Cavitation Testing Methods and Previous Research

8/14/2019 Cavitation Testing Methods and Previous Research

1/120

Cavitation Testing Methods and Previous Research

LaboratoryTechniques

There are three principal laboratory testing techniques to determinecavitation rates:

ultrasonic cavitation testingcavitating jet testingventuri cavitation testing.

The cavitation rate is usually given in terms of weight loss per time period.However, the rate can also be reported in terms of a change in thickness pertime period or a volume loss per time period.

Ultrasonic Method

The ultrasonic (vibratory method of cavitation testing uses amagnetostrictive or pie!oelectric device to produce a high"frequency(generally #$ kH! vibration in a test specimen immersed in a liquid (%igure&. 'uring one half of each vibration cycle, a low pressure is created at thetest specimen surface, producing cavitation bubbles. 'uring the other half ofthe cycle, bubbles collapse at the specimen surface. t is a simple, relativelyfast, and ine)pensive technique and has been the most widely usedtechnique for cavitation testing (*arch and Hubble +-. standard test

procedure for ultrasonic cavitation testing has been approved by themerican /ociety for Testing and *aterials (/T* as /tandard 0 1# (/T*+#. The technique has been modified by placing the test specimen asmall distance below the tip of the ultrasonic probe (/chwet!ke and 2reye+-.


2/120

Figure4. Ultrasoniccavitationtesting: (A) ASTMG 32 (B) Modifiedmethod(Schwetzkeand Kreye

1996).

3esults of ultrasonic vibratory cavitation testing for polymer coatings onconcrete were reported to not correlate well to the field cavitatingconditions. The ultrasonic test apparatus was not able to reproduce in thelaboratory the same type adhesion failures that frequently occurred forpolymer coatings under field conditions (4heng, 5ebster, and 6oung +78.

Cavitating Jet Method

The cavitating 9et method for cavitation testing uses a submerged cavitating9et to erode a test specimen placed in the 9ets path (%igure ;. Thistechnique is relatively compact and provides a higher range of cavitation

intensities than do the ultrasonic probe method or the venturi method.

The cavitating 9et test methodology was found to provide consistent,reproducible results for a given operating condition. The relative cavitationrate, referenced to a standard material, provides a good method forcomparing materials that have a wide range of properties (*arch and Hubble+-.
http://www.cecer.army.mil/techreports/boycavit/boycavit.jef-07.htm#P876_34797http://www.cecer.army.mil/techreports/boycavit/boycavit.jef-07.htm#P876_34797


3/120

The T


4/120

4avitation barrier coatings were applied in ?une +7 to the backside of oneblade of a 2aplan Turbine @nit at 3ocky 3each 'am, @nit A+1, 4helan4ounty Bublic @tility 'istrict (B@', 5ashington. ppro)imately &; sq ft alongthe outer edge of the blade was coated with TribaloyC T"&$$ and anurethane top coat.

4helan 4ounty Bublic @tility 'istrict (B@' personnel repaired all the previouscavitation damage, restoring the blades shape and contour. 4helan 4ountyB@' personnel, assisted by a contractor, grit blasted the surface to becoated. The contractor set up the cavitation barrier equipment and appliedTribaloyC T"

&$$ coating using Hased on further e)perience in the field, these problems can be overcome byimplementing a number of changes to the procedure:

+. The proper attention to preparation of the surface is required.n the case of turbine blades, grit blast the area to be coated oneday before the application of the coating, followed by the use of


5/120

heat blankets on the top of the blades for appro)imately +#hours to remove moisture from the surface and preventcondensation. 0rit blast the surface to be coated to white metalfinish 9ust before spraying. fter application of the Tribaloycoating, the urethane coating would be sprayed (rather than

brush"applied to improve thickness and finish.

#. %uel bottle heaters are now available to help maintain fueltemperature in a cool environment. nsulating the fuel lines willalso help maintain the fuel gasses.

1. The *etco 'iamond ?et Haker +&.

Two sets of cavitation results are presented in Table &. The first setcontained a mild steel control sample and two coated samples: Banel ++,metalli!ed coating (/tellite TribaloyC T"&$$ and an organic topcoat (total ;$milsG Banel +#, #& mils /tellite TribaloyC T"&$$ and +$ mils organic topcoat


6/120

of a reinforced epo)y (>el!ona /uperglideC-. >el!ona /uperglideC is a two"component nonmachinable"grade material consisting of a silicon steel alloyblended within high molecular weight reactive polymers and oligomers.

The second set of results consisted of three sets of samples: Banel #+,

stainless steelG Banel ##, stainless steel plus +$ mil /tellite TribaloyC T"&$$applied by wire feed thermal sprayG and Banel #1, stainless steel plus +$ mil/tellite TribaloyC T"&$$ #$ mil organic topcoat of a reinforced epo)y(>el!ona /uperglideC.

The metalli!ed coatings were ranked according to time to first damage. Thebest performer, with a time to first damage of ;-; h, was Banel +#: #& milsTribaloyC T"&$$ +$ mils of a reinforced epo)y (>el!ona /uperglideC./econd best, with a time to first damage of 17- h, was Banel #1: +$ milsTribaloyC T"&$$ and #$ mils of a reinforced epo)y (>el!ona /uperglideC.Third best, with a time to first damage of #+7 h, was Banel ++: metalli!ed

coating (TribaloyC T"&$$ and organic topcoat (total ;$ mils. The fourthbest, with a time to first damage of +7- h, was Banel ##: +$ mils TribaloyCT"&$$. The organic topcoat, a reinforced epo)y (>el!ona /uperglideC, wasfound to e)tend the life of the metalli!ed coating (TribaloyC T"&$$.lthough the topcoat was found to fail early, it did provide added protectionwhen present. The reinforced epo)y (>el!ona /uperglideC topcoats werefound to be superior to polyurethane topcoats (>aker +&.

The results of >aker showed that the time to failure of stainless steel was#$8; hours, the time to failure of mild steel was +$17 hours, and the time tofailure of the metalli!ed TribaloyC T"&$$ was ;&; hours. The time to failure

during cavitation testing of the metalli!ed TribaloyC T"&$$ coating wasfound to be less than either the carbon steel or the stainless steel.

Broblems encountered during the testing included:

+. 5ater flow across the panels was not uniform.

#. The depth of the testing surface in the cavitating water stream wasinconsistent. /amples of mild steel showed that panels placed deeper in thewater stream sustained more severe cavitation damage than the controlpanel.

1. Eong e)posure times were required to complete the test"as long as #$87hours, limiting the number of samples that may be tested in a reasonableperiod.

The results obtained using the


7/120

Table4. Cavitationresistantpropertiesof coatingsystemstestedon a venturi-type cavitationtestingmachine(Baker

1994).

Sample Coating

System

Total

Coating

Thickness

over

Stainless

Steel(mils)

Time

Until First

Damage

(hours)

Time Until

First

Damage

(hours)

Time Until

First

Damage

(hours)

Time

Until

Failure

(hours)

Total

Loss of

Materials

(grams)

Total loss of

Material as

Determined

from% Bare

Area

Total

Average

loss of

Thickness(mils)

Percent

Loss of

Coating

Thickness

Comments

Organic

Coating

Metallized

Coating

Uncoated

Panel

11Interim

Report

Organic

Topcoat -

Polyurethane

(10 mils)20% Cr, 35%

Ni & 45% Fe

(38 mils)

11 142 -------- 218 38 30-35% 19 38%

12

InterimReport

Organic

Topcoat -Polyurethane

(10 mils)29.5% Mo,

8.5% Cr &

57% Co

(Tribaloy T-

400) (24 mils)

34 9 538 ------ 565 11 10-15% 13 38% Baker's

Conclusion:"Bestperformance of

metallized

coatings.

Organic

topcoat began

to fail very

early in the

test."

Uncoated

Steel

Interim

Report

UncoatedMild Steel

------ ------ 200 1,115 4 UncoatedMild Steel

3 UncoatedMild Steel

Uncoated

SteelFinalReport

(0.30 mils

thicker

samples.Introduced

sample height

as test

variable)

UncoatedMild Steel

------ ------ 752 1,038 16 UncoatedMild Steel

7 UncoatedMild Steel

Baker's

Conclusions:"Depth oftesting surface

effected the

severity of the

test. Data

showed an

appreciable

increase in

damage when

testing surface

was immersed

deeper in the

cavitating

water stream."

21Final

Report

308 S. Steel

Topcoat

(1/8 in)309 S. Steel

Welded

(1/8 in.)mild steel base

UncoatedStainlessSteel

------ ------ 347 2,075 8Apparent

UncoatedStainlessSteel

5 UncoatedStainlessSteel

Apparent

weight loss

reported:Sample was

damaged

during testing

due to

loosening in

test rig. Actual

weight loss

from pure

cavitation was

less.


8/120

22Final

Report

Tribaloy T-400

(10 mils)308 S. Steel

Topcoat

(1/8 in.)309 S. Steel

Welded(1/8 in.)mild steel base

10 ------- 154 ------ 186 5 15-20% 4 40% Baker's

Conclusion:"Metallized

(ceramic)

coatings show

more promise

as cavitation

resistant

materials thanorganic

coatings

systems."

23Final

Report

Belzona

Superglide

2 coats

(20 mil = 0.508

mm total)Tribaloy T-

400(10 mils)308 S. Steel

Topcoat

(1/8 in)309 S. Steel

Welded

(1/8 in)mild steel base

30 9 361 ------ 386 16 10-15% 14 46% Baker's

Conclusion:"Distinct

evidence that

some organic

topcoats

applied over

metallized

coatings

extend the life

of the total

system."

