Coordinated by:

Francisco Mabjaia, Permanent Secretary, for the Coordination ofEnvironmental Affairs (MICOA) and Felicidade Munguambe, NationalBiodiversity Programme Coordinator, (MICOA)

Edited by:

John (IMPACT0 Lda.) and Felicidade Munguambe (MICOA)

With contributions from:

Arlito Cuco (National Directorate of Forestry and Wildlife DNFFB); Calaneda Silva (National Herbarium); Paulino Munisse (National Herbarium);Dulcinea Baquete (MICOA) Alfonso (DNFFB); Carlos (Natural History Museum); Helena Motta (MICOA); (MICOA); Hermes Pacule (Fisheries Research Institute); (Department of Biological Sciences, Eduardo Mondlane University, EMU);and John (IMPACT0 Lda.)

Diagrams:

Viriato Chiconele (Department of Biological Science, EMU)

Published by: IMPACT0

This publication was made possible by the financial support ofthe Global Environmental Facility and the United NationsEnvironmental Programme

Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental Affairs,Mozambique, 1997

EXECUTIVESUMMARY

The National on the Conservationof Biological Diversity in Mozambique hasbeen prepared in accordance with Article 26of the Convention of which Parties to prepare periodicreports measures taken to implementCBD provisions and fhe effectiveness ofsuch measures. The Report covers

implementation activities carried outduring 7997 and highlights the currentstatus of biodiversity in Mozambique, trendsin biodiversity, institutional and legalframework for conservation andthe formulation of a draft National Strategyand Action Plan which seeks to integratebiodiversity considerations into

policies, plans and

Mozambique occupies the southeasternseaboard of Africa from the Rovuma Rivermouth (1 to the South African border

Mozambique covers an area of784 755 has an estimated (7997)popu la t ion o f and ischaracterized by a wide diversity ofecosystems and habitafs includingAfromontane habitats, many different

types, edaphic grasslandsand a variety of wetlands, coastal andmarine habitats.

Notwithstanding this rich diversifyremarkably little is known about the statusof Mozambique’s biological diversify Due tothe long of that much of the country there is consequently aprofound lack of information regarding theconservation status of Mozambique’sbiological and no Red Data Booksfor Mozambique’s fauna and flora exist.Several areas however, known to bebiological “hotspots”, for example theGorongosa Mountain Rift Valley

Marromeu complex, the Chimanimani and the Maputaland Centre of

Endemism,

Since the signing of the Peace Accord in1992 and the consolidation of peace

the country new and challengingopportunities now exist for na resourcescientists gather primary data regardingthe status of Mozambique’s biodiversity.

As may be expected, in the absence ofbaseline dafa, there is little accurateinformation regarding trends in biodiversityand process/activities threateningbiodiversity The commercial harvesting of

is known to have a major impacton woodlands and forests especially in thevicinity of major urban areas. However; theprecise of removal of woody cover isnot known.

The trends in wildlife populations at anational level is documented althoughrecent surveys out in selectedprotected areas signing of the Peace Accord have massivedeclines in large mammal populations inprotected areas with the exception ofNiassa Reserve in northern Mozambique.This decimation is to the longperiod of internal conflict that afflictedMozambique.

One of the greatest threats to marinemammals, especially the endangereddugong, is the fisheries sector through theuse of shark nets, gill nets and nets.Dugongs am believed to be extinct, or onthe verge of extinction, in Maputo Bayalthough a relatively large population (c. 300individuals) inhabits Bazaruto Bay

R E P O R T T H E IN

estimates indicate that mangroves ha of Mozambique’s coastline

which represents a reduction since Although total

area appears be small, uncontrolledcutting of mangrove occurs in locaiisedareas close to

promotion of initiatives which ensure maintenance of ecological integrity,preservation of the environment and thesustainable use of the natural resource soas to improve the quality of life of localpeople’!

A National Environmental Management has been up

by created for the of Affairs

The NEMP comprises plans, for the medium and long term, whichare intended to lead to sustainabledevelopment The was adopted bythe Government of Mozambique in 7996 andMICOA has been given authority tooversee implementation.

In 1997 the National Policy and Strategyof the Department of Forestry andwildlife (DNFFB) which seeks to realize potential of forest and wildlife resources

use and of biodiversity was adopted by theGovernment of Mozambique. The DNFFBStrategy the need to rehabilitateprotected areas as well as need toimplement measures to promote thesustainable use ofbiologicaldiversity outside protected areas.

The passing of the EnvironmentalLaw in July 1997 was a watershed forenvironmental protection in Mozambique.importantly, the Law obliges all legislation related environmenfaimanagemenf to be reviewed and, ifnecessary, revised so if is consistentwith fhe Environmental Law. A NationalCommission for SustainableDevelopment (NCSD) was created by aprovision in the Environmental Law. TheNCSD is a consultative body directly /inkedto the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet)which ensure that that considerationsrelated to conservation and sustainableuse of biodiversity are integrated intosector-al plans, and policiesat the highest

in 7996 the Government of Mozambiqueadopted a new Fisheries Policy andImplementation Strategy which seeks tomaximize economic whilst en the sustainability of the resource.

The passing of the new Land Law during thesame sitting of a furtherlegal instrument creation of total andpartially for ecologicallysensitive areas. In a move thenew Land Law includes provisions for theparticipation on local communities in protection of

The Government of Mozambique hasadopted (7995) a set of guidelines for thedevelopment of the tourism industry as

in two documents: the NationalPolicy for Tourism and the Strategy forTourism Development Mozambique.

No new Forest laws have since 1965 and no new 19 78. The old laws an? being reviewed will be accordingly adjustment of legislation and regulations soas to adequately to new socialand economic environment as highlightedin the National Forestry and Policyand is seen as a priority by theDNFFB.

A guiding principal of the Policy is: “The MICOA is for the coordination

ii

of activities related to the implementation of agencies and society in general in ensuringthe Convention on Biological Diversity in that the government policy goalsMozambique to this end a provisional unit, related to principallya National Unit, has been through efforts to co-ordinate relevantestablished. The precise role and and strategies.function of the Unit is being beingdefined and

One of the principal outputs of in1997 was the of a National

ConservationBiological Diversity Mozambique inaccordance with 6 of the Convention.Mozambique’s National Strategy hasidentified a series of strategic objectives andassociated areas foraction to achieve theseobjectives. The National Strategy andAction Plan identifies as a highest prioritythe need to update and acquire informationin order to and monitor the importantcomponents of biological diversity,recognizing that conservation and sustainableuse depends upon such information. Inaddition, it is recognized that the integrationof biodiversity considerations into plans, policies and is a and be a prerequisite for implementingmany of the actions outlined in the Strategy

The purpose of this Mozambique’sStrategy is to meet the requirement of theConvention which calls upon parties todevelop national strategies reflecting themeasures set out in the Convention (Article

The second purpose of the Strategy is toidentify issues for which national action be taken as a matter of and for whichthere is an immediate need force-ordinationof efforts. For some of the issues coveredby the Strategy there be a need todevelop mote detailed action plans.

The third purpose of the is to serveas an instrument that help government

111

FIRST REPORT

V.

INDEX

........................................................................................................................................... CLIMATE.. .........................................................................................................

THE STATUS OF DIVERSITY MOZAMBIQUE.. ............................................................................ 4

4 ........................................................................................................ 5

..................................................................................................................

Birds ................................................................................ .....................................................lll.2.3. (Reptiles Amphibians) ................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................... 8

AND COASTAL ..................................................................................................... 8

lll.3.1.

........................................................................................................................................ .......................................................................................................................................

lll.3.5. Mangroves.. ..............................................................................................................................

FRESHWATER WETLANDS ........................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................ “HOTSPOTS” MOZAMBIQUE. .......................................................................................... SUMMARYOF MOZAMBIQUE.. ...................................................................................... 15

TRENDS ................................................................................................................................. .................................................................................................................... 17

lV.2. WILDLIFE.. ........................................................................................................................... 18.................... MAMMALS.. ................................................................................................................................... MANGROVES .............................................................................................................................................

LEGAL OF BIOLOGICAL ............................................ .THE .............................................................................................

V.2. THE NEW LAND LAW................................................................................................................................. 23V.3. LAWS. ................................................................................................................. 24

ARRANGEMENTS ................................................................................................................... 25Vl.1,

INSTITUTIONS ....................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................

THE NETWORK. ............................................................................................................... 32

IMPLEMENTATION OF THE .............................................. 34

OF THECONVENTION ON PARLIAMENT...........

COOPERATION.. ........................................................................................................... 34

Vlll.3. FORMULATION OF A NATIONAL STRATEGY AND ACTION PLAN FOR THE DIVERSITY IN MOZAMBIQUE .........................................................

Vlll.4. INTEGRATION OF INTO .................................................................................................. 47

CLEARING HOUSE MECHANISM ............................................................................ 47

I. INTRODUCTION CHALLENGES FACINGMOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique, located on south-easternseaboard of Africa and covering an area ofsome 784 755 is blessed with widevariety of habitats and natural resourcesincluding marine resources, fertile soils,minerals, forests, wildlife, and some 2 770km of near-pristine coastline.

Following National Independence in 1975expectations were high that Mozambiqueand Mozambicans would be able to achievesustainable social and economic development.Indeed, during the years of Independencesignificant achievements were recorded.

Unfortunately, during the 1980’s and early1990’s internal conflict prevailed throughoutmuch of the country resulting in large-scalesocial upheaval and stalled economicdevelopment. However, since the signing ofthe Peace Accord in October 1991, thesubsequent consolidation of peace and thesuccessful holding of the first nationalelections in October 1995 a peace dividendis now resulting in a flow of investment intothe economic and social sectors.

Contrary to expectations macro-economicindicators show the Mozambique hasexperienced an estimated economicgrowth per annum during 1995 and 1996.Despite this impressive growth Mozambiqueremains one of the poorest countries in theworldwide community of nations.

The natural resource base of the country is,therefore, coming under increasing pressurefrom a variety of developments. TheGovernment of Mozambique recognizes theneed to adopt sustainable developmentpolicies and programmes and is committedto ensuring that this is achieved.

However, many controversial issues andconcerns have surfaced for countriesseeking to promote economic developmenton the one hand and to conserve biologicaldiversity on the other the challenge ofsustainable development. These challengesare particularly significant for the so-calleddeveloping countries such Mozambique. Theissues that need to be addressed in order toconserve biodiversity include technical,legal, political, cultural and socio-economicissues.

As highlighted the Government ofMozambique is fully committed to pursuingsustainable development pathways and,shortly after the holding of elections in 1995,the Ministry for the Coordination ofEnvironmental Affairs (MICOA) was created.One of the first tasks of the newly createdMinistry was the completion of the NationalEnvironmental Management Programme(NEMP) to promote and implement soundenvironmental policy.

A watershed for environmental conservationand management in Mozambique wasachieved in 1997 with the passing of theframework Environmental Law. Thus for thefirst time in the history of our young nationMozambique possesses a legal instrumentto ensure that environmentally sounddevelopment pathways are adopted. Theenactment of this new legislation highlightsthe importance that Mozambique gives toprotection of the environment notwithstandingthe severe economic problems that thecountry is currently facing.

