAAC C11 ATAAC C15 ACERT C15 ACERT


28'7" ft/in 31'10" ft/in 34'9" ft/in 35'11" ft/in 37'10" ft/in8,714 mm 9,710 10,600 10,949 11,083

6'10" ft/in 8'7" ft/in 9'3" ft/in 9'11" ft/in 10'6" ft/in2,071 mm 2,600 2,818 3,010 3,200

3.1 - 4.4 yd3 5.5 - 7.7 yd3 6.0 - 11.4 yd3 8.4 - 11.6 yd3 10.6 - 15.2 yd3

2.4 - 3.4 m3 4.2 - 5.9 m3 4.6 - 8.8 m3 6.4 - 8.9 m3 8.2 - 11.6 m3



UNDERGROUND MINING LOADERS

MOTOR GRADERS — Bias Ply GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE

Pressure PressureModel Tire Size Ply Rating Front Rear Front Rear

kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi

120H 13.00-24TG* 10, 12 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 3514.00-24TG 10, 12, 14, 16 175 25 75 25 241 35 241 3515.5-25 12 225 33 225 33 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12, 16 175 25 175 25 241 35 241 35

135H 13.00-24TG* 10, 12 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 3514.00-24TG 10, 12, 14, 16 175 25 175 25 241 35 241 3515.5-25 12 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12, 16 175 25 175 25 241 35 241 35

12H 13.00-24TG* 10, 12 325 47 325 47 241 35 241 3514.00-24TG 10, 12, 14, 16 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 3515.5-25 12 300 44 300 44 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12, 16 225 33 225 33 241 35 241 35

140H 14.00-24TG* 10, 12, 14, 16 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 35

143H 14.00-24TG* 10, 12 325 47 325 47 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12, 16 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 35

160H 14.00-24TG* 10, 12, 14, 16 300 44 300 44 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12, 16 275 40 275 40 241 35 241 35

163H 14.00-24TG* 12 300 44 300 44 241 35 241 3517.5-25 12 275 40 275 40 241 35 241 35

14H 16.00-24TG* 12 250 36 250 36 241 35 241 3520.5-25 12, 14, 16 225 33 225 33 241 35 241 35

16H 18.00-25* 12, 16 325 47 325 47 241 35 241 3523.5-25 12, 16, 20 275 40 275 40 241 35 241 35

24H 29.5-29 22, 28 400 58 400 58 241 35 241 35


MOTOR GRADERS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE

Strength Pressure Pressure PressureModel Tire Size Rating Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear

*Standard tire and ply rating. Refer to Tire Load Worksheet to determine proper ply rating.

kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi kPa psi

120H 13.00R24TG* � 248 36 248 36 300 44 300 44 310 45 310 4514.00R24TG � 207 30 207 30 225 33 225 33 310 45 310 4515.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 250 36 250 36 — — — —17.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 200 29 200 29 310 45 310 45

135H 13.00R24TG � 248 36 303 44 300 44 300 44 310 45 310 4514.00R24TG � 207 30 207 30 225 33 225 33 310 45 310 4515.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 250 36 250 36 310 45 310 4517.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 200 29 200 29 — — — —

12H 13.00R24TG � 248 36 303 44 375 54 375 54 310 45 310 4514.00R24TG � 207 30 241 35 300 44 300 44 310 45 310 4515.5R25 � 207 30 241 35 300 44 300 44 310 45 310 4517.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 250 36 250 36 — — — —

140H 14.00R24TG � 207 30 241 35 325 47 325 47 310 45 310 4517.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 250 36 250 36 310 45 310 45

143H 14.00R24TG � 207 30 241 35 250 36 250 36 310 45 310 4517.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 250 36 250 36 310 45 310 45550/65R25 � 207 30 207 30 — — — — — — — —555/70R25 � 207 30 207 30 — — — — — — — —

160H 14.00R24TG � 207 30 241 35 350 51 350 51 310 45 310 4517.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 275 40 275 40 310 45 310 45

163H 14.00R24TG � 207 30 241 35 350 51 350 51 310 45 310 4517.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 275 40 275 40 310 45 310 45550/65R25 � 207 30 207 30 — — — — — — — —555/70R25 � 158 23 200 29 — — — — — — — —

14H 16.00R24TG � 207 30 241 35 300 44 300 44 310 45 310 4520.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 225 33 225 33 310 45 310 45

16H 18.00R25 �,�� 207 30 207 30 375 54 375 54 310 45 310 4523.5R25 � 207 30 207 30 300 44 300 44 310 45 310 45

24H 29.5R29 � 241 35 303 44 425 62 425 62 310 45 310 4529.5R29 �� 241 35 303 44 425 62 425 62 310 45 310 45


WHEEL TRACTORS — Bias Ply GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE


*Standard tire, ply rating, and inflation pressures.

WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS — Bias Ply GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE



814F 23.5-25* 12, 20 350 51 300 44 — — — —

824H 29.5-25* 22, 26, 28 275 40 275 40 241 35 241 35

834H 35/65-33* 24, 30, 36, 42 375 54 375 54 241 35 241 35

844H 41.25/70-39 34, 42 375 54 325 47 — — — —

854G 45/65-45 46, 50, 58 500 73 450 65 540 80 540 80


611 29.5-25 22, 28, 34 150 22 150 22 414 60 414 60

613C Series II 23.5-25 16, 20 275 40 275 40 345 50 345 50

615C Series II 29.5-25 22, 28, 34 325 47 325 47 414 60 414 60

621G 33.25-29 26, 32 325 47 325 47 379 55 379 5529.5-29 34 450 65 450 65 448 65 448 6529.5-35 28 414 60 414 60 — — — —

623G 33.25-29 26, 32 350 51 350 51 379 55 379 5529.5-29 34 475 69 475 69 448 65 448 6529.5-35 28 414 60 414 60 — — — —

627G 33.25-29 26, 32 375 54 375 54 379 55 379 5529.5-29 34 500 73 500 73 448 65 414 6029.5-35 28 414 60 414 60 — — — —

631G 33.25-35 38 — — — — — — — —37.25-35 36, 42 425 62 425 62 448 65 448 65

637G 33.25-35 38 — — — — — — — —37.25-35 36, 42 400 58 400 58 448 65 448 65

657G 37.5-39 60 621 90 621 90 — — — —


WHEEL TRACTORS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE



WHEEL TRACTOR-SCRAPERS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE



814F 23.5R25 � 379 55 379 55 425 62 375 54 276 40 276 4026.5R25 � 310 45 310 45 241 35 241 35 — — — —

824H 29.5R25 � 248 36 248 36 325 47 325 47 345 50 345 50834H 35/65R33 �, �� 345 50 345 50 425 62 425 62 345 50 345 50844H 45/65R39* � 379 55 379 55 350 51 300 44 483 70 483 70

40.5/75R39 � 483 70 483 70 — — — — — — — —854 45/65R45* �, �� 413 60 413 60 525 76 475 69 448 65 448 65


611 26.5R25 � 379 55 379 55 275 40 275 40 482 70 482 7029.5R25 � 310 45 310 45 225 33 225 33 379 55 379 55

613C 18.00R25 � 379 55 413 60 482 70 482 70 — — — —Series II 23.5R25 � 276 40 276 40 375 54 375 54 379 55 379 55615C 26.5R25 �� 413 60 413 60 525 76 525 76 482 70 482 70Series II 29.5R25 � 345 50 345 50 379 55 379 55 — — — —

29.5R29 �� 413 60 413 60 — — — — — — — —621G 29.5R29 �� 448 65 448 65 525 76 525 76 517 75 517 75

29.5R35 �� 482 70 482 70 — — — — — — — —33.25R29 �� 379 55 310 45 375 54 375 54 448 65 448 65

623G 29.5R29 �� 517 75 517 75 — — — — — — — —29.5R35 �� 482 70 482 70 — — — — — — — —33.25R29 �� 413 60 413 60 448 65 448 65 — — — —

627G 29.5R29 �� 517 75 517 75 — — — — — — — —29.5R35 �� 482 70 482 70 — — — — — — — —33.25R29 �� 379 55 379 55 448 65 448 65 — — — —

631G 37.25R35 �� 517 75 413 60 475 69 475 69 517 75 517 75637G 37.25R35 �� 517 75 517 75 475 69 475 69 517 75 517 75657G 37.5R39 �� 689 100 689 100 — — — — — — — —

40.5R39 �� 586 85 517 75 525 76 525 76 620 90 620 90

Strength Pressure PressureModel Tire Size Rating Front Center Rear Front Center Rear

ARTICULATED TRUCKS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR



MINING TRUCKS & TRACTORS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE


725 23.5R25 �� 324 47 351 51 351 51 375 54 375 54 375 54650/65R25 �� 358 52 400 58 400 58 — — — — — —750/65R25 �� 303 44 324 47 324 47 300 44 300 44 300 44

730 23.5R25 �� 345 50 413 60 413 60 450 65 450 65 450 65650/65R25 �� 345 50 413 60 413 60 — — — — — —750/65R25 �� 276 40 310 45 310 45 350 51 350 51 350 51

730 EJ 23.5R25 �� 500 73 500 73 500 73 — — — — — —750/65R25 �� — — — — 400 58 400 58 400 58 — —

735 26.5R25 �� 427 62 427 62 427 62 425 62 425 62 425 6229.5R25 �� 350 51 350 51 350 51 — — — — — —750/65R25 �� 427 62 427 62 427 62 — — — — — —850/65R25 �� 310 45 310 45 310 45 — — — — — —

740 29.5R25 �� 358 52 345 50 345 50 375 54 375 54 375 54850/65R25 �� 345 50 345 50 345 50 — — — — — —

740EJ 29.5R25 �� 425 62 425 62 425 62 — — — — — —850/65R25 �� — — — — — — — — — — — —


770 18.00R33 �� 751 109 751 109 799 116 772 112 — — — — 772 21.00R33 �� 703 102 703 102 689 100 689 100 — — — — 773F 24.00R35 �� 703 102 703 102 675 98 675 98 689 100 689 100775F 24.00R35 �� 703 102 703 102 703 102 703 102 689 100 689 100776D 27.00R49 �� 689 100 689 100 — — — — — — — — 777F 27.00R49 �� 703 102 703 102 751 109 751 109 689 100 689 100784C �� — — — — — — — — — — — — 785C 33.00R51 �� 703 102 703 102 825 120 825 120 689 100 689 100789C 37.00R57 �� 648 94 648 94 725 105 725 105 689 100 689 100793D 40.00R57 �� 703 102 703 102 775 112 775 112 — — — —