Resultsof Soares, Souza, Dalledon,Baurque,and Amado1994

Tests were performed on thermal spray coatings with both liquidimpingement and vibratory cavitation devices. /ome of the best coatingswere tested further in a - meter %rancis hydroelectric turbine with a previoushistory of severe cavitation. The materials investigated and the erosion andcavitation resistance results are shown in Table ;. The cavitation rate was

given as a change in thickness of the coating (Im=h.

Table5. Resultsof erosionand cavitationresistancetests (Soareset al. 1994).

No. Designation Description Hardness Methodof

Application

Thickness

(mm)

Relative

ErosionRateASTMG 73

CavitationRateASTM

G 32 (_m/h)

FieldTest

SAE 1020 Fe, 0.2C, 0.5 Mn, 0.2 Si Rb 80 Substrate 1.0 X 7.5

AWS 309 Fe 23 Cr, 13 Ni, 2.7 Mo Rb 92 Weld 3.9

1 Diamalloy

1003

Stainless steel, aust.,

Fe-Cr-Ni

Rb 89 HVOF 1.2-1.7 1.3 X Field Tested

2 Diamalloy

1005

Ni-Cr-Mo Rc 30-34 HVOF 1.0-1.7 0.8 X Field Tested

3 Diamalloy

2001

Ni + Cr alloy, fusible Rc 53-58 HVOF 1.2-1.7 1.7 X

4 Diamalloy

2003

WC + 12 Co Rc 64-65 HVOF 0.15-0.25 Failed

5 Diamalloy

3001

Co + Cr, Mo Alloy Rc 50-55 HVOF 0.4-0.6 Failed


9/120

6 Diamalloy

4006

Ni Alloy Rc 38 HVOF Field Tested

7 Metco 72 NS WC + 12 Co Rc 50-55 Plasma 0.5-0.8 Failed

8 Metco 101

NS

94 Al2O3, 2.5 TiO2, 2

SiO2

Rc 55 Plasma 0.7 Failed

9 Metco 443 Ni-Cr/Al Rb 90 Plasma 0.5 2.0 X 11

10 Metco 601

NS

60 Al, Si + polyester R 15y 73 Plasma 1.4 Failed

11 Metco 505 Mo alloy Rc 40-45 Plasma 0.5 65

12 Metco 81 NS 75 Cr2O3+ 20 NiCr Rc 37-39 Plasma 0.4 100

13 Chersteron

Abrasion

Putty

Epoxy + particles of

ceramic and Al silicate

Shore

D 88

Spatula 2.0 630

14 Devcon Carb.

A

Epoxy + SiC (Coarse) Shore

D 85

Spatula 3.0 Field Tested

15 Devcon

Paste

Epoxy + SiC (Fine) ShoreD 85

Spatula 2.0 Field Tested

4oatings number + " ; and 8 " +$ were tested in a liquid impingementerosion test apparatus in accordance with /T* /tandard 0 81. The erosionresistance of samples +, #, 1, and were of a similar order of magnitude asthe /F +$#$ steel reference material. /amples &, ;, 8, and 7 failed the testas the coating came off the substrate. The cavitation resistance of coatedsamples, measured using a vibratory testing apparatus in accordance withmodified /T* /tandard 0 1#, was generally lower than the carbon steelreference material. The cavitation resistance of the ceramic"loaded polymer,sample +1, was significantly lower than for the thermal sprayed metal orceramic coatings.

Thermal spray and polymeric coatings were applied in a turbine at the 0ov.>ento *unho! hydroelectric pro9ect of 4DBE (4ompanhia Baranaense deFnergia, or Fnergy 4ompany of Barana J>ra!ilK. 4oatings number +, #, and -were applied over stainless steel weld layers in areas of medium cavitation.Bolymer coatings number +& and +; were applied in areas of low to mediumcavitation in the same turbine. fter +;$$ hours of operations it wasobserved that coatings +, #, and - were gone to various degrees, with therebeing more area of coating - and less area of coating + gone. The polymericcoatings +& and +; were completely gone in areas where the substrate wasstainless steel, but in the area of carbon steel the coatings were relatively

well retained. n these protected areas the intensities of cavitation werelower. 'uring the same time of operation, the carbon steel regions withoutcoatings, sub9ected to low or medium cavitation, did not show any indicationof cavitation.

/oares et al. (+& concluded that despite their elevated hardness and=orabrasion resistance, the best thermal sprayed coatings were at best onlysimilar to carbon steel (/F +$#$ or 5/ 1$ stainless steel based on the


10/120

cavitation resistance as evaluated in the laboratory tests. dditionally, sincethese coatings can be applied only to a very small thickness (i.e., $.; mm,they found little or no advantage compared to conventional welded layers forturbine blades. n additional problem of poor adhesion was observed duringthe field tests in the hydroelectric turbine: the sprayed layers simply peeled

off after a few months of operation (/oares et al. +&. >ased on laboratoryand field data the researchers concluded that thermal spray coatings werenot suitable in severe cavitation applications.

Resultsof Marchand Hubble, 1996

4avitation testing of mostly weld materials and some other coating materialswas conducted at the Tennessee


11/120

Stoody 2110 weld 3.2 0.3 8

Hardco 110 Weld (Cr-Mn

steel)

3.7 0.4 9

304 Stainless Steel 7.0 0.7 10

Eutectic 646XHD 7.1 0.7 11

316 Stainless Steel 7.6 0.8 12

309 Stainless Steel Weld 9.1 0.9 13


Eutectic Eutectrod 40 10.2 1.0 15



Carbon Steel 15.9 1.6 18

E7018 weld 16.5 1.7 20

Al - Bronze Weld 36.0 3.7 19Plasmadyne Plasma Spray

Stellite 21

105.6 10.8 21

Metco PFX-5000 114.00 11.6 22

Devcon pump repair epoxy 190.0 19.4 23

BelzonaCeramic EC overCeramic R

274.0 28.0 24

Hardco flame spray 110 660.0 67.3 25

Devcon WR2 792.0 80.08 26

Wear Cont. Tech Nylon II Surface delamination ---- 27

Hardco Spray Stellite 21 Surface delamination --- 28

S.S. Urethane Techthane 80

SS

Surface puncture --- 2829

Source: March and Hubble 1996.

>ased on the results of *arch and Hubble (+-, advanced weld alloys suchas reca alloys (marketed as HydroloyC +1 provided superior cavitationresistance and were recommended for use in areas of severe cavitation. T


12/120

4avitation e)periments were performed using a vibratory apparatusaccording to /T* 0 1#, modified to place the test specimen $.; mm belowthe vibrating steel disc of the ultrasonic horn. Tests were conducted for up to; hours. The steady"state cavitation rates of the coatings tested are given inTable 8. %or the cermet (metal ceramic alloy and o)ide coatings tested, the

mass loss versus e)posure time revealed an almost constant erosion ratebetween + and ; hours of testing.

4oatings investigated included stainless steel (1+-E, self"flu)ing nickel"based alloys (Li4r%e>/i, type -$, tungsten carbide"cobalt (54"+8 4o,chromium carbide"nichrome (4r14#"#; Li4r, and chromium o)ide (4r#D1.The results demonstrated that H


13/120

HVOF DJ 2700 Ethylene WC-Co 83-17 1399 7.2

HVOF JP-5000 Kerosene WC-Co 83-17 1420 6.3

Plasma A-3000 S Ar / H2 Cr3C2-NiCr 75-25 722 59.5

HVOF Top Gun Propane Cr3C2-NiCr 75-25 1021 17.6

HVOF Jet Kote Propane Cr3C2-NiCr 75-25 978 13.9HVOF DJ 2700 Ethylene Cr3C2-NiCr 75-25 1134 5.5

HVOF JP-5000 Kerosene Cr3C2-NiCr 75-25 1220 3.8

Plasma A-3000 S Ar / H2 Al2O3-TiO297-3 772 52.8

HVOF Top Gun Acetylene Al2O3-TiO287-13 972 24.7

Plasma A-3000 S Ar / H2 Cr2O3 1322 6.6

HVOF Top Gun Acetylene Cr2O3 1210 2.9

Bulk material: Stainless Steel X6 CrNiTi 18 10 (type 321) 226 5.5

Bulk material: Stainless Steel X2 CrNiMo 17 13 2 (type 316

L)

165 6.0

Source: Schwetzke and Kreye 1996.

Resultsof Musil, Dolhof, and Dvoracek1996

The wire arc spray (5/ process of functional and multilayered coatingswas successfully used for the repair of vanes on reversible %rancis turbines(*usil, 'olhof, and 'voracek +-. The two"wire arc spray process employsthe spraying of two different wire materials to create a mi)ed or gradedcoating structure. Lil and 4r stainless steel were used for the two"wire arc

spraying. Lil (;M Li " ;M l is widely used in the power industry. 5iresprayed Lil coatings have shown higher bond strengths than plasmasprayed coatings and also maintain their high bond strength at greaterthicknesses (@nger and 0rossklaus +#. High"chromium stainless steel wasselected as the spray material for the functional top"coat. 'ue to the severecavitation damage, with some pit depths greater than #; mm, the depositionof very thick coatings was required. 'amaged materials were removed andthe surface cleaned and grit blasted before application of the repair coating.

Thick multilayered coatings deposited by 5/ were evaluated for therepair of vanes on a %rancis turbine. Three types of functional graded

coating were evaluated: ( a duple) of high 4r stainless steel with Lilbond coat, (> bond coat, graded Lil "4r stainless steel coatings witha 4r stainless steel top coat, and (4 multilayered graded Lil"4rstainless steel coatings with a 4r stainless steel topcoat (%igure 8. Thealternating layers in the Lil"4r stainless steel multicomponent gradedcoating were appro)imately +.; mm thick. Eaboratory analysis showedthat the multilayered graded Lil"4r stainless steel coatings (%igure84 yielded the best results with the lowest residual stress.


