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CBC Research on Biofuel Forage Feedstock
WTW Woodward - CBC
U.S. Department of Energy’s Biofuels Initiative
• To make cellulosic ethanol (or ethanol from non-grain biomass resources) cost competitive with gasoline by 2012.
• To replace 30 percent of current levels of gasoline consumption with biofuels by 2030.
Washington State’s Renewable Fuel Standard
• Designed to increase biofuel use– Starts at 2%– Ramps up to 5% for biodiesel– Ramps up to 10% ethanol
• Ramp ups are to be produced from crops grown in the state
BIOMASS • Any organic matter that is available on a
renewable or recurring basis. Biomass is generally produced in a sustainable manner from water and carbon dioxide by photosynthesis.
• Biomass for renewables includes:– Agricultural crop residues– Forest resources including mill residues, logging
residues and fuel treatment– Municipal solid waste (MSW)– Dedicated energy crops, annuals and perennials
EverGreen Renewable, LLC
Renewable Options
Sources ElectricitySteam/
HeatLiquidFuels Chemicals
OtherProducts
Solar √Wind √Geothermal √ √Hydro √Nuclear √ √Biomass √ √ √ √ √
EverGreen Renewable, LLC
Overview of Dedicated Energy Crops
Types Advantages Disadvantages
Annuals GrassesSorghumSugar caneOil seed cropsAlgae
•First year harvest•Higher yield per acre than crop residues
•Higher annual inputs•Fluctuating production cost
Perennials SwitchgrassOther grassesAlfalfaMiscanthusWoody cropsJatropha
•Lower long-term inputs•Recharges soils•Reduces soil erosion•Carbon sequestration•More predictable cost to produce
•High establishment cost•Multiple years till full yield achieved
EverGreen Renewable, LLC
Cellulosic Ethanol from Switchgrass and Miscanthus
• Department of Energy (DOE) reported a need for a billion tons of biomass to replace 30% of USA petroleum consumption.
• The DOE has identified switchgrass as a primary target because of its potential for high fuel yields.
• Miscanthus gigantius is an ornamental grass that can grow to 14 feet and yield 15 to 20 tons of dry matter per acre.
Switchgrass• DOE made it a target species• Through breeding, more yield gains can
be made in switchgrass than in corn • Yield gains for switchgrass could be
greater for the PNW. Research to date on the species has been from the central plains states.
• Energy ratios are more favorable than Corn
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)
Breeding Plans
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
2007• Established a transplanted
selection nursery (1000 plants)
• Determined type of switchgrassto breed
2008• Established larger selection
nursery of lowland types (2500plants)
• Harvested seed of 540 promisingparent plants
• Planted half-sib seed in greenhouse
Selection Nursery
Switchgrass progeny rowl l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l ll l l l l l l l l l l l l
2009• 389 entries produced enough plants
to establish a 5 plant progeny row test
• Baled switchgrass plots for use by Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory (BSEL)
2010• Plan to harvest PR in March for yield.
• Plan to collect notes on Stem size, growth habit, leaf orientation, etc.
• Determine parents for experimentals
Producing Experimentals
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
Polycross Block2011• Establish parents of selected half-sib
families from field propagules. (June)
• Harvest seed from polycross blocks if ready.
• Establish additional propagules in greenhouse for 2012 experimentals.
2012• Run yield tests against checks to
determine progress
• Establish new Polycross Blocks
Switchgrass at CBC
Miscanthus
• Perennial. Miscanthus is a low maintenance, perennial grass that grows 10 to 15 feet tall each year. The plant, a native of Japan, has a life expectancy of at least 15 to 20 years.
• Stems. The plant grows from an underground stem (or rhizome) which is resistant to winter harvest losses. The harvested stems are burnt as direct fuel source or used as ethanol feedstock.