46/90R57 �� 725 105 725 105 — — — — — — — — 45R57 �� — — 750 109 — — — — — — — —

797B 59/80R63 �� 703 102 703 102 — — — — — — — —

WHEEL LOADERS — Bias and Bias Belted GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE




904B 12.5-18 10 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25906 12.5-20 10 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25908 14.5-20 10 276 40 241 35 276 40 241 35914G 15.5-25 12 276 40 172 25 276 40 172 25

15.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25924G 17.5-25 12 310 45 207 30 310 45 207 30

20.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25928G 17.5-25 12 345 50 241 35 345 50 241 35

20.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25930G 17.5-25 12 345 50 241 35 345 50 241 35

20.5-25 12 241 35 172 25 241 35 172 25938G 20.5-25 12 350 51 225 33 310 45 207 30950H 23.5-25 16, 20 425 62 250 36 345 50 207 30962H 23.5-25 16, 20 475 69 275 40 379 55 241 35966H 26.5-25 20 375 54 225 33 413 60 276 40972H 26.5-25 20 400 58 225 33 448 65 276 40980H 29.5-25 22 450 65 275 40 482 70 276 40988H 35/65-33 42 625 91 425 62 655 95 413 60990H 41.25/70-39 42 550 80 350 51 586 85 413 60992G 45/65-45 50, 58 625 91 425 62 689 100 482 70994F 49.00R57 — — — — — — — — —

49.5/85-57 — — — — — — — — —49.00R57 — — — — — — — — —52/80-57 68 625 91 425 62 — — — —53.5/85-57 76 — — — — — — — —55.5/80R57 — — — — — — — — —55/80R57 — — — — — — — — —58/85-57 — — — — — — — — —60/80R57 — — — — — — — — —


WHEEL LOADERS — Radial Ply MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE



904B 335/80R18 XM27 � 304 44 221 32 — — — — — — — —335/80R18 SPT9 � — — — — 276 40 172 25 — — — —

906 365/80R20 SPT9 � — — — — 276 40 172 25 — — — —375/75R20 XM27 � 276 40 193 28 — — — — — — — —405/70R20 SPT9 � — — — — 241 35 172 25 — — — —

908 425/75R20 XM27 � 276 40 193 28 — — — — — — — —405/70R20 SPT9 � — — — — 276 40 207 30 — — — —

914G 15.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 414 60 276 40 — — — —17.5R25 � 276 40 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40

924G 17.5R25 � 276 40 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40550/65 R25 � 276 40 172 25 — — — — — — — —20.5R25 � 241 35 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40

928G 17.5R25 � 379 55 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40600/65 R25 � 310 45 172 25 — — — — — — — —20.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40

930G 17.5R25 � 379 55 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40600/65 R25 � 310 45 172 25 — — — — — — — —20.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 414 60 310 45 414 60 276 40

938G 20.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 276 40 241 35 276 40 207 30550/65R25 � 310 45 172 25 276 40 241 35 276 40 207 30

938H 20.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 425 62 250 36 276 45 207 30550/65R25 � 345 50 172 25 — — — — — — — —650/65R25 � 310 45 172 25 275 40 150 22 276 40 207 30

950H 23.5R25 � 241 35 172 25 425 62 250 36 310 50 207 30650/65R25 � 241 35 172 25 — — — — — — — —750/65R25 � 241 35 172 25 425 62 250 36 310 45 207 30

962G 23.5R25 � 241 35 172 25 475 69 275 40 345 50 207 30650/65R25 � 276 40 172 25 475 69 275 40 345 50 207 30


WHEEL LOADERS — Radial Ply (CONTINUED) MICHELIN GOODYEAR BRIDGESTONE



962H 23.5R25 � 276 40 172 25 — — — — — — — — 650/65R25 � 276 40 172 25 — — — — — — — — 750/65R25 � 276 40 172 25 — — — — — — — —

966G 26.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 450 65 275 40 345 50 276 40750/65R25 � 310 45 172 25 400 58 255 33 345 50 276 40

966H 26.5R25 � 310 45 172 25 — — — — — — — — 750/65R25 � 310 45 172 25 — — — — — — — —

972G 26.5R25 � 345 50 172 25 475 69 275 40 345 50 276 40750/65R25 � 345 50 172 25 450 65 275 40 — — — — 755/65R25 � — — — — 345 50 276 40 — — — —

972H 26.5R25 � 345 50 172 25 — — — — — — — — 750/65R25 � 345 50 172 25 — — — — — — — —

980G 29.5R25 � 379 55 379 55 — — — — — — — —

980H 26.5R25 � — — — — 414 60 276 40 — — — — 29.5R25 � 379 55 207 30 500 73 300 44 345 50 276 40

988G 35/65R33 � 586 85 310 45 — — — — — — — —

988H 35/65R33 � 599 87 599 87 — — — — 540 80 345 50875/65R33 �� 625 91 425 62 — — — — — — — —

990G 45/65R39 � 517 75 276 40 — — — — — — — —

990H 45/65R39 � 517 75 276 40 550 80 350 51 580 85 414 6040.5/75R39 � — — — — — — — — — — — —

992G 45/65R45 � 551 80 276 40 — — — — 580 85 414 6045/65R45 �� 625 91 425 62 685 95 414 60 — — — —

994F 55/80R57 � 703 102 703 102 — — — — — — — — 55.5/80R57 �� — — — — — — — — — — — —60/80R57 — — — — — — — — — — — — — 49.00R57 �� — — — — — — — — — — — —