In addition to the framework EnvironmentalLaw, a new Land Law was also passed in1997. The new Land Law recognizes theneed to protect ecologically sensitive areassuch lakesides, riverine habitats and coastalareas thereby providing new opportunitiesfor conserving biodiversity in these areas.Importantly, the new Land law also recognizes

the rights of local communities over land andnatural resources thereby offering, for thefirst time, the possibility of involving ruralcommunities fully in the management andconservation of biological resources.

Prior to the war the National Parks andReserves in Mozambique were consideredto be among the finest in southern Africa.

7% of the national territorycomprises National Parks and WildlifeReserves. However, the wildlife in mostprotected areas has been decimated and theinfrastructure largely destroyed. With theonset of peace great efforts are being madeto rehabilitate these wildlife sanctuaries whichwill provide new opportunities for conservationof biodiversity and tourism. The rehabilitationof Mozambique’s protected area network iscornerstone of the Nation Forest WildlifePolicy and Strategy (Department of Forestryand Wildlife).

Mozambique was an active participant at theUnited Nations Conference on Environmentand Development (UNCED) in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil in 1992. One of the major results ofUNCED was the formulation of the Conventionof Biodiversity. The Government ofMozambique signed the Convention in 1992with the subsequent ratification in 1994 bythe Parliament. As part of its commitmentto the Convention the government hasembarked upon a series of initiatives toimplement the main objectives andobligations of the Convention of Biodiversityin Mozambique. A National BiodiversityStrategy and Action Plan is currently in thefinal phase of completion followingconsultation with a large number ofstakeholders and the holding of a NationalWorkshop. In addition, a technical report,THE DIVERSITY OFMOZAMBIQUE has been produced whichprovides the first comprehensive account,under one cover, of existing informationrelated to biodiversity and biodiversity

conservation in Mozambique. As such, theReport provides up-to-date information thatwill be useful for natural resource users,planners and managers as well as servingas a reference point for further biodiversityresearch in Mozambique.

An immense opportunity, therefore, nowexists for Mozambique to meet the twinchallenges of economic development on theone hand and the sustained and wise useof biological resources on the other. Initialsteps have been taken and the foundationhas been laid to meet these challenges. TheGovernment of Mozambique is cogniscentof the difficulties remaining -however it isfirmly believed that through the commitmentand endeavour of government and civilsociety these will be addressed and thechallenges met.

F I R S T R E P O R T O N T H E C O N S E R V A T I O N B IOLOGICAL IN MOZAMBIQUE

II. LOCATION, GEOGRAPHYAND CLIMATE

Mozambique occupies the southeasternseaboard of Africa from the Rovuma Rivermouth to the South African border

It is bounded by Tanzania in thenorth, by Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe, SouthAfrica and Swaziland in the west, and bythe Indian Ocean in the east. It has an areaof 784 755 and an estimated (1994)population of 16 000 000.

The northern part of the country is a greatmountainous block with maximum elevationsalong the eastern edge of the East AfricanRift Valley system (Figure 1).

The central region is dominated by the lowerZambezi Valley and its delta plains, but inthe interior, in Tete Province, the rims of thevalley are mountainous. The Shire River,draining Lake Malawi, enters the Zambeziin the lowlands.

The southern part of the country, south ofBeira comprises a broadcoastal plain backed by mountains along thewestern national border.

For most of the year the weather is dominatedby the high pressure system which prevailsover the southern African Plateau, but NEand SE air streams from the Indian Oceanbring rain during the months of March.

The entire coastline receives 800-900 mmof rain a year, with four more humid pocketsalong certain stretches of coast.

In southern Mozambique rainfall is relativelyhigh on the coast (c. 750mm per annum),from where it decreases rapidly on passinginland, but rises again on the slopes of theLibombo mountains along the western

borders. The interior of Gaza Province onthe border with South Africa/Zimbabwe issemi-and (annual rainfall less than 400 mmper annum).

The north of the country is generally morehumid than the south except for part of thelower Zambezi Valley in Tete Province, whichreceives less than 600 There a seriesof very humid pockets along the westernborder on the upper slopes of the mountainson the border with Zimbabwe. Rainfall alsoexceeds 1500 on the isolatedGorongosa standing midway between the westernhighlands and Beira on the coast. All the highermountainous areas north of the Zambezi arewet.

There is a close relationship between broad and precipitation. Areas receiving per annum are characterized by

moist forest with decreasing rainfall thereis a gradation from moist to and savanna.

REPORT THE DIVERSITY

III THE STATUS OFBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYIN MOZAMBIQUE

Mozambique is characterized by a widediversity of ecosystems and including islandsof Afromontane habitats, many differentwoodland/forest types, edaphic grasslandsand a variety of wetlands, coastal and marinehabitats.

Notwithstanding this rich diversity remarkablylittle is known about the status of Mozambiquebiological diversity.

No coordinated, comprehensive surveys ofMozambique’s biological resources havebeen carried out. This is partially due to along period of civil unrest that affected muchof the country and consequently there is aprofound lack of information regarding theconservation status of Mozambique’sbiological diversity, and no Red Data Booksfor Mozambique’s fauna and flora exist.

Several surveys and assessments ofselected components of Mozambique’sbiological diversity have been carried byvariety relevant agencies and universityresearchers but these have been carried outin an uncoordinated fashion.

Information related to Mozambiquebiodiversity exists in the form scientificarticles, internal (unpublished) reports,project document, NGO reports, satelliteimagery, etc. However, these data aredispersed over a various agenciesas well as with individuals. This informationhas not been integrated at the national, localand even in some cases, the institutionallevel. In addition the data sets are based ondifferent classification systems, organizedalong different formats and are of varyingaccuracies.

The draft National Strategy identifies as ahighest priority the need to update and acquireinformation in order identify and monitor theimportant components of biological,recognizing that conservation and sustainableuse depends entirely on such information.

Consequently, when describing the status ofMozambique’s biological diversity it mustalways be borne in mind that majorinformation gaps exist and informationregarding the conservation status ofecosystems, habitats and species is oftenspeculative.

III. VEGETATION AND FLORA

Due to the long period of internal conflict thataffected much of the country little or nobotanical surveys were carried out between 980 and 1994. Many ecosystems are poorly

documented, especially the woodlands andforests northern Mozambique and theAfromontane areas.

Sixteen broad vegetation types that can berecognized in Mozambique (Figure 3)although at more detailed scale many moresubtypes can be distinguished.

Miombo woodland is the most extensivevegetation type and dominates in the northand centre of the country, Dominant treespecies are spp. often mixedwith although a tidediversity of other plant species occurassociated with indicators. Although mapped as a singlevegetation unit, the reality is much morecomplexand many different types of miombowoodland can be distinguished based onspecies composition and structure.

The second most extensive vegetation typeis mopane woodland occurring in theLimpopo-Save area and upper Zambezi

Miombo

High Rainfall Moist

Woodland

Acacia Woodland

Sublittoral Forest (Southern Mozambique:

Moist Forest Woodland

Forests, Eastern

Deciduous complex) Woodland

Mixed Woodland

Mixed north-eastern littoral

Littoral Thicket Forests of Recent Dunes

Palm Savanna

Vegetation on

Vegetation on Saline (Rio Chsngane)

FIGURE 3 BROAD VEGETATION TYPES OF MOZAMBIQUE

F I R S T R E P O R T O N OF IN

Valley dominated by the tree species mopane. Other commonly

occurring tree species include Adansonia (“imbondeiro” or

quanzensis (“chamfuta”) and

Large areas of Acacia woodland occur inthe more arid areas of southern and centralMozambique.

The sandy soils of south-eastern coastalMozambique are characterized by thepresence of sublittoral forest, woodland andgrassland. This area is now recognized forthe high levels of biodiversity and endemismand falls within a recoginzed Centre of PlantDiversity (the Maputaland Centre ofEndemism).

Littoral thicket and forest dunes and Mimusops

occurs on the high parabolic dunesof southern Mozambique and the smallerdunes of central and northern Mozambique.

Exceptionally well-developed moist forests and spp.) occur on the Cheringoma

Plateau between the Rift Valley and the coastnorth of Beira. These forest formations areconsidered to have some of the highestproduction potentials in Mozambique.

Small “islands” of Afromontane habitatscomprising moist forests and montanegrasslands occur along the eastern borderwith Zimbabwe and Malawi where theMozambican plains rise up sharply to thewestern rim of the great southern Africanplateau. These areas are recognized for theirhigh levels of biodiversity and endemism.Interesting conifer forests formations

or athigher altitudes whilst at lower at moistevergreen forests Khaya, may occur.

_

Vegetation formations on alluvial plains arepredominant in the Zambezi, Limpopo andNkomati valleys. Fringing forest comprisingwoody species spp., Syzygium

and occur alongthe immediate banks of the Rivers. Behindthis zone the plains are periodically floodedand badly drained with extensive grasslands.

Inland halophytic communities arewidespread in the Changane Valley, atributary of the Limpopo comprisingsucculent plants such as sp.Chenolea and Salicomia and scatteredbushes of Suaeda, etc.

Palm savanna (Phoenix occurs in coastal regions where the

water table approaches the surface.

More than 5500 plants species have beenrecorded for Mozambique although the actualnumber of species is undoubtedly muchhigher (Table 5). It is estimated that 250 plantspecies may be endemic. The conservationstatus of Mozambique’s flora is not knownalthough at least 20 species are reportedas endangered this is probably anunderestimate.

111.2. TERRESTRIAL ANIMAL

111.2. Mammals

According to Smithers and (1970) thereare 222 mammal species in Mozambique.Several endemic large mammal subspeciesoccur including the Blue Niassa Wildebeest(Connochaetes ischaracterized by a white band across themuzzle (believed to be endangered) and asub-species of Burchell’s Zebra (Equus

subsp. both of whichoccur in northern Mozambique.

On a national level large mammal severalspecies are believed to be extinct or on theverge of extinction e.g. the black and whiterhino, giraffe, roan antelope, tsessebe, eland,the mountain and the African wilddog.

Two rodent species of conservation concernoccur. The Selinda veld rat,

which is only known from theMozambique-Zimbabwe borderarea in rockareas at 700-800 m in miombo woodland,and a species of woodland mouse,

only known fromthe forest belt (also in Tanzania andsSouth Africa). The chequered elephant shrewsubspecies Rhynchocyon isknown only from Quelimane, ZambeziaProvince. Its occurrence and conservationrequirements in the coastal forest belt requireinvestigation.

Birds

The avifauna of Mozambique is generallyshared with neighbouring countries and atleast five hundred and eighty-one specieshave been recorded for Mozambique.

There are a number of near endemicspecies and restricted range species,mostly associated with isolated montanehabitats such as the Gorongosa the Chiperone and Namuli Mountains andthe Njesi plateau.

There is a large colony (200 pairs) of Capevultures in the Lebombo Hills in the extremesouth of the country. The wattled crane isseverely reduced, but still occurs in wetlandsin the centre of the country, especially inGorongosa National and MarromeuGame Reserve. The east coast akalatoccurs in coastal forest. Current records arefrom the centre and south of the country, butit might occur in the north as well. More

information is needed to identify its mainpopulations, the only recent records beingfrom the lnhamitanda Forest between Beiraand the mouth of the Zambezi River. species of concern in montane forests are:the Thyolo on Chiperone and NamuliMountains (and Malawi); the dappledmountain-robin on Namuli Mountain (andTanzania); Swynnerton’s forest-robin onGorongosa and Chimanimani Mountains(also Zimbabwe and Tanzania); thewhite-winged apalis on Chiperone Mountain(also Malawi and Tanzania). The importanceof improved forest conservation in these

critical sites is clear.