14/120

Figure7. WAScoatings(A) Duplexof highCr stainlesssteel with NiAl bondcoat, (B) Bondcoat, gradedNiAl -Cr

stainlesssteel coatings,and Cr Stainlesssteel, (C) Multilayeredbondand gradedNiAl-Cr stainlesssteel coatingsand

Cr stainlesssteel topcoat. Source:Musil, Dolhof, and Dvoracek1996.

3epair was performed on large eroded areas (+"1 m# of the vanes on a%rancis turbine. Eocali!ed cavitation damage with pit depth of 1$"1; mmma)imum was repaired by sprayed materials. *ultilayered graded Lil"4rstainless steel coatings (%igure 84 were applied by the 5/ process tostationary wicket gate supports in four hydroelectric power stations locatedin the 4!ech 3epublic. The main steps in the repair process were:

examinationalumina blastinghand working with power tools and chemical cleaning

alumina blastinglocal WAS application of extremely damaged partshand working with power tools and blastingWAS application of functional multilayered graded coatingsapplication of special sealshand working with power tools and special seal application.

The seal material was not specified. fter 1$"1- months of continuousoperation, the coatings applied by 5/ showed better performance incomparison to the original carbon steel (*usil, 'olhof, and 'voracek +-.This demonstrated the successful use of thermal spray coatings for the

repair of hydroelectric components and provides additional support for theiruse. However, for severe cavitation damage, the authors of the current studyrecommend weld repair. s will be shown, advanced iron"based weld alloyssuch as '"4


15/120

10 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Commercialization

Conclusions

The thermal spray coatings deposited by the high velocity o)yfuel (H


16/120

The cost of applying /telliteC - coatings to a hydroelectric turbine in thefield, after the damaged surface was weld repaired, was determined to beN+78 per sq ft. 5eld repair, by contrast, costs three times as much.

The cost of applying /telliteC - using the H


17/120

The use of thermal spray coatings, such as /telliteC - applied by the H


18/120

e)pressed interest in replacing currently used spray and fuse coatings withH


19/120

Appendix D: Proposed Draft CWGS for Thermal Spray Coating of

Hydroelectric Turbine Components

Prepared by

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

Portland District

Oregon

PROPOSED DRAFT GUIDE SPECIFICATION:

Thermal Spray Coating of Hyroele!tri! T"r#ine Component$

1. A!"#$%&'() !avitation and erosion damage to hydroelectric turbines is a significantgeneration loss. *roded blade and throat ring surfaces reduces turbine efficiency+ it also increasewaters turbulence, which increases mortality of young fish passing through the unit.

-. %*!/0*) /he objective is to coat affected turbine surfaces with a non2fusion, thermal2sprayed erosion and cavitation2erosion2resistant coating. /he coating will be applied with the3igh elocity %xyfuel 43%5 spray process.

7. #*'*$A8

7.1 $*5*$*'!*S/he publications listed below form a part of this specification to the extent referenced. /hepublications are referred to in the text by basic designation only. 0n all listed references, the mostcurrent version applies.

7.1.1 A9*$0!A' !%'5*$*'!* %5 #%*$'9*'/A8 0'(&S/$0A83:#0*'0S/S 4A!#03

A!#032;- /hreshold 8imit alues for iological Agents and iological *xposure 0ndices

7.1. - A9*$0!A' 'A/0%'A8 S/A'(A$(S 0'S/0/&/* 4A'S0

A'S0 .1 Safety in Welding and !utting

A'S0


20/120

A'S0


21/120

SS! S 6 White 9etal last !leaning

7.- '%9*'!8A/&$*S

7.- 9etalliEing) /he term FmetalliEingF as used herein refers to any of several application

methods for depositing thermal spray metal coatings.

7.-.- !onfined Space) A confined space is any space having limited openings for entry and exit,not intended for continuous occupancy and with unfavorable natural ventilation, which couldcontain or have produced dangerous concentrations of airborne contaminants or asphyxiants.!onfined spaces may include, but are not limited to, storage tanks, holds of vessels, manholes,process vessels, bins, boilers, ventilation or exhaust ducts, sewers, underground utility vaults,tunnels, pipelines, trenches, vats, and open2top spaces more than = feet in depth such as pits,tubs, vaults, and vessels, or any place with limited ventilation.

7.-.7 %xygen (eficient) When cited within this document, the term Foxygen deficientF shall

apply to any atmosphere with an oxygen concentration of 1>.D percent or less.

7.-.= 0mmediately (angerous to 8ife or 3ealth 40(83) /hat concentration of oxygen, carbondioxide, or other contaminant that will cause incapacitating illness or death within a short periodof time.

7.7 S&90//A8S

#overnment approval is reBuired for submittals with F#AF designation+ submittals having F50%Fdesignation are for information only.

7.7.1 S(2;6 0nstructions

7.7.1.1 Accident revention lan+ #A.

A written accident prevention plan that complies with reBuirements of *97?D2121 Section 1,Frogram 9anagement,F and Appendix A, F9inimum asic %utline for Accident reventionlanF. /he Accident revention lan shall be prepared by a Bualified occupational safety andhealth professional who has a minimum of 7 years experience in safety and industrial hygiene./he Accident revention lan shall address the following reBuirements as a minimum)

41 0dentification of !ontractor personnel responsible for accident prevention.

4- 9ethods !ontractor proposes to coordinate the work of its subcontractors.

47 8ayout plans for temporary buildings, construction of buildings, use of heavy eBuipment, andother facilities.

4= lans for initial and continued safety training for each of the !ontractorGs employees andsubcontractorGs employees.


22/120

4D lans for traffic control and the marking of haEards to cover waterways, highways and roads,railroads, utilities, and other restricted areas.

(6) lans for maintaining good housekeeping and safe access and egress at the jobsite.

(7) lans for fire protection and other emergencies.

4? lans for onsite inspections by Bualified safety and health personnel. lans shall includesafety inspections, industrial hygiene monitoring if reBuired, records to be kept, and correctiveactions to be taken.

4> lans for performing Activity 3aEard Analysis for each major phase of work. /he Activity3aEard Analysis shall include the seBuence of work, specific haEards that may be encountered,and control measures to eliminate each haEard.

41; rocedures for notifying the dam control room in the event of an emergency reBuiring an

ambulance.

411 *vacuation procedures for the entire crew and for injured individual

7.7.1.- !onfined Space rocedures+ #A.

A written confined2space procedure in compliance with *9 7?D2121, Section 6, F3aEardousSubstances, Agents and *nvironments,F Subsection ;6.0, F!onfined Space,F on !onfined Spaces,as well as any applicable 5ederal and local laws.

7.7.1.7 $espiratory rotection rogram+ #A.

A written respiratory protection program as specified in ->!5$ art 1>1;, Section 17=4b.

7.7.1.D Air Sampling+ #A.

lans for conducting air sampling by Bualified individuals for toxic contaminants if the!ontractor uses wire or fluxes containing beryllium, cadmium, fluorine compounds, lead,mercury, Einc or other metals, and solvents or other chemicals regulated by the %ccupationalSafety and 3ealth Act 4%S3A.

7.7.1.6 entilation Assessment+ #A.

A written plan for ventilation assessments to be performed by a Bualified person for all confined2space work, solvent cleaning, abrasive blasting, and metalliEing operations.

7.7.1.@ Worker 3aEard !ommunication rogram+ #A.

A written 3aEard !ommunication rogram as reBuired by ->!5$ art 1>1;, Section 1-;. /hewritten program shall describe how the haEard communication program is to be implemented,


23/120

labels and other forms of warning, material safety data sheets, a chemical inventory, employeeinformation and training, methods the employer will use to inform employees of haEardsassociated with nonroutine tasks and unlabeled pipelines, and the methods the employer will useto inform #overnment employees and subcontractors of chemical haEards.

7.7.- S(2;? Statements

7.7.-.1 9edical Surveillance+ 50%.

A written record of physical examinations provided to all employees who may be reBuired towear a respirator, who may be exposed to excessive noise levels, or who may be exposed to toxiccontaminants. (ocumentation shall include statements signed by the examining physician foreach employee that the exam included the minim reBuirements as described in the paragraph9edical Surveillance

7.7.-.- Hualifications and *xperience+ #A.

A written Hualification and *xperience statement signed and dated by the !ontractor and theHualified and !ompetent erson that the !ontractor has selected to develop the reBuired safetyand health submittal items and who will act as the !ontractorGs onsite safety and healthrepresentative during the contract period, prior to submission of other reBuired safety and healthsubmittal items.

7.7.-.7. Safety 0ndoctrination lan+ #A.

(ocumentation of the safety indoctrination plan as described in *9 7?D2121.

7.7.7 %perating rocedures

7.7.7.1 (escription of the Surface reparation rocedure+ #A

/he !ontracting %fficer shall supply the !ontractor with written surface preparationreBuirements. /he !ontractor shall use these surface preparation reBuirements and developwritten procedures for the grit blast operation. /he operation procedure shall describe the use ofnon2recycled grit to prevent contamination. 0t should describe procedures to ensure that the gritblasted surface will be free of moisture, oil and debris contamination including dust or gritparticles settled on the surface. 0t should describe how the resulting surface finish will have anangular grit blasted surface with a minimum of 7;; microinches $a over a ;.1;; inch travel with

a waviness cut off of ;.;7; inches. 0t should further describe how the grit blast media will beremoved from the platform on a continual basis for weight reasons. 0t should also summariEehow the weight of the grit, eBuipment and personnel on the platform at any time will not exceedthe load rating of the platform. /he procedure shall be submitted and approved by the!ontracting%fficer.

7.7.7.- (escription of the /hermal Spray rocedure, #A


24/120

/he !ontracting %fficer shall supply the !ontractor with a written description of sprayparameters. /he !ontractor shall use the spray parameters to develop written procedures for thespray operation. /hese shall include at minimum the spray procedure and allowable temperaturesof the surface prior to, during and after thermal spray coating application. /he written thermalspray procedure shall be submitted and approved by the !ontracting %fficer.