Wheel Tire PressureModel Size Size Ply Rating Front* Rear*


UNDERGROUND MINING — Bias & Bias Belted BRIDGESTONE

Wheel Tire PressureModel Size Size Ply Rating Front* Rear*

UNDERGROUND MINING — Bias & Radial Ply BRIDGESTONE— Bias

*For standard loading applications. NOTE: The operating inflation pressure is based on the weight of the ready-to-work machine withoutNOTE: When tramming cycles exceed 150 m (500 ft) contact tire supplier. attachments, at rated payload and in average operating conditions. The tire pressure for each

application may vary. The tire pressure should always be obtained from your tire dealer.

kPa psi kPa psi

LOAD - HAUL R1300 14.0 x 25 17.5 x 25 20 680 100 580 85DUMP R1600 13.0 x 25 18.0 x 25 28 680 100 414 60

R1700G & 22.0 x 25 26.5 x 25 32 580 85 414 60R1700G SUPA14R2900 & 25.0 x 25 29.5 x 29 34 640 94 414 60R2900 SUPA 20

ARTICULATED AD45 25.0 x 29 29.5 x 29 40 640 94 640 94TRUCKS AD55 28.0 x 33 35/65R33 — — — — —

AE40 Series II 29.5 x 29 29.5 x R29 40 620 90 620 90

RIGID 69D Dump 13.0 x 33 18.0 x R33 36 640 94 640 94x TRUCKS 69D Ejector 13.0 x 33 18.0 x R33 40 620 91 620 9173D 15.0 x 35 21.0 x R35 42 700 102 700 102

kPa psi kPa psi

LOAD - HAUL R1600G 13.0 x 25 18.0 x 25 28 685 100 410 60R1700G 22.0 x 25 26.5 x 25 36 580 85 410 60R2900G 25.0 x 29 29.5 x 29 34 615 90 410 60R2900G Xtra 28.0 x 33 35/65 x 33 — — — — —

BRIDGESTONE— RadialR1300G II 14.0 x 25 17.5 x 25 �� 685 102 580 85R1600G 13.0 x 25 18.0 x 25 �� 685 100 410 60R1700G 22.0 x 25 26.5 x 25 �� 580 85 410 60R2900G 25.0 x 29 29.5 x 29 �� 640 94 410 60R2900G Xtra 28.0 x 33 35/65 x 33 �� 640 94 410 60

ARTICULATED AD30 22.0 x 25 26.5R25 �� 540 80 615 90TRUCKS AD45B 25.0 x 29 29.5 x R29 �� 650 95 650 95

AD55 28.0 x 33 35/65R33 �� 640 94 640 94

LIQUID BALLASTING* TABLE — 75% Fillage*** BIAS PLY TIRES RADIAL PLY TIRESWeight Mixing Proportions Weight Mixing Proportions

Increase IncreasePer Tire CaCl** Water Per Tire CaCl** Water

*Ballast weight for bias ply tires from Goodyear data, radial ply weights from Michelin data. Contact your tire supplier for additional information. Under abnormal tire wear conditions, ballasting of rear tires may be desirable. Ballasting of front tires also should only be done where extremely rapid tire wear rates are encountered. Excessive weight will reduce machine performance.

**1.6 kg (31⁄2 lb) Calcium Chloride per gallon water. Solution weighs 4.6 kg (10.15 lb) per gallon.

***Fillage beyond 75% of tire enclosed volume is not recommended. With liquid ballasting, inflation pressure must be checked at least once per day.

NOTE: When liquid ballasting telehandler tires, consult Telehandler’s Operation and Maintenance Manual for requirements.Total machine mass including all attachments in operating condition, all reservoirs at full capacity and ballasted tires must not exceed certification mass listed on the ROPS certification label.

kg lb kg lb liter gal kg lb kg lb liter gal

13.00-24TG 188 414 55 122 132 35 185 407 57 125 128 3414.00-24TG 215 475 63 140 151 40 256 565 79 173 179 4715.5-25 192 423 56 125 136 36 224 493 69 151 155 4116.00-24TG 333 735 98 217 234 62 355 783 109 240 246 6517.5-25 262 577 77 170 185 49 311 686 95 210 216 5718.00-25 454 1002 134 296 322 85 502 1107 154 340 348 9218.4-34 417 919 123 272 295 78 — — — — — —20.5-25 405 892 119 263 284 75 448 987 137 303 310 8223.1-26 522 1151 154 340 367 97 — — — — — —23.5-25 585 1291 173 382 412 109 633 1396 194 428 439 11624.5-32 703 1549 207 458 496 131 — — — — — —26.5-25 758 1671 224 494 533 141 841 1853 258 568 583 15426.5-29 752 1658 222 490 530 140 928 2045 284 627 644 17028L-26 709 1563 209 462 500 132 — — — — — —29.5-25 970 2139 286 632 685 181 1073 2368 328 723 745 19729.5-29 1050 2315 310 684 738 195 1190 2623 365 804 825 21829.5-35 1159 2556 344 758 821 217 1286 2835 394 869 892 23630.5L-32 874 1928 258 570 617 163 — — — — — —33.25-35 1485 3275 439 968 1048 277 1592 3508 487 1074 1105 29237.25-35 1712 3775 505 1115 1211 320 2128 4692 653 1439 1476 39038-39 1870 4123 552 1218 1317 348 — — — — — —35/65-33 1339 2953 396 873 942 249 1430 3152 438 967 992 26240/65-39 2077 4580 614 1353 1465 387 2194 4836 673 1483 1522 40241.25/70-39 1897 4183 561 1236 1336 353 — — — — — —45/65-45 2548 5617 753 1659 1794 474 — — — — — —


