Cawasa newsletter 2nd quarter 2012

In thIs Issue

April to June 2012 | Vol. 4 No. 2 Caribbean Water and Sewage Association Inc.

Rain and Water Page 2 Secretariat News Pages 2, 3, 4 and 5 CaribDa Celebrates 80 Years of Desalination Page 5Water Conservation Advice and Guide Page 7

Heat Wave Makes Water a Hot Topic Page 10 Should Water Bill Defaulters Get Amnesty? Page 11 Water and Food Security Page 12 Towards a Model OECS Water Act See Back Page

Collection Methods

In ground collection system

Rain is as constant as sun in the Caribbean, but how much do we make use of rain water? A Trinidadian landscape architect offers solutions on how to harness and make good use of rain water anywhere in the Caribbean -- and, indeed, anywhere it rains. (See Centre Pages 6 and 7)

The Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) on May 18th hosted a special workshop to discuss an ongoing assessment of the Carib-bean’s water sector. The meeting was attended by water sector delegates from across the region, who were wel-comed to Barbados by L. O’Reilly Lewis, Operations Officer at the CDB’s Economic Infrastructure Division. Opening Remarks were deliv-ered by Ms. Tessa Williams Robert-son, Director of the CDB’s Projects Department. There was also a special presen-tation on World Bank Perspectives on the Water Sector, by Ms. Julia Bucknall, who is the Sector Man-ager for Water at the World Bank Global Water Unit. A presentation on Climate Change Adaptation in the Water sector was also presented by Dr. Ulric Trotz, Senior Science Adviser to Caricom at the Climate Change Centre. The workshop’s opening cer-emony also heard an Overview of the Consultancy, as well as a Draft

Information Matrix, both by consul-tants, Cole Engineering. Country Issues and Challenges were discussed in Group Sessions before Cole Engineering returned for a pre-sentation on “The Way Forward.” The workshop was spurred by several developments regarding the availability of fresh water resources, which is critical to the sustenance of life and to human and economic de-velopment. In the Caribbean, where many coun-tries are classified as “water stressed”, there are significant challenges facing the sector. These include: over-staffing of water supply companies; high levels of water losses; inadequate tariffs; ag-ing infrastructure; inadequate capital investment; lack of regulation of the sector; and inadequate institutional ar-rangement for effective integrated wa-ter resource management. These challenges are likely to be ex-acerbated by risks associated with cli-mate change and variability. In partic-ular, the poorest and most vulnerable people, whose livelihoods are critically linked to access to water resources, will be most affected, negatively impacting poverty reduction efforts.

Given the importance of the wa-ter sector to regional development, it is imperative that appropriate public policies and strategies be developed and implemented in a timely manner to mitigate and adapt to these changes. There are clear opportunities for in-creased investment in the region’s wa-ter sector. The CDB recently approved financ-ing of a consultancy to conduct an assessment of the state of the Water Sector (WS) in its Borrowing Member Countries (BMCs). The proposed study will evaluate and rationalise the major development challenges currently facing Water Sec-tors in the Caribbean, in the context of the potential future role of CDB. It is envisaged that the output of the consultancy will present up to-date in-formation, analyses and recommenda-tions, which will aid in CDB’s strategic planning for its interventions in Water Sectors. Part of the consultants’ scope of works will require the gathering information from each participating country. This will be done through a combination of country visits, interviews and informa-tion surveys.

The CDB said it organized the workshop to sensitize key stake-holders to the goals of the pro-posed Water Sector Review, and to garner suggestions and sup-port. The CAWASA was repre-sented by Executive Director Vic-tor Poyotte.

CDB Hosts Regional Water Sector Review Workshop

Collection Methods


Victor PoyotteExecutive Director,

CAWASA Inc

e-SourcePage 2 April to June 2012 | Vol. 4 No. 2

Executive Director Victor Poyotte conducted Modules 111 of the Supervisory Management Training series for staff of NAWASA in Grenada. The course, which focussed on Industrial Rela-tions Practice, was conducted from Tuesday, 29th to Wednesday, 30th May 2012. A total of 30 Supervisors from T&D, P&Q, PD&C and Finance Departments were down to attend the training. However, only 25 Supervi-sors actually participated. Topics covered in the workshop included: Theoretical Perspectives on Industrial Relations: Conflict, Unitary or System theory; Institutional

NAWASA Completes Supervisory Management Training Modules

Arrangements for Industrial Relations; Legal Instruments Governing Industrial Relations; the Role and Interest of National, Regional and In-ternational Stakeholders; and Social Dialogue on Outsourcing. Also discussed were: Compassionate/Paterni-ty Leave or Minimum Wage; Assessment of Work Rules on Compensation and Rights/Responsibil-ities ; Mini-Collective Bargaining Simulation on a Pension Plan and Health & Safety Policy; Con-tents of Collective Agreements between NAWA-SA, TAWU and PWA; and Grievance Handling and Dispute Resolution through Third Party In-tervention.

The management of the Cayman Islands Water Authority (Water Authority – Cayman) is always striving to find ways to improve the standard of service provided to our customers. The development of a new Customer Relation-ship Billing System provides improvements in multiple ways. Being able to provide internet based services such as online payment, e-billing and online ac-count access to customers were the top priorities of the project, however, addressing internal pro-cesses was also a consideration. For example the new system includes: A wire-less work order module which allows meter readers to receive service requests electronically in the field creating a much more efficient and effective process; Cashiers will be able to use a barcode scanner to scan the barcode printed on the bills allowing automatic retrieval of the cus-tomer bill information during the cashiering pro-cess; Flexible bill formatting has enabled us to in-

CAWASA Secretariat News

Water Authority-Cayman Implements New Customer Relationship Billing System

troduce a new bill format that will be much more useful and informative for our customers, includ-ing a consumption chart showing historical us-age; Bank payment importing capabilities allow for the importing of payment files received daily from the banks allowing the payment amount to be directly applied to the relevant customer rather than the manual input of each transaction. These are just some of the highlights of the new system and all customers are urged to take advantage of the benefits offered by these new features. The Water Authority was established in 1983 as a statutory body responsible for supplying wholesome and affordable drinking water to the people of the Cayman Islands. It is also responsible for the proper treatment of wastewater and for the protection of the fresh groundwater lenses that exist throughout the is-lands. For more information about the Water Au-thority Cayman, visit www.waterauthority.ky.

CAWASA’s booth at the St. Kitts Expo.