7.7.7.7 Written 0nspection rocedures+ #A

/he !ontractor shall develop written inspection procedures. /he inspection procedure shallinclude thickness and hardness measurements. /he !ontractor shall describe the number andtype of test panels that will be sprayed and tested during the spray application. /he tests willinclude but are not limited to hardness and thickness testing. /he !ontractor shall delineatewhere the hardness test will be performed on2site such as in the !ontractors vehicle or at thestaging area. /he hardness tester will be calibrated against a calibrated traceable source testblock with three indentations prior to testing samples. /he !ontractor will describe the methodand source of calibration for the micrometers and other thickness monitoring devices. /he

!ontractor shall describe in full the procedure to prepare the test samples. /he written inspectionprocedures shall be submitted and approved by the !ontracting %fficer.

7.7.=. S(2;> $eports

7.7.=.1. /hermal spray powder+ #A.A certified test report showing the results of the reBuired tests made on the thermal spray powderand a statement that it meets all of the specification reBuirements.

7.7.D S(21= Samples

7.7.D.1 Sprayed !oating+ #A.

rior to the on2site efforts, the !ontractor shall supply coatings applied to a minimum of = panelsof 7 inches x 7 inches I ;.-D inch [email protected] I @.6 cm I .6= cm steel plate. /he steel plate shallhave the same chemical composition as the work surface to be coated. /he samples shall beblasted and sprayed using the approved written procedures, in the same approximate orientationas the work surfaces. At no cost to the !ontractor, these panels will be tested by the governmentfor hardness, as well as sectioned and metallographically examined.

7.= 9A/*$0A8 SA5*/: (A/A S3**/S

/he !ontractor shall have at the work site 9aterial Safety (ata Sheets 49S(S for all solvents,chemical mixtures, welding wire, fluxes, powders, or any other product reBuired to have an9S(S as specified in ->!5$ art 1>1;, Section 1-;. !ontractor shall make reBuired 9S(Ssavailable to #overnment personnel who may be exposed to those chemicals.

7.D SA5*/: A'( 3*A8/3 $%0S0%'S

7.D.1 #eneral


25/120

7.D.1.1 All work performed under this contract shall comply with the applicable provisions of the!orps FSafety and 3ealth $eBuirements 9anual,F *9 7?D2121, and clauses below.

7.D.1.- /hermal Spray %perations) Airborne metal dusts, finely divided solids, or otherparticulate accumulations shall be treated as explosive materials. roper ventilation, good

housekeeping, and safe work practices shall be maintained to prevent the possibility of fire andexplosion. /hermal spray eBuipment shall not be pointed at a person or flammable material./hermal spraying shall not be done in areas where paper, wood, oily rags, or cleaning solventsare present. !onductive safety shoes shall be worn in any work area where explosion is aconcern. (uring metalliEing operations, including the preparation and finishing processes,employees shall wear protective coveralls or aprons, hand protection, eye protection, earprotection, and respiratory protection.

7.D.- Safe Surface reparation rocedures

7.D.-.1 3oses, noEEles and controls shall be designed, operated and maintained in accordance

with *9 7?D2121, Sections 6 and -;.

7.D.-.- Abrasive lasting $espirator

Abrasive blasting operators shall wear an Abrasive lasting $espirator 4A$, which consists ofa continuous2flow air line respirator constructed so that it will cover the workerGs head, neck, andshoulders from rebounding abrasive. $espiratory eBuipment shall be approved by the 'ational0nstitute for %ccupational Safety and 3ealth andCor 9ine Safety and 3ealth Administration4'0%S3C9S3A. !ompressed air shall meet at least the reBuirements of the specification for/ype 1 #rade ( breathing air as described in !#A #[email protected].

7.D.-.7 ersonal rotective *Buipment

lasting operators shall wear heavy canvas or leather gloves and apron or coveralls. Safety shoesshall be worn to protect against foot injury. 3earing protection shall be used during all blastingoperations.

7.D.7 !leaning With !ompressed Air

!leaning with compressed air is restricted to systems where the air pressure has been reduced to7; psi or less. !leaning operators shall wear safety goggles or face shield, hearing protection,and appropriate body covering. 0ndividuals shall not use compressed air or pressuriEed gas to

clean clothes, hands, hair, or other areas on or near their person. 0ndividuals shall not point acompressed air hose at any part of their bodies or at any other person.

7.D.= !leaning With Solvents

9S(Ss shall be consulted for specific solvent information and procedures in addition to thoselisted here. 5lammable liBuid with a closed2cup test flash point below 1;; degrees 5 shall not beused for cleaning purposes. Sources of ignition shall not be permitted in the vicinity of solvent


26/120

cleaning if there is any indication of combustible gas or vapor present. Special precautions shallbe taken when metalliEing materials that have been cleaned with hydrocarbon solvents. Specificmeasurements shall be made to ensure that such solvent vapors are not present during metalliEingoperations, especially in confined spaces. $epresentative air samples shall be collected from thebreathing Eone of workers involved in the cleaning process to determine the specific solvent

vapor concentrations. Worker exposures shall be controlled to levels below the %S3Aermissible *xposure 8imit as indicated in -> !5$ art 1>1;, Section 1;;;, whichever is morestringent.

7.D.D *lectrical Shock revention

7.D.D.1 *lectrical shock haEards shall be addressed by strict observance of paragraphs .-6> and .1=@ of -> !5$ 1>1;. !ontractor shall pay particular attention to the following)

41 #round protection for eBuipment and cords shall be present and in good condition.

4- *lectrical outlets in use shall have #round 5ault !ircuit 0nterrupters 4#5!0 in addition toappropriate overcurrent protection.

47 *lectrical circuit grounds and #5!0 shall be tested before actual work begins.

4= Switches and receptacles shall have proper covers.

4D (amaged cords and eBuipment shall be immediately repaired or replaced.

6 !ircuit breaker boxes shall be closed.

4@ !ords shall be approved for wet or damp locations. /he cords shall be hard usage or extrahard usage as specified in '5A @;. !ords shall not be spliced.

7.D.6 $espiratory rotection rogram. /he !ontracting %fficer or his representative willdetermine if *ngineering controls are not feasible, or during the time they are being installed, the!ontracting %fficerGs representative may permit use of appropriate certified respiratoryeBuipment to protect the health of each employee who may be exposed to air contaminants.$espirators shall be provided by the employer when such eBuipment is necessary to protect thehealth of the employee. /he employer shall provide the respirators which are applicable andsuitable for the purpose intended. /he employer shall be responsible for the establishment andmaintenance of a respiratory protective program. /he employer shall use the provided respiratory

protection in accordance with instructions and training received.

7.D.6.1 $eBuirements for 9inimal Acceptable rogram

1 Written standard operating procedures governing the selection and use of respirators shall beestablished.- $espirators shall be selected on the basis of the haEards to which the worker is exposed.7 /he user shall be instructed and trained in the proper use of respirators and their limitations.


27/120

= $espirators shall be assigned to individuals for their exclusive use.D $espirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected after each use.6 $espirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean, and sanitary location.@ Appropriate surveillance of work area conditions and degree of employee exposure or stressshall be maintained.

? /here shall be regular inspection and evaluation to determine the continued effectiveness ofthe program.> ersons should not be assigned to tasks reBuiring use of respirators unless it has beendetermined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the eBuipment. /he localphysician shall determine what health and physical conditions are pertinent.1; Approved or accepted respirators shall be used when they are available. /he respiratorfurnished shall provide adeBuate respiratory protection against the particular haEard for which itis designed in accordance with established roject standards and by competent authorities.11Air line couplings shall be incompatible with outlets for other gas systems to preventinadvertent servicing of air line respirators with nonrespirable gases or oxygen.1-reathing gas containers shall be marked in accordance with American 'ational Standard

9ethod of 9arking ortable !ompressed #as !ontainers.

7.D.6.- Written rogram) /he !ontractor shall establish and implement a written respiratoryprotection program that shall include instruction and training about respiratory haEards, haEardassessment, selection of proper respiratory eBuipment, instruction and training in proper use ofeBuipment, inspection and maintenance of eBuipment, and medical surveillance. /he writtenrespiratory program shall take into account current and anticipated work conditions for eachwork area and shall be specific for each work area. See sample written program, at para.7.D.6.1;.

7.D.6.7 Administration) /he !ontractor shall designate a person Bualified by appropriate training

andCor experience to be responsible for the respiratory protection program and for conducting thereBuired periodic evaluation of its effectiveness. Hualifications of the competent person and theprogram content shall be reviewed and approved by the !ontracting %fficer.

7.D.6.= 9edical Acceptability) efore a worker is permitted to wear or be fitted for a respirator,the !ontractor shall obtain a written statement from a licensed physician that the use of arespirator in the course of employment will not be deleterious to the workerGs health. /heemployeeGs physical status shall be reviewed and reported in writing by the physician annually orat any time the employee experiences difficulty while wearing a respirator. /o ensure that thephysician is adeBuately informed of the specific reBuirements of the examination, the !ontractorshall provide the physician with information about conditions in each work area such as, but notlimited to)41 /he type of respirator to be used.

4- !ontaminants from which protection is sought.

47 ob description of the respirator user, including how often and how long the respirator will beworn each day.


28/120

4= *nvironmental stress that may be encountered, such as, but not limited to, work to be donefrom an elevated platform, confined2space work, excessive heat, and additional clothing that willbe worn.

7.D.6.D 5it /esting) /he !ontractor shall provide respirators, at no charge to the employee, that

are effective in reducing the maximum exposure to below the permissible exposure limit. Atleast 7 facepiece siEes shall be available from which to choose. After selecting the respirator, theemployee shall wear it for a familiariEation period of 1; minutes or more before fit testing. 5ittesting shall be accomplished with irritant smoke or isoamyl acetate according to procedures setforth in A'S0


29/120

4= !ompressed air from cylinders shall meet the reBuirements of #rade ( breathing air asdescribed in !#A #[email protected].