Preliminary data indicate that bird 24species are of conservation concern.Thecurrent knowledge regarding the conservationstatus of bird species in Mozambique isshown in Box 1.

Herpetofauna (Reptiles andAmphibians)

The herpetofauna of Mozambique poorly welldocumented, especially the amphibi ans.

Reptiles

One hundred and sixty seven reptilespecies have been recorded for Mozambique.

The conservation status of reptiles, with theexception of sea turtles, is largely unknown.Sixty reptile species (including 34 speciesof snake) have been recorded for theChimanimani of which one isendemic the flatrock lizard). One snake species, the AfricanRock Python, is believed to endangered.

Amphibia

The exact number of species of amphibia in

BOX 1

Conservation Status of the Birds of Mozambique (Preliminary)

Of Special ConcernWattled Crane (Gmelin, 1789)African skimmer Rynchops Martial Eagle

RareCape Vulture Gyps (Forter, 1798).Swynnerton’s Forest Robin (Shelley, 1908).East Coast Akalat (Haagner, 1909).Dappled Mountain Robin (Vincent, 1933)Long-Billed Apalis Apalis (Sclater, 1931).

EndangeredThyolo (Sclater, 1927).

Near-threatened bird species in Mozambique:Southern Banded Snake Eagle Stierlin’s Woodecker Forest Prinia White-winged Apalis Apalis Rudd’s Apalis Apalis Chirinda Apalis Apalis Woodward’s Plain-backed Anthreptes Uluguru Violet-backed Anthreptes neglectus.Neergaard’s Gurney’s Sugar-bird gumeyi.Lemmon-breasted Canary Setinus Pink-thoated

Incipient species at risk or requiring monitoring in Mozambique:Thyolo Green Bat-bet Namuli Apaiis Apalis lynesi.

Mozambique is unclear, due to taxonomicuncertainty. Seventy-nine species arerecorded in the literature as present inMozambique.

About 28 species, mostly located in thehighlands, are believed to be endemic. five amphibian species were recorded for theChimanimani of which two areendemic: (Grindleystoad) and (the cavesqueaker).

The conservation status of the amphibia isunknown.

Insects

Only 3074 insect species occur in the NaturalHistory Museums records. This is obviouslyan underestimate.

The dragonfly isendemic to Mozambique and is very littleknown. A dragonfly subspecies

is known onlyfrom the Mozambique-Zimbabwe borderarea.

111.3. MARINE AND COASTALBIODIVERSITY

Mozambique lies on the coast of Africabetween latitudes 1 to with acoastline of c. 2770 km in length. The warmsouthward flowing Mozambique Current, hasfar-reaching influences on the climate andlife of southern Africa.

The Mozambique coast is a compoundshoreline and can be divided into three mainnatural regions with one additional type oflimited occurrence (Figure 4).

The northernmost section of the coastextending about 770 km from the RovumaRiver in the north to the Archipelago in the south is essentiallya coral reef coast.

Corals also occur at intervals offshore fromBazaruto Island southward to South Africa.The southern limit for shallow waterfringing coral is reported from lnhaca Islandat latitude

ii) Swamp Coast

The central section of Mozambique of c. 978km between Angoche andBazaruto Island is classified asa swamp coast with simple linear to arcuatebeaches, swamps and estuaries. Twentyfour rivers discharge into the Indian Oceanalong this central section of the coast, eachwith an estuary supporting well establishedmangrove swamps.

iii) Parabolic Dune Coast

The third coastal region stretches fromBazaruto Island southward to Ponta de Ouroon the South African border is as aparabolic dune coast. This section of coast isabout km long and is characterized by highparabolic dunes and north-trending capes andbarrier lakes. These dunes are Pleistoceneformations and reach considerable heightssuch as 114 metres at lnhaca Island and areconsidered to the tallest vegetated dunes in theworld.

iv) Delta Coasts

There are only two sections of theMozambique coast that can be classifiedas Delta Coasts viz. the Zambezi and SaveRiver deltas.

i) Coral Coast

FIRST REPORT ON THE D I V E R S I T Y I N

Marine Mammals

Dugongs

Dugongs are tropicalmarine mammals occurring in shallowwaters with beds. Dugongs areconsidered h igh ly endangered inMozambique. It is believed that one of thelargest populations of dugong along the EastAfrican coast inhabits the littoral waters ofthe Bazaruto Archipelago (estimated at c.300 individuals, Guissamulo, 1993) whilst asmaller population occurs in lnhambane Bay.It is believed that a few individuals still inhabitMaputo Bay although this population isbelieved to be on the verge of extinction.

Dolphins and Whales

Seven species of dolphins inhabit the littoralwaters off Mozambique, the humpbackdolphin (Sousa chinensis), bottlenosedolphin Spinnerdolphin Spotteddolphin affenuafa), Commondolphin Rough-tootheddolphin (Steno and the killer whale

Humpback whales and Minke whales

occur in littoral watersbetween Ponta do Ouro and Inhambane.However, they do not enter Maputo orlnhambane Bays.

Corals

The coral reefs of Mozambique are asouthern continuation of the well-developedfringing reefs that occur along majorsections of the fairly narrow continental shelfof the East African coast. It is estimated thatcorals 1985)

comprising at least 50 genera and 150species. However, precise data on the coralreefs of Mozambique are lacking and thesefigures need to be revised.

Reefs are dominated by or with members of the Pocilloporidae

and Faviidae also being common, theformer particularly in the shallow and thelatter at mid depths.

Turtles

All five species of Indian Ocean sea turtlesnest on beaches along the Mozambiquecoast: the Loggerhead turtle

the Leatherback the Green Turtle

the Hawksbill turtle and the Olive Ridley turtle

(Lepidochelys .

The Loggerhead andLeatherback turtles nest along the coast from Ponta do Ouro toBazaruto Archipelago.

The Green nests fromQewene Peninsula to Quirimbas Archipelago.The biggest concentration appears to be inthe Primeiras e Segundas Islands. Nests ofthis species were found recently on theBazaruto Archipelago (Gove and Magane,1998).

The Hawksbill turtle and Olive Ridley turtle olivacea)occur on the northern coast (Hughes, 1971)but their nesting areas are unknown.

Mangroves

Mangrove forests are floristically welldeveloped in the northern and centralsectors of the coast and less so along the

southern sector. Plant species associatedwith mangroves in Mozambique are listedin Table 1.

FRESHWATER WETLANDS

Freshwater wetlands in Mozambiqueinclude: lakes (natural and artificial), rivers

(including floodplains) and palustrine areas(swamps and dambos).

Wetlands are important both as habitat forwild species and for agriculture during thedry season. Lakes and rivers supply muchfish protein in Mozambique. Floodplains,such as Marromeu in the Zambezi Delta andthe Lower Limpopo River provide breeding

Table Plant species occurring in the mangroves of Mozambique

FAMILY SPECIES

VERBENACEAE

COMBRETACEAE

MALVACEAE

LYTHRACEAE

mucmnata

gymnorrhiza

A vicennia marina

racemosa

granatum

maritima

Arthrocnemum australasicumArthrocnemum indicum

perenneSalicomia pem’ere

Suaeda

Hibiscus tiliaceus

Acrostichum

Pemphis

Sesuvium

for fish as well as wildlife habitat. Wetlandsalso provide temporary habitat for migratoryspecies.

The largest natural lake in Mozambique isLake Niassa (also known as Lake Malawi).

a surface area of between 24,504 and 30,800 it is the third largest lake inAfrica and the world’s third deepest. LakeNiassa is shared by Mozambique, Malawiand Tanzania. Mozambican territory occupies6.400 (20.8 percent). The lake containsone of the most diverse fish fauna in theworld. The Lake is especially well known forits spectacular diversity of endemic cichlidfish fauna. The majority of these arehaplochromine cichlids, currently assignedto 22 genera containing a total of 191described species. In total 320 fish specieshave been recorded for Lake Niassa.However, the biodiversity of Lake Niassamay be much higher and many species stillhave to be identified. It has been suggestedthat the Lake may host about 500-1000species of fish. The Mozambican portion ofLake Niassa is not protected.

Other important natural lakes include: LakeAmaramba covering an area c. 8350 ha (4350 ha openwater + 4000 ha swamp), Lake Chiuta

coveringan area of 32,000 ha (3500 ha open water +28,500 ha swamp) and Lake Chilwa

covering an areaof 185,000 ha (including lacustrineswamps). All these lakes are sharedbetween Mozambique and Malawi.

Lake Cahorra in 1975,located at 1 onthe Zambezi River, covering an area of 2,665

is the fourth largest man made lake inAfrica. In the Lake Tanganyikasardine (or kapenta) was introduced into Lake Kariba some500km upstream. Subsequently kapenta

became established in Cahora apparently by invasive spread from LakeKariba. Evidently had beenable to survive passage through the Karibabarrage hydro-electric turbines and movedown the Zambezi River to colonize LakeCahora

The most important river system inMozambique is the Zambezi River whichenters national territory at Zumbo where itimmediately swells into the impoundmentof Lake Cahora The most importanttributary of the Zambezi in its lower courseis the Shire River, which drains Lake Malawivia Elephant Marsh. The Limpopo is thesecond largest river in Mozambique with acatchment of more than 390,000 Itdrains parts of Botswana, South Africa andZimbabwe before reaching Mozambique.The hydrology of these river systems hasbeen considerably modified by numerousimpoundments along their courses.

Information on freshwater fish sites otherthan Lake Niassa is limited but there is knownto be one endemic species, mossambica, in Mjutzambidzi River,Gorongosa National Park. At least two otherthreatened freshwater species occur in thesouth along the border with South Africa: theorange-fringed largemouth

and the lowland largemouth One globally

threatened estuarine fish the checked Redigobius occurs from the lowerLimpopo south-wards.

The section of the Rift Valley between theZambezi River in the north and the PungueRiver in the south is essentially a floodplainsystem. The central feature of the Rift Valleyis Lake Urema which is surrounded byextensive open floodplain grassland. Theexpansion of the floodplain system duringthe wet season allows the spread of wildlifeand their of the savannas before they

are forced back to the permanent waterbodies. This portion of the Rift valley isprotected within the Gorongosa National Park.

Marshy areas, commonly known throughout southern Africa are areas wheregroundwater discharges into low-lyingareas. They are common in the highlandsof north-western Mozambique (where theyare known as “milambos”) and are importantin maintaining the base flow of river systemsthat drain the higher areas. The conservationstatus of dambos is not well known and astudy of these habitats should be considereda priority.

III.5 AGRICULTURAL

The small-scale farming system(comprising cultivated, fallow and grazingsubsystems) is the mainstay of agriculturein Mozambique. It is estimated that thefamily farming sector accounts for more75% of marketed production and 80% of

agriculture export earnings. Farmingactivities are dependent on improvedvarieties of plants and animals and scale farmers have for generations selectedthe material that were most suited to localconditions as their basis for agriculture.