Miscanthus or Switchgrass
Miscanthus Picture from University of Illinois
Miscanthus and Switchgrass pictureFrom the University of Illinois
Switchgrass
Miscanthus
Miscanthus at CBC
Comparison of Corn and Switchgrass for Energy
Component Corn SwitchgrassEthanol Production 2.6 gal/bushel 80 gal/tonEnergy ratio 1.21 4.43Net energy gain 21% 343%
McLaughlin and Kazos
Governor Tour
What The Governor Thought
Alfalfa Breeding for Biomass
Alfalfa
• High biomass Production in the CB• Perennial nature• Produces own nitrogen• Reduces soil erosion• Reduces nitrate contamination• Low use of pesticides• Protects water quality• High value leaf meal product• Crop rotation benefits
Alfalfa Breeding for Traditional Use
Focus Traits• Yield• Stem Nematode• Root Knot Nematode• Clover Root Curculio• Blue Aphid
• Farmers will remain hesitant, unwilling or unable to grow oilseed crops until:– Fundamental agronomic information is well
established and readily available. – Crops are shown to be economically viability.– Loans become available
Oil Seed Crop Economics
Crops For Biodiesel
• Biodiesel – Sunflower– Safflower– Soybean– Peanut
2006 Oil Seed Projects
• Sunflower Variety Trial• Soybean Variety & Maturity Trial
Sunflower Results
Varietyplant
height (in)
flower diameter
(cm)plant
density (in)Yield (lb./A)
SP270 35.0 18.1 14.2 1370.8
B4289 44.8 14.9 9.1 1549.9
Proseed 9441 70.8 18.2 10.6 1754.8
Proseed E85 54.3 25.1 15.4 1921.4
Proseed 84 50.1 22.7 13.7 2720.3
B4289 SS 47.9 21.2 14.3 1388.4
CV 5.6 7.0 17.7 16.6
LSD .05 4.17 2.1 3.38 439.92
SS = standard seeding
Seeded June 16, 2006
Soybean Maturity Zones
2006 Soybean Results
Originator/Brand Entry # Entry Maturity GroupHarvest
DateYield 13% Moisture
2006 Bu/A
Pioneer 1 90M20 0.2 10/11 59.3
Pioneer 2 90M60 0.6 10/23 68.0
Pioneer 3 90M91 0.9 10/23 71.1
Pioneer 4 91M13 1.1 10/23 65.6
Pioneer 5 91M70 1.7 10/23 68.7
Pioneer 6 92B38 2.3 11/1 70.3
Pioneer 7 92M61 2.6 11/1 62.9
Pioneer 8 92M91 2.9 11/1 63.0
Mean 66.12LSD 5% NS
CV % 9.0
Seeded on April 28 and Re-seeded on May 25, 2006
2007 Oil Seed Projects
• Safflower variety trial• Early maturing soybean variety trial • Late maturing soybean variety trial • Soybean row spacing study• Peanut variety trial
2007 Safflower Variety TestVariety Company Name %Oil Plant
Height (in)Yield
(lb/acre)
Hybrid Oleic 16 (22 lbs/acre)
Safflower Technologies Int., LLC
36.0 23.3 1923.2
CW88OL Cal/West Seeds Inc. 36.6 26.5 1875.3
Hybrid Oleic 16 (14 lbs/acre)
Safflower Technologies Int., LLC
35.3 22.5 1789.2
S-345 SeedTec 39.8 27.8 1524.6
5232 SeedTec 37.9 27.3 1512.6
CW4440 Cal/West Seeds Inc. 34.8 19.8 713.3
Nutra Saff Safflower Technologies 42.8 20.5 688.2
CW 1221 Cal/West Seeds Inc. 36.3 20.3 524.9
Mean 36.3 22.6 1189.1
LSD 5% 4.70 4.55 449.53
CV % 9.1 14.1 26.5
2007 Early Maturity Soybean Results
Variety Company Name
Maturity Group Lodging Yield
(bu/acre)
Integra 98150R Wilbur-Ellis 1.5 3.7 86.6
91M40 Pioneer 1.4 4.5 80.7
Integra 96090R Wilbur-Ellis 0.9 4.2 73.6
Integra 96081R Wilbur-Ellis 0.8 1.8 71.7
90M20 Pioneer 0.2 2.3 61.2
AG0301RR Asgro 0.3 1.8 61.1
90M01 Pioneer 0.0 1.3 60.7
AG00603RR Asgro 0.0 1.0 47.9Mean 2.8 67.9
LSD 5% 1.24 7.99CV % 30.8 8.2
2007 Late Maturity Soybean Results
Variety Company Name
Maturity Group Lodging Yield
(bu/acre)
Integra 96170R Wilbur-Ellis 1.7 2.7 76.4
92M02 Pioneer 2.0 3.0 74.3
AG2107RR Asgro 2.1 4.3 68.1