CONVERSION FACTORS CONVERSION FACTORS

NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table.

MULTIPLY METRIC UNIT BY TO OBTAIN ENGLISH UNIT

kilometer (km) .6214 milemeter (m) 1.0936 yardmeter (m) 3.28 footcentimeter (cm) .0328 footmillimeter (mm) .03937 inchsq kilometer (km2) .3861 square milehectare (ha) 2.471 acresq meter (m2) 10.764 square footsq meter (m2) 1550 square inchsq centimeter (cm2) .1550 square inchcu centimeter (cm3) .061 cubic inchcu meter (m3) 1.308 cubic yardliter (L) 61.02 cubic inchliter (L) .001308 cubic yardkm/h .621 mphliter (L) .2642 U.S. gallonliter (L) .22 Imperial gallonmetric ton (t) .984 long tonmetric ton (t) 1.102 short tonkilogram (kg) 2.205 pound, avdp.gram (g or gr) .0353 ounce, avdp.kilonewton (kN) 225 pound (force)newton (N) .225 pound (force)cu centimeter (cm3) .0338 fluid ouncekilograms/cu meter 1.686 pounds/cu ydkilograms/cu meter .062 pounds/cu ft


kilograms/sq cm (kg/cm2) 14.225 pounds/sq inkilocalorie (kcal) 3.968 Btukilogram-meter (kg•m) 7.233 foot-poundmeter-kilogram (m•kg) 7.233 pound-footmetric horsepower (CV) .9863 hpkilowatt (kW) 1.341 hpkilopascal (kPa) .145 psibar 14.5 psitons/m3 1692 pounds/cu yddecaliter .283 bushelmile, statute (m) 1.609 kilometeryard (yd) .9144 meterfoot (ft) .3048 meterinch (in) 25.4 millimetersq mile (mile2) 2.590 sq kilometeracre .4047 hectaresq foot (ft2) .0929 sq metersq inch (in2) .000645 sq metercu yard (yd3) .7645 cu metercu inch (in3) 16.387 cu centimetercu foot (ft3) .0283 cu metercu inch (in3) .0164 litercubic yard (yd3) 764.55 litermph 1.61 km/hTon — mph 1.459 tkm/hU.S. gallon (US Gal) 3.785 liter


CONVERSION FACTORS (CONTINUED) TEMPERATURE FACTORS

NOTE: Some of the above factors have been rounded for convenience. For exact conversion factors please consult International System of Units (SI) table.


U.S. gallon .833 Imperial gallonlong ton (lg ton) 1.016 metric tonshort ton (sh ton) .907 metric tonpound (lb) .4536 kilogramounce (oz) 28.35 grampound (lb) (force) .00445 kilonewtonpound (lb) (force) 4.45 newtonfluid oz (fl oz) 29.57 cu centimeterlb/cu ft (lb/ft3) 16.018 kg/cu meterlb/cu yd (lb/yd3) .5933 kg/cu meterpounds/sq. in. .0703 kilogram/sq cmpsi .0689 barpsi 6.89 kilopascalBtu .2520 kilogram-caloriefoot-pound (ft-lb) .1383 kilogram-meterhorsepower (hp) 1.014 metric horsepowerhorsepower (hp) .7457 kilowattpounds/cu yd .0005928 tons/m3

pounds (No. 2 diesel fuel) .1413 U.S. gallonbushel 3.524 decaliter

320

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

37

20

0

-20

-40

600

580

520

480

440

400

360

320

280

240

212200

160

12098.6

80

32

0

-40

CELSIUS

°C = (°F – 32) ÷ 1.8

FAHRENHEIT

°F = (C 1.8) + 32


EQUIVALENTS APPROXIMATE COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION FACTORS

METRIC UNIT EQUIVALENTS ENGLISH UNIT EQUIVALENTS

* (Steam Horsepower) French Designation For Metric Horsepower

** (Horsepower) German Designation For Metric Horsepower

1 km 1000 m1 m 100 cm1 cm 10 mm1 km2 100 ha1 ha 10,000 m2

1 m2 10,000 cm2

1 cm2 100 mm2

1 m3 1000 liters1 liter 1000 cm3

1 metric ton 1000 kg1 quintal 100 kg1 N 0.10197 kg•m/s2

1 kg 1000 g1 g 1000 mg1 bar 14.504 psi1 cal 427 kg•m1 cal 0.0016 cv•h1 cal 0.00116 kw•h1 CV 75 kg•m/s1 kg/cm2 0.97 atmosph.