WAC Representative dealing with a customer

During the recent 6th Caribbean Environ-mental Forum and Expo in St. Kitts and Nev-is NAWASA (Grenada) made an extra con-tribution of a Spice Basket as a prize for the first visitor to its booth, which was won by lucky Ms Lavern Byron from St Kitts, seen in photo receiving her prize. (More on Page 3)

And the lucky winner is…

This issue of e-Source arrives with the con-tinuing climatic change that has been visit-ing the Caribbean and the rest of the world lately. The annual Rainy Season is here and the yearly Hurricane Season is here again – and again, earlier than usual. Tropical Storms have started coming in from the Atlantic once more and Emergency networks are again warning all across the Caribbean to take heed and act early to save lives and protect people and property. But with all this surge of tropi-cal storm activity comes one constant: rain. And with that one constant comes that other inevitable and natural one: water. We’ve known water all our lives and we’ve come to learn and accept that we just can’t do without it. But we still haven’t fully learned or understood, far less act to fully gather, save and use the abundance of water in the Caribbean. Unlike those unfortunate parts of the world where people die from thirst, we have more deaths from drowning – whether in swim-ming pools or in the sea. Where others suf-fer parched lips and walk miles in search of a drink of water, we in the Caribbean seek and find excuses not to pay our water bills. But that is not to say that all is gone and the day is done. Fortunately, there are organi-zations and persons, companies and utilities, experts and consultants, on every Caribbean island, in each territory, who are aware of the challenges and ready to take opportuni-ties and offer informed advice to decision-makers regarding harnessing and harvesting, conserving and efficiently using this essential source and resource. In this issue, e-Source offers a special feature on Rain Water Harvesting, which is quickly be-coming a recognized need by water stakehold-ers in the public and private sectors. We specifi-cally highlight a presentation on the issue by a Trinidadian landscape architect at a recent inter-national landscape conference in Guadeloupe. last December, organized by the French Admin-istration and the Guadeloupe Regional Council. Incentives are also now being offered for rain-water harvesting in one state – something CA-WASA has for some time been promoting. In this issue, e-Source also offers Secretariat News from activities by member-utilities in Aruba, Barbados, The Cayman Islands, Grena-da, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia and the OECS region. We also report in this issue on two re-cent annual regional Environmental and Desal-ination meetings and a major Caribbean Water Sector Review, as well as on matters relating to Water and Food security, Conservation Tips and Tips on Water Safety After a Storm. We have once again sought to reflect, in liv-ing colour, the work that CAWASA is doing, through and with its affiliates, across the Ca-ribbean. We encourage CAWASA member-utilities and related entities to continue to provide information to the Secretariat for in-clusion in our quarterly issues of e-Source and sincerely thank those who continue to update the Secretariat on their activities. Now, read and enjoy!

(Two Caribbean Constants)

EDITORIAL

Rain and Water

e-Source Page 3 April to June 2012 | Vol. 4 No. 2


The Caribbean Water & Sewerage Association Inc (CAWASA) participated in the 6th Caribbean Environmental Forum and Exhibition, held at the Marriott Hotel in St Kitts from May 21-25, 2012. CAWASA was represented by the Executive Director, Victor Poyotte, who participated in various sessions and also chaired a session at the Water Safety Planning Workshop, while the Pro-gramme Officer, Suzanne Joseph, managed the CAWASA Exhibition Booth.

CAWASA participated in 6th Caribbean Environmental Forum and Expo in St. Kitts

9 Sit CAWASA/ABC Certification ExaminationsNine candidates from St Lucia and Barbados sat the CAWASA/ABC Certification Examination on June 29, 2012 in the following subjects: (1) Water Distribution - Levels One and Two (2) Water Treatment - Level One (3) Wastewater Treatment - Level Three. Examination Results will be released in July 2012.

CAWASA’s booth at the St. Kitts Expo. Visitors at CAWASA’s booth.

CAWASA shared a booth at the Exhibition with eight member water utilities: Antigua Pub-lic Utilities Authority, Central Water & Sewerage Authority, St Vincent & the Grenadines, Domi-nica Water & Sewerage Authority, Montserrat Utilities Limited, National Water & Sewerage Authority (Grenada), Nevis Water Department, Water Services Department of St Kitts and Water & Sewerage Company (WASCO) of St Lucia.

CAWASA and Member Utilities had on dis-play posters, flyers, brochures and parapherna-lia. Videos presentations from the utilities were the highlight of the CAWASA booth as it drew many visitors to that section. NAWASA, Grenada made an extra contribu-tion of a Spice Basket which was used as a prize for the first visitor to the booth, which was won by Ms Lavern Byron from St Kitts.

Grenada’s National Water and Sewerage Authority (NAWASA) has taken yet another bold step in the advancement of its strategic plan. The company has announced the launch of their Customer Service Charter.

According to Raelene Lazarus, the company’s communications manager, the launch was held at the main office on the Carenage and was at-tended by a gathering that included the island’s Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of Works, Physical Development and Public Utilities Mr. Ja-van Williams; NAWASA’s Board Directors, Man-agement Team and Staff, as well as a cross section of customers and the media. Says Ms Lazarus, “The gathering was ad-dressed by the Permanent Secretary, NAWASA’s Chairman and the General Manager, who, in their various remarks, chronicled the organisa-tion’s development over the years to show the steady advancement which led to today’s event. Chairman Terrence Smith explained that a short term objective of the organisation is to “provide a high quality customer experience comparable with international benchmarks and standards for the water sector.” The implementation of the Customer Service Charter sets the bar for this achievement by the organisation in 2014. NAWASA’s Customer Service Charter sets the standard of adherence for the Authority’s deliv-ery of “a safe, adequate and reliable water supply

and safe disposal of waste water, in a viable and efficient manner” as espoused by their mission statement. This refers to technical ser-vices as well as administrative functions and also provides customers with guidance about their role in the process. General Manager, Christopher Husbands expressed satisfaction that the launch and implementation of the Charter cemented the gravity with which the NAWASA team ap-plied themselves to the 2012 Business Plan Theme of “Committing to distinctive quality and Im-proved Customer Care”. “We know and understand that the journey has only just begun and that it is a process of continuous learning and improvement. I am proud to be part of team that has taken on this challenge and we expect multiple ben-efits for all stakeholders involved,” said Mr Husbands. Ms Lazarus says, “Customers may pick up their copy of NAWASA’s Customer Service Charter at any of the Authority’s cash offices located at the Carenage, St. George, Grenville and Gouyave.”