DKB24-52RR DeKalb 2.4 4.5 66.4
Integra 98300R Wilbur-Ellis 3.0 3.7 58.5
AG3005RR Asgro 3.0 3.8 58.3
91M70 Pioneer 1.7 4.7 56.5
93M96 Pioneer 3.9 3.2 53.9Mean 3.7 63.6
LSD 5% 0.90 10.52CV % 17 11.6
2007 Soybean Row Spacing Test
Row Spacing
(in)
Seeding Rate
(seeds per acre)
Yield (bu/acre)
Percent Moisture
Test Weight
Mature Plant
Height Lodging7.5 200,000 69.2 7.9 52.6 41.1 2.715 175,000 68.9 8.0 53.3 41.4 2.8
22.5 150,000 66.8 7.9 53.0 40.8 2.730 150,000 63.3 7.8 53.3 40.8 2.7
Average 67.0 7.9 53.0 41.0 2.7LSD.05 3.24 NS NS NS NS
Row Spacing
2007 Soybean Row Spacing Test
Varieties
Varieties MaturityYield
(bu/acre)Percent Moisture
Test Weight
Mature Plant
Height Lodging90M20 0.2 64.6 7.8 53.2 38.0 2.590M60 0.6 70.7 7.6 53.2 41.7 1.991M13 1.1 69.1 8.0 53.4 40.1 1.991M70 1.7 63.8 8.4 52.4 44.3 4.6
Average 67.0 7.9 53.0 41.0 2.7LSD.05 3.24 0.43 0.64 1.97 0.49
2007 Peanut Yields
Variety MeanTam Run OL02 3447.6 ATam Span 90 3403.8 AGregory 3076.7 A BFlavor Runner 458 2957.6 A B CValencia C 2720.2 A B C DPronto 2413.0 A B C DOlin 2358.8 A B C DGentex 102 1966.6 B C DGentex 101 1851.9 C DValencia A 1818.9 DLevels not connected by the same letter are significantly different
Peanut Prices
Oil Seed Crop Conclusions• Sunflower – 2700 lbs. x .16 = $432.00
– Bird damage up to 80%– Slow to dry
• Safflower – 1923 lbs. x .17 = $327.00• Soybean – 86.6 Bu. x 12.4 = $1074.00
– Requires no nitrogen– Leaves about 70 lbs. N in the ground.
• Peanuts – 3400 lbs. x .18 = $612.00– Requires no nitrogen
• Corn – 220 Bu. X 5.31 = $1168.00 • Wheat – 120 Bu. X 3.79 = $455.00
Early planting date and maturity group effect on soybean yield at
CBC (2008)
Variety Maturity Group
Planting Date23-May 30-May 6-Jun 13-Jun 20-Jun 27-Jun------------------------------------Yield, bu/acre---------------------------------------
Integra 109R001 0.0 75.2 69.8 61.5 54.5 46.8 37.5Integra 96081R 0.8 80.9 70.3 64.1 54.4 49.8 41.2Integra 98150R 1.5 84.9 81.3 67.9 64.2 54.4 42.3Integra 96170R 1.7 68.4 56.2 52.5 45.0 36.5 21.9
LSD 5% 5.3CV 16.6
Soybean varieties across early planting dates
Variety
Yield bu/A at
13% Moisture
Lowest Pod
Height
Mature Plant
Height Lodging
Maturity on Oct. 6, 2008
Test Weight
Percent Moisture
Integra 109R001 57.5 3.4 29.4 1.5 8.0 55.6 10.0Integra 96081R 60.1 5.8 33.5 2.4 7.8 55.7 10.2Integra 98150R 65.8 6.7 34.0 2.0 7.3 55.5 10.2Integra 96170R 46.8 6.4 37.0 3.2 6.7 56.8 10.2
Mean 57.6 5.5 33.5 2.3 7.5 55.9 10.2LSD.05 13.47 2.11 4.15 1.20 0.40 NS NS
Early planting dates across varieties
Seeding Dates
Yield bu/A at
13% Moisture
Lowest Pod
Height
Mature Plant
Height Lodging
Maturity on Oct. 6,
2008Test
WeightPercent Moisture
23-May 77.3 5.0 35.0 1.9 7.8 55.3 10.030-May 69.4 5.8 34.6 2.2 7.8 56.0 10.26-Jun 61.5 6.2 34.1 2.2 7.7 56.1 10.1
13-Jun 54.5 5.3 32.5 2.5 7.6 56.3 10.220-Jun 46.9 5.4 32.4 2.4 7.1 56.3 10.127-Jun 35.7 5.7 32.2 2.5 6.9 55.4 10.3Mean 57.6 5.5 33.5 2.3 7.5 55.9 10.2
LSD.05 11.00 NS 3.39 NS 0.33 NS NS
Late planting date and maturity group effect on soybean yield at
CBC
Variety Maturity Group
Planting Date2-Jul 9-Jul 16-Jul 23-Jul 30-Jul 6-Aug
----------------------------Yield, bu/acre---------------------------
Integra 109R001 0.0 52.0 43.8 29.8 13.9 2.0 0.7Integra 96081R 0.8 58.3 41.7 19.6 3.2 0.5 0.1Integra 98150R 1.5 49.9 24.4 8.6 2.3 0.1 0.1Integra 96170R 1.7 36.1 14.5 4.9 0.4 0.6 0.2
LSD 5% 2.8CV 28.9