Landraces can provide the small-holderfarmer with a more reliable crop yield inareas with poor/erratic rainfall and low soilfertility. In variable environments higherproduction may be obtained by employing arange of crop varieties and farmers oftenuse intercropping and agroforestrytechniques that employ a mixture of specieswith complementary requirements.

Several wild relative of crop are found inMozambique 2). It is worth notingthat Mozambique shares with othersouthern African countries the centre ofdiversity for wild and sorghum.There is limited information on thesespecies due to the lack of co-ordinated and

Table 2. Wild crop relatives found in Mozambique

SPECIES NAME SCOMMON NAME LOCAL NAME _ _ _

12

systematic inventory, collection anddocumentation of these important geneticresources. Apparently, many of crop wildrelatives are under threat of genetic erosionas a result of overgrazing, land clearing,burning and other types of poor resourcemanagement.

At the level the National VarietiesList includes 124 varieties of 10 crops species(Table 3). The list is incomplete and does notinclude some important crops such hascassava and cash crops.

GORONGOSA MOUNTAIN RIFTVALLEY MARROMEU COMPLEX

(MAWENDJE) of the Mozambique ZimbabweFrontier Escarpment Region, CentralMozambique

THE MAPUTALAND CENTRE OFENDEMISM

The location of these sites is shown inFigure 5.

Table 3. National Variety List of Mozambique

CROP I OF VARIETIES I

I I

I Common bean I 20 I Groundnuts 10

Soya bean I Pigeonpea I I

Oil seed Sunflower 6

Total 124

111.4. BIOLOGICAL INMOZAMBIQUE

The biodiversity of Mozambique is relativelypoorly known. However, studies to date haveidentified several areas that are consideredhighly important from a biologicalperspective. The most notable areas are thefollowing:

GORONGOSA RIFTVALLEY MARROMEU COMPLEX

This area encompasses the isolated of Gorongosa Mountain which rises to

the southern-most, Mozambicansector, of the African Rift CheringomaPlateau (300m above sea level) and themangrove coast and great Zambezi Deltagrasslands and swamps.

Gorongosa Mountain is 160km inland fromthe sea and as the only eminence in theentire region which forces the ascent ofmoist trade wind air resulting in heavyorographic rains to its confines of over2000mm per year. The mountain supportstropical to montane rainforests and heathgrasslands with a number of near-endemicplants and animals e.g. the GreenheadedOriole sub-species characterized bya white wing patch is found on GorongosaMountain, the Dappled-mountain Robin

the ChirindaApalis a restrictedrange species, Swynnerton’s Forest Robin

and separatesubspecies of the Whitebreasted

(MAWENDJE) of the Mozambique Zimbabwe Fron-tier Escarpment Region, CentralMozambique.

The Chimanimani forms part of theeastern escarpment of the Interior Conti-nental Plateau of South Central Africa, alongthe Mozambique-Zimbabwe frontier.

The whole area is some 40km fromnorth to south and 20km wide, containedwithin coordinates to South lati-tude, and between and Eastlongitude, standing mostly above the 800mcontour. The Chimanimani althoughrelatively small in area is characterized byan exceptionally high diversity of habitatsand species.

Nearly 1000 vascular plant species havebeen recorded for the area of which 45 areendemic (Dutton and Dutton, 1975). No lessthan five Aloe species are endemic in theChimanimani mountains (A. munchii, A.hazeliana, A. howmanii, A. plawsii and A.

hilst three species of (E.lanceolifera, E. and E. andtwo species of and

are considered endemic.

Over 160 bird species have been recordedfor the Chimanimani (Dutton Dutton,1975) some of which are considered endemicto the regions of eastern Africa.

Swynnerton’s Robin (Swynnertonia is reported to inhabit the

moister elements of the montane forests(Collar & Stuart, 1985) highlighting of the

connections that exist with other montane areas (eg. the Eastern Arc

Mountains of Tanzania). Other rare avifaunalspecies occurring in the moist forests of theChimanimani include

(Southern Banded Snake Eagle),

Cercococcyx (Barred Cuckoo),Andropadus (Sombre Bulbul),Prinonops scopifrens (ChestnutfrontedHelmetshrike) and (Woodwards’

Neither the rare Dappled Robin described in1933 from Mount Namuli nor the winged Apalis indentifiedin a remnant forest on Mount Chiperone(Collar Stuart, have been reportedfor the Chimanimani forests although theirpresence may yet be confirmed.

THE MAPUTALAND CENTRE OFENDEMISM

Recently, van Wyk (1994) has proposed anIndian Ocean coastal centre of plant diversity(CPD) the Maputaland-Pondoland Region(MPR).

The MPR is clearly floristically very diverseand complex. However, there are two clearfoci of high endemism in the Region: the

Centre (MC) and the PondolandCentre. The MC (c. 26.734 is definedas that part of southern Mozambique andnorth-eastern Natal bounded in the north bythe Inkomati-Limpopo River, in the west bythe western foothills of the Libombos, in thesouth by the St. Lucia estuary and in theeast by the Indian Ocean. The MC containsextensive wetland notably Lake St. Lucia (c.350 Lake Sibaya (c. 65 and theKosi Lake System in South Africa and Lakes

Xingute and Satine in SouthernMozambique.

At least 1100 species of vascular plantsoccur in the MC. However, this figure maybe as high as 2000 to 3000 species. Of theseat least 168 (thisis probably also an underestimate) and 4genera Ephippiocarpa,Helichrysopsis, Inhambanella) are endemic/near-endemic to the centre. Several of the

are rare and known only from afew collections.

The associated fauna of the MPR, andparticularly of the MC, is interesting and rich.Of the more than 472 species of birds inthe MC (57% of South Africa’s total), 47subspecies are endemic/near-endemic tothe centre.

Table 4. Endemism Among Selected Groups Plant And Animals in the MaputalandCentre of Endemism (from van Wyk, 1994).

Total number of vascular plant infraspecific 1100

Endemic/near-endemic vascular plant (genera) 4

Endemic/near-endemic vascular plants (specific infraspecific 168

Endemic/near-endemic mammals (subspecies) 14

Endemic/near-endemic birds (subspecies) 47

Endemic/near-endemic reptiles (specific infraspecific 23

Endemic/near-endemic frogs (specific infraspecific 3

Other endemic/near-endemic species andinfraspecific (total indigenous to thecentre in brackets) include 14 mammals(102 species, about 4 locally extinct) 23reptiles (about 112 species/subspecies), 3frogs (45 species/subspecies) and 7freshwater fishes (67 species) see Table4; (van Wyk, 1994).

SUMMARY OF BIODIVERSITY INMOZAMBIQUE

Table 5 provides a summary of the currentknowledge of biodiversity in Mozambique.

Table 5. Number of Species per Major Taxonomic Group Currently Recorded forMozambique.

NUMBER OBSERVATIONSOF SPECIES

FLORA (Plants and Fungi) This is an underestimate. Many forest areas are poorly documented.

data indicates that 56species may be threatened.

Vascular Plants 4 9 1 4 250 species reported to be endemic but this needs to be confirmed

Mosses ? No data available 338

Marine Algae Data mainly for two sites only

Water Alqae ___ ___ Lichens available

183

This group is poorly documented

CHORDATA Mammals 222 Only one species reported to

be truly endemic. Several speciesare known to be threatened

Birds An underestimate. Large areasof the country are poorly

documented. Several speciesare considered to be threatened

Freshwater This is an underestimate. Datafor Lake Niassa (Malawi) basedon Malawian reports.

Marine Fish

based on commercial fish species

Reptiles An underestimate. Status not known

Amphibians An underestimate. Status not

Mainly for one site island)

Data from two sites only (excluding N.D.

Insects 3074 Based on Museum records. This is obviously on underestimate

Corals Preliminary data. Currently underrevision

Nematoda,Flatwoms, Coelenterata Sponges

? No data available

IV TRENDS IN BIODIVERSITY

As may be expected, in the absence ofbaseline data, there is little accurateinformation (with a few notable exceptions for example in National Parks and GameReserves) regarding trends in biodiversity andprocess/activities threatening biodiversity.

FOREST AND WOODLANDS

It is well known the commercial hatvestingof is having a major impact anwoodlands and forests especially those inthe vicinity of major urban areas (for exampleMaputo City). However, the precise rate ofremoval of woody cover is not known.

A series of forest maps and based an imagery

covering the entire country has recentlybeen produced (Saket, 1994). This coveragecould serve as base-line data to determinechanges in woodland and forest cover overtime.

Based on the forestry maps and preliminary

forest inventory total of hectareshas been identified as high and mediumdensity forests with the potential for forestproduction. (see Figure 6 and Table 6) mainlyin the northern and central provinces.

It is recognized that sustainable forestmanagement could contribute significantlyto Mozambique’s national economy. To thisend the Department of Forestry and Wildlife(the DNFFB) has formulated a NationalPolicy and Strategy which seeks to realizethe potential of forest resources throughsustainable use and the conservation ofbiodiversity. The Strategy includes anEcological Objective which aims atimproving the management and conservationof forest and wildlife resources in order tocontribute to sustainable national and localdevelopment, proper use of the land andconservation of biological diversity. Theobjective highlights the contribution of forestresources to the maintenance of soil andwater resources, biological diversity andother environmental benefits.

One of the main tasks the DNFFB of will bemonitoring to ensure that this objective isachieved.

Table 6: Areas of Productive Forest (Areas are expressed in thousands of hectares).

Province Potential Production Forest

Sofala 1,770

C. Delgado 2,139

Zambeze 3,250

Niassa 2,589

Nampula

1,492

Other Provinces 6,330

Total Area 19,159

The trends in wildlife populations at anational level is not known. Recent surveyscarried out in protected areas since thesigning of the Peace Accord have shownmassive declines in large mammalpopulations in most protected areas withthe exception of Niassa Reserve in northernMozambique.

The number of elephant in the flagshipGorongosa National Park prior to the conflictwas in the order of 3000 whilst in 1994 only108 elephants were recorded during anaerial survey. Similar massive declines wererecorded for buffalo 8from 14.000 in 1979to zero in hippo (from 4800 in 1979

to zero in wildebeest (from 5500 in1968 to zero in 1994) and water-buck (3500in 1988 to 129 in 1994).

A similar trend was recorded for MarromeuBuffalo Reserve. The Reserve, famous forit’s large herds of buffalo, boasted 20,000buffalo in 1968 in 1994 the estimate was2346 animals. Other large mammalsspecies showed similar declines.

It should be noted that these data are basedon aerial transect surveys and remnantpopulations may still occur in denselywooded areas.

Changes in large mammals populations forGorongosa National Park and MarromeuBuffalo are shown in Figures 7 and 8.

It?3 MARINE MAMMALS

One of the greatest threats to marinemammals is the fisheries sector especiallyshark nets, gill nets and trawl nets.

Guissamulo (1993) has shown that there is aclear interaction between fishing and marinemammal distribution and abundance in MaputoBay. Only a few dugongs still inhabit MaputoBay and this population is believed to be onthe verge of extinction. Set gill nets of largemesh size are used in channels around lnhacaIsland (eastern Maputo Bay) whichoccasionally catch dugongs and dolphins.