Christopher Husbands, General Manager, NAWASA, Grenada

NAWASA launches Customer Service Charter



The Executive Director of CAWASA Inc, Vic-tor Poyotte, facilitated an intensive two-day training workshop for employees of the Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA) on “Managing Organizational Change” at the APUA in Cassada Gardens in Antigua on June 18th and 19th 2012. Overall, a total of twenty-three (23) employees of the Authority attended the training. The Facilitator, Mr Poyotte, conducted the training using a number of short power point presentations, together with plenary discussions and small group activities. Some16 sessions were facilitated and they cov-ered a wide range of subjects of interest to the operations and management of the region’s utili-ties and water resources. In the first session, the Executive Director led participants on a general discussion covering the mandate of the APUA including mission, vision, goals and objectives. Participants reviewed the current mandate and suggested changes. In the second session on Utility Operating En-vironments, the facilitator led participants in a general discussion on the factors in the external environment that impact on the operations of the utility. Participants also discussed the effect of political, economic, social, technological, legal and ethical factors on the utility. In the third session on Sector Policies, the Facil-itator led participants in a general discussion on the concept of public policy. Participants also dis-cussed the status of water and sewerage policies. In the fourth session on Utility Business Mod-els, the facilitator led participants in a general discussion on the current business model ad-opted by their Antigua utility. Participants also discussed the ownership structure, scope of ser-vices, mechanisms for service regulation and prospects for viability. Working in groups, they examined the current organizational arrangements of the utility and suggested preferred arrangements to improve the business model. In the fifth session on Utility Operations, par-ticipants worked in small groups to examine the range of services offered by the utility, identify some of the main complaints associated with each of these services and suggest ways in which these services could be improved. Using a power point presentation, the facilita-tor led participants in a general plenary discus-sion on an analysis of findings of surveys con-ducted in the USA and Africa on the performance of water utilities managed by public entities as against those run by the private sector. The Performance Indicators used included la-bour productivity, operating costs, capital use, consumer charges and quality of service. According to Mr Poyotte, “Although there are no known formal studies available on the perfor-mance of Caribbean water utilities, participants were able to give their general impression of their performance.”

He said, “Participants also compared the per-formance of electricity services against water services and concluded that government had ad-opted a more favourable set of policies towards the former. “For instance, the electric utility is guaranteed an annual return on its investments and is able to pass on fuel costs to the consumer by way of the surcharge but the water utility is not permitted to do so.” In the sixth session on Stakeholder Analysis, the facilitator led participants in a general plena-ry discussion on the internal and external stake-holders of the utility. Participants then worked in small groups to ex-amine the role and interest of the stakeholders of the utility. (Key stakeholders identified included Government, Ministry, Board of Directors, Util-ity Management, Support Staff, Customers and Suppliers.) For the seventh session on the Need for Planned Change, the facilitator led participants in a general plenary discussion on the dynamic nature of utility organizations. He highlighted the rationale for change, contemporary issues and performance trends all of which provide the basis for change. For the eighth session on Factors Influencing Change, the facilitator led participants in a gen-eral plenary discussion on the forces within util-ity organizations that push for change and those that are inhibitors of change. In the ninth session on Utility Change Options, the facilitator led participants in a general plena-

ry discussion on some of the operational changes (e.g. establishing a water resource management agency, a regulatory commission, outsourcing services), that a utility organization may have to undertake. Some of the change options identified in-cluded: joint ventures, management contracts, outsourcing, asset leases and management concessions. The Facilitator led participants in the 10th ses-sion on A Legal Approach to Organizational Change, in a general plenary discussion on the legal approach to organizational change. The session focused on activities such as re-view of policy, legislation and regulations, iden-tifying short comings and taking steps for im-proving the legal instruments. For the 11th session, the facilitator led par-ticipants in a general plenary discussion on the structural approach to organizational change. This session focused on activities such as organi-zational design, centralization and decentraliza-tion, work flow modification and downsizing.. For the 12thsession on Technological to Orga-nizational Change, the facilitator led participants in a general plenary discussion on the techno-logical approach to organizational change. The session focused on activities such as tools and equipment, systems and processes, methods and techniques. For the 13thsession on A Human Resource Ap-proach to Organizational Change, the facilitator led participants in a general plenary discussion on the human resource approach to organiza-tional change. The session focused on activities such as review of employee knowledge and skills, attitudes and behavior, interpersonal rela-tions, perceptions and expectations. The Facilitator led participants in the 14th ses-sion on the Impact of Utility Change, in a general plenary discussion on the impact of organiza-tional change on utility personnel. The session focused on identifying employee self interest, common reactions, organizational culture, and resistance to change. For the 15thsession on Utility Change Strate-gies, the CAWASA Executive Director led par-ticipants in a general plenary discussion on the organizational change strategies. The session fo-cused on rational, re-education, power and adap-tion strategies. For the 16th session on Utility Change Plans, the facilitator led participants in a general ple-nary discussion on developing an organizational change plan. The session focused on the problem statement, rationale for change, program objec-tives, change activities and the change manage-ment structure. The CAWASA Secretariat said it was “satisfied with the administrative and logistical support provided by the Training Officer to facilitate the training.”

Victor PoyotteExecutive Director of CAWASA Inc

Executive Director Leads Antigua Workshop for Training to Manage

Organizational ChangeProgram lasted 16 sessions over two days

e-Source Page 5 April to June 2012 | Vol. 4 No. 2


A small-scale funding agreement has been entered into between the United Nations Environment Pro-gramme (UNEP) and CAWASA to further the cause of Wastewater management in the Wider Caribbe-an, UNEP is an International Inter-governmental organization estab-lished by the General Assembly of the United Nations, and in this in-stance is represented by its Regional Coordinating Unit in Jamaica. CAWASA, on the other hand, is one of the key regional stakeholders for the Global Environment Facility-funded project entitled “Testing a