4D /he air intake for air compressors shall be located and constructed so that contaminated air isnot drawn into the compressor. 0n2line sorbent and high2efficiency filters shall be in place to

improve the Buality of compressed breathing air. 5or oil2lubricated compressors, an in2linecarbon monoxide detector shall continuously monitor the breathing air. A warning and alarm 4-;ppm warning, 7; ppm alarm shall be conveyed to the user. 3igh2temperature warning andshutoff controls shall be installed on compressors that are used for supplying breathing air.

7.D.6.>. Self2!ontained reathing Apparatus 4S!A) *mployees who are reBuired to enter areasthat are oxygen2deficient or where the toxic concentration is greater than 1;;; times the *8 or/8 andCor is 0(83, or in which the concentration is unknown, shall wear a self2containedbreathing apparatus. 5or rescue, fire fighting, and other unplanned events, the S!A shall havean air supply of at least 7; minutes rated duration. 5or routine work in areas that reBuire S!Alevel protection, a combination, full facepiece, pressure2demand, air line respirator with an

auxiliary self2contained air supply of at least 1; minutes rated duration may be used. *mployeeswho enter 0(83 areas wearing a combination air lineCS!A shall use the air line respiratormode of the apparatus as they work and move about in the 0(83 area. /he auxiliary cylinder ofair is for emergency egress only. %nce used, the cylinder shall be refilled. *mployees who maybe involved in emergency use of S!A, as in rescue, shall have additional medical tests tomeasure their reactions under stress and extreme physical exertion.

7.D.6.1; Sample $espirator rogram)

Re$pirator Program

1. &$%S*)

/o establish a respiratory protection program. /his document is designedspecifically as an implementation plan to insure eBuipment, testing, training andpersonnel comply with &SA!* 4*$ 7?D212>;, %S3A 41>1;.17=, and A'S04


30/120

-. Assignment of $esponsibilities. /his paragraph provides a checklist of the responsibilities forthe roject 9anager as well as individual Supervisors.

A. /he roject, is responsible to)

JJJJJ1. (evelop a written S% for care and use of respirators. 4rovided in Section 0

JJJJJ-. ersonally supervise or appoint a Bualified individual to coordinate all aspects of therespirator program. 4$efer to Section 0

JJJJJ7. $eview and revise this implementation plan on an A''&A8 basis.

. /he Supervisor as manager of personnel assigned to a crew, is responsible to)

JJJJJ1. $eview job duties and notify personnel and Safety %ffices in writing of positions andspecific duties which reBuire employees to use respiratory protection.

JJJJJ-. Assure the use of safety eBuipment as a provision of the employeeGs job performancestandards.

!. /he employee is responsible for)

JJJJJ1. Wearing a respirator when reBuired, as well a maintaining it properly.

JJJJJ-. 0mmediately leaving contaminated areas in the event of respirator malfunction andnotifying supervisor.

JJJJJ7. /aking appropriate medical exams to retain Bualification to wear respirators.

7. $espirator selection criteria. /his paragraph provides a checklist of criteria necessary fordetermining proper respirator selection through air monitoring and knowledge of site history.

JJJJJA. 9onitor area of respiratory haEard. /he use of a continuously operating air monitorwith alarms 4such as a .

JJJJJ. &se tables taken from *$ 7?D212>; and !5$ 1>1;.17= 4%S3A to determine properselection of respirator and filters. 3ave these tables at the individual shop areas.

=. 9edical Surveillance of ersonnel. /his paragraph provides a checklist to ensure thatpersonnel establish and maintain medical clearance to use respirators.

JJJJJA. All personnel have been medically cleared to use respirators.

____J. %n site documentation of medical clearances is available.

JJJJJ!. System is set up for personnel to be re2checked on medical clearance A''&A88:.


31/120

D. $espirator 5itting, /esting, and roper &se. /his paragraph provides a checklist to ensure thatproper fitting, testing and maintenance are carried out on schedule.

JJJJJA. All personnel shall be fitted with personal respirators 4half2mask, full2mask assignedspecifically to that individual. ositive and negative fit checking is reBuired A''&A88: by

trained tester. (ocument test results.

JJJJJ. All personnel have been fit tested using personal respirators. Hualitative testing isacceptable 4irritant smoke, isoamyl acetate, or saccharine mist. Hualitative testing needs tooccur A''&A88: by trained tester. Huantitative testing needs to occur S*902A''&A88: bytrained tester. (ocument test results.

JJJJJ!. ersonnel using corrective lenses must be specially fitted for lens inserts. 0nserts are tobe provided by employer.

JJJJJ(. System is set up for respirators to be fit checked and fit tested. 4rovided in Appendix

!

JJJJJ*. $espirators are cleaned and inspected prior to each use by following proper cleaningprocedure. 4$efer to Appendix (

JJJJJ5. 5or each action or project, a Bualified individual is placed in charge of the respiratorprogram and specifically supervises respirator use on site. /his individual is responsible for)

1. &sing monitoring eBuipment and data, proper respirator system is identified and reBuired forall personnel.

-. All communication systems for use during respirator use are reviewed prior to enteringcontaminated area.

7. All operational, safety, and rescue procedures are outlined in writing and reviewed withpersonnel prior to entering contaminated area.

=. $eviewing and maintaining a working knowledge of all the regulations and reBuirements forthe respirator program.

D. 9aintaining reBuired documentation of personnel training 4respirator training, medicalclearance, respirator fitting and testing schedules, and appropriate reference documents.

$%/*!/0%' 5A!/%$S 5%$ A$/0!&8A/* 508/*$ $*S0$A/%$S

!oncentrations inmultiples of the 5acepiece ermissible*8 or /8 ressure $espirators


32/120

Dx Single use dust

1;x 2 3alf2mask dust

2 3alf2 or Buarter mask fume

2 3alf2 or Buarter mask, high

efficiency

2 3alf2mask supplied air

D;x 2 5ull facepiece, high2

efficiency

2 5ull facepiece, supplied air

2 S!A

1;;;x 2 owered, high efficiency, all

enclosures

2 3alf2mask, supplied air, /ype !

positive pressure, demand mode.

-;;;x 2 Supplied2air with full

facepiece, hood, helmet orsuit, /ype ! positivepressure, demand mode

1;;;;x 2 5ull facepiece, S!A

2 5ull facepiece supplied air with

auxiliary self2contained air supply

*mergency entry into 2 5ull facepiece S!Aunknown concentrations

*scape only 1C 2 Any full facepiece S!A

2 Any self2rescuer

1C 0n an atmosphere which is immediately dangerous to life or health.


33/120

'%/*S)1 3alf2mask and Buarter2mask respirators should not be used if the particulate matter causes eyeirritation at the use concentrations.

- 5ull facepiece supplied2air respirators should not be used in any atmosphere which is

immediately dangerous to life or health unless it is eBuipped with an auxiliary air supply whichcan be operated in the positive pressure mode.

$%/*!/0%' 5A!/%$S 5%$ #AS %$ A%$ $*S0$A/%$S!oncentrations inmultiples of the 5acepiece ermissible*8 or /8 ressure $espirators

1;x 2 3alf2mask chemical cartridge

respirator with F'ameF

cartridges, or canister half2mask, supplied2air

D;x 2 5ull facepiece gas mask or

chemical cartridge with F'ameFcartridges

or canister.

2 5ull facepiece S!A

5ull facepiece supplied2air

1;;;x 2 3alf2mask supplied2air

-;;;x 2 Supplied2air with full

facepiece, hood,helmetor suit

1;;;;x 2 5ull facepiece, S!A

2 5ull facepiece supplied air

with auxiliary self2containedair supply


34/120


35/120

testing program, provision of hearing protectors, employee training programs, and a recordkeeping program.7.D.> rotective !lothing

7.D.>.1 Appropriate protective clothing shall be reBuired for spray or blast operations.

7.D.1; 3aEard !ommunication

/he !ontractor shall institute a worker haEard communication program for employees inaccordance with !5$ -> art 1>1;, Section 1-;;, and state and local worker Fright2to2knowFrules and regulations. /here shall be a written program that describes how the employer willcomply with the standard, how chemicals will be labeled or provided with other forms ofwarning, how 9S(Ss will be obtained and made available to employees, %S3A and '0%S3representatives, and how information and training will be provided to employees. /he programshall include the development of an inventory of toxic chemicals present in the workplace, cross2referenced to the 9S(S file. /he written program shall also describe how any subcontractor

employees and the !ontracting %fficer will be informed of identified haEards. Specific elementsof the program shall include)

7.D.1;.1. A file of 9S(Ss for each haEardous chemical on the chemical inventory, kept in alocation readily accessible during each work shift to employees when they are in their work area.

7.D.1;.- !ontainers of haEardous chemicals in the workplace shall have appropriate labels thatidentify the haEardous material in the product, have appropriate health and safety warnings, andinclude the name and address of the manufacturer or responsible party.

7.D.1;.7 /raining on)

41 rovisions of the haEard communication standard.

4- /he types of operations in the work areas where haEardous chemicals are present.

47 /he location and availability of the writtenprogram and 9S(Ss.

4= (etecting the presence or release of toxicchemicals in the workplace.

4D /he visual appearance, odor, or other warning oralarm systems.

46 /he physical and health haEards associated withchemicals in the workplace.


36/120

4@ Specific measures to protect from the haEards inthe work areas such as engineering controls, safe work practices, emergency procedures, andprotective eBuipment.