At lnhambane Bay, bottlenose dolphinsoccur at its entrance of the Bay, whilehumpback dolphins and dugongs inhabitthe entire Bay. Shark nets laid out at theentrance of the Bays catch dolphins anddugongs incidentally. An average of threedugongs are caught by this fishery peryear. The number of dolphins caught byshark netting is unknown.

One of the largest dugong populations alongthe East coast inhabits the littoral watersof the Bazaruto Archipelago (estimated at c.300 individuals, Guissamulo, 1993). Incidentalcatches of dugongs and dolphins (as well asturtles) due to shark-net fishing in the channels

of Bazaruto Bay are known to occur.

Quantitative data on the distribution andabundance of marine mammals and theinteractions with fishing activities are urgentlyrequired for the implementation of improvedconservation measures.

MANGROVES

Current estimates indicate that themangroves cover 396,080 ha in Mozambiquewhich represents a reduction of 3.9% since1972 (Saket and Matusse, 1994) -Table 7.

At the present, although the total degradedmangrove area appears to be small overallthere is uncontrolled cutting of mangrove in

areas close to urban centres.Among the most destructive activitiesaffecting mangrove ecosystems are clearfelling of mangrove for the establishment ofsolar salt pans (mainly in the northernregion), charcoal production and large-scaleremoval of firewood. The selective cuttingof poles for local house construction is nota major threat if adequately controlled. Withthe development of the shrimp aquacultureactivity a new threat to mangroveecosystems may arise when large areasare cleared for aquaculture ponds.

Table 7. Mangrove cover (ha per province) in Mozambique

Province Mangrove area (ha) Area degraded (ha) New Mangrove area (ha)

Maputo 14,605 12,599 2,217 211 15.2387 387 0 0 0

20,094 19,848 246 0 1.2129,997 125,317 6,334 4.91,654159,417 155,757 3,766 106 2.4

Nampula 55,849 54,336 2,006 493 3.6C. Delgadc 27,730 27,836 0 0

408,079 396,080 14,569 2,570

LEGAL FRAMEWORK FORTHE CONSERVATION OFBIOLOGICAL DIVERSITYIN MOZAMBIQUE

ENVIRONMENTAL.LAW

The passing the framework EnvironmentalLaw in July 1997 was a watershed forenvironmental protection in Mozambique.

Article 2 of the Law states that “the objectiveof the present Law is the provision of a legalbasis for the correct use and managementof the environment and it’s components inorder to ensure sustainable development inthe country”. The Law covers all activities,public or private, which may directly orindirectly affect the environment (Article 3).

Article 4 recognizes the right of all citizensto an ecologically sound environmentsuitable for their physical and mental wellbeing. Section Article 4 refers to the needto “ensure the rational use and managementof the components of the environment inorder to promote improvement of the qualityof life of citizens and the maintenance ofbiodiversity and ecosystems”.

l Protection Biodiversity

Chapter IV, Article 4 specifically refers to theProtection of Biodiversity:

1. Al l act iv i t ies that threaten theconservation, reproduction, quality andquantity of biological resources,especially those that are threatened withextinction, are prohibited.

2. The Government will ensure thatadequate measures are taken for:

The maintenance and regeneration ofanimal species, rehabilitation ofdegraded habitats and creation of newhabitat, especially through the control ofactivities and substances that maynegatively impact upon speciesand their habitats.

The special protection of plant speciesthreatened with extinction, or botanicalspecimens, isolated or in groups, owingto their genetic potential, size, age, rarityand scientific or cultural value requireprotection.

Protected Areas

Article 13 of the Environmental Law providesa legal basis the creation of protected areasbased on a variety of criteria. Important theLaw specifies the need to indicate the roleof community in the management ofprotected areas:

1.

2.

3.

In order to ensure the protection andpreservation of the components of theenvironment as well as the maintenanceimprovement of ecosystems recognizedfor their ecological and socioeconomicvalue, the Government will establishenvironmental protection areas which willbe well-demarcated.

The protected areas may be national,regional, local or even international innature an may comprise terrestrialareas, lacustrine, or marinewaters and other distinct nature zones.

The environmental protection areas willbe subject to classification, conservationand control measures, which will alwaystake into consideration the need topreserve biodiversity as well as areasof social, economic, cultural, scientificand landscape value.

22

4. The measures referred to in (3) abovemust include an indication regardingactivities that are permitted inside andsurrounding the protection areas as wellas and indication of the role ofcommunities in the management of theseareas.

Environmental Protection

Chapter 4 of the framework EnvironmentalLaw refers to the Prevention ofEnvironmental Damage. An EnvironmentalImpact Assessment is required for projectlikely to cause significant environmentalimpacts. The issuing of an environmental

is contingent upon the EIA and is anecessary prerequisite for the issuance ofany other legally necessary

Article 30 of the Environmental Lawrecognizes the need to guarantee theparticipation of local communities and toutilize their knowledge and human resourcesin the protection of the environment.

Cross Integration

Importantly, the framework EnvironmentalLaw obliges all legislation that dealsin any way with the management ofcomponents of the environment to bereviewed and revised so that it is inconformity with the new Law (Article 32).

l Establishment of a NationalCommission for SustainableDevelopment

In order to ensure the effective co-ordinationand integration of policies and plansrelated to environmental management at thehighest level, a National Commission forSustainable Development (NCSD), linked

to the Council of Ministers, was created by aprovision in the Environmental Law.

THE NEW LAND LAW

The new land Law was passed during thesome sitting of Parliament which passed theEnvironmental Law. The new Land Lawprovides a further legal basis fordemarcating areas for protection andconservation (Article 5) and the creation oftotal and partially protected zones (Article6). The latter provision will now permit theconservation and management of riparianand coastal habitat together with theirassociated species. In a far-sighted movethe new Land Law includes provisions forthe participation on local communities in theprotection of natural resources (Article 31).

Provisions in the new Land Law relevantto the Conservation of BiologicalDiversity:

. REGISTERING LAND USE/TYPES(ARTICLE 5)

The National Land Cadastre shall compiledata:

To know the types of occupancy, the useand benefits as well as an evaluation ofthe fertility of soils, the forest areas,water reserves, plant and wildlife, miningand tourist zones.

To organize efficiently land use,protection and conservation.

ZONES OF TOTAL AND PARTIALPROTECTION (ARTICLE 6)

Total and partial protection zones belongto the public domain.

2.

3.

a)

b)

d)

e)

l

Zones of total protection are areas to beused for nature conservation andprotection activities.

The following are considered zones ofpartial protection:

the bed of interior waters, of the territorialsea and of the exclusive economic zone;

the continental platform;

the strip along the maritime coast andalong the coast of islands, bays andestuaries which is measured from themaximum high tide line to a mark 100metres inland;

the land strip of up to 100 metressurrounding a source of water;

the land strip of up to 250 metres alongthe edge of dams and reservoirs.

LOCAL COMMUNITIES (ARTICLE 21)

1. In rural areas, the communities shallparticipate in:

a) the management of natural resource;b) conflict resolution,2. In the exercise of the activities referred toin paragraphs (a) and (b) of Number 1 ofthe present Article, the communities shall,inter rely upon customary norms andpractices.

FOREST AND WILDLIFE LAWS

undergoing review will be accordinglyrevised. The adjustment of legislation andregulations so as to respond adequately tothe new social and economic environmentis seen as a priority by the DNFFB. Therevision will take into account otherlegislation including the Environmental Law,the Land Law and the Municipality Law.Other aspects will include a review of theresource use rights of local communitiesand the private sector as well asMozambiques participation in internationaltreaties and conventions.

No new Forest laws have been promulgatedsince 1985 and no new Wildlife laws since1978. In view of the new objectives for forestand wildlife management in as outlined inthe newly formulated National Forestry andWildlife Strategy the old laws are currently

VI. INSTITUTIONALARRANGEMENTS FORBIODIVERSITYCONSERVATION INMOZAMBIQUE

NATIONAL POLICIES ANDSTRATEGIES

The newly created Ministry for theCoordination of Environmental Affairs(MICOA) is responsible for implementingthe National Environmental ManagementProgramme and associated environmentalpolicy.

The Ministry, as indicated by it’s title has,primarily, a coordinating role. Environmentalmanagement is shared by all ministries andsector policies must incorporate, therefore,environmental dimensions. The coordinationof these sector-al policies is one of the majortasks of MICOA.

The Ministry is also responsible for thecoordination of activities for theimplementation of the Convention onBiological Diversity in Mozambique thisend a provisional unit, the Biodiversity Unit,has been established within the Ministry. Theprecise structure, role and function of theUnit is currently under revision. However itis envisaged that the Biodiversity Unit,although housed within the Ministry, willcomprise permanent and ad hoc membersrepresenting relevant governmentagencies (to ensure cross-sectoralintegration) and civil society.

The Unit will liaise with the National Councilfor Sustainable Development (linked to theCouncil of Ministers) to ensure thatbiodiversity considerations are incorporatedinto all plans, programmes andpolicies.

In view of the economic and ecologicalimportance of Mozambique’s coast andmarine environment a Coastal ZoneManagement Unit (CZMU) also beencreated within MICOA. The CZMU iscurrently drawing up an Integrated CoastalZone Management Plan which will focus onthe sustainable use and conservation ofcoastal and marine biological resources. Aspart of the formulation of the theCoastal Zone Management Unit is evaluatingthe current status of coastal and marineecosystems, habitats and species. Anothermajor responsibility of the CZMU togetherwith the National Directorate of Forestry andWildlife, is the coordination of a series ofactivities which will lead to full-blown projectproposal (the Conservation andManagement of Coastal and MarineBiodiversity) due to be submitted to theGlobal Environmental Bank inSeptember 1998 for funding.

MICOA is also responsible for regulatingEnvironmental impact Assessment (EIA)procedures in Mozambique. As indicatedabove (Legislation), all projects likely to havesignificant environmental impacts areobliged by the new Environmental Law tocarry out an EIA prior to authorizations beinggiven. MICOA is currently drawing upregulations for EIA in Mozambique willinclude considerations related to theconservation of biological diversity.

In addition to these above tasks andresponsibilities MICOA activity promotesenvironmental awareness and educationthrough the publication of a monthlyenvironmental journal andother activities.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisherieshas formulated an Agricultural Policy whichstates in its primary declaration that allagricultural activity will have as its basis:

25

the sustainable use of natural resourcesand the guarantee of social equity”.

The National Directorate of Forestry andWildl i fe (DNFFB), one of sevendirectorates within the Ministry of Agricultureand Fisheries has the responsibility formanaging forestry and wildlife resources inMozambique. The DNFFB Forestry andWildlife Strategy (April, 1997) takes its leadfrom the Agricultural Policy and has as it’soverall objective:

“To conserve utilize and develop forest andwildlife resources for the social, ecologicaland economic benefit of the present andfuture generations of the Mozambiquepeople”.

The DNFFB is responsible for themanagement of gazetted protected areasin Mozambique as well for the managementand conservation of wildlife and forestryresources outside of the protected areasnetwork. (Apart from the Biological Reservesof de and which aremanaged by the Department of BiologicalSciences, University Eduardo Mondlane).

