CU TRC TNG QUT CA MY TNH IN TCHNG 2Phn 2 : Tng quan v phn mm

Phn loiAPPLICATION SOFTWARESYSTEM SOFTWAREOperating SystemUtility ProgramsDevice driversUSERHARDWARE

Application softwarePhn mm ng dngPhc v nhu cu c th ca user gii tr c nhn (nu n, s tay, sa cha nh, )gio dc vn phng, sn xutchuyn dng (xem, v, to sa nh, to web, thit k, xut bn v in n)

Software packagegm cc file thi hnh v d liuFile thi hnh :C t nht 1 file thi hnh (executable file), np phn mm, hay khi ng , bi user . Thng c ui .exe Trong Windows, Ngi dng s click chn biu tng, hay chn t menu Start, hay g tn file trong hp Run .nhng file khc khng c chy bi user. N c th l nhng file h tr (.dll, hay .ocx, trong Windows OS), cha cc lnh c s dng cng vi file thi hnh. N s c gi bi ctrnh chnh khi cn thit. File d liu cc data file cung cp d liu cn cho ctrnh. D liu trong file khng c user cung cp. file c ui txt, bmp, hlpvd: khi user s dng chc nng ktra chnh t trong wordvic phn chia thnh cc file mang li s linh hat v thun tin cho ngi lp trnh, cho phpti s dng module trong ng dng khc.

User interfacePhn ln cc phn mm u cung cp mi trng tng tc, bao gm:mt mn hnh, vi cc phng tin thu thp d liu t user, la chn cch x l data, cch xut v hin th d liu ,Giao din ha GUI (graphical user interface)windows, icons v rollover, menus (pull down menu, hay drop down menu, cascading menu, pull up menu, pop up menu)Ca s chng trnh : title bar, menu bar, toolbar

How software works ?Khi khi ng chng trnh mtd2002, cc lnh trong file mtd2002eva.exe c np t a vo RAM v c chuyn n CPU. CPU thi hnh cc lnh ngay -> Xut hin ca s chng trnhChng trnh ch user g mt t, hay chn mt lnh, ri thc hin theo lnh user chn.Nu lnh user chn khng c trong file thi hnh, mt file cc s c gi, vd lvimage.dllKhi user tra mt mc t, d liu trong th mc data s c ly raFile thi hnh ca chng trnh tip tc p ng cc lnh m user chn, cho n khi user ng chng trnh. Khi , khng gian chim gi trn RAM c gii phng cho chng trnh khc.

Ti liu hng dnti liu hng dn s dng , c trong cc phn mm thng mitutorialsdocumentation l ti liu in, hay dng file(a CD)Tr gip Helplnh help (F1)context-sensitive help

Bn quynPhn mm thng mi ha _Commercial softwareMua quyn s dng phn mm theo nhng iu khon trong software licenseCh c th s dng trn 1 my, mc d c th cho php ci t trn mt my nh, mt my ni lm vicSharewareCho php dng th trc khi mua trong mt thi gian gii hnC th sao chp cho ngi khcNn thanh ton nu bn tip tc dngFreewarePhnmm c bo v bn quyn : user c php s dng, sao chp v a cho user khc, nhng khng c sa, v bnGPL (general public license)Open Source Software M ngun m , cho php user tip tc chnh sa v nng cp phn mmUser s dng v phn phi min phPublic domain software Khng c bo v bn quyn , do ht hn, hay tc gi C th c sao chp, phn phi min ph, hoc c bn li

UpdateSau khi mua v ci t phn mm, bn c th phi updateBn update c phn phi c th nh l mt version mi, mt bn v (patch), hay mt service packSoftware patch : l mt on m chtrnh thay th mt phn ca phn mm ang ci. sa li bo mt, thm chc nng hay ci tin ctrnh ang cService pack :p dng cho cp nht OS, l tp nhng bn v sa cha cc li, cc im yu. (Windows XP vi Service Pack 2)Thng c phn phi qua internet, t ng ci t khi download xung