CAWASA Executive Director Victor Poyotte earlier this year attended an Inception Workshop on Man-agement (GEF CReW). The workshop was organized by the Interagency Coordinating Group (IACG) comprising the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and took place from 7th to 8th February 2012 at the Terra Nova Hotel in Kingston, Jamaica. The workshop brought together national service providers and regulatory or enforcement agencies, regional associations such as CWWA and CAWA-SA, the Ministries of Legal Affairs and the Attorney General Office. Also participating were representatives of region-al training and certification institutions, private sec-tor organizations, donor agencies and international funding agencies. Addressing the opening ceremony were the Country Representative for Jamaica, the Coordina-tor for UNEP-CAR/RCU, the IDB INE/WSA and the GEF-SEC. Robert Pickersgill, Jamaica’s Minister with re-sponsibility for Water, Climate Change and Envi-ronment, delivered the keynote address. In the first session, Ms Denise Forrest, Project Coordinator for the GEF-CReW gave an idea of the objectives of the meeting. She indicated that the meeting would address a number of key issues in-cluding: Assisting all partners to fully understand and take ownership of the project and discussing the roles, functions, and responsibilities within the project's decision-making structures, including re-porting and communication lines, and conflict reso-lution mechanisms. Ms Forrest also addressed “Presenting and re-viewing first annual work plan and budget includ-ing measurable indicators, targets and their means of verification” and gave an overview of the CReW

project covering the history, development, objec-tives, components, and major outcomes.” Each Country Representative made a short pre-sentation on the current challenges facing waste-water management in his/her country. The pre-sentations also dealt with emerging issues, major concerns and opportunities for project interven-tions. In the second session, Dr. Frederico Basanes, Di-visional Chief of IDB/WSA discussed the role of the Funders in dealing with the challenges facing wastewater management in the region. He was followed by Valerie Jenkinson and Don Degan of World Water & Wastewater Solutions who made a presentation on Effective Utility Man-agement.Don Degan also made a presentation on Biological Nutrient Removal. The first day closed with a panel discussion en-titled “Reflections on Community Wastewater Treatment, the IWCAM Experience.” The panelists comprised Country Representatives from Bahamas, Saint Lucia and Tobago. The first session of the second day started with Ms Forrest outlining details of each component of the project, the execution structure and the report-ing and communication mechanisms. This was followed by presentations and discus-sions on the project, with a focus on Pilot Financing Mechanisms and First Generation Projects. A representative of the Project Executing Agency (PEA), from each pilot country shared information on the status of their work, the functioning of the PFM and described in the First Generation Projects. The presentation and discussion on another as-pect of the project dealt with reforms of Wastewa-ter Management. A representative of UNEP-RCU shared information on the project approach and

invited the countries to indicate areas of focus, col-laboration and partnership. The presentation and discussion on yet another component of the project dealt with Communica-tion, Outreach and Information Exchange. Again, the UNEP-RCU representative shared in-formation on the project approach and invited the countries to indicate areas of focus, collaboration and partnership. In the final session, all the participating countries made presentations on their needs for Wastewater Management and their expectations of the project. This was followed by a summary of the main outputs of the meeting and a discussion on the way forward. Of the thirteen (13) countries where CA-WASA member utilities operate only Antigua & Barbuda, Barbados, Saint Lucia and St. Vincent & the Grenadines have endorsed the CReW project to date. As a result, the Antigua Public Utilities Author-ity (APUA), the Barbados Water Authority (BWA), the Saint Lucia Water & Sewerage Company (WAS-CO) and the Central Water & Sewerage Authority (CWSA) are the member utilities likely to benefit directly from project-related activities. Since Antigua & Barbuda, Saint Lucia and St. Vin-cent & the Grenadines are not borrowing member countries of IDB none of the CAWASA member utilities were selected as pilots. However, the CDB has given the assurance that it will provide support member utilities like Antigua Public Utilities Authority (APUA), the Saint Lucia Water & Sewerage Company (WASCO) and the Central Water & Sewerage Authority (CWSA) seek-ing to implement CReW project-related activities. In his presentation, the CAWASA Executive Di-rector outlined the products and services offered by the CAWASA Secretariat and highlighted the potential capacity building areas for collaboration with and support for the CReW Project. Among the areas identified for partnership in-clude: wastewater legislation, regulations and pol-icy reform; wastewater sector planning; regional studies and surveys; professional training and certi-fication; regional networking; public education and awareness building.

CAWASA attended GEF-CReW Project Launching

Protot pe Caribbean Regional Fund for Wastewater Management in the Wider Caribbean (GEF CReW).” This funding agreement particu-larly addresses the UNEP-CAR/RCU Assessment and Management of Environmental Pollution sub programme (AMEP) of the UNEP-CAR/RCU. The AMEP sub-programme fo-cuses on measures to prevent, re-duce and control marine pollution and to assist countries in the im-plementation of the Protocol Con-cerning Pollution from Land-based Sources and Activities in the Wider

Caribbean Region (WCR) – the LBS Protocol and in particular Annex III on Domestic Wastewater. The LBS Protocol is the third pro-tocol developed under the Conven-tion for the Protection and Develop-ment of the Marine Environment of the Wider Caribbean (the Carta-gena Convention) for which UNEP-CAR/RCU serves as Secretariat. The CReW Project for the Wider Caribbean was approved by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) in December 2010. The overall objective of this project is to, “in the context of the

Cartagena Convention and LBS Protocol, pilot revolving financing mechanisms and their wastewater management eforms that can be subsequently established as feasible instruments to provide sustainable financing for the implementation of environmentally sound and cost effective wastewater management measures. The three interlinked components of the CReW Project are: Investment and Sustainable Financing; Re-forms for Wastewater Management and Communications, Outreach and Training.

CAWASA signs SSFA Agreement with UNEP

CaribDa Celebrates 80 years of Desalination in Aruba The Caribbean Desalination Association (CaribDa) held its 2012 Annual Conference in June in Aruba. An exhibition was also held as part of the meeting, which coincided with the 80th Anniversary of Water En Energiebedrijf Aruba NV (WEB). The entire celebration took place under the theme ‘80 Years of Desalination Makes for One Happy Island’.

The business aspects of the meeting discussed several pertinent issues, including Technology and Innovations, Planning and Management, Finance and Economics, Regulations and The Environment. Also discussed were Seawater Reverse Osmosis Applications, Desalination Using Green Energy and Thermal Desalination. CAWASA is a member of CaribDa.

The Caribbean Desalination Association (CaribDa) held its 2012 Annual Con-ference in June in Aruba. An exhibition was also held as part of the meeting, which coincided with the 80th Anniversary of Water En Energiebedrijf Aruba NV (WEB). The entire celebration took place under the theme ‘80 Years of Desalination Makes for One Happy Island’. The business aspects of the meeting discussed several pertinent issues, in-cluding Technology and Innovations, Planning and Management, Finance and Economics, Regulations and The Environment. Also discussed were Seawater Reverse Osmosis Applications, Desalination Us-ing Green Energy and Thermal Desalination. CAWASA is a member of CaribDa.