1 mile 1760 yd1 yd 3 ft1 ft 12 in1 sq mile 640 acres1 acre 43,560 sq ft1 sq ft 144 sq in1 cu ft 7.48 gal liq1 gal 231 cu in1 gal 4 quarts liq1 quart 32 fl oz1 fl oz 1.80 cu in1 sh ton 2000 lb1 lg ton 2240 lb1 lb 16 oz, avdp1 Btu 778 ft lb1 Btu 0.000393 hph1 Btu 0.000293 kwh1 mechanical hp 550 ft-lb/sec1 atmosph. 14.7 lb/in2

POWER UNIT EQUIVALENTS

kW Kilowatthp Mechanical HorsepowerCV Cheval Vapeur* PS Pferdestärke**1 hp 1.014 CV 1 hp 1.014 PS1 hp 0.7457 kW

1 PS 1 CV 1 PS 0.986 hp1 PS 0.7355 kW1 kW 1.341 hp1 kW 1.36 CV1 kW 1.36 PS

MATERIALS RUBBER TIRES TRACKS

Concrete .90 .45Clay Loam

Dry .55 .90Wet .45 .70Rutted .40 .70

SandDry .20 .30Wet .40 .50

Quarry Pit .65 .55Gravel Road (Loose not hard) .36 .50Packed Snow .20 .27Ice .12 .12*Earth

Firm .55 .90Loose .45 .60

Coal, Stockpiled .45 .60

*Semi-Skeleton shoes = .27



MATERIALS LOAD FACTORS SWELL % WEIGHT* OF MATERIALSLOOSE BANK

kg/m3 lb/yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3

Basalt .67 51 1960 3300 2970 5000 Bauxite, Kaolin .75 33 1420 2400 1900 3200 Caliche .55 80 1250 2100 2260 3800 Carnotite, uranium ore .74 35 1630 2750 2200 3700 Cinders .66 50 560 950 860 1450Clay —

Natural bed .82 22 1660 2800 2020 3400Dry .81 23 1480 2500 1840 3100 Wet .80 25 1660 2800 2080 3500

Clay & gravel —Dry .85 18 1420 2400 1660 2800 Wet .85 18 1540 2600 1840 3100

Coal Anthracite, Raw .74 35 1190 2000 1600 2700 Anthracite, Washed .74 35 1100 1850 — —Ash, Bituminous Coal .93 8 530-650 900-1100 590-890 1000-1500 Bituminous, Raw .74 35 950 1600 1280 2150 Bituminous, Washed .74 35 830 1400 — —

Decomposed rock —75% Rock, 25% Earth .70 43 1960 3300 2790 470050% Rock, 50% Earth .75 33 1720 2900 2280 385025% Rock, 75% Earth .80 25 1570 2650 1960 3300

Earth — Dry packed .80 25 1510 2550 1900 3200Wet excavated .79 24 1600 2700 2020 3400 Loam .81 23 1250 2100 1540 2600

Granite — Broken .61 65 1660 2800 2730 4600 Gravel —

Pitrun .89 12 1930 3250 2170 3650 Dry .89 12 1510 2550 1690 2850 Dry 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") .89 12 1690 2850 1900 3200 Wet 6-50 mm (1/4"-2") .89 12 2020 3400 2260 3800

*Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.

Gypsum — Broken .57 75 1810 3050 3170 5350 Crushed .57 75 1600 2700 2790 4700

Hematite, iron ore, high grade .85 18 1810-2450 4000-5400 2130-2900 4700-6400 Limestone —

Broken .59 69 1540 2600 2610 4400 Crushed — — 1540 2600 — —

Magnetite, iron ore .85 18 2790 4700 3260 5500 Pyrite, iron ore .85 18 2580 4350 3030 5100 Sand —

Dry, loose .89 12 1420 2400 1600 2700 Damp .89 12 1690 2850 1900 3200 Wet .89 12 1840 3100 2080 3500

Sand & clay — Loose .79 24 1600 2700 2020 3400 Compacted — — 2400 4050 — —

Sand & gravel — Dry .89 12 1720 2900 1930 3250Wet .91 9 2020 3400 2230 3750

Sandstone .60 65 1510 2550 2520 4250 Shale .75 33 1250 2100 1660 2800 Slag — Broken .60 65 1750 2950 2940 4950 Snow —

Dry — — 130 220 — —Wet — — 520 860 — —

Stone — Crushed .60 65 1600 2700 2670 4500 Taconite .58 70 1630-1900 3600-4200 2360-2700 5200-6100 Top Soil .70 43 950 1600 1370 2300 Taprock — Broken .67 51 1750 2950 2610 4400 Wood Chips** — — — — — —

**Weights of commercially important wood species can be found in the last pages of the *Varies with moisture content, grain size, degree of compaction, etc.Logging & Forest Products section. To obtain wood weights use the following equations: Tests must be made to determine exact material characteristics.

lb/yd3 = (lb/ft3) x .4 x 27 kg/m3 = (kg/m3) x .4

LOOSE BANKkg/m3 lb/yd3 kg/m3 lb/yd3

MATERIALS LOAD FACTORS SWELL % WEIGHT* OF MATERIALS


*Percent of combined machine weight.**Assumes drag load has been subtracted to give Drawbar Pull for good to moderate conditions.

