Cats 1 for Angel Springl 2011 First48

7/31/2019 Cats 1 for Angel Springl 2011 First48

1/48

Cat family: felidae . This family includes manydifferent genus and species, such as the domestic cat,lynx, bobcat, leopard, lion, jaguar, tiger, puma to name afew.

There are about 93.6 million cats as pets in the United

States, living in about 31.2 million households.(~77.5 million dogs (National Pet Owners Survey, 2010))


2/48

Cats have the following taxonomic classifications:

Kingdom: Animalia (Animals)

Phylum: Chordata (chordates)Subphylum: Vertebrata (vertebrates)Class: Mammalia (mammals)Subclass: Eutheria (placental mammals)Order: Carnivora

Family: Felidae (cats)Genus: FelisSpecies: Sylvestris (wild) Catus (domestic)Subspecies:

(Breed:)

In the taxonomy classification, Family is further subdividedinto Genus and Species. The genus for small cats ordomestic cats is felis . Many other genus besides Felis

appear under the Felidae family (See table ).


3/48

The Felis genus includes over 35 different Species. Thedomestic or house (or barn) cat species is Catus ,while the species for the wild cat is Sylvestris. There are

Sub-species of the Sylvestris species, and because thedomestic cat is believed to come from the wild cat, Catusis often also used as a sub-species classification. Thus thedomestic cat may be referred as either Felis Catus or FelisSylvestris Catus.


4/48

Cat Taxonomy Overview

Genus and species Common Name Range

Acinonyx jubatus Cheetah Africa, Asia

Catopuma badia Bay cat AsiaCatopuma temmincki Temminck's golden cat Asia

Felis bieti Chinese desert cat Asia

Felis caracal / Caracal caracal Caracal Africa, Asia

Felis catus Domestic cat Everywhere

Felis chaus Jungle cat Africa, Asia

Felis margarita Sand cat Africa, Asia

Felis nigripes Black-footed cat Africa

Felis serval / Leptailurus serval Serval Africa

Felis silvestris Wild cat Africa, Asia, Europe

Herpailurus yaguarondi Jaguarundi N. & S. America

Leopardus tigrinus Oncilla N. & S. America

Leopardus pardalis Ocelot N. & S. America

Leopardus wiedii Margay N. & S. America


5/48

Lynx canadensis Canada lynx N. America

Lynx lynx Eurasion lynx Asia, EuropeLynx pardinus Iberian lynx Europe

Lynx rufus Bobcat N. America

Mayailurus iriomotensis Iriomote cat Asia

Neofelis nebulosa Clouded leopard Asia

Oncifelis colocolo Pampas cat S. America

Oncifelis geoffreyi Geoffey's cat S. America

Oncifelis guigna Kodkod S. America

Oreailurus jacobita Mountain cat S. America

Otocolobus manul Pallas's cat Asia

Panthera leo Lion Africa (Asia)

Panthera onca Jaguar N. & S. America

Panthera pardus Leopard Africa, Asia, Europe

Panthera tigris Tiger Asia




6/48

Pardofelis marmorata Marbled cat Asia

Prionailurus bengalensis Leopard cat Asia

Prionailurus planiceps Flat-headed cat Asia

Prionailurus rubiginosus Rusty-spotted cat Asia

Prionailurus viverrinus Fishing cat Asia

Profelis aurata African golden cat Africa

Puma concolor Puma (Panther) N. & S. America

Uncia uncia Snow leopard Asia




7/48

Cats descendants of tree climbing Miacis.


8/48

http://www.earthhistory.org.uk/recolonisation/significance-of-fossils/

cheetah

Large saber tooth cat

Clouded leopard


9/48

The saber tooth tiger ," Smilodon, is theCalifornia State Fossil and the second most common fossil mammal foundin the La Brea tar pits. The name "saber-toothed tiger" is misleading asthese animals are not closely related to tigers.
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/labrea.htmlhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/quaternary/labrea.html


10/48

The cat ancestor

There has been much debate over evolutionaryrelationships of the domestic cat (Felis sylvestris catus),the African wildcat (F. s. lybica), the Asian (F. s.ornata) and the European wildcat (F. s. sylvestris).