CaribDa Celebrates 80 Years of Desalination in Aruba


RAIN WATER HARVESTINGTrinidadian Landscape Architect Offers Rain

Water Harvesting Solutions for the CaribbeanA Trinidadian landscaper offers simple and better ways to harvest a precious resource

that’s still being allowed to go to waste across the Caribbean.

In a world where thousands still die daily through lack of access to water, the Caribbean is lucky to have, in abundance, both tap and rain water. As a result, all territories can become self-sufficient in provision of water. But that’s not the case (due to many reasons), result-ing in a continuous search for solutions, of which Rain Water Harvesting is only one of many. Selva Ann Edwards, a Trini-dad & Tobago Landscaping Ar-chitect, has long been both seek-ing and offering solutions to the region’s policy-makers and people., including “water-effi-cient landscaping designs” that seek to marry the landscape and the abundant resource. She explains, “We in the Carib-bean are lucky more than millions elsewhere, because we have tap water right there all the time -- at home and throughout the com-munity and the country. But the reality too is that Climate Change is resulting in increasingly worse droughts, such as we experienced across the Caribbean in 2010, re-sulting in a crisis that led to water shortages and institution of con-servation measures.” Harvesting rain water is also highly recommended by Ms Ed-wards, whose company, Land Images, advocates “designing spaces with meaning.” The Land Images Managing Director advocate easy solu-tions like collecting rain water from roofs to creating under-water collection systems – and even planting roof gardens or rain gardens.

Land Images’ concept of water-efficient landscaping design was first presented last December to a multi-lingual, tri-continental dis-cussion forum in Guadeloupe, which looked at Caribbean land-scaping issues generally, and spe-cifically at the French Caribbean territories of Martinique and Gua-deloupe. St. Lucia and Trinidad & Tobago were among the islands participating. Ms Edwards’ has since then been developing and expanding her research and advocacy of rain-water harvesting as part of Carib-bean landscaping. “We need to educate people as to managing rain and storm water at the residential level and how we can effectively minimize the run-off that leaves our property during the rainy periods,” she ad-vocates. She notes that, “In Trinidad we are adversely affected every year during the rainy season by serious flooding in many areas that have been attributed, in part, to poor development practices.” Educating persons from the mi-cro level and upwards,” she says, “will create awareness and under-standing of poor choices made at the macro level and downwards.” Says Ms Edwards, “Education is the key to understanding these is-sues and how we can contribute to change and this change we must pass on to the Caribbean’s chil-dren so that they can pass them on to their children.” Ms Edwards will be happy that her sort of ideas and recommenda-tions are now starting to bear fruit in some territories (like St. Lucia),

St. Lucia Offering Tax and Credit Incentives for Rainwater Harvesting CAWASA Executive Director Victor Poyotte has long advocated incentives to encourage rainwater harvesting across the Caribbean as the region seeks to brace with and overcome the challenges to water sources posed by Climate Change and human actions. His hopes – and that of many others of a similar persuasion -- have been realized in one instance to date, with the Government of St. Lucia indicating it will offer Tax Free concessions to encourage citizens and businesses to capture

the natural resource and put it to use. The Government announced in its May 8th Budget that, begin-ning July 2, 2012, it will offer a two-year tax free concession for importation of rainwater harvest-ing equipment. The government has also indi-cated it will – in the Third Quarter of 2012 – offer a Tax Credit to com-panies that retrofit their opera-tions to capture and use rainwater for non-essential operations. The full details of the incentives

and their extent have not been indicated officially, but consum-ers and businesses have already started considering how to best make use of these encouraging in-centives. The CAWASA Executive Direc-tor and others across the region who support the harvesting of rain water are hoping that other Carib-bean governments will follow St. Lucia’s example and encourage the harvesting of this pure natural resources for as many uses as pos-sible.

where Rain Water Harvesting is being encouraged as a response to the increasing threat to Caribbean water security posed by Climate Change and human habits. In some countries too, hotels (St. Lucia’s Jamaican-owned Co-conut Bay Resort in Vieux Fort in-cluded) have already started har-vesting rain water for uses such as

watering gardens and lawns, in toilets and for other non-drink-ing uses. e-Source offers, with Ms Ed-wards’ permission, a slightly edited version of the paper she presented in Guadeloupe, which has relevance for all Ca-ribbean states – and indeed, everywhere it rains. (See Page 7)

CAWASA Executive Director Victor Poyotte

Selva Edwards is a Trinidadian landscape architect who advocates practical measures to promote Rain Water

Harvesting across the Caribbean.

e-Source Page 7April to June 2012 | Vol. 4 No. 2

RAIN WATER HARVESTINGRainwater Harvesting for

Efficient Landscape Designs The only solution provided to home owners to manage storm water on their property is to build concrete drains that transport their water off their site into communi-ty drains that are many times not equipped to deal with the extra runoff. To make sure our water resourc-es are available for future gen-erations, we need to make water conservation the basis of how we use water in our homes and in our yards and gardens.Additionally, we need to be care-ful what pollutants, such as pesti-cides, detergents or sewage, we let enter our water resources.Once water resources are contami-nated, they can be unfit for drink-ing

Harvesting Storm Water Sources of Storm Water on your property include run-off from your roof and other structures that may be on your property. Water from rain falling directly on to your property is also a free and constant source. Therefore, harvest your water. Save it and use it.

Water Wise Measures These include harvesting rain-water; using permeable or semi-permeable materials on your prop-erty to increase infiltration and assist in ground water recharge; using native and drought resistant plants; reducing lawn areas; in-stalling rain gardens and earthen swales; and, for new construction, installing a Green Roof where pos-sible. (To be explained later…)

Calculating Storm Water runoff off your Roof If you have 1,000 square feet of roof on your house and it rains just 1 inch, you can collect 600 gallons of water to be used in your gar-den, for washing your car, or just for drop irrigation around your property. So, if you have 2,500 square feet of roof available for water catchment, and a single inch of rain falls one day, 2,500 X 0.6 = 1,500 gallons of water that can be harvested for future use…from only one inch of rainfall! Of a roof area of 1.000 sq. ft, 1,000 X 0.6 x 68.9 = 41, 340 gallons of water can be harvestedThis water, from your roof area alone, would be lost to your off-site storm water drains if it’s not harvested.

