Catalyst1. How are frequency and wavelength related? They are INVERSELY related. As one goes UP, the other goes DOWN!

2. What are the 3 primary colors of light? When combined, what do they create? RED, BLUE, GREEN. Create WHITE light!

3. Draw a convex and concave lens.

Magnets!

A little intro…

• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/cartoons-tv-movies-kids/i-didnt-know-that-kids/idkt-magnets-kids/

Properties of Magnets

•A magnet is any material that exerts a magnetic force.

•Magnets attract or repel other magnets.

•One part of a magnet will always point north when allowed to swing freely

Magnetic Fields•The magnetic field is the area of magnetic force around a magnet

•Allows magnets to interact without touching

•Magnetic field lines are the invisible lines that map out the magnetic field of a magnet

•Form complete loops, never cross

•Always leave north and enter south

•Distance between field lines indicate the strength of the magnet

•Closer the lines, stronger the lines

Magnetic Domains•A magnetic domain is a region where the magnetic fields of all atoms are lined up in one direction

•If the material is NOT magnetized, the magnetic domain points in random directions

•If the material is considered a magnet, the magnetic domains are arranged in the same direction

Magnetic Materials•A ferromagnetic material is a material that shows strong magnetic properties

•Behaves like a piece of iron

•Iron, nickel, cobalt, samarium

•Alloy magnets - magnets made from several different metals

•Alnico - aluminum, nickel, iron, cobalt

•Platinum and cobalt

•Ferrite - mixture of substances that contain ferromagnetic elements

•Most commonly used today

•Brittle material but inexpensive

Mythbusters: Magnets

Can magnets be used to climb a wall?

Making Magnets•Unmagnetized material can be magnetized by:

•Placing an unmagnetized ferromagnetic material in a strong magnetic field

•Rubbing the material with one pole of a magnet

•Magnetizing a paper clip

•Rub the paperclip in one direction along one pole of the magnet

•Magnetic field of the magnet causes some domains in the paperclip to line up.

Destroying Magnets•Temporary magnet is a magnet made from a material that easily loses its magnetism

•Permanent magnet is a magnet made from a material that keeps its magnetism for a long time

•No magnet can last forever

•Ways to demagnetize magnets

•Drop it

•Strike it

•Heat it

Breaking Magnets•Break a magnet in half and you will have two smaller magnets

•Each smaller magnet has its own north pole and south pole

•Magnetic poles are lined up in one direction, which will remain even if the magnet is broken

S N

Electricity

Static Electricity• The buildup of charges on an object is called static

electricity• Static discharge is the movement of charges from one

object to another. – Think of this like shocking yourself when you drag

your feet on the carpet and touch a door handle. – You feel the “shock.” – What you really experienced is static discharge. – Lightning is also a discharge of static electricity!

A Message from…Bill Nye

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-77IzaXGcg

How are charges transferred?

3 ways: • Friction – rub 2 objects together• Conduction – direct contact (touching)• Induction – without touching

– Van der Graaff is a GREAT example!

Electric Currents

A message from our sponsor

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gixkpsrxk4Y

Electric Current

• Electric current is the continuous flow of electric charges (electrons) through a material.

• Measured in amps (A)• Amps = amount of charge flowing past a given point

each second.• AC = Alternating Current (runs in BOTH directions)• DC = Direct Current

(runs in ONE direction)

Conductors and Insulators

• A conductor is a material through which charges can flow easily.

• An insulator is a material through which charges cannot flow easily.

Circuits• In order for electric

current to exist, a circuit must first exist.

• An electric circuit is a complete, unbroken path through which electric charges can flow.

Voltage• Potential energy is capacity to do work.• Batteries provide electrical potential energy

• Voltage is the difference in electrical potential energy between two places.– This can also be called potential difference– Voltage causes current in an electric circuit– Basically, it is the amount of force pushing an

electric current– Measured in Volts (V)

Resistance

• Resistance is the measure of how difficult it is for charges to flow through a material.

• Increase the resistance, decrease the current

• Measured in ohms

• Best Wire = SHORT, FAT, COLD!

• Insulators = HIGH resistance

• Conductors = LOW resistance

Electromagnetism

The Maglev Train

Can a magnet be used to make a train reach speeds of 2,000 mph?

Electric Current & Magnetism

• Wherever there is electricity, there is magnetism

• An electric current produces a magnetic field

• This relationship is called electromagnetism

Parts of an Electromagnet

Energy Source like a battery

Ferromagnetic material for a core, like a nail

Wire to wrap around the core, preferably made of copper. We call this wire a SOLENOID!

Common Examples: credit cards, doorbells, radios, cranes, refrigerators, computer hard drives, VHS tapes, microwaves, etc.

Benefits of Electromagnets

– It can be turned on and off– It can have its direction reversed– We have control over the strength

How can we manipulate Electromagnets?

• Change the number of coils of the solenoid. – More coils = stronger

– Less coils = weaker

• Change the ferromagnetic core– More iron = stronger

– Less iron = weaker

• Change the source– Higher voltage = stronger

– Lower voltage = weaker

Apply it??• Kinda Creepy??

http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/40183-mythbusters-electromagnetic-turkey-video.htm

• James Bond? http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/32911-mythbusters-clips-electromagnetic-watch-video.htm

• Boom?? http://science.howstuffworks.com/7102-electromagnetic-pulse-bomb-video.htm

Series and Parallel Circuits

Introduction and Overview

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x2EuYqj_0Uk

Series Circuit• Only ONE path.• Resistance is constant.• If one bulb goes out, the

entire strand goes out. • The more lights you add,

the dimmer the strand becomes.

• The resistance is shared equally.

Series Circuit• Benefit: safety switch• Drawback: a DC flow

(direct current in ONE direction)

• Examples: security systems, OLD Christmas lights

Parallel Circuit• Multiple paths for

current to flow.• Resistance varies. • Light may shine

brighter based on resistance.

• Bulbs will stay lit even when a light burns out or breaks.

Parallel Circuit• Benefits: very

controllable; more dependable

• Drawbacks: voltage and resistance vary, harder to turn off due to being an AC flow (alternating current)

• Examples: wiring in your home, NEW Christmas lights

Side by SideSeries Parallel

Series and Parallel Circuits Game

• http://scienceofeverydaylife.discoveryeducation.com/views/other.cfm?guidAssetId=D1507F6E-09C3-4E7B-B1E9-16708E402009