Molecular data indicate a very recent radiation as well asprobable periodic hybridization .

The skeletons of domestic and wildcats are verysimilar.

There is much variation in skull size and shape, and

some workers have been able to differentiate Africanwildcats, European wildcats, and domestic cats usingmorphometric analysis.

However, there is significant overlap among the three

subspecies as well as with hybrids.


11/48

Analyses of both molecular and morphological data supportthe inclusion of the domestic cat within the species F.sylvestris.

The egyptians fully domesticated cats by 4000bc ,and thus it is thought that the domestic cat is derived frompopulations of African wildcats.

The average African wildcat has a more sturdy build and is

slightly larger than the average domestic cat though notas large as some of the bred-for-size subspecies.

Its coat is light brown to lightyellowish-brown with stripped-

tabby markings. Cats with darkertabby markings, similar to tabbycats, are found in forested areas,while cats with paler markings

are found in grasslands .


12/48

African wildcat

(Felis silvestris lybica)


13/48

The African wildcat may be found throughout Africa andthe middle east , asia as far east as India, and theislands of Corsica, Sardinia, and Majorca.

It does not inhabit the arid or rainforest areas. It is oftenfound around human settlements and farms.

It hunts by night , usually on the ground, but sometimesfrom trees and bushes, and seeks rodents, reptiles, birdsand insects.

The African wildcat is very easily tamed , especiallywhen taken as a kitten , and many farmers in its rangehave African wildcats in lieu of domestic cats.


14/48

The European wild cats are distributed throughout thesouthwestern areas of Eurasia, westward from theCaucasus along the Mediterranean to the Atlantic,including portions of Germany, France and Poland.

The long dense coats of the European wild catsvaries from a medium-brown to greyish, with black stripesand a shortened ringed tail with a black tip.

Males are generally larger than females with overallbody lengths of up to 46 inches and weighing up to 16pounds.Although breeding can takeplace during any season

of the year, field observationsindicate mating most oftenoccurs in early march ,resulting in litters of 2 to 4

kittens, after a 60 dayestation.


15/48

The kittens are born blind and helpless , but areable to crawl within 3 days. Their bright blue eyes begin toopen by the 10th day, start to darken in a couple of weeks

and obtain their adult golden yellow coloration at about 5mounths .

Male wild cats have been observed bringing food to theden although females are quite protective and will drive the

male away if he approaches too close to the kittens.

Kittens remain in the den until the age of about one monthwhen they begin to venture out and explore the world.

They are weaned by the age of eight weeks and by twomonths accompany their mother on hunting forays.

By five months old they are fully independent as theybegin to seek out territories of their own.


16/48

Hunting in territories of up to 500 acres, with nocturnalhunts apparently more successful, the wild cats prefersmall mammals, reptiles and birds, although insects

and fish make up part of the diet in certain areas.

Although generally solitary , the wild cats sometimeshunt in pairs or familt groups, when environmentalconditions give this method an advantage.


17/48

The ancient Egyptians were the first to bring catsinto buildings to guard their valuable grain stores from ratsand mice. Cats were so good at their job that they had

becomesacred by 1,000 B.C. Egyptian priests in temples

adopted cats as objects for deification .

The Egyptians worshipped a goddess called Bast (Pasht,

Oubasted). Bast had the head of a cat and was surroundedby kittens. She was associated with fertility and pleasure. They mummified thousands of cats.

Traders brought cats from Egypt to Europe,the Far East and China around 2- 3,000years ago. Cats reached Japan in 999 A.D.and were to feature extensively in Japaneseart.


18/48

Subsequent introduction into Eurasia allowed forinterbreeding with European and Asian wildcatpopulations. Cats were introduced to the UK by the

Romans to protect their grain stores.In Europe, during the Middle Ages, cats became associatedwith Satan worship and its practitioners. This led to thekilling of a large number of cats by religious zealots .