Collection Methods Install guttering that will collect and channel rain water into a col-

lection site. It could be this simple. On larger properties, water can be channelled into a pond and then used for landscape maintenance or used in the household for laun-dry and sanitary reasons. This may be a bit more challenging, but attainable.Green Roofs If you’re building a new dwell-ing, consider constructing a Green Roof, which consists of a thin layer of soil planted with drought-re-sistant plant species. This type of roof can be used on existing flat roofs, as well as on sloped roofs. A Green Roof enables you to reduce the number of roof drains that you have; and in some cases, it can also completely eliminate them.Other water saving measures:• Leave lawn clippings to break-

down. (This adds nutrients and retains moisture in the soil.)

• Compost your yard trimmings and fruit and vegetable waste. (A great soil conditioner that gradually releases nutrients to your landscaped areas.)

• Fix leaking waterlinesPass it on Water conservation at home is one of the easiest measures to put in place and saving water should become part of everyday family habits. Teach your kids, who will teach their kids, until such mea-sures become commonplace. Some measures to encourage your citizens to harvest rainwater• Educate all segments of the pop-

ulation from elementary schools to persons in the workplace;

• Make it part of the Town and Country requirement to include rainwater harvesting structures in all plans submitted for ap-proval;

• Strive towards the position of mandatory rainwater harvest-ing for buildings over a speci-fied square footage;

• Tax free and tax credit incen-tives to residents and business owners implementing water harvesting systems on their properties;

• Easy access to information and the hardware necessary to in-stall the systems; (Demonstra-tion systems could be put in place to supply the public with the necessary information.)

• Start by providing rain water harvesting systems to a few ex-isting public buildings (eg. Com-munity Centres, Hospitals) and to a new public developments.

Collection Methods

Install guttering that will collect and channel rain water into a collection site

It could be this simple

Above ground collection system

Collection Methods

Collection Methods


Underground Collection System

Underground collection system

Underground Collection System

By Selva Edwards, Landscape Architect

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2


St. Lucia’s Water and Sewerage Com-pany (WASCO) has appealed to the public to be very conservative in the use of water, as the effects of the dry season impacted negatively on the company’s ability to maintain the current water supply level to customers. And, even though water levels have returned, the company is still advo-cating conservation as a daily practice and not only in times of drought. A sudden reduction in rainfall earlier in the year affected the supply of water from some of the sources, leaving most in the south with adequate reserves, while others -- such as Bouton, Delcer and the Dennery Valley, were also affected. As such, a ra-tioning programme was implemented. The supply in the north comes primarily from the John Compton Dam and the Hill 20 Treatment plant. However, the storage capacity of the Dam had been compro-mised significantly, due to the extreme level of siltation since the passage of Hur-ricane Tomas. The base flow entering the Dam was much less than the normal volume re-quired for treatment and distribution to customers. Consequently, the reduced storage limited the company’s ability to maintain normal supply levels and a ra-tioning regime had to be implemented in all communities in the north of the island. These included, Bexon and environs, Ro-seau and environs, Castries and environs, and as far north as Cap Estate. WASCO appealed to customers to im-plement conservation techniques and min-

weather pattern earlier this year, with heavy rains arriving before the annual rainy season, resulting in the Roseau Dam being restored to safe water levels earlier than expected. However, WASCO continues to advocate water safety and conservation as a permanent practice and not only during droughts.

imize wastage to ensure there was an adequate supply for all users. They implored all residents “to refrain from the use of watering lawns, washing cars using hoses, and other wasteful practices.” However, as unpredictable as Climate Change can be, there were some sudden shifts in the

Water Conservation Should Be A Daily Practice

Water Conservation reduces energy, water bills, and wear on the water distribution system. Conserve as much water as possible – contribute to an improvement in the supply for all.

DOs1. Make sure your taps don’t drip. A dripping tap can waste two (2) gal-

lons of water every hour.2. Check your toilets for leaks. Put a little dye in the tank and if colour

shows in the bowl without flushing, there’s a leak. Fixing it now will save money later because a leaking toilet can waste up to 40,000 gal-lons of water in six (6) months.

3. Place two (2) half-gallon plastic bottles filled with water in your toilet tank. This reduces the amount of water needed for flushing from five (5) to four (4) gallons per flush.

4. Wash dishes in a basin of water rather than under a running tap.5. Use a bucket instead of a hose to wash cars and water plants.6. Take short showers instead of long ones.7. Install water conservation devices for your sinks, toilets and showers.

They reduce flow by at least 25% with no loss of convenience.8. Reuse sink and laundry water (grey water) to water plants.9. Water your plants in the evening when there is less evaporation.10. Build or install a water tank for catchment and storage and use gut-

tering to catch rainwater from the roof. Please contact WASCO for information on water treatment.

11. Check your water metre when there is a supply and no water is being used. If the reading changes – you have a leak. Have it fixed!

12. If you have a pump at home, check your pump periodically. Listen to hear if the pump kicks on and off while water is NOT being used. If it does, you have a leak. Find it and repair it!

13. Avoid flushing the toilet, unnecessarily. Dispose of tissue, insects and other similar waste in the trash rather than in the toilet.

14. Be aware of and follow all water conservation tips as they will go a long way in helping not only yourself but others in the community. You need to observe good water use rules. Every drop counts.

15. Encourage your employer to promote water conservation in the work-place. Suggest that water conservation be put in employee orientation and training programmes.

16. Report all significant water losses (broken pipes, open hydrants, over-flowing tanks, etc.) to the property owner or WASCO.

17. Conserve water because it is the right thing to do. Don’t waste water just because someone is footing the bill, such as when you are staying at a friend, a relative, a guest house or even a hotel.

18. When doing laundry, match the water level to the size of the load.19. Teach your children to turn off faucets tightly after each use.20. Soak pots and pans instead of letting the water run while you scrape

them clean.21. Share water conservation tips with friends and neighbours.

DONT’s 1. DO NOT leave the shower running when soaping or scrubbing.

2. DO NOT let water run in the sink while shaving, brushing your teeth or lathering your face and hands. This wastes water and

money.

3. DO NOT use running water to thaw meat or other frozen foods. De-frost food overnight in the refrigerator or use the defrost setting on your microwave.

4. AVOID flushing the toilet unnecessarily. Dispose of tissue, insets and other similar waste in the trash rather than the toilet.

5. DO NOT leave a container under an open tap to collect water and leave it unattended.

Water is life! Conserve it!