The new Forestry Wildlife Policy seeks topromote Community-based NaturalResource Management Projects in areasadjacent to gazetted protected areas.Importantly, the DNFFB is responsible forthe Conservation Area Projectwhich seeks to conserve biological diversityin areas recognized for their biologicalimportance in collaboration with localcommunities residing in these areas (seeProtected Areas section below).

Other recently formulated National Policiesand Strategies include those for Tourism(Ministry of Commerce, Industry andTourism) and Fisheries (NationalDirectorate of Fisheries, MAF).

In 1996 the Government of Mozambiqueadopted a new Fisheries Policy andImplementation Strategy which seeks tomaximize economic benefits whilst ensuringthe sustainability of the resource.

The National Directorate of Tourism andthe National Tourism Company (both ofthe Ministry of Commerce, Industry andTourism MICTUR) plan, manage andregulate tourism operations in Mozambique.The Government of Mozambique hasadopted is a set of guidelines for thedevelopment of the tourism industry asformulated in two documents: the NationalPolicy for Tourism and the Strategy forTourism Development in Mozambique.A guiding principal of the Policy is: “Thepromotion of initiatives which assure themaintenance of ecological integrity,preservation of the environment and thesustainable use of the natural resource soas to improve the quality of life of localpeople”.

These and other National Strategies allrecognize the need exploit Mozambiquesnatural resources on a sustainable basis.Nonetheless, a major area for action ofMozambique’s draft National Strategy forthe Conservation Biological Diversity (seeVlll.3) is a review of legislation,policies and programmes with regards toconservation and sustainable use ofbiodiversity.

91.2 SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTIONS

Scienti f ic research in biodiversityconservation is being carried out byscientists from Mozambique’s singlenational university (the Eduardo MondlaneUniversity which incorporates the NaturalHistory Museum) and a variety ofgovernment agencies including the

Forestry Research Centre, the ForestryInventory Unit, the National Herbarium, theInstitute for Agronomic Research (INIA), theFisheries Research Institute and theNational Institute for Veterinary Research.

Botanical Collections

Mozambique has two herbaria. TheNartional Herbarium is located the NationalInstitute for Agronomic Research (INIA)complex (designated LMA Herbarium) whilsta second smaller herbarium is administeredby the Department of Biological Sciences,Eduardo Mondlane University (designatedthe LMU Herbarium).

The LMA Herbarium house approximately52,000 specimens.

Collections

The Natural History Museum, located inMaputo, has a large collection of groups.However, these are not property and the Museum’s staff is currently revisingand the collection. The Museumis unique architecturally although it is in a stateof disrepair; it is currently undergoingrenovation.

Seed Conservation

Seed collection and conservation is beingcarried out by the National Plant GeneticResources Centre (NPGRC) of theDepartment of Forestry Engineering(Eduardo Mondlane University, the ForestryResearch Centre (CEF), the Institute ofAnimal Production

The NPGRC holds 1122 germplasm (seed)accessions of 14 crop species. Most of

these accessions here acquired throughcollaborative programme between andInternational Agriculture Research Centres

IITA). In fact, only smallportion of these accessions were collectedlocally. Seeds of several importantindigenous tree species as well as exoticspecies (mainly Eucalyptus spp and spp) seed are kept by CEF. There are noseeds of endangered species kept in thenational collection. There is a great need forresearch on seed technology which willdetermine the suitability of these species tobe conserved as seed.

Field Gene Banks

Some accessions are kept in field genebanks in Mozambique. Examples includethe banana clones and citrus kept at theUmbeluzi Research Station. There 576clones of cashew nut kept countrywide. Mostof these accessions are not properlymaintained, documented and evaluated.The lack of financial resources, trainingpersonnel and poor management capacityare the main constraints to adequatemanagement of these field gene bank in thecountry.

In-vitro Collections

The root and tubers crops sector of ismanaging a tissue culture laboratory meantfor rapid multiplication, maintenance andsafe distribution of cassava and sweetpotato germplasm. Strictly speaking, this isnot an in-vitro gene bank as nearly allaccessions are working collections.

Medicinal Plant Conservation

The Botany Section of the Department ofBiological Sciences (EMU) is currently

27

establishing an ex-situ collection ofindigenous medicinal plants. The long-termobjective is to contribute to the conservationof medicinal plants threatened due to exploitation in the wild.

Botanical Gardens

Unfortunately Mozambique has no botanicalgardens for the conservation of indigenousflora in the real sense of the word. A botanicgarden, Tunduru”, is located in theheart of the Maputo City. It was establishedin 1885 an covers an area about 6.4 ha.However, 80% of the species in the Tunduru are exotic.

The creation of botanical gardens in differentecological regions of country is highlyrecommended.

Zoological Gardens

Mozambique has a single zoological gardenlocated in Maputo City. The MaputoZoological Garden is currently beingrehabilitated to fulfill the role with regards toboth education and conservation. The Zoomight also in the future be used in relationto breeding and reintroduction of threatenedspecies.

Biodiversity Conservation by Non-governmental Organizations

Several non-governmental organizationsare currently carrying out biological surveysin Mozambique.

A Mozambican registered NGO, Frontier in partnership with MICOA, is

carrying out marine biodiversity surveys innorthern Mozambique (the QuirimbasArchipelago). The Endangered Wildlife Trust

(South Africa) in collaboration with theOrnithological Club of Mozambique isproducing a Bird Atlas for the entire country.The IUCN, in partnership with severalMozambican agencies, is carrying outbiological and socio-economic surveys ofthe Zambezi delta wetlands for theconservation and sustainable use of thisfragile ecosystem. A joint World WildlifeFund/National Directorate of Forestry andWildlife project to conserve biodiversity inthe Bazaruto Archipelago is currently beingimplemented.

A list of institutes and their associated principalresearch activities is presented in Table 8.

INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRAINTSFOR CONSERVATION

MOZAMBIQUE

Implementing the National Strategy forthe Conservation of Biological Diversity

Currently, there is no proper institutional arrangements to implement the NationalStrategy. The establishment of a NationalBiodiversity Unit is planned. In this regard theMinistry for the Coordination of EnvironmentalAffairs will need to strengthened.

Environmental Protection

MICOA is responsible for ensuring thatEnvironmental Impact Assessments arecarr ied out according to the newEnvironmental Law. However, the EIA unitwithin the Ministry is understaffed and thosestaff that are in place need to be fully trained.

MICOA need to be strengthened to: a) drawup Terms of Reference for related to avariety of development projects b) Review EIA

Table 8. Institutes involved in biodiversity research in Mozambique

RESEARCH AREA

Eduardo Mondlane University

Department of Biological Sciences l Mainly coastal and marine biodiversity

l Botanical collection (the DBS has a

fully functional herbarium-LMU)

The National History Museum Currently re-organizing collections

l Selected surveys (especially avifauna)

Department of Forest Engineering l Forest Inventories

Department of Geography l Land-use and habitat surveys

Ministry of Agriculture 8 FisheriesForestry Research Centre l Seed collection

l Forest ecology

l Resource use patterns

Forestry Inventory Unit l

The National Herbarium l Botanical Collection

l Wild crop genetic research

of Agronomic Research

Crporesearch

Soil surveysl Biosafety

Department of Forestry &Wildlife l Wildlife surveys and inventories

Fisheries Research Institute

l stock estimates National institute for Veterinary Research l Veterinary research

Animal Production Institute l Livestock breeding

l Pasture and grazing research

Ministry for the Coordination of Environmental AffairsCoastal Zone Management Unit l Coastal marine biodiversity surveys

Non-Government Organizat ionsThe Endangered Wildlife Trust in l Currently producing a Bird Atlas for

collaboration with the Mozambican the whole of Mozambique; due to be

Ornithological Club completed by 2006

(in collaboration l Coral reef and marine surveys of

with MICOA) the Quirimbas Archipelago, northern

Mozambique

WWF in collaboration with the DNFFB l Biodiversity conservation, Bazaruto

Archipelago

in collaboration with several

Mozambican organizations

l Zambezi Delta survey

Reports c) Monitor the implementation ofmitigating measures and the environmentalmanagement for inter conservationof biodiversity.

Wildlife and Forestry Management

Staff resources and capacity within theNational Directorate of Forestry and Wildlifeand the Provincial Services for Forestry andWildlife are weak. In 1998 there were 573staff of which approximately 70 were locatedat DNFFB heaquarters and 500 covered the

provincial (SPFFB) and district offices.Given the size of forest and wildlife protectedareas (over 100,000 and theirdistribution within the country, personnel are spread extremely thinly andnot in proportion to the extent of the resourcebase in each province.

Most field staff have received little or notraining since the 1970s. The number oftrained technical and professional level staff

to 100) and core headquarters staff (39)is low. A lack of transport, communicationand other equipment and funds for fieldallowances effectively precludes fieldmonitoring and enforcement,

Research

A major constraint facing Mozambique is thelack of trained personnel to carry outresearch. Prior to Independence in 1975there were few trained Mozambicanscientists. Following Independence,Mozambique embarked upon a massiveeducational development strategy focussingon primary, secondary and tertiaryeducation.

It was only the late 1980’s and early 1990’sthat the first cadre of trained Mozambicanbiologists, foresters and agronomists

graduated from Mozambique’s only nationalUniversity. Today the process ofconsolidating scientific and researchcapacity building is continuing through avariety of postgraduate programmes. Itshould be noted that due to the inheritanceof a very weak institutional and humanresource base, a l l Mozambicanpostgraduates are still obliged to register forhigher degrees Universities outside of thecountry.

One of the major challenges facingMozambique is therefore, strengtheningresearch capacity through scientific andtechnical training. It must stated thata major constraint to building researchcapacity as well as carrying out research isthe very limited amount of funds that can beallocated to this sector.

The Government of Mozambique will,therefore, together with the nationalUniversity and research institutes promotethe acquisition of funds through a variety ofmechanisms to support research.

It is important that research not only becarried out in the technical and biologicalfields, but that the full range of issues ofimportance for the implementation of theConvention are included in researchprogrammes.

A number of existing institutes will be relevantfor capacity building, including the NationalHerbarium, Eduardo Mondlane University(various departments), the Natural HistoryMuseum, the Plant Genetic ResourcesCentre, the Department of Forestry andWildlife and the Forestry Research Centre.

It is important that also institutions in thefields of social and economic sciences areinvolved in future research related tobiodiversity, not least because many of theunderlying causes of biodiversity

degradation are of a socio-economic nature.

VII.4 FINANCIAL ASPECTS

The recently approved State Budget(September 1997) allocates approximately

million to the Ministry for theCoordination of Environmental Affairs(MICOA) for the 1998 financial year. Thiscovers staff salaries, consumables andservices, recurrent costs and investment forthe Ministry. It is not possible at this stageto predict how much financial support willbe given to biodiversity conservation.However, bearing in mind that the amountallocated to MICOA is small (in fact thesecond lowest amount of the 18 ministries)which needs to be divided among thevarious Directorates and Department, theactual amount allocated for biodiversityconservation is expected to be verylimited. Moreover, only a very small amountfunding is allocated for theProvincial Directorates of MICOA which willgreatly limit the proposed establishment ofProvincial arms of the Ministry.

The Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries,which houses the National Directorate ofForestry and Wildlife (DNFFB) and theNational Directorate of Fisheries, isallocated c. million from the StateBudget for 1998. However, this is a largeMinistry comprising many Directorates andDepartments. It is not possible to predict thefinancial support that will be allocated to themanagement forestry and wildlife for1998. However, based on past years thisamount is generally low. Between 1992 and1995, the total public sector financialresources made available for managingforest and wildlife resources declined from

million to million due to acombination of declining budget, currencydevaluation and low priority.

Similarly, it is not possible to specify theamount that will be allocated to the fisheriessector for 1998. Marine fisheries constitutesone most important income earners forMozambique. fisheries sector, therefore,has an important role in ensuring that thisresource is exploited on a sustainable basis.

In any event it is clear that the State Budgetdoes not provide adequate financial supportto ensure the conservation and sustainableuse of Mozambique’s biological resources.There is, therefore an urgent need forfinancial support from bilateral andmultilateral donors to implement the CBDimplementation activities in Mozambique.

31

THE PROTECTED AREASNETWORK

Mozambique has an impressive system ofprotected areas. Parks and reserves inMozambique are established under Decree

January 1955.

National Parks are managed for ecological,cultural, aesthetic and socio-economicobjectives. Game Reserves are similar butexclude the socioeconomic objective andmay have one or more species protected.Hunting activities under are permittedin the Coutadas (Controlled Hunting Areas).The exploitation of forest resources in theForest Reserves is strictly controlled.

The numbers (in parentheses) of protectedareas per category are National Parks Game Reserves Controlled HuntingAreas or Coutadas Vigilance Areas (2)and Forest Reserves (16). The list ofprotected areas and their size is presentedin Table 9 and their distribution shown inshown in Figure 9.

In a far-sighted move the Government ofMozambique recently (October, 1996)approved the implementation of aTransfrontier Conservation Areas Project.The new concept of Conservation Areas(rather than National Parks) which placesgreater emphasis on multiple resource useand management by local communitiesliving in/adjacent to these areas.

Three transfrontier conservation areas (seeFigure IO) were selected based anbiodiversity, social and economic criteriawarranting priority attention in Mozambique:

The Gaza TFCA

The Gaza TFCA covers 20,700 sq. km. in

the Provinces of Gaza and lnhambane andborders on Zimbabwe in the north west andSouth Africa in the south west. This is animportant TFCA as it includes three mainconservation areas: Zinave (3,700 sq.km)and Banhine National Parks (7,000 sq. km.)and Coutada 16 (a 10,000 sq. Km. wildlifeutilisation area); the latter is contiguous withthe Kruger National Park in South Africa.

The Gaza TFCA also borders on the Rhe-Zhou National Park in Zimbabwe.

The Maputo TFCA

This area lies in the south-eastern part ofMaputo Province, in the extreme south eastof Mozambique. It the Maputo GameReserve (700 and the proposed Futicorridor (an area of undisturbed habitat andrelatively low population density), which wouldlink the Maputo Reserve with the TembeElephant Park and the Ndumo GameReserve in Kwazulu, South Africa. Theproject area forms part of the MaputalandCentre for Endemism and ranks as a firstorder site of global botanical significance.Over 1,100 species of vascular plants (andpossibly may more) occur in the area (seeSection III.4 “Biological Hotspots”). The higharea has a potential for conservation andecotounsm-based development.

The Chimanimami TFCA

The Chimanimami TFCA is contiguous withthe Chimanimani National Park in Zimbabwe,this TFCA in Province is a relativelysmall area of 1,740 and includes theeastern escarpment and foothills of theChimanimani The area in Mozambiqueis better preserved, and represents a relativelyintact Afro-montane ecosystem, with highspecies endemism (notably plants), and richwildlife and bird populations.

Table 9. National Parks, Game Reserve, Controlled Hunting (CH) Areas and ForestReserves

PROVINCE DESIGNATION Sq. Km YEAR OF ION

Niassa Game Reserve 15000 1969 -- NAMPULA Mecuburi Forest Reserve 1954 1950

Baixo Pinda Forest Reserve Matibane Forest reserve

196 42

Forest Reset-v 51 Forest Reserve 5 2

Reserve 2100 1960 Derre Forest Reserve

1700 1950

C.H. Area 4 8900 1969C.H. Area 7 1969C.H. Area 9

5450 4450 1969

C.H. Area 13 5680 1960Maronga Forest Reserve 83 1950Zomba Forest Reserve 31

Moribane Forest Reserve 53

Gorongosa Nat. Park 5370 1960 Marromeu G. Reserve 1500 1961

C.H. Area 5 6860 1972C.H. Area 6 4560 1960C.H. Area 8 310 1969

C.H. Area 10 2000 1961C.H. Area 11 1930 1969

C.H. Area 12 2960 1969C.H. Area 14 1350 1969C.H. Area 15 2300 1969Nhamitanga Forest Reserve 1067 1943Nhapakwe Forest Reserve 170 1953

Forest Reserve 90 1950

Zinave Nat. Park 1972 Bazaruto Nat. Park

3700 150 1971

Pomene Game Reserve 1972

Banhine Nat. Park 700 1972 C.T. Area 16 10000

1969

Chirindzene Forest Reserve 1974 --

MAPUTO Maputo game Reserve 700 1969Boboli Forest Reserve 13 1961

Likwati Forest Reserve 1943

OF THE

VIII.

IMPLEMENTATIONOF THE BIODIVERSITYCONVENTION INMOZAMBIQUE FOR

OF THECONVENTION ON BIODIVERSITY BYTHE MOZAMBIQUE PARLIAMENT.

The Mozambican Parliament ratified theConvention of Biodiversity in 1994. Theannouncement of the Ratification and theConvention, in its entirety in English andPortuguese, was published in theGovernment Bulletin

I Serie) on 24 August 1994.

VIII.2 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

Current Status

Besides being a Party to the Conventionon Biodiversity, Mozambique participates inseveral other international and regionalconventions, agreements and organizationswhich are relevant to biodiversityconservation. The Mozambican Parliamentapproved the ratification of two importantconventions in 1997 namely the Convent ion on the Contro l o fTransboundary M o v e m e n t s o fHazardous Wastes and their Disposaland the Bamako Convention on the Banof the import into Africa and the Controlof Transboundary Movement andManagement of Hazardous Wasteswithin Africa.

However, Mozambique still needs to accedeto important conventions most notablyConvention on Wetlands of InternationalImportance Especially as Waterfowl

Habitats (Ramsar Convention) and theConvention on the Conservation of MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals. This need forMozambique to become a party to theseconventions forms part of the NationalStrategy and Action Plan.

The current status of Mozambique’sparticipation in international and regionalinitiatives is shown in Table 10.

Regional Workshop for IncorporatingBiodiversity-related Conventions andAgreements into National Legislation

A Regional Workshop for incorporatingbiodiversity-related conventions andagreements into national legislation in Africawas held in Maputo, 30 June- 4 July 1997.The workshop, promoted by the UNDP Joint Project on Environmental Lawand Institutions, was attended by lawyersfrom 12 African countries: Mozambique,South Africa, Lesotho, Malawi, Tanzania,Kenya, Uganda, Swaziland, Zambia,Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, and Sao Tome and

The workshop dealt with a range of topicsincluding:

overview of biodiversityoverview of issues involved inimplementing CBD Article 15access to genetic resourcesarea-based conservation with relatedCBD provisions as organizing principleplanning as a tool for area-basedconservationarea classificationsthe role of planning and use controlscoastal zone management as a toolfor area-based conservationintroduction to species-basedconservation with related CBDprovisions as organising principle.

Table 10. Status of Mozambique’s Participation in International and RegionalConventions, Agreements and Organizations Relevant to

1. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural Paris, 1972; Ratified 1982and Natural Heritage

2. Convention on Biological Diversity Rio de Janeiro, 1992;ratified in 1996

3. International Convention on Conservation of New Breeds

of Plants Paris, 1961, not signed

4. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Ramsar, 1971, not signed butEspecially as Waterfowl Habitats (Ramsar Convention) steps being taken to

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species Convention on International

of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES, or Washington Trade in Endangeredtion) Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES, or Washington Convention)

6. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species ofWild Animals

Bonn, 1979, not signed

- - - - -

7. Convention on Migratory Birds Bonn, 1991, not signed

8. Convention for the Protected, Management Development of Nairobi, 1985; inthe Marine and Coastal Environment of the Eastern African 1996Region and related Protocols ,

--

9. International Maritime Organization Member since 1991

on the Indian Ocean Marine Affairs

Member since 1991tion-IOMAC

Convention on the control of transboundarymovements of hazardous wastes and their disposal.

Basel, Ratified 1997

Bamako Convention on the ban of the import into Ratified inAfrica and the control of transboundary movement and 1997management of Hazardous wastes within Africa.

on Shared Watercourse Systems in the SADCRegion.

Signed, 1995

Zambezi River Basin Agreement

Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea Jamaica, 1982; Signed 1982

Convention to Combat Dought and Desertifi- Ratified 1996cation

l legal mechanisms for sustainable usel creating a legal regime for community

management, including conservation sustainable use of species

l an overview of CBD provisions relatedto damaging processes and threatsto biological resources

l trade in endangered species

Representatives of the Ramsar, CITES, andBonn Conventions and the LusakaAgreement introduced the respectiveconventions and agreements, noting the keyelements which require legislative attention.

FORMULATION OF A NATIONALSTRATEGY AND ACTION PLANFOR THE CONSERVATION BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN

The Ministry for the Coordination ofEnvironmental Affairs (MICOA) has beentasked by the Government of Mozambiqueto oversee the implementation of theBiodiversity Convention in Mozambique. Tothis end a provisional Biodiversity Unit hasbeen established within the Ministry tocoordinate all implementation activities.

One of the principal tasks of MICOA in 1997was the formulation of a National Strategyfor the Conservation of Biological Diversityin Mozambique in accordance with Article 6of the Convention which calls upon allparties to develop national strategies whichreflect the measures set out in theConvention. Financial support was providedby UNEP and

Under the guidance and coordination ofMICOA a team of local consultantsrepresenting various sectors wererequested to produce strategies and

actions for selected sectors and biologicalareas namely:

Forestry Wildlife Fisheries Fauna Flora Coastal Biota Crop Genetic Resources

These papers were edited andcompiled into a single draft strategydocument the first draft National Strategy.

The first draft document was widelydistributed to Government agencies, Government Organizations and otheragencies in Mozambique for comment anddiscussion, The first draft document waspresented, reviewed and revised during a 3day National Workshop held in Maputoduring 22-24 September 1997. TheWorkshop was attended by 65 personsrepresenting 37 agencies:

GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS

Coastal Zone Management Unit, Ministryfor the Coordination of EnvironmentalAffairsDirectorate of Planning and Studies,Ministry for the Coordination ofEnvironmental AffairsDepartment of Biological Sciences,Eduardo Mondlane UniversityDepartment of Environmental ImpactAssessmen t , M in i s t r y f o r t heCoordination of Environmental AffairsDepartment of Forestry and Wildlife,Ministry of Agriculture and FisheriesDepartment of Forest Engineering,Eduardo Mondlane UniversityDepartment of Gender, Ministry for theCoordination of Environmental Affairs

l

l

l

.

