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Nurture Theories
•Eating to satisfy : Eating to satisfy :
• Boredom Boredom • Parents Parents
• Stress Stress
• CultureCulture
• Effect of ageEffect of age
• Ego Ego
Most obese adults were slim when youngMost obese adults were slim when young
Obesity may be caused by phycologyObesity may be caused by phycology
Nature Theories
Obesity caused by physiology Dieting does not help
Ageing
Muscle tone Muscle tone
Diet induced Thermogenesis
Glycogen storage variations
Need large food intake to maintain Nitrogen BalanceNeed large food intake to maintain Nitrogen Balance
Benefits of Obesity
Obese people do not get Obese people do not get osteoporosisosteoporosis.
This may be due to their higher insulin secretion reducing This may be due to their higher insulin secretion reducing
calcium lost in the urine. calcium lost in the urine.
Why Dieting Doesn't WorkWhy Dieting Doesn't Work Reduced energy intake causes the Reduced energy intake causes the
body to adapt:body to adapt: lowers “basal metabolismlowers “basal metabolism””
burns up fatburns up fat
reduces energy using tissuereduces energy using tissue
– lean body mass lean body mass
When you go off the dietWhen you go off the diet
use less energyuse less energy
get fatter than beforeget fatter than before
Transport of Lipids in BloodTransport of Lipids in Blood
Lipids are insoluble in water and Lipids are insoluble in water and blood fluidsblood fluids– must be carried with proteins called must be carried with proteins called
LipoproteinsLipoproteins
LipoproteinsLipoproteins ChylomicraChylomicra carry fat from carry fat from
Intestine to tissueIntestine to tissue LDLLDL ( low density lipoprotein) ( low density lipoprotein) carry lipids from Liver to tissuescarry lipids from Liver to tissues VLDLP loose fatty acids to tissues they VLDLP loose fatty acids to tissues they
get denser and become get denser and become IDLPIDLP and and eventually eventually LDLPLDLP then then Reminant Reminant LDLPLDLP and chylomicra return to and chylomicra return to liverliver
HDLHDL carry cholesterol from tissues carry cholesterol from tissues to liverto liver– known as known as Revers transportRevers transport
Danger of Excess Dietary Danger of Excess Dietary Fat -Fat -
CancerCancer Undigested fatty acids reaching Undigested fatty acids reaching
the colon stimulates cancerthe colon stimulates cancer fatty acids make soap that wash of fatty acids make soap that wash of
cells off the lining the gutcells off the lining the gut This acts as a MITOGEN ie This acts as a MITOGEN ie
stimulates cell growthstimulates cell growth Cancer needs two stages to start:Cancer needs two stages to start:
• Mutagen and then mitagenMutagen and then mitagen
Danger of Excess Dietary Danger of Excess Dietary FatFat
Increases cholesterol productionIncreases cholesterol production– imbalance of carbohydrate and fat imbalance of carbohydrate and fat
metabolism metabolism – cardiovascular diseasecardiovascular disease
ObesityObesity DiabetesDiabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
Fat Carbohydrate Fat Carbohydrate ImbalanceImbalance
More fat means less carbohydrateMore fat means less carbohydrate Less anaplerosis => more cholesterolLess anaplerosis => more cholesterol Not all fat the same ???Not all fat the same ??? Unsaturated seam OKUnsaturated seam OK Long chain fatty acids seam OKLong chain fatty acids seam OK Short chain fatty acids reduce CVDShort chain fatty acids reduce CVD Medium length FA seam worstMedium length FA seam worst
Danger of Excess Dietary Danger of Excess Dietary FatFat
Increases cholesterol productionIncreases cholesterol production– imbalance of carbohydrate and fat imbalance of carbohydrate and fat
metabolism metabolism – cardiovascular diseasecardiovascular disease
ObesityObesity DiabetesDiabetes
Cardiovascular Disease
Fat Carbohydrate Fat Carbohydrate ImbalanceImbalance
More fat means less carbohydrateMore fat means less carbohydrate Less anaplerosis => more cholesterolLess anaplerosis => more cholesterol Not all fat the same ???Not all fat the same ??? Unsaturated seam OKUnsaturated seam OK Long chain fatty acids seam OKLong chain fatty acids seam OK Short chain fatty acids reduce CVDShort chain fatty acids reduce CVD Medium length FA seam worstMedium length FA seam worst