Water Conservation Guide

This has been an age old practice that preceded pipes and potable water systems. Now it's being encouraged -- more than

ever -- as one of several means of securing the very source of life.


After a storm utilities may have become disrupted. Electricity may be disconnected and water mains would have been shut off. Be careful about the water you use as it may have been contaminated by overflowing sewerage systems or other bacteria. After a disaster more people die because of us-ing contaminated water sources. The following are three purifica-tion methods, all of which kill mi-crobes: BOILING is the safest way to purify water. Bring water to a rolling boil for ten minutes, keep-ing in mind that some water will evaporate. Of course, let cool be-fore drinking. Boiled water will taste better if you put oxygen back into it. Do this by pouring water back and forth between two clean containers. This also will improve the taste of stored water. CHLORINATTION uses pure, unscented, liquid chlorine bleach to kill microorganisms in water. Add two drops of bleach per quart

of water (four drops if the water is cloudy), stir and let stand for thir-ty minutes. If the water does not smell or taste of chlorine at that point add another two drops and let stand for fifteen minutes. PURIFICATION TABLETS re-lease chlorine and iodine into the water. They are inexpensive and are available at most sporting goods stores and some drug stores but always buy them in good time, try to plan ahead. Follow the pack-age directions. Usually one tablet is enough for one quart of water. Double the dose for cloudy water. Your hot water heater is an-other source of usable water. The hot water heater should be shut off, the inlet valve closed and drained of sediment (until water heater runs clear) and then refilled (opening inlet valve again). If you use this source of water and your electricity is off, turn off the circuit breaker so the heating elements don’t burn out when power is re-stored.

The Caribbean Agricultural Research and Development Institute (CARDI) continues to advocate proper soil and water practices, if the region is to survive the challenges of Climate Change. Professor Nazeer Ahmad, Professor Emeritus of Soil Science at the University of the West Indies (UWI), presented a lecture in St. Lucia on June 20th 2012 at the Orchid Garden of the Union

Agricultural Station, to encourage local farmers and related enti-ties to better understand the intricacies of the Climate Change challenge. Professor Ahmad’s lecture was entitled “Managing Soil Water in a Drier Caribbean” and it sought to examine the relationship between Climate Change and Agricultural Development.

Managing Soil Water in a Drier Caribbean

Water Safety After A Storm –

Your Main Concern!

Water is life, but during and after a storm or hurricane, it can kill if not properly treated and used.

Drinking contaminated water after a hurricane or storm can be harmful, even fatal.


The Government of St. Lucia has announced new expenditures on rehabilitation of the island’s water infrastructure. Water (Public Utilities) Minister Dr James Fletcher says government allocated $15.26 mil-lion for new water supply designs for the Mabouya Valley on the East Coast, as well as for rehabilitation of the Roseau and Vannard intakes, all with a favourable grant from Japan. In addition, Dr Fletcher says, some $8 million has been allocated for slope stabilization, while $900,000 and $480,000 have been allocated for drainage works in Canaries and Anse La Raye villages, respectively, on the island’s West Coast.

More Expenditure on Water Supply,

Drainage and Slope Stabilization

Visitors to the White House complained about the intolerable heat in the US capital.

Americans came to value the importance of water in a very costly way at the beginning of July, after at least 42 people died in a heat wave that brought soaring temperatures to a dozen US states, stretching from the Midwest to the East Coast. Crops shrivelled and roads and railway lines buckled in the heat as hundreds of records fell across the affected area. Many homes in the region were left without power after storms a week earlier and many of the deaths were of elderly people stuck in homes without air con-ditioning because of the outages. A four-month-old girl died after being left in a car for "an extended period" outside her home in Greenfield, Indiana. On July 6 temperatures reached 105F (41C) in Washington DC and 107F (42C) in St Louis, Missouri. "It's hotter than hell," tourist John Ghio, visit-ing the White House, said. Hundreds of thousands of people in West Virginia, Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey, Maryland and Indiana were still enduring power outages caused by storms that swept through the area one week earlier. Officials in Chicago also cancelled summer schools classes in 21 buildings without air con-ditioning because of the heat and several cities opened cooling centres and extended opening hours for public swimming pools.

Record US heat wave kills dozens

as millions appreciate value

of water!

WASCO's water treatment is back in order, thanks to additional government expenditure.


Tens of thousands of delinquent water con-sumers in St. Lucia are having a second chance to make things right with the island’s water company and start paying up their outstand-ing water bills. The island has some 60,168 registered water consumers, of which only 16,454 are active. In 1999, the then administration wiped off all arrears and invited the delinquent customers to pay up, but they apparently didn’t take the offer. Total debts for disconnections currently amount to $14.66 million, of which $10.26 mil-lion are owed by consumers in the more pop-ulous North of the island; and $4.4 million is owed by Southern customers. Effective July 1st 2012, the government is offering a one-year amnesty that will affect three sets of customers: Those with illegal connections and existing accounts with WAS-CO, those with illegal connections and no accounts, and those being charged for water they infrequently receive.

Another Amnesty for Water Bill Defaulters

Amnesty for water bill defaulters is seen by some Caribbean governments and utility bod-ies as a means of encouraging wayward cus-tomers to pay-up and start doing it right. But there are also dissenting views. Electricity consumers, for example, claim there’s a lack of equity in cases where water defaulters are offered amnesty, but electricity consumers get disconnected for one outstand-ing bill. Many of the dissenters are of the view that amnesty encourages water defaulters to con-

Amnesty: Yes or No?Two views on Amnesty for

defaulting water consumers

tinue to steal or not to pay. They point too to other sorts of amnesty that haven’t worked as well as intended. For exam-ple, some countries offer amnesty and reward for surrender of illegal weapons, only to find crimi-nals taking advantage of the amnesty for mon-etary gain, supplying defective weapons that are recycled in and out of the armory. Some countries have also offered amnesty to illegal squatters by offering land elsewhere, only to see the relocated persons return to the very

squatting area they were removed from. Electricity and telephone users argue that there’s no amnesty for them or no encourage-ment for being good paying customers. They argue that the millions being written off can go a long way to help improve the state of water utilitie. But the utilities concerned argue that collection has proven to be hardly possible in most cases and writing the uncol-lectable debts off the books may be the easiest way to make a fresh start.