During the same period, travels between Asia and Europebrought black rats carrying the bubonic plague .These black rats infested with the oriental rat fleaproliferated and led to the outbreak of the Black death ,

killing 1/3 to of the population across Europe.

Cats helped kill the rats that carried the disease-spreadingfleas. Thereafter, cats became popular as rodent killers .They did not reach America until 1749 , but there are now

81 million of them.


19/48

In Europe, in the 1400s cats became linked with sorceryand magic and some were killed along with their 'witch'owners. Black cats were thought to be evil or agents ofthe devil , and even the devil. This mediaeval bestiaryillustration (On Loan from Bodhead Library, Oxford)demonstrates the existence of 'painting by cats in the

Middle Ages. They are depicted here as evil alchemists

about to transmute the caged bird and sleeping dog, preyand enemy of the cat, into gold.


20/48

Sabbath day for the Norse Goddess Freyer (Freyja,Freya) was Friday. The day Friday was derived from her

name. She was the goddess of love , beauty and sex .

She was depicted as a warrior in a chariot pulled by cats .

When Christians barred her worship, Friday becameknown as the Black Sabbath.

In the 1800s cats cameback into favor: QueenVictoria owned two cats,

and many households usedthem as 'mousers'.

European ships broughtcats to the USA as pets andfor their rodent-killingskills.


21/48

Cats. The Cat Fanciers Association is the world'slargest registering body of pedigreed cats. CFArecognizes 39 breeds for registration with 2 other breeds

pending. TheSphynx was the last new breed accepted in February

of 1998. For an overview of breed ranking in terms ofownership, see the Cat Fanciers Association web site.

http://www.cfainc.org/breeds.html
http://www.cfainc.org/breeds.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/breeds.html


22/48

2004

1. Persian2. Maine Coon

3. Exotic

4. Siamese

5.Abyssinian6. Ragdoll

7. Birman

8. Oriental

9. American

Shorthair

10. TonkineseX

X


23/48

Unlike dogs, most domestic cat breeds have the samebasic shape , relatively close size and same basicstructure.

Cats are relatively free from many of the skeletalanomalies that affect dogs.

Defects of cats include shortened, bent or kinked tails, cleftpalate, flattened chest and polydactylism .

Cats brain is relatively large and well developedallowing it to react quickly.

Cats eyes are very adaptable and it can see well in both

bright sunlight and dim twilight .


24/48


25/48

Right front paw of male polydactyl cat. Circles represent digits. Thecircle with a question mark indicates what might be a separate digit.The rightmost circle is for a small, underdeveloped, clawless digit.
http://www.answers.com/topic/polydactyl-cathttp://www.answers.com/topic/polydactyl-cat


26/48


27/48

The cats eye has a verticle pupil,rather than round . In dim light theopen pupil is round.

Cats see in color, but not red .

Compared to the human eye, the cat eye has fewer cones ,but more rods(black grey) . Thus, they see less of a

color spectrum (daytime), but perceive more brightness indim light.

Cats have a nictitating membrane a third eyelidmoves diagonally across the eye to lubricate the cornea .

The eyes of kittens are closed for the first 10 12 days afterbirth. Requires about 3 months for the eyeballs to fullydevelop.


28/48

Cats possess a Jacobsons organ (vomeronasal organ)in the mouth. It can identify very faint scents thathumans cannot detect.

Many 4 legged animals as well as snakes possess theorgan. The organ is not functional in humans ***.

Whil k d th til fli k b t i t


29/48

While snakes and other reptiles flick substances intoJacobson's organ with their toungs , several mammals(e.g., cats) exhibit the Flehmen reaction. When'Flehmening', an animal appears to sneer as it curls its

upper lip to better expose the twin vomeronasal organs forchemical sensing. In mammals, Jacobson's organ is usednot simply to identify minute quantities of chemicals, butalso for subtle communications between other

members of the same species, through the emission andreception of chemical signals called pheromones .