Some resistance added for very soft conditions.

TYPICAL ROLLING RESISTANCE FACTORS FORMULAS AND RULES OF THUMB

UNDERFOOTING TIRES TRACK** TRACK

BIAS RADIAL +TIRES

A very hard, smooth roadway,concrete, cold asphalt, or dirtsurface, no penetration or flexing A hard, smooth, stabilized surfacedroadway without penetration underload, watered, maintained A firm, smooth, rolling roadway withdirt or light surfacing, flexing slightlyunder load or undulating, maintainedfairly regularly, wateredA dirt roadway, rutted or flexingunder load, little maintenance, no water, 25 mm (1") tire penetration or flexing A dirt roadway, rutted or flexingunder load, little maintenance, no water, 50 mm (2") tire penetration or flexing Rutted dirt roadway, soft undertravel, no maintenance, no stabilization, 100 mm (4") tire penetration or flexing Loose sand or gravel Rutted dirt roadway, soft undertravel, no maintenance, no stabilization, 200 mm (8") tire penetration and flexing Very soft, muddy, rutted roadway,300 mm (12") tire penetration, noflexing

1.5%* 1.2% 0% 1.0%

2.0% 1.7% 0% 1.2%

3.0% 2.5% 0% 1.8%

4.0% 4.0% 0% 2.4%

5.0% 5.0% 0% 3.0%

8.0% 8.0% 0% 4.8%

10.0% 10.0% 2% 7.0%

14.0% 14.0% 5% 10.0%

20.0% 20.0% 8% 15.0%

Production (yds./hr.) = Load (cu.yds.) X Trips per hour

Load (b.c.y.) = Weight of Load (lbs.)Lbs. Per Bank Yard

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X load factor

Bank Yards = Loose yds. X 100 100 + % Swell

Bank Yards = Compacted Yards Shrinkage Factor

Trips per Hour = 60 min. Or Working Min. per Hr. Cycle Time (min.) Cycle Time (min.)

Cycle Time = Fixed Time + Variable Time

Fixed Time = (see respective machine production tables)

Variable Time = Total Haul Time + Total Return Time

Travel Time (min.) = Distance (ft.) Or Distance (ft.) Speed (ft. per min.) Mph X 88

Rolling Resistance (lbs.) = RR Factor (lbs./ton) X Weight on Wheels (tons)

Or 40lbs./ton + 30 lbs./ton (for each 1” tire penetration) X Weight on Wheels (lbs.)

Or 2% + 1 1/2% (for each 1” tire penetration) X Weight on Wheels (lbs.)


Grade Resistance (lbs.) = 20 lbs./ton X % grade (units) X Total Weight (tons)

Or % grade (decimal) X Total Weight (lbs.)

Total Road Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %) =Rolling Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %)

+ Grade Resistance Factor (lbs./ton or %)

Total Pull Required = Rolling Resistance (lbs.) + Grade Resistance (lbs.)

Usable Lbs. Pull (Traction limitation) = Coeff. of Traction X Weight on Drivers

Alt. Derating: 3% lb. Pull loss for each 1000 feet above 3000 feet

Hourly Prod. Required = Quan. (b.c.y.) Working Time (hr.)

No. Units Required = Hourly Prod. RequiredUnit Prod.

No. of Scrapers a Pusher will load = Scraper cycle time Pusher cycle time

Drawbar Horsepower = lbs. Pull X ft./min. 33000

FORMULAS AND RULES OF THUMB (CONTINUED)

Typical dragline calculating factors: Using 110˚ swing, average swing cycle

For 1/2 yd. = 24 secondsFor 11/2 yd = 30 secondsFor 2 yd. = 33 seconds

Bucket Factors:Easy digging = approx. 95-100% of rated capacityMed. digging = approx. 80-90% of rated capacityMedium hard digging = approx. 65-75% of rated capacityHard digging = approx. 40-65% of rated capacity

Typical shovel calculating factors: Using 90˚ swing average swing cycle

For 1/2 yd. = 20 sec.For 1 yd. = 21 sec.For 1 1/2 yd. = 22 sec.For 2 yd. = 23 sec.For 2 1/2 yd. = 24 sec.

Dipper Factors: Easy digging = approx. 95-100% or rated capacityMedium digging = approx. 85-90% of rated capacityMedium hard digging = approx. 70-80% of rated capacityHard digging = approx. 50-70% of rated capacity


APOTHECARIES’ WEIGHT20 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 scruple8 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce3 scruples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound

NOTE: Ounce and pound are the same as in Troy Weight

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT27.344 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 dram25 pounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter16 drams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cwt16 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound2,000 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 short ton2,240 lbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 long ton

TROY WEIGHT24 grains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pwt20 pwt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ounce12 ounces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pound

NOTE: used for weighing gold, silver, and jewels

CLOTH MEASURE2 1/4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nail4 nails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quarter4 quarters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yard

CUBIC MEASURE1,728 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic foot27 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubic yard128 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cord (wood)40 cubic feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ton (shipping)2,150.42 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 standard bushel231 cubic inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 U.S. standard gallon1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .about 4/2 of a bushel

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

DRY MEASURE2 pints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt4 pecks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bushel8 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 peck36 bushels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 caldron

LIQUID MEASURE4 gills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 pt4 qts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 gallon2 pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 qt31-1/2 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 barrel2 barrels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hogshead