H iu hnh Operating SystemOS cn c gi software platformL h thng cc chng trnh chnh, cp thp nht, dng qun l cc hot ng cn bn ca my tnhiu khin vic s dng cc ti nguyn phn cng : nh khng gian a, b nh, thi gian s dng CPU, cc thit b ngoi viOS cho php user quan tm n cng vic ca h, hoc quan tm n ng dng ca h m khng cn bn tm nhng tc v qun l mt phc tpTng thch gia phn mm ng dng v OSmi phn mm ng dng c vit chy trn mt OS c thKhng tng thch gia cc OS khc nhaucc lai my tnh khc nhau v kch thc v kh nng c OS khc nhauVd: my Apple Macintosh ch chy pm h thng Macintosh, khng th chy pm ca my PC. Hoc my PC (Compaq, Dell) khng th chy pm ca Macintosh.

Hot ng ca OSHu ht OS c lu trong a cngMt s loi my tnh c OS c kch thc nh v c lu trong b nh ROMMt chng trnh nh ca OS, bootstrap program c lu trong ROM v cung cp cc lnh cn np phnli ca OS vo RAM khi my tnh khi ng. Phn li ca OS gi l kernel, cung cp cc dch v cn thit nht, nh qun l b nh, truy sut file, v lun nm trong b nh cho n khi my tnh tt.Cc phn khc ca OS , nh cc tin ch, c np vo b nh khi cn thit ( explorer, help, control panel)

Cc chc nng cn bnBootingUser interfaceCPU managementFile management and formatingTask managementSecurity management

Bootingl tin trnh np OS vo b nh my tnhc thc hin bi mt chng trnh lu vnh vin trong bn mch in t ca my tnh (l ROM)

Qu trnh booting :1. Khi bt my tnh , chng trnh trong ROM kim tra b nh chnh, CPU, v cc thnh phn khc ca h thng m bo chng hat ng bnh thng.2. BIOS (chng trnh nhp / xut cn bn) c chp vo b nh v gip my tnh thng dch cc k t bn phm hay chuyn k t ny ti mn hnh.3. Ctrnh tm OS t a cng, np vo b nh, v OS chim quyn iu khn my tnh, cho ti khi my tnh ttSau khi boot my tnh han tt, ci bn nhn thy l giao din ngi dng, cho php user giao tip, tng tc vi my tnh

Qun l CPU, b nhQun l CPUVD: bn chn lnh in, trong khi tip tc g vn bn. Qun l cc tc v

Qun l b nh:theo di cc vng nh ang lu ctrnh v data. c th han i cc phn data v ctrnh trong b nh sang a cng. cc phng thc OS dng qun l b nhPartitioning Foreground/backgroundQueues

Qun l filefile c t trong cc th mc, c th copy, di chuyn, xa, i tnWindows explorernh dng a : ghi nhng thng tin ban u a c th s dng c (Formatted PC, Formatted Macintosh)

Qun l cc tc vMt my tnh i hi thc hin nhiu tc v cng lc. Mt s OS c th cho php nhiu ctrnh chy cng lc. Mi ctrnh hin th trn mt ca s ring . Mt s khc cho php phc v mt s user cng lc.

Qun l An ninhOS kim sat s truy cp vo my tnh. thng qua khai bo user name, password mi khi vo h thng. Mt s OS cho php bo v cc file ring l, vi nhng password truy cp ring.

Mt s loi OSOS cho my desktop v laptopDos Giao tip dng lnhPhin bn u tin 1982 thit k cho my IBM PCThng tr trong dng my PC ph thng, r tinMacintoshCh chy trn my Apple MacintoshGiao tip haWindowsPhin bn 3.X,95,98, Windows Me, Windows XP, Giao tip ha

Mt s loi OSNetworking Operating SystemsNovell NetWareWindows NT/2000/2003Microsoft .NetUnixLinux