http://chemistry.about.com/cs/medical/a/aa051601a.htm


30/48

In the 1800s, Danish physician L. Jacobson detectedstructures in a patient's nose that became termed'Jacobson's organ' (although the organ was actually first

reported in humans by F. Ruysch in 1703). Since itsdiscovery, comparisons of human and animal embryos ledscientists to conclude that Jacobson's organ in humanscorresponded to the pits in snakes and vomeronasalorgans in other mammals, but the organ was thought to be

vestigial (no longer functional) in humans. While humansdon't display the Flehmen reaction, recent studies havedemonstrated that Jacobson's organ functions as in othermammals to detect pheromones and to sample low

concentrations of certain non-human chemicals in air.There are indications that Jacobson's organ may bestimulated in pregnant women, perhaps partiallyaccounting for an improved sense of smell duringpregnancy and possibly implicated in morning sickness.


31/48

Smell Cats have an extremely sensitive ability tosmell. The nasal cavity has around 200 million receptorscompared to around 5 million in the human.

Taste cats have limited ability to taste sweets andsugars.

Cats are also not very sensitive to the taste of salt . Some

experts say that this is because they get all the salt theyneed from their meat based diet .

Whiskers (vibrissae) A cat has a total of 24 to 30

whiskers, 4 rows of whiskers on each side. The uppertwo rows can move independently of the bottom tworows. A cat uses its whiskers for measuring distances .


32/48

Cats have 30 teeth.16 upper and 14 lower(12 incisors, 10premolars, 4 canines,and 4 molars).are used to seize andkill prey. Cats have a

limited ability to grindfood.

Kittens have 26 babyteeth, which are

replaced by permanentteeth around the age of

7 months.


33/48


34/48

The hearing of the cat is highly developed and they canhear about 2 octaves above the human ear.

The ears (pinna) can flex sideways and backward topinpoint very slight sounds .

Hearing range is from about 30 hertz (cycles per second)to about 65,000 hertz (65 kHz)(some books says up to80,000 Hz). Humans hear up to about 20,000 Hz.

Many white cats with blue eyes are deaf . The whitegene inhibits the development of the auditory nerve.The cochlea of the inner ear starts to degenerate at

about 5 of age.Production of sound cats have 2 sets of vocal cords inthe throat. meow is produced by one set and purr andgrowl by the other set.


35/48

There is a very large variety of coat colors and patterns inthe domestic cat. Some breeds have color andother breeds have a large variety of colors and patterns.

The basic colors found in cats white, black, red (orange,

ginger), blue (diluted black), cream (diluted red), brown, lilac(lavender), cinnamon (light brown with red overtones) andfawn (diluted cinnamon).

Cat colors and patterns and breeds

C l h b i f d i


36/48

Cat colors there are basic coat patterns found indomestic cats solid(8), bicolor (usually white andanother color), calico (white, black and orange) or (white,blue and cream), tortoiseshell(6), tabby(4) and colorpoint.Large number of variations.


37/48

There are currently 41 breeds recognized by the Cat FanciersAssociation. CFA recognizes 39 pedigreed breeds for showing in thechampionship Class, 1 breed in the miscellanius Class, and 1breed as Miscellaneous (effective with the 2006-2007 show season).

Provisional class-0

www.cfainc.org

The domestic cats are divided into thelong haired cats and short haired

cats.
http://www.cfainc.org/shows/championship.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/shows/provisional.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/shows/miscellaneous.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/http://www.cfainc.org/http://www.cfainc.org/shows/miscellaneous.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/shows/provisional.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/shows/championship.html


38/48

Short haired breedsAbyssinian

American Shorthair

American WirehairBombay

Burmese

British Shorthair

ChartreuxColorpoint

Cornish Rex

Devon Rex

Egyptian MauEuropean Burmese

Exotic Shorthair

Havana Brown

Japanese Bobtail

Korat

Malayan

Manx

OcicatOriental Shorthair

Russian Blue

Scottish Fold

SiameseSingapura

Snowshoe breed

Sphynx

Tonkinese
http://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/cornish.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/egyptian.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/japanese.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/manx.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/ocicat.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/oriental.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/scottish.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/siamese.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/sphynx.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/sphynx.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/siamese.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/scottish.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/oriental.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/ocicat.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/manx.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/japanese.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/egyptian.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/cornish.html


