CAUSATIVE El causatiu és una fórmula de veu passiva utilitzada quan algú altre (no el mateix parlant) realitza una acció pel parlant (en comptes de fer-la el propi parlant).

She’s having her house painted.

We’ve had the carpets cleaned.

They’ll be having their dinner served at half past eight.

Com a la resta de oracions en veu passiva, si es vol explicitar el subjecte de la veu activa s’utilitza el complement agent introduit per la partícula by:

He’s having his tattoo done by one of the best experts in the city.

Every Saturday we have our car cleaned by a local lad in the village.

She had had her nails done before her hair was cut by Sassoon.

També s’utilitza la causative form per parlar sobre males experiències rebudes o problemes tinguts.

They’ve had their suitcase stolen at the airport.

We’ve had our electricity cut off all day.

I had my car lights smashed by vandals.

Fins ara has vist que el verb utilitzat per a la veu passiva habitualment és el verb to be. No obstant, per a la causative form en substituïm aquest per tres verbs que indiquen acció de “fer quelcom”. Aquest verbs són el have, get i make.

La construcció de la veu passiva era Subjecte + to be conjugat + past participle + c. agent, en el cas de les oracions passives de causatiu aquesta construcció varia en cuatre fórmules:

1) Subjecte + have / get conjugat + objecte + verb principal en past participle

He has the lawn mown every weekend by his son.

He got the lawn mown by his son.

2) Subjecte + get conjugat + objecte + infinitiu to verb

He got his son to mow the lawn for him

3) Subjecte + make conjugat + objecte + infinitiu sense la partícula “to”

He made his son mow the lawn

Malgrat que els usos de have, get i make semblen tots tres igual (algú causa una acció que la realitza una tercera persona), pots notificar diferències:

She has her son’s bedroom cleaned.

Ella te netejada l’habitació del seu fill.

She made her son clean his bedroom.

Ella feu netejar al seu fill la seva habitació.

They always get their homework done on time.

Ells sempre tenen els seus deures fets a temps.

The teacher always makes them do their homework.

El professor sempre els fa fer els seus deures.

Tenim dos objectes en el cas de les causatives que utilitzen el verb make, que vindrien a ser el què en català en diem objecte directe (CD) i objecte indirecte (CI); el què i el qui, respectivament. A més, s’acostuma a utilitzar el get quan el subjecte és el mateix que duu a terme l’acció:

They always get their homework done on time. (Són ells qui fan els seus deures).

Per últim, sàpigues que el get es considera més informal i, per tant, més propi de l’anglès parlat que de l’escrit.

TAULA DE REFERÈNCIA(recorda que succeeix com a la veu passiva amb el verb to be; el temps que té el verb principal a la veu activa l’adquireix el verb have/get/make a la veu passiva)

PD: pots practicar amb els exercicis nº199 i 200 del web www.roadtogrammar.com

Tense Active Causative form (Passive)

Present simple He makes Sushi. He has Sushi made.

Present simple + gerundi (-ing) He loves making Sushi. He loves having sushi made

Present continuous He is making Shushi. He is having Sushi made.

Past Simple He made Sushi. He had Sushi made.

Past Continuous He was making Sushi. He was having Sushi made.

Present Perfect Simple He has made Sushi. He has had Sushi made

Present Perfect Continuous He has been making Sushi. He has been having Sushi made.

Past Perfect Simple He had made Sushi. He had had Sushi made.

Past Perfect Continuous He had been making Sushi He had been having Sushi made.

Future Simple (will) He will make Sushi. He will have Sushi made.

Future “be going to” He is going to make Sushi. He is going to have Sushi made.

Future Continuous He will be making Sushi. He will be having Sushi made.

Future Perfect Simple He will have made Sushi. He will have had Sushi made.

Modals He can make Sushi He can have Sushi made.

Past Modals He should have made Sushi. He should have had Sushi made.