7.D.11 9edical Surveillance

*mployees reBuired to work with or around solvents, blasting, flame2 or arc2spray operations,respiratory eBuipment, those exposed to noise above ?D dA continuous or 1=; dA impact, orthose who are reBuired to use respiratory protective devices shall be evaluated medically. /he!ontractor shall provide a written record of the physical examination to all employees that maybe reBuired to wear a respirator, those who may be exposed to high noise, or who may beexposed to toxic contaminants. /he documentation shall include a statement signed by theexamining physician that the employeesG exams included the following as a minimum)

41 Audiometric testing and evaluation.

4- 9edical history with emphasis on the liver, kidney, and pulmonary system.

47 /esting for an unusual sensitivity to chemicals.

4= Alcohol and drug use history.

4D #eneral physical exam with emphasis on liver, kidney, and pulmonary system.

46 (etermination of the employeeGs physical and psychological ability to wear protectiveeBuipment, including respirators, and to perform job2related tasks.

4@ (etermination of baseline values of biological indices to include)

[email protected] 8iver function tests such as S#%/, S#/, #!/, alkaline phosphatase, and [email protected] !omplete [email protected] *"#.4@.= lood urea nitrogen 4&'[email protected] Serum [email protected] ulmonary function tests, 5!, and 5*.4@.@ !hest x2ray 4if medically indicated.4@.? lood lead 4for those individuals who may be exposed to lead.4@.> Any other criteria deemed necessary by the !ontractor physician and approved by the

!ontracting %fficer.

7.6 !%'50'*( SA!* $%!*(&$*S

oint of *ntry 2 !larification 2 0n 'ovember 1>>=, %3SA published a technical clarification forpoint of entry or exit to the permit2reBuired confined space standard. /he rule defines entry as+the action by which a person passes through an opening into a permit2reBuired confined space.


37/120

*ntry includes ensuing activities in that space and is considered to have occurred as soon as anypart of the entrantGs body breaks the plane of an opening into a space.

7.6.1. /he following standards take precedence over the ermit2$eBuired !onfined Space *ntrystandard for the haEards they address)

-> !5$ 1>1;.1-;4b4=4ii0 /he 3aEardous Waste Site Specific Safety K 3ealth plan mustaddress confined space entry procedures.-> !5$ 1>1;.-D-4a4=4i $emoval of arc welding electrodes during suspension of work inconfined spaces.-> !5$ 1>1;.-D-4b4=4i to 4vii rotection of personnel welding in confined spaces+4ventilation, securing welding eBuipment, lifelines, electrode removal, gas cylinder shut2off,warnings.-> !5$ 1>1;.-D-4c4= 3ealth protection and ventilation during welding operations in confinedspaces.-> !5$ 1>1;.-D-4c4> Specifies ventilation K respiratory protection reBuirements for welding

in confined spaces using cadmium2bearing filler material.-> !5$ 1>1;.-D-4c41; Specifies local exhaust ventilation or respiratory protection for weldingK cutting mercury2coated or mercury2bearing materials, including paint, in confined spaces.-> !5$ 1>[email protected] $eBuires that work not be performed in confined space until is determinedthrough atmospheric testing, that the space is not haEardous.-> !5$ 1>[email protected] $eBuires ventilation K respiratory protection, with standby person, whenhot work is done in confined spaces.-> !5$ 1>[email protected] Specific reBuirements for welding, cutting, or heating of toxic metals inconfined spaces.-> !5$ 1>1?.>7 Addresses entry into storage spaces or tanks where potential haEardousatmospheres exist.

7.6.-. 3aEards of !onfined Space) *ach employee and their supervisor is responsible forimplementing policies to properly handle work in permit reBuired confined spaces. 0n the area ofermit $eBuired !onfined Spaces, where one mistake can easily lead to permanent injury ordeath, it is very important that you o not e&iate in any 'ay from appro&e an$tanari(e $afe operating pro!e"re$%

7.6.7. /esting the Atmosphere) Atmospheric testing is an important part of verifying that permitspaces are safe to enter. &se only approved eBuipment and maintain and calibrate all testersaccording to the manufacturers specifications. Safety experts recommend that the first set of testsbe performed by remote probe before anyone enters the permit space. /est all areas and levels ofthe space since heavier haEardous vapors will collect at the bottom while lighter ones will collectat the top.

7.6.7.1.%xygen /esting0n any permit confined space, test to make sure there is enough oxygen to support life. 0f theatmospheric concentration is less than 1>.DL, %S3A considers the air o)ygen efi!ient%0f theconcentration is greater than -7.DL %S3A considers the air o)ygen enri!he%Air that containstoo much oxygen increases the danger of fire.


38/120

7.6.7.-. 5lammability /esting

After the oxygen test, check the atmospheresG flammability. /his is measured in terms of 8ower5lammable 8imit, or 858. /he 858 is the lowest concentration of a vapor that will explode orburn if it comes in contact with a source of ignition. %S3A considers the atmosphere in a

confined space to be haEardous if it contains a vapor concentration more than 1;L of the 858.

7.6.7.7. /oxicity /esting

/he third test is for toxicity. 0f you know of any haEardous substance that have been stored in thespace, or could be present in the space, use the appropriate detector to check for those materials.5or most materials toxicity is measured in terms of the ermissible *xposure 8imit or *8. /hisis the concentration of the toxin in the air that most people could safely be exposed to over aneight hour workday and is measured as a /ime Weighted Average 4/WA. 0n a confined spaceany concentration of a toxin greater than its *8, or other published safety limits, is haEardous.

Ga$ Phy$i!al

Chara!teri$ti!$

*E* + ,ol"me To)i!ity -PE*.

!arbon 9onoxide colorless C odorless 1-.DL 7D ppm 4;.;;7DL

3ydrogen Sulfide colorless C rottenegg odor

=L 1; ppm 4;.;;1L

9ethane colorless C odorless DL 'on2toxic 4replaces

%-

#asoline apors colorless C sweetodor

1L 7;; ppm 4;.;7L

7.6.=. entilation

When the atmosphere of a permit space is haEardous according to any of these tests, the haEardatmosphere must be controlled before entry is allowed.&sually this is done with ventilation. 0fventilation is used, retest the air with the system on. /he procedures for managing work in

confined spaces shall include those reBuirements listed in *9 7?D2121, Section 6, F3aEardousSubstances, Agents, and *nvironmentsF, Subsection ;6.0 F!onfined Space+F and ->!5$1>1;.1=6. efore entry into a confined space, a written procedure shall be prepared, and shall beapproved by the #overnment. /he procedure shall include, but not be limited to, the followingreBuirements)

4a A description of the methods, eBuipment, and procedures to test for oxygen content andcombustible and toxic atmospheres in confined spaces prior to entry and during work.


39/120

4b *mergency procedures for each type of confined space work, including methods ofcommunication, escape, and rescue.

4c Air monitoring by Bualified individuals, and a certificate of calibration for all air monitoringeBuipment.

4d /raining in confined2space procedures for all affected personnel. /raining shall include)confined2space haEards, evaluation of confined2space atmospheres, combustible2gas indicatoroperation, entry procedures, attendant reBuirements, isolation and lockout, preparation ofconfined areas, respiratory protection, communication, safety eBuipment, no smoking policy, useof entry permits, and appropriate escape and rescue procedures.

4e *mergency drills prior to confined2space work to ensure the adeBuacy of the procedures. Arescue test shall be performed to ensure that rescue eBuipment will fit through the confined2spaceentrance and to test and practice other confined2space procedures such as communication.

4f A stand2by person to be present outside the confined space while workers are inside. /heattendant shall be trained in the duties of a stand2by person including appropriate rescueprocedures. /he stand2by person will have no other duty except to attend the entrance of theconfined space, be in constant communication with the confined2space workers, and to perform arescue, if needed, with a self2contained breathing apparatus 4minimum air supply of 7; minutes.

4g 0nspection of personal protective eBuipment prior to entry.

4h entilation of the confined space.

40 $eal2time monitoring of the concentrations of combustible gases or solvent vapors during

occupancy.

7.@ SA5*/: 0'(%!/$0'A/0%' 8A'

/he documentation shall include training records for all personnel employed by the !ontractor inthe following minimum reBuirements)[email protected] /he !ontractorGs general safety policy and [email protected] $eBuirements of the employer and contents of *9 7?D2121 section on project [email protected] *mployerGs responsibilities for safety.7.@.= *mployeeGs responsibilities for [email protected] 9edical facilities and reBuired treatment for all accidents.

[email protected] rocedures for reporting or correcting unsafe conditions.7.@.@ rocedures for cleaning and surface preparation in a safe manner.7.@.? 5ire fighting and other emergency training.7.@.> ob haEard and activity analysis reBuired for the Accident revention [email protected]; AlcoholCdrug abuse policy.

7.? (*80*$:, S/%$A#*, A'( 3A'(80'#


40/120

7.?.1 /hermal Spray owder

/hermal spray powder shall be packaged, shipped, and stored in conformance with AS/9 (7>D1. !ommercial packaging shall protect items against physical and environmental damageduring shipment, handling, and storage. /hermal spray powder shall be protected against

corrosion, deterioration, and damage during shipment. rotection shall be that used fordistribution directly to a using customer or subseBuent redistribution as reBuired. 0ndividualpowder containers and shipping containers shall be clearly and durably labeled to indicatecontract numbers, specification number, material type, lot number, net weight, date ofmanufacture 4month and year, and manufacturerGs or distributorGs name. /hermal spray powdershall be stored under cover and protected from the elements.