39/48

Longhair breedsBalinese (from Siamese)

Javanese (from Siamese)

BirmanCymric (longhair Manx)

Himalayan and Kashmir

Maine Coon

Norwegian Forest CatPersian

Ragdoll

Siberian

Somali

Turkish Van

Both and Miscellaneous*American Curl

American Bobtail

LaPerm (Provisional Class)Ragamuffin*

Selkirk Rex

Turkish Angora

i l d t
http://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/maine.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/persian.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/american-curl.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/laperm.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/shows/provisional.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/selkirk.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/selkirk.htmlhttp://www.cfainc.org/shows/provisional.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/laperm.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/american-curl.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/persian.htmlhttp://www.cfa.org/breeds/profiles/maine.html


40/48

is also used todescribe a multi-colored iris within thesame eye, or with distinctlydifferent colored irises. This condition

can occur in cats and . Vision iscompletely normal in these individuals

and heterochromia is not considered amedical problem, but rather a normalvariation in eye color.


41/48

There is an established link between the


42/48

There is an established link between the ,blue and .

The (in the eye) is generated from thesame stem cells as melanocytes (pigment cells).

The tapetum lucidum (Latin: ") is a reflectinglayer immediately behind, and sometimes within, the retina ofthe eye of many vertebrates (though not humans); it serves toreflect light back to the retina, increasing the quantity of light

caught by the retina.


43/48

In this photo, theretina has beenloosened from the

back of the eye andis hanging down(pinkish gray),revealing the

tapetum lucidum(opalescentturquoise). Theretina is stillattached firmly to

the optic nerve.

Calf eye
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Calf-Eye-Posterior-With-Retina-Detached-2005-Oct-13.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Calf-Eye-Posterior-With-Retina-Detached-2005-Oct-13.jpg


44/48

The blue eyes in a piebald* or epistaticwhite cat indicates a lack of tapetum.

Deafness is caused by an absence of acell layer in the that originates from the samestem cells that produce and the tapetum.

In odd-eyed white cats, the ear on the blue-eyed side may

be deaf, but the one on the orange-eyed side usually hasnormal hearing.

Not all blue-eyed whites will be deaf since there are severaldifferent causing the same physical attributes

(whiteness, blue-eyedness) so it all depends on the cat'sgenotype (its genetic make-up) not its phenotype (itsphysical appearance).

95% of the general cat population is non white cats (i e not


45/48

95% of the general cat population is non-white cats (i.e. notpure white) and congenital deafness is extremely rare innon-white cats.

5% of the general cat population is white cats (i.e. purewhite). 15 - 40% of these pure white cats have one or twoblue-eyes.

Of those white cats with two blue eyes, 60-80% are deaf;

20-40% have normal hearing;

30-40% had one blue eye and were deaf while 60-70% hadone blue eye and normal hearing.

Of the 5% of white cats in the overall population, 60-80%had eyes of other colors (e.g. orange, green). Of those 10-20% were deaf and 80-90% had normal hearing

Deaf white cats with one or two blue eyes account for 0 25


46/48

Deaf white cats with one or two blue eyes account for 0.25- 1.5% of total cat population

Total number of cats with white coat and blue eyes account

for 0.75 - 2.0% of total cat population

But not all blue eyed whites are deaf and here's why:

There is a known link between white coat color, blue eyesand deafness - but since the coat and eye color can becaused by different genes it means that only someblueeyed whites are deaf.

Crystal (Vancouver Island, Canada)has two different types of blue eye.

http://www.messybeast.com/whitecat.htm

The term covering all bicolour cats is "piebald" or "white


47/48

The term covering all bicolour cats is piebald or whitespotted" with some variants of the pattern being called the

Seychelles pattern.DIFFERENT TYPES OF PIEBALD

www.messybeast.com/bicolours.htm


48/48

An excellent example of the reflectivity ofthe tapetum lucidum.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapetum_lucidum

Documents

Cats 1 for Angel Springl 2011 First48