AMNESTY FOR WATER BILL DEFAULTERS

Yes | No

Place your X in the column of your choice

q q

The payments counter at WASCO's Castries headquarters only comes alive after monthly disconnections of defaulting customers, many of whom spend more money

buying bottled water than paying their water bills.


Every drop of Water is important. Water (H2O) is the most copious com-pound on earth’s surface, it covers about 70% and the other 30% is land mass. Of the 70%, only 2.5% IS FRESH WATER, WHILE THE REMAINDER IS SALT WA-TER. NEARLY 70% OF THE FRESHWA-TER AVAILABLE IS FROZEN IN THE ICE CAPS OF Antarctica and Greenland, while most of the remainder is inacces-sible to humans since it is present as soil moisture or lies in deep underground aquifers. Less than 1% of the freshwater on the earth’s surface is accessible for di-rect human uses. In nature, water exists

in liquid, solid and gaseous states; they all can be transformed from state to state through vari-ous processes. Water and Food Security: Water is impor-tant in order for us to gain food. The only living thing on earth that makes its own food is plants through the process of photosynthesis. In order for plants to make their own food they need WA-TER and carbon dioxide. Therefore in order for a country to have enough food for its population there must be sufficient amounts of water in that region. Plants are the primary source of energy (food) for every living organism. Our country without water is a country or region without food and more-so without health people. Stand up for

your country, stand up for WATER. It is therefore easy to understand how im-portant water is to life. Some suggestions to conserve water or reduce pollution of our rivers are as follows: farmers may use drip line irrigation systems on their farms; farm-ers may adapt to the use of mulching since it retains and conserves soil moisture; using zero and/or minimum tillage is a good strat-egy to prevent soil erosion, especially on the hillsides; installing rain barrels for the use of watering gardens and washing cars; avoid washing of vehicles in rivers; recycling of water; and reduce the amount of time spend in showers per day.

By Mervin Engeliste

The OECS Secretariat, through its Environment and Sustainable Develop-ment Unit (ESDU), in partnership with the United States Agency for Interna-tional Development (USAID) is imple-menting an OECS project aimed at “Re-ducing the Risks to Human and Natural Assets Resulting from Climate Change” (RRACC). Over the years, the OECS member-countries have created pivotal institu-tions that have provided for regional stability and socio-economic advance-ment. However, climate change im-pacts will have serious deleterious environmental, social and economic consequences for member states. The impact on small islands has been explored by many scientists and in gen-eral it is forecasted that sea level rise will lead to greater coastal flooding and damage to shorelines and infrastructure from storm surge, erosion and threats to livelihoods. The region is already experiencing the effects with warmer seas, changes in weather patterns, which affect water-sheds and water resources, and the in-vasion of non-native species is already creating serious problems on islands. Small island states like the OECS countries account for less than 1% of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emis-sions and understandably are among the most vulnerable to the potential adverse effects of Climate Change and sea-level rise. Therefore, maintainingstable economies and providing for economic development will constitute the most critical concern for the island-

states of the OECS. All water and sewerage utilities of member states are government owned and operate as a government depart-ment, or a statutory authority. It is evident that the OECS states Water and Sewerage Utilities operate within similar geophysical, fiscal and socioeco-nomic environments throughout and are therefore faced with like challenges. With respect to policy and legisla-tion, the main challenge facing the wa-ter and wastewater sector is the absence of an enabling environment from which member utilities can operate to become viable. When compared to the electricity and telecommunications sectors, it is quite clear that the water and sewerage utili-ties do not at the moment operate with-in an environment that offers them the opportunity to mobilize the resources needed to be efficient and effective. Further, the respective policies and legislative instruments are lacking, par-ticularly with respect to matters relat-ing to Climate Change and Variability -- a situation which compounds their limitations compromising their ability to build resilience to withstand Climate Change. The countries anticipate that rising sea levels will lead to more salt wa-ter intrusions into ground water such as aquifers that supply fresh water, a resource that is already reduced in supply. The Islands have been warned that the frequency and intensity of storms

will increase, causing more widespread damage than ever before. Such sce-narios will inevitably impose stresses on utilities to deliver services and their failure to overcome these challenges will, in turn, negatively impact the vital agriculture and tourism sectors. More frequent and extreme droughts will also be a feature of Caribbean weather, notwithstanding the greater periods of heavier precipitation. The impacts of such drought conditions will contribute to the challenges imposed by Climate Change. Policy and legislation composed and implemented to empower utilities to protect preserve and conserve resourc-es to maintain and sustain the services they provide will strengthen these en-tities’ resilience to climate change and variability. Given the deficiencies of the existing respective water policies and water Acts and the absence of a regional policy and legislative instrument and the expected impacts of Climate Change, the OECS member states recognize the need to improve systems and implement ap-propriate all-encompassing harmoni-ous policy and legislation; the States need to ensure that policies, legislation and regulations incorporate clauses to facilitate adaptation to climate change and build resilience to enable coping with impacts. The RRACC project seeks to build the enabling environment for reduc-ing vulnerability to climate change by improving the regulatory (institutional and operational) framework in support

of national adaptation strategies. A consultancy has been offered to undertake work towards creating an enabling environment for the OECS by formulating a draft OECS Regional Wa-ter Policy and Model Act to be utilized by each Participating Member State (PMS) to facilitate adaptation to climate change. The consultant will review all rel-evant documents which should include Water and Sewerage Acts and Water Policies; plans relevant to Water Sup-ply, Sewerage Treatment and Climate Change. Also to be reviewed will be Water and Sewage Commission Acts; River, Water Ways, Ponds, Lakes and other Water Bodies Acts and or Policies; For-estry Reserve and Land Development Acts and/or Policies; Farming and Ir-rigation Policies; Queen’s Chain and Coastal Acts and/or Policies; Waste-water, Effluent and Outfall Guidelines; Land easement and Water Bodies buffer zones Policies and Water Abstraction Licenses Papers/Policies. The Consultant will also review project documents relating to climate change projects, including: Caribbean Planning for Adaptation to Climate Change (CPACC) Project; Adaptation to Climate Change in the Caribbean (ACCC); Mainstreaming for Adapta-tion to Climate Change (MACC) Proj-ects; Special Programme on Adaptation to Climate Change (SPACC); Pilot Pro-gramme for Climate Resilience (PPCR) and Plans for Water and Sewerage Utilities

Towards a Model Water Sector Act for the OECS Reducing the Risks to Human and Natural Assets Resulting from Climate Change

Documents

Cawasa newsletter 2nd quarter 2012