7.?.- Solvents

Solvents and other flammable materials shall be stored in approved, labeled containers. 8ocalexhaust ventilation shall be provided, where practical, to remove such gases or vapors at the

source. *xhaust ducts shall discharge clear of working areas and away from sources of ignition.*lectric motors for exhaust fans shall not be placed in areas where flammable materials are beingused. 5ans shall have nonferrous blades. ortable air ducts shall be constructed of nonferrousmaterials. 9otors and associated control eBuipment shall be properly maintained and grounded.(ilution ventilation may be used to reduce the concentration of vapors to below the lowerexplosive limit 48*8. (ilution ventilation rates to control explosive haEards shall not be appliedin those situations where workers are exposed to the vapor. 0n those cases, the more stringentthreshold limit value 4/8 or permissible exposure limit 4*8 shall be used for health haEardcontrol. Sources of ignition shall not be permitted in areas where flammable liBuids are stored,handled, and processed. Suitable '% S9%"0'# %$ %*' 58A9* signs shall be posted in allsuch areas. Suitable fire extinguishing eBuipment shall be immediately available in the work area

and shall be maintained in a state of readiness for instant use by appropriately trained workers.

7.?.7 ressure Systems

7.?.7.1 !ompressed gas cylinders shall be handled in accordance with A'S0 .1 and with!#A 21. %nly special oxidation2resistant lubricants may be used with oxygen eBuipment+grease or oil shall not be used.

7.?.7.- 9anifolding and pressure reducing regulators, flow meters, hoses, and hose connectionsshall be installed in accordance with A'S0 .1. A protective shield shall be placed between aglass tube flow meter and the spray gun. ressure connecting nuts shall be drawn up tight, but

not overtightened. 0f a fitting cannot be sealed without excessive force, it shall be replaced.!ompressed air for thermal spraying or blasting operations shall be used only at pressuresrecommended by the eBuipment manufacturers. /he air line should be free of oil and moisture.!ompressed air, oxygen, or fuel gas shall not be used to clean clothing.

7.?.= /hermal Spray *Buipment


41/120

7.?.=.1 /hermal spray eBuipment shall be maintained and operated according to themanufacturerGs instructions. /hermal spray operators shall be fully trained in and familiar withspecific eBuipment before starting an operation. alves shall be properly sealed and lubricated.5riction lighters, pilot light, or arc ignition methods of lighting thermal spray guns shall be used.0f a gun backfires, it shall be extinguished as soon as possible. $e2ignition of a gun that has

backfired or blown out shall not be attempted until the cause of the trouble has been determined./hermal spray guns or hoses shall not be hung on regulators or cylinder valves. #as pressureshall be released from the hoses after eBuipment is shut down or left unattended.

7.?.=.- %il shall not be allowed to enter the gas mixing chambers when cleaning flame2sprayguns. %nly special oxidation2resistant lubricants shall be used on valves or other parts of flame2spray guns that are in contact with oxygen or fuel gases.

7.?.D entilation8ocal exhaust or general ventilation systems shall be provided to control toxic fumes, gases, ordusts in any operations not performed in the open. When toxic particulates are removed from a

work area, a dust collector shall be used to trap the dust and prevent contamination of thesurrounding areas and the general environment.

7.?.6 /oxic 9aterials

9etalliEing shall be done only with appropriate respiratory protection and adeBuate ventilation.Spraying such metals as cobalt, nickel and tungsten in an enclosed space shall be performed withgeneral mechanical ventilation, air line respirators, or local exhaust ventilation sufficient toreduce the fumes to safe limits specified by A!#032;-. *mployee exposures shall be controlledto the safe levels recommended by A!#032;- or prescribed by !5$ -> art 1>1;, whichever ismore stringent.

7.> A0$ SA980'#

Air sampling shall be performed before entry to any confined space, during confined2space entrythat involves contaminant2generating operations such as flame2spray operations, and in areaswhere ventilation is inadeBuate to ensure that air contaminants will not accumulate.

= $%(&!/S

=.1 SA980'# A'( /*S/0'#

=.1.1 #eneral

atches or lots of thermal spray powder shall be stored at the project site or segregated at thesource of supply sufficiently in advance of need to allow 1= days for sampling and testing. /he!ontractor shall notify the !ontracting %fficer when the thermal spray powder is available forsampling. All sampling shall be performed in accordance with 9082S/( 1;D. 5or samplingpurposes, the unit of product shall be a container of powder. Sampling of each lot will bewitnessed by a representative of the !ontracting %fficer unless otherwise specified or directed.


42/120

Samples of thermal spray powder submitted for approval shall be clearly labeled to indicate typeof coating material, lot number, date, and name of manufacturer, total weight represented by lots,and contract number.

=.1.- Sprayed !oating

0f any of the thermal sprayed coating 1C- inch sBuare 416; sB. mm or larger can be lifted fromthe substrate with a knife or chisel, without actually cutting the metal away, the adhesion will bedeemed deficient. At the !ontracting %fficerGs discretion, thermal sprayed coating systems mayalso be tested for adhesive strength in accordance with AS/9 ! 677. 0f so tested, the adhesionshall be D;;; psi 4--,-=; ascal. /hermal2sprayed surfaces which have been rejected for pooradhesion shall be blast cleaned and recoated. /he test plate will also be used as a workingstandard to determine the acceptability of work in progress and the completed job. 0n the eventthat the !ontractorGs metallic coating is inferior to the accepted sample, the !ontractor shall bereBuired to correct the coating by an approved repair method.

D. 9A%$ $*H&0$*9*'/S)

&sing 3igh elocity %xygen 5uel type spray process, the !ontractor shall apply MStelliteN 6O inaccordance with this specification. 0n order to accomplish this work, it shall be necessary for the!ontractor to perform the following tasks)

D.1 !%%$(0'A/0%' 9**/0'#

/he !ontractor shall attend a coordination meeting with the !ontracting %fficer, worksitepersonnel, and &SA!*$8 personnel or their designates before start of work. 9eeting date andtime will be mutually agreed upon by the participants. /he purpose is to review the work

procedures and areas to be coated, any other technical issues, and safety and operationalconcerns.

D.- S0/* $*A$A/0%'

D.-.1 *levator and crane service to the staging area MwillCwill notO be available to the contractor.MAt the !ontractorGs option, the !ontractor may supply an electric crane, up to - ton capacity, toassist in moving eBuipment to the staging area. /he crane will be tested in accordance with *97?D2121.O

D.-.- /he area at the turbine MwillCshallO be prepared by MresidentCcontractorO personnel by

supplying a platform suspended below the turbine blades. /his platform shall have a load ratingthat will provide safe support to personnel and eBuipment.

MD.-.7 /he !ontractor shall supply lighting for the general area and task lighting for the surfacepreparation, coating application and inspections.O

D.7 S&$5A!* $*A$A/0%'


43/120

D.7.1 M/he turbine will be dewatered by dam personnel. /he surface of the blades and throat ringwill have residual water and potentially residual river debris such as silt particles which areunacceptable for thermal spray coating application.O Any moisture and debris shall be removedprior to thermal spray coating application. /he !ontractor shall use the submitted and approvedsurface preparation procedure. 0t should describe how the resulting surface finish will have an

angular grit blasted surface with a minimum of 7;; microinches $a over a ;.1;; inch travel witha waviness cut off of ;.;7; inches.

D.7.- Surfaces to be metalliEed shall be clean before application of metallic coatings. /heremoval of oil and grease shall be accomplished with mineral spirits or other low toxicitysolvents having a flash2point above 1;; degrees 5 before abrasive cleaning is started. Solventcleaning shall be done with clean cloths and clean fluids to avoid leaving a thin film of greasyresidue on the surfaces being cleaned. !leaning, and metalliEing shall be so programmed thatdust, dry spray, or other contaminants from the cleaning and painting operations do notcontaminate surfaces ready for metalliEation or painting. Surfaces not intended to be metalliEedshall be suitably protected from the effects of cleaning and metalliEing operations. 9achinery

shall be protected against entry of blast abrasive and dust into working parts.

D.7.7 /he !ontractor shall supply all necessary and appropriate grit blast eBuipment includinggrit hoppers, grit blast guns including all consumable parts, hoses, electrical lines and cables andnecessary safety eBuipment.

D.7.= /he !ontractor shall grit blast the areas to be coated. /he grit blast operation will use non2recycled grit to prevent contamination. #rit blast media will be removed from the platform on acontinual basis. /he weight of the grit, eBuipment and personnel on the platform at any time shallnot exceed the load rating of the platform.

D.7.D /he #overnment may inspect the grit blasted surface prior to the application of coating./he contractor shall notify the !ontracting %fficer for #overnment approval prior to coatingapplication. /he surface will be compared to previously prepared grit blasted standard for surfacetexture. /he grit blasted surface will be free of moisture, oil and debris contamination includingdust or grit particles settled on the surface. /he !ontractor shall use the procedure submitted andapproved under section 7.7.7.1.

D.7.6 5errous surfaces to be metalliEed shall be dry blast cleaned to a white metal grade inaccordance with SS! S 6. All surfaces to be metalliEed shall be blast cleaned to the specifiedsurface profile as measured by AS/9 ( ==1@, 9ethod !. Weld spatter not dislodged by blastingshall be removed with impact or grinding. Surfaces shall be dry at the time of blasting. Within =hours of blasting, and prior to the deposition of any detectable moisture, contaminants, orappearance of corrosion, all ferrous surfaces that have been blast cleaned to the white metalgrade shall be cleaned of dust and abrasive particles by brushing, vacuum cleaning, andCorblowdown with clean, dry compressed air, and given the first spray of metallic coating.

D.= /3*$9A8 S$A: A80!A/0%'

D.=.1 #eneral


44/120

/he thermal spray coating shall have a uniform appearance. /he coating shall not contain any ofthe following) blisters, cracks, chips or loosely adhering particles, oils or other internalcontaminants, pits exposing the substrate, or nodules. All metalliEing coats shall be applied insuch a manner as to produce an even, continuous film of uniform thickness tapering down within= inches of the edge of the coating. /hermal spray eBuipment shall be operated using Bualified

personnel in accordance with the manufacturerGs recommendations. 9etalliEing and welding inthe vicinity of previously painted metalliEed surfaces shall be conducted in a manner thatprevents molten metal from striking the paint and otherwise minimiEes paint damage. aintdamaged by welding or metalliEing operations shall be restored to original condition. 9etalliEingshall not extend closer than 7C= inch 4-; mm to surfaces that are to be welded.