Device DriversTrnh qun l thit b : l nhng pmm chuyn bit , cho php cc thit b nhp, xut giao tip vi phn cn li ca my tnhMi model hay loi thit b c h tr bi mt driver khc nhau, cho php n lm vic vi mt OS no . Nh cung cp s bn km mt device driver khi bn mua mt thit b ngoi vi miOS cung cp sn Nhiu driver cn bn c sn trong phn mm h thng km theo vi my tnh khi bn mua my tnhNhng OS mi hin nay, nhn din nhiu phn cng, v t ng ci t driver. Nu OS ca bn khng nhn din c phn cng mi, n s hin th message v yu cu bn ci t driver t CD hay a mm (c i km vi pcng )

UtilitiesTin ch: cc ctrnh dch v _ thc hin cc tc v lin quan n kim sat v phn phi cc ngun lc ca mt.Chng tng cung cc chc nng ang c, hay cung cp cc dch v m khng c h tr bi nhng phn mm h thng khc.Hu ht cc my tnh u c km theo cc tin ch c sn , nh l mt phn ca phn mm h thng. Hoc phi mua ring nh nhng chng trnh ring, bn ngoi nh Norton System Works, hay McAfee utilities.Thng thng cc hng th 3 s bn nhng tin ch khng c cung cp km theo OS

Utilities _ chc nng Backup : to ra mt bn backup trn a ca bn. Dng tin ch min ph nh : Norton Backup, Colorado Scheduler.Data recovery : phc hi d liu khi b a b h hi, do virus, pmm h , a h, ngun in khng n nh trong khi ghi data.Chng Virus : cc hnh thc ph hoicch ly lan : qua a , mngcc phn mm chng virus antivirus software : l phn mm qut a pht hin ra virus. Mt s pmm ph hy virus ti ch , ngn chn khng cho nh hng ti mt, hay thng bo cho bit nhng tc ng ca virus,

Utilities _ chc nngData compression (nn d liu )L ctrnh xa b nhng yu t d tha, nhng khang trng (gaps), v d liu khng cn thit trn mt , sao cho s bit ca file nh hn , khi lu tr hay di chuyn file. .File Defragmentation (chng phn mnh file) :Khi u, khi chng ta dng mt a cng mi, OS t cc file nm lin tc trn a. Sau mt thi gian s dng, vi nhiu ln xa file c, to file mi, d liu ca file mi c t vo nhng vng khng s dng, khng lin tc -> file b phn mnh_cc phn d liu ca file b phn tn trn a trn nhng vng khng lin k nhau, khin cho truy sut file tr nn chm hn.Tin ch chng phn mnh thc hin tm tt c cc phn nm phn tn ca file, ri t chc li tr thnh file m d liu nm lin tc trn a.Disk scanner (ScanDisk, hay Check Disk) v Disk cleanup :Nhng tin ch ny pht hin v sa cc loi vn thng thng hay gp trn a cng v tm v xa cc file tm (temporary file , ui .tmp)

pull up menu (start menu) , pop up menu (click nut phi mouse)

Software patch : l mt on m chtrnh thay th mt phn ca phn mm ang ci . sa li bo mt, thm chc nng hay ci tin ctrnh ang cService pack :p dng cho cp nht OS, l tp nhng bn v sa cha cc li, cc im yu.partitioning : phn chia bn thnh cc vng . mi vng c th cha 1 ctrnh vdata.Foreground/background: bn c phn thnh 2 vng. cc ctrnh vng foreground c u tin cao hn. Ctrnh foreground l ctrnh ta ang lm vic, word. ctrnh Background l ctr u chnh dng d liu ti my in.Queues: ctr/ data c thc thi v x l ch trn a trong cc hng i._vo trc, ra trc. Vng nh trong a cha cc ctr v data ang ch gi l buffer. cc tc v in thng c y, t vo mt buffer., ni chng ch trong mt hng i ti lt in. vd: driver my in ? km theo my in / c sn trong OS ??Vd: khi ta son tho vb bng word, word s lu vo mt file temp. Khi nhn save, word s lu file ny vo v tr user x. mt nn xa file ny khi ng word. Nhng khng phi lc no iu ny cng c thc hin. Nu mt b mt in t ngt, hay h hng bt thong, Cc file thng c a vo th mc temp, v chim khng gian lu tr