LONG MEASURE12 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 foot40 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 furlong3 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yd8 furlongs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. Mile5 1/2 yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod3 miles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 league

MARINERS’ MEASURE6 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 fathom120 fathoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cable length7 1/2 cable lengths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 mile5280 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 std. mile6076.1 feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 nautical mile

PAPER MEASURE24 sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 quire20 quires . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 ream ( 480 sheets)2 reams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bundle5 bundles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 bale


SQUARE MEASURE144 sq. inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. foot40 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rood9 sq. feet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. yard4 roods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre30 1/4 sq. yards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. rod640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile

SURVEYOR’S MEASURE7.92 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 link25 links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 rod4 rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 chain10 sq. chains or 160 sq. rods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 acre640 acres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 sq. mile36 sq. miles ( 6 miles sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 township

TIME MEASURE60 seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 min.60 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hr.24 hr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 day7 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 week28, 29, 30,or 31 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 calendar month30 days . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 month . . . . . . . . . . . .in computing interest365 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 yr 366 days . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 leap yr.

APPROXIMATE METRIC EQUIVALENTS1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 inches1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. 06 quarts liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9 quart dry1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.1 yds1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5/8 of a mile1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 5/8 bushels1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/2 acres1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/5 lbs1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED) WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED)

METRIC EQUIVALENTS – LINEAR MEASURE1 centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3937 inches1 inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.54 centimeters1 decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.937 inches1decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.328 foot1 foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.048 decimeters1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39.37 inches1 meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.0936 yards1 yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9144 meter1 dekameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.9884 rods1 rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.5029 dekameter1 kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.62137 mile1 mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.6093 kilometers1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1/5 lbs1 stere, or cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1/4 of a cord1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2,200 pounds1 sq. centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1550 sq. inch1 sq. inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.452 sq. centimeters1 sq. decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.1076 sq. foot1 sq. foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.2903 sq. decimeters1 sq. meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.196 sq. yds1 sq. yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.83611 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 sq. rods1 sq. rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.00625 acre1 hectare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.47 acres1 acre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4047 hectare1 sq. kilometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.386 sq. mile1 sq. mile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.59 sq kilometers

METRIC EQUIVALENTS – WEIGHTS1 gram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.03527 ounce1 ounce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.35 grams1 kilogram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2046 pounds1 pound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.4536 kilogram1 metric ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.98421 English ton1 English ton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.016 metric tons


METRIC EQUIVALENTS – MEASURE OF VOLUME1 cubic centimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.061 cubic inch1 cubic inch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16.39 cubic centimeters1 cubic decimeter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.0353 cubic foot1 cubic foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28.317 cubic decimeters 1 cubic meter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.308 cubic yards1 cubic yard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.7646 cubic meter1 stere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.2759 cord1 cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.624 steres1 liter . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.908 quart dry . . . . . . . . . .1.0567 quarts liquid1 quart dry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.101 liters1 quart liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.9463 liter1 dekaliter . . . . . . . . . .2.6417 gallons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.135 pecks1 gallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3785 dekaliter1 peck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.881 dekaliter1 hectoliter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.8375 bushels1 bushel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.3524 hectoliter

TEMPERATURES (in Fahrenheit)Milk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 30 above zeroWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 32 above zeroOlive Oil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 36 above zeroWine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 20 above zeroVinegar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .freezes 28 above zeroAlcohol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 173 above zeroWater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 212 above zeroPetroleum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .boils at 306 above zeroBlood heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98.4 above zeroEggs hatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104 above zero

MISCELLANEOUS3 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 palm4 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 hand6 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 span18 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 cubit21.8 inches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 Bible cubit2 1/2 ft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 military pace

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES (CONTINUED) MISCELLANEOUS TECHNICAL DATA

• To find diameter of a circle, multiply circumference by .31831• To find circumference of a circle, multiply diameter by 3.1416• To find area of a circle, multiply square of diameter by .7854• To find surface of a ball, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416• To find side of an equal square, multiply diagonal by .7072• To find cubic inches in a ball, multiply cube of diameter by .5236• Doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times• Double riveting is from 16 to 20 percent stronger than single • One cubic foot of anthracite coal weighs about 53 pounds• One cubic foot of bituminous coal weighs from 47 to 50 pounds• One ton of coal is equivalent to two cords of wood for steam purposes• A gallon of water (US standard) weighs 8 1/3 lbs. and contains

231 cubic inches • There are nine square feet of heating surface to each square

foot of grate surface• A cubic foot of water contains 7 1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches,

and weighs 62 1/2 pounds• Each nominal horsepower of a boiler requires 30 to 35 lbs. of water per hour• To sharpen dull files, lay them in diluted sulfuric acid until they

are eaten deep enough• A horsepower is equivalent to raising 33,000 lbs. one foot per minute,

or 550 lbs. on foot per second • To find the pressure in pound per square inch of column of water,

multiply the height of the column in feet by .434• Steam rising from water at its boiling point (212 degrees) has

a pressure equal to the atmosphere (14.7 lbs. to the square inch)

CAT®, CATERPILLAR®, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow” and thePOWER EDGE trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity usedherein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.


Notes

Documents

Cat Reference Guide 2007