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c. 3500 BCE
Tigris/Euphrates
Sumer/Akkadia
(Mesopotamia and
Babylonia)
c. 3500 BCE
Nile River Valley
(Ancient Egypt)
c. 2200 BCE
Yellow RiverShang and Xia dynasties
(ancient China)
c. 3000 BCE
Indus River Valley
Harappan/Vedic
(ancient India)
c. 2500 BCE
Aegean Sea
Minoan/Mycenaean
(Ancient Greece)
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C. 3200 BCE
Norte Chico(Peru/Incan civilization)
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Agriculture around the World
Africa
(Nile
River
Valley)
5000 BCE
Wheat,barley
Central
America
and
Mexico
5000 BCE
Beans,corn,
squash
China
6000 BCE -
Millet
5000 BCE -Rice
India(Indus
RiverValley)
5000 BCE
Cotton
Iraq(Mesopotam
ia - FertileCrescent)
5000 BCE
Wheat,barley
Peru
3000 BCE
Tomatoes,potatoes
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City State Empire
Major Questions and Topics
Types of sameness created in a civilization? Or, how
civilization unified?
Types of difference created by civilization? Or, how
civilization divided?
Why hierarchies?
How were hierarchies created? How were they justified?
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General trajectory
Natufians Catal Hoyuk Sumer and city-states Akkadian Empi
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How Civilization Develops
Food production + population growth jobspecialization supports
growth and expansion of
civilization.
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Early River Valley Civilizations
Mesopotamia
Egypt
India
China
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Why River Valleys?
Water Basic human needs for survival
Food Source Animals need water too.
Water attracts animals. Animals become food.
Climate Warm and dry consistent
Fertile Land
Once humans masteredagriculture, well-watered land produced
food.
All four river valleys met these criteria
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Ur
CataIhuyuk
City-States Emerge
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City-States Emerge
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City-States Emerge
Trade
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City-States Emerge: Sameness
Political Function as countries do today laws, security, and
citizenship
e.g. Code of Ur-Nammu (Ur); Code of Hammurabi (Babylon)
Rulers pass on Kingship through familyDynasties
e.g. Xia Dynasty (China)
Religion plays important role in politics
Social/Cultural
Polytheism Gods for all reasons --- Ziggurats - temples
Cultural Diffusion, e.g. through trading in Mesopotamia
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City States Emerge: Difference
Social Classes
Occupational Classes
Advantages: Arts and Sciences, e.g. Geometry;
Architecture;Writing
Wealthy Merchants
Kings; Priests;Landholders
Field Workers and Trades People
Slaves - Captives from War
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First Regional Empire
Sargon of Akkad 2300 BC - A Sumerian official controlscity
states of Kish, Lagash, Ur, Uruk, Umma, Agade &Babylon.
Declines after 200 years internal fighting
Babylonian Empire 2000 BC 1750 BC
Had judgments set in stone
an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.
Not equally applied to all citizens rich and poor, men
andwomen
Established & reinforced principle that government
wasresponsible for the citizens of its land.
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Akkadian Empire
2334 BCE 2154 BCE [180 years]
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Other Mesopotamian Empires
Kassites
HittitesAssyrians