D.=.1.1 /he coating MStelliteN 6O shall be applied to an average thickness of -;.; mils for thecompleted system. /he thickness at any one point shall not be less than 1D.; mils with theexception of edge feathering as stated in Section D.D.-.1. Alternate spray passes shall be appliedat right angles until the specified coating thickness is achieved.

D.=.1.- Atmospheric and Surface !onditions

9etallic coating shall be applied only to surfaces that are a minimum of D P5 above the dew pointand that are completely free of moisture as determined by sight and touch. 9etallic coating shallnot be applied to surfaces upon which there is detectable frost or ice.

D.=.1.7 /ime etween Surface reparation and 9etalliEing

Surfaces that have been prepared for metalliEing shall receive the first coat of metallic coating assoon as practicable after surface preparation has been completed. /he first coat shall be appliedprior to the appearance of flash rust or within = hours of abrasive blasting, whichever is sooner.

D.=.- Application of /hermally Sprayed !oating

D.=.-.1 /he specific area to be coated will be defined by !ontracting %fficer in the coordinationmeeting. /he location of the edges of the coated area adjacent to the uncoated areas are definedto within 7 inches. 9asking shall only be used in an area of at least 1 foot extending from theblade roots. %n the other edges of the coating, the transition from coating to no coating will befeathered over an area of 1 to = inches. /his will allow the coating to transition from theprojected .;-; inch thickness to Eero coating thickness.

D.=.-.- /he !ontractor shall apply the coating system in accordance with the application

parameters submitted and approved by the !ontracting %fficer. /hese application parametersshall be within the normal operating range for the 3%5 application eBuipment.

D.=.-.7 !overage and 9etalliEed !oating /hickness

!oating thickness shall be measured in accordance with SS! A -, and shall be measured withone of the gauges listed below. #auges shall be calibrated on metal substantially the same incomposition and surface preparation to that being coated and of similar thickness, or have a


45/120

minimum thickness of ;.-D inch 4;.6= cm. !alibration thickness standards 4shims shall be of ametallic composition similar to that of the material being sprayed. Where only one thickness isspecified 4i.e., either a minimum or an average, the calibration shimGs thickness shall closelyapproximate the specified thickness. Where two thicknesses are specified, the shimGs thicknessshall closely approximate an average of the two. !alibration instructions, thickness standards,

and in the case of the 9ikrotest gauge, a calibration tool shall be obtained from the manufactureror supplier of the gauge. AuthoriEed thickness gauges are)

41 #eneral *lectric, /ype , #eneral *lectric !ompany.

4- 9ikrotest, *lectrophysik2"oln.

47 *lcometer, *lcometer 0nstruments, 8td.

4= 0nspecter #auge, *lcometer 0nstruments, 8td.

4D 9initector, *lcometer 0nstruments, 8td.

46 ositector -;;;, (e5elsko !orporation.

D.=.7 /hermal Spray Huality !ontrol

D.=.7.1. 0n addition to the Huality !ontrol lan, (ocumentation, Section 1=.1.>, the !ontractorshall submit copies of the following certifications forms)

41 owder physical characteristics, including chemistry, powder particle siEe, powder type,manufacturer or supplier, manufacturerGs reference or stock numbers and lot numbers.

4- 5or each of the lots of grit including chemistry or type, grit particle siEe, manufacturer orsupplier, manufacturerGs reference or stock numbers and lot numbers.

47 5or each of the lots of gas used in the performance of the contract including chemistry,manufacturer or supplier, manufacturerGs reference or stock numbers and lot numbers.

D.=.7.- Samples of owder and #rit

/he !ontractor shall supply a sample of not less than -D; grams of each of the lots of thepowders and grit actually used on the job. /hese samples will be used only for laboratory

analysis purposes by the government and not for acceptance criteria.

D.=.7.7 Samples for Acceptance !riteria.

/he !ontractor shall use the submitted and approved surface preparation and the thermal sprayprocedures to prepare samples for Buality acceptance. /he !ontractor shall use the submitted andapproved inspection plan to evaluate these samples. 5inal acceptance shall be made by the


46/120

!ontracting %fficer..

6 S/A$/ (A/*

/he period of performance will be between M JJJJJJJJJJ and JJJJJJJJJJJ O. /he !ontractormay begin to mobiliEe on2site before the start date. /he !ontractor shall completely vacate the#overnment premises by M JJJJJJJJJJ O.

@ W%$" %' A #%*$'9*'/ 0'S/A88A/0%'

@.1 0'S&$A'!*

@.1.1 /he !ontractor shall, at its own expense, provide and maintain during the entireperformance of this contract at least the following kinds and minimum amounts of insurance.

@.1.1.1 WorkmenGs !ompensation and *mployerGs 8iability 0nsurance in the minimum amount ofQ7;;,;;;.

@.1.1.- !omprehensive bodily injury and property damage liability+ minimum limits ofQ1,;;;,;;; for injury to or death of any person and Q-,;;;,;;; for each accident or occurrencefor bodily injury liability+ and Q7;;,;;; for each accident or occurrence for property damageliability.

@.1.1.7 Automobile bodily injury and property damage liability+ minimum limits of Q1,;;;,;;;for injury to or death of any one person and Q-,;;;,;;; for each accident or occurrence forbodily injury+ and Q1;;,;;; for each accident or occurrence for property damage liability.

@.- 0'S&$A'!* !*$/050!A/0%'

efore commencing work under this contract, the !ontractor shall certify to the !ontracting%fficer in writing that the reBuired insurance has been obtained. /he policies evidencing reBuiredinsurance shall contain an endorsement to the effect that any cancellation or any material changeadversely affecting the #overnmentGs interest shall not be effective 41 for such period as thelaws of the State which this contract is to be performed, prescribed, or 4- until 7; days after theinsurer or the !ontractor gives written notice to the !ontracting %fficer, whichever period islonger.

@.7 0'S*$/0%' %5 !8A&S*S

/he !ontractor shall insert the substance of this clause, including this paragraph, in subcontractsunder this contract that reBuire work on a #overnment installation and shall reBuiresubcontractors to provide and maintain the insurance reBuired in the Schedule or elsewhere in thecontract. /he !ontractor shall maintain a copy of all subcontractorsG proofs of reBuired insurance,and shall make copies available to the !ontracting %ffice upon reBuest. 45A$ D-.--?2D.


47/120

?. $*2*$5%$9A'!* !%'5*$*'!*. Within 7 working days after the date of receipt ofsigned contract, call the !ontracting %fficer, and make arrangements for a pre2performanceconference to be held M JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ O. /he purpose of the conference is to verify submittalreBuirements, discuss construction and testing procedures, shop drawings, administration of the

system, interrelationship of !ontractor Huality !ontrol and #overnment Huality Assurance, andto develop mutual understanding relative to details of the !H! system, including the forms to beused for recording the !H! operations.

> %0'/ %5 !%'/A!/) /he technical point of contact is the #overnment Huality Assurance$epresentative 4#HA$. 'o government personnel other than the !ontracting %fficer will havethe authority to modify any terms of the contract, or to do other than clarify technical points orsupply relevant information. Specifically, no reBuirement in this statement of work may bealtered as a sole result of verbal clarifications.

1; *$0%( %5 S*$0!*) /he contractor may begin delivering and storing eBuipment at

M JJJJJJJJJJ O owerhouse after M JJJJJJJJJJJJ O. /he #overnment will provide access to theworksite after M JJJJJJJJJJJO. All work to be performed under this contract shall be completedby M JJJJJJJJJJ O.

11 !%'/$A!/%$GS %*$A/0%'S

11.1 #*'*$A8. /his section covers the general reBuirements applicable to specific !ontractorGsoperations or eBuipment for work performed at the M JJJJJJJJ O.

11.- W%$" A$*A A'( A!!*SS

11.-.1 Access $oads. Access to M 4worksite O by the !ontractorGs personnel shall be fromM JJJJJJJJJJJJJJ O. !hecking on possible transportation restrictions is the !ontractorGsresponsibility. /he existing access roadways shall not be closed as a result of activitiesassociated with this contract. /raffic delays will only be permitted in accordance with theprovisions of this section. 0n the event that existing roadways used for access purposes aredamaged, the damages shall be repaired and the surfaces shall be restored to their original gradeand condition. All access roads shall be available for use by #overnment personnel. 0n additionto S*!/0%' 0, !ontract !lause, A!!0(*'/ $**'/0%' 4Alternate 1, when necessary foreBuipment to operate on or to cross access roads, arterial roads, or highways+ 411.-.1. contGdflaggers, signs, lights andCor other necessary safeguards shall be furnished to safely control anddirect the flow of traffic. All work shall be conducted so as to minimiEe obstruction of traffic.Should the !ontractor reBuire the additional working space or lands on the project for materialyards, offices, or other purposes, they shall be obtained through mutual agreement between the!ontractor and the #overnment. /he buildings and grounds shall be kept in orderly and sanitarycondition.

11.-.- Access y #overnment ersonnel. !lear access shall be maintained for #overnmentpersonnel and eBuipment through the work areas. assage shall not be blocked by !ontractorGseBuipment or operations for more than 1; minutes without prior approval.


48/120

11.-.7 *mployee Access. Worksite areas off2limits to !ontractorGs personnel will be designatedat the pre2performance conference.

11.-.= Worksite Access. /he !ontractor may work any hours preferred, but shall makearrangements with the #HA$ for hours other than usual worksite hours. /he #HA$ shall

Documents

Cavitation Testing Methods and Previous Research