.

l

l

l

l

l

Department of Plant Health, Ministry ofAgriculture and FisheriesFisheries Research institute, Ministry ofAgriculture and FisheriesForest Inventory Unit, Ministry ofAgriculture and FisheriesNational Directorate of NaturalResources Management, Ministry forthe Coordination of EnvironmentalAffairsNational Directorate for Fisheries,Ministry of Agriculture and FisheriesNational Directorate for EnvironmentalPromotion and EducationNational Directorate for Tourism, Ministryof Commerce, Industry and TourismNational Herbarium, Ministry ofAgriculture and Fisheries

National Institute for Rural Development,Ministry of Agriculture and FisheriesProvincial Directorate for theCoordination of Environmental Affairs(Nampula Province)Provincial Directorate for theCoordination for Environmental Affairs(Gaza Province)Small-scale Fisheries ResearchInstitute, Ministry of Agriculture andFisheries.

PRIVATE SECTOR

l IMPACT0 Lda. Estudos e Ambientais

OTHERS ORGANIZATIONS

l Embassy of the Netherlandsl Malawian Environmental Affairs

Department (two representatives fromMalawi)

l Royal Danish Embassyl Secretariat for Eastern Africa Coastal Area

Management l United National Development Programmel United Nations Environment Programme

(representative from Kenya)l World Bank (Mozambique)

Based on the comments and observationsreceived during the Workshop a seconddraft document has been produced whichhas been circulated nationally andinternationally for a further final review.Several international organizations, havereviewed, or are currently reviewing, thedocument including the World ResourcesInstitute, ROSA, UNEP (Nairobi) andthe Ministry for Environmental Affairs andTourism, Malawi

NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONSThe overall goal of the National Strategy is:

ADOC (Nampula Province) -Associationfor the Development of CommunityOrganizationsEndangered Wildlife TrustFOCAMA Forum for NGO’s ProvinceFONGZA Forum for NGO’s, ZambeziProvinceFORPOSA Forum for NGO’s, SofalaProvince

World Conservation Union

THE CONSERVATION OF DIVERSITY AND THE MAINTENANCE OFTHE ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS ANDPROCESSES INTO ACCOUNT THENEED FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTAND A EQUITABLE OF THE FROM THE USEOF BIOLOGICAL

The purpose and scope of the Strategy isoutlined in Box 2.

37

BOX 2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF NATIONALSTRATEGY

The first purpose of the strategy is to meet the requirement of the Conventionwhich calls upon parties to develop national strategies reflecting themeasures set out in the Convention (Article 6).

Biological diversity, as defined in the CBD is a very broad concept. Thereare number of issues that need to be addressed in order to be able toconserve biological diversity including technical, legal, political, cultural andsocio-economic aspects. This calls for the active participation of all parts ofsociety, including government ministries, institutions, local communities andthe private sector.

Conservation of biodiversity may be envisaged as the ultimate goal of allactivities related to nature and environmental policies. However, in developingthe Strategy it is recognized that there is a need to prioritize issues thathave the most direct influence on biodiversity and therefore most urgentlyneed attention. In this respect the Strategy represents the first attempt toput these prioritized issues forcefully on the future agenda of our country.

The nature of the task of conserving biodiversity also calls for a well co-ordinated and cross-sectoral approach, given that many of the problemsfaced are not confined to just one sector, but involves several stakeholdersand sectors.

Consequently, the second purpose of the strategy is to identify issues forwhich national action will be taken as a matter of priority and for which thereis an immediate need for co-ordination of efforts. For some of the issuescovered by the strategy there will be a need to develop more detailed actionsplans.

The third purpose of the Strategy is to serve as an instrument that will helpgovernment agencies and society in general in ensuring that the overallgovernment policy goals related to biodiversity are realised, principallythrough efforts to co-ordinate relevant policies, programmes andstrategies.

Mozambique National Strategy has identifieda series of strategic objectives andassociated areas for action to achieve theseobjectives. The objectives and associatedareas for action as defined in the Strategyare as follows:

1.2 SPECIES PROTECTION OF SPECIES

OBJECTIVE 1.2:To determine the conservation status ofspecies in Mozambique and to identifyand implement appropriate conservationmeasures for threatened species

CONSERVATION OF MOZAMBIQUE�SBIODIVERSITY

IDENTIFICATION OF IMPORTANTCOMPONENTS OF BIODIPERSITY

OBJECTIVE 1.1: identify and monitorcomponents of biological diversityimportant for its conservation andsustainable use and of processes andactivities with an adverse impact on it.

1.

2.

3.

Identify institutions responsible foridentification and monitoring of importantcomponents of biological diversity, andstrengthen the capacity of theseinstitutions to carry out their tasks.

Promote the identification andmonitoring of important components ofbiodiversity, based on a systematic andcoordinated approach.

Identify policies, activities or processeswhich may adversely affect faunal, floral,plant genetic (crop), marine and coastaland other aquatic components ofbiological diversity, and seek to mitigatethese where appropriate.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Review existing policies, legislation andprogrammes to ensure that theseinclude, where necessary, provisions forthe conservation and recovery ofthreatened species and/or therehabilitation of degraded ecosystems.

Ensure that guidelines for conductingEnvironmental Impact Assessments(see Section 3) include provisions forthe protection of threatened species andpopulations

Review and if necessary strengtheninstitutions related to the implementationof the CITES convention, as well as toother conventions or regionalagreements ratified by Mozambiquerelevant to the protection of endangeredspecies, populations and habitats.

Promote the ratification by Mozambiqueto relevant agreements and conventionsrelated to species protection andrecovery most notably the Conventionon the Conservation of MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals Convention) and the Convention onWetlands of International ImportanceEspecially as Waterfowl Habitat(Ramsar-Convention).

Promote research to determine theconservation status of plant, animal and

species and where possible draw

39

up Red Data lists of threatened speciesaccording to internationally recognizedcategories.

PROTECTION OF

OBJECTIVE 1.3:To establish and manage a repre-sentative system of areas for theprotection of habitats and maintenanceof viable populations of species innatural surroundings.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Promote the rehabilitation andredefinition of existing protected areas.

Promote the involvement of localcommunities and other stakeholders inthe management of protected areas, e.g.using the model of the TFCA Project.

Assess the need for additionalmeasures for the protection of naturalhabitats, both inside, adjacent to, andoutside of protected areas.

Review and where necessary updateexisting legislation, especially related tothe rights of local communities to acquirerights over their land and resources.

Promote the identification of sensitiveecosystems, with a view to appointingadditional conservation areas ifnecessary, including

EX-SITU CONSERVATION

OBJECTIVE 1.4:Strengthen the capacity for ex-situconservation of animals, plants, fungiand micor-organisms

1.

2.

3.

Strengthen the capacity of existing situ institutions and if necessaryestablish additional ones

Upgrade the existing botanical gardensand arboreta and the creation of new ones

Garden, particularly as it relates to ex-situconservation of threatened species.

SUSTAINABLE USE OF BIOLOGICALRESOURCES

AGRICULTURE

OBJECTIVE 2.1:To ensure that biodiversi tyconsiderations are an integral part ofthe agricultural sector legislation,policies and strategies and ofagricultural

ACTIONS

Review and evaluate legislation, policiesand programmes related to theagricultural sector with regards toconservation and sustainable use ofagricultural biodiversity.

Promote and encourage activities andincentives aimed at developing andimplementing agricultural practicessupporting the conservation ofbiodiversity.

Promote national legislation and codesof conduct related to access to geneticresources and intellectual propertyrights, in line with relevant decisions bythe COP of the CBD.

4.

5.

6.

7.

6.

9.

10.

2.2

To establish, improve and strengthenexisting/proposed animal, plant andmicrobial genetic resource centres.

Promote on-farm conservation ofgenetic resources, especially races in areas where they evolved.

Identify and promote technologies withminimal adverse impacts on biodiversity.

Strengthen and refocus agriculturalextension services to promote farmingpractices and techniques whichcontribute to the conservation andsustainable use of biodiversity.

Establish an inter-ministerial body relatedto biotechnology and bio-safety issues.

Develop legislation and procedures forthe safe handling and use of GMO’s ascalled for in existing guidelines and anyfuture provisions of the protocol on safety, and strengthen nationalinstitutions responsible for this issue.

Promote a thorough assessment of thecurrent and potential use of inMozambique.

FORESTS AND FORESTRY

OBJECTIVE 2.2:To ensure that biodiversity conside-rations are an integral part of theforestry sector legislation, policies andstrategies and of forest managementpractices

1. Ensure that biodiversity considerationsare fully reflected in the implementationof existing forestry legislation, policiesand programmes.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

6.

9.

Support and encourage activities aimedat developing and implementing forestmanagement practices securingconservation of biodiversity. Activitiescould include development of methods fornatural regeneration of indigenous forests.

Develop procedures and methods forincorporating biodiversity considerationsin Environmental Impact Assessmentsof forestry related activities.

Develop criteria and indicators forsustainable forest management,including criteria and indicators for theconservation of biodiversity.

Support and encourage activities relatedto inter-sectoral dialogues onbiodiversity conservation andsustainable use of forest resources.

Ensure, through legislation, policies andland-use planning, that sufficient land isdestined for permanent forest cover,especially in areas of high diversity.

Develop mechanisms and incentives forthe involvement of rural communities,

and private sector in forest use,management and conservation.

Establish a fire management plan foreach forest management unit.

Conduct assessments of biodiversity inforests, especially in those suspectedof having a’high diversity.

FISHERIES

OBJECTIVE 2.3:To ensure that biodiversity conside-rations are an integral part of thefisheries sector legislation, policies andstrategies and of fisheries practices.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

To review and revise policies, legislationand programmes to ensure theincorporat ion of biodiversityconsiderations in the fisheries sector,including the adoption of codes forsustainable fisheries in accordance withthe FAO Code of Conduct forResponsible Fisheries.

Promote and coordinate inter-sectoralplanning, management and monitoringfor the conservation and sustainable useof coastal and marine biodiversity.

Introduce improved data collectiontechniques to ensure that not onlycommercially important fish species arerecorded and monitored.

Identify and adopt fisheries managementpractices that will contribute to theconservation and sustainable use ofmarine biodiversity and minimizeadverse impacts on marine biodiversity.

Promote the full participation andsharing of benef i ts by localcommunities, as an incentive to theconservation and sustainable usemarine biodiversity.

Review existing international legalinstruments related to marinebiodiversity and where appropriatepromote accession to these.

Promote training and capacity buildingto ensure that biodiversityconsiderations are incorporated intocoastal and marine research, planningand management.

8. Promote the enforcement of existingregulations for the conservation andsustainable use of marine biodiversity.

2 4. TOURISM

OBJECTIVE 2.4:Ensure the development of a tourismindustry which incorporates in plansand operations, considerations for theconservation and sustainable usebiodiversity.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Promote and implement tourismdevelopment that will contribute to theconservation and sustainable use of thebiodiversity, including through the use ofincentives for tourism developmentswhich actively contribute to biodiversityconservation and/or rehabilitationthrough restocking and/or re-vegetationprogrammes.

Promote private sector tourismdevelopers who seek to form equitablepartnerships with local communities.Through these joint-venture schemeslocal communities will be involved in theco-management of biological resources,and from which they will accrue tangibleeconomic benefits.

Monitoring the impacts of tourismespecially those in, or adjacent to,sensitive areas and critical habitats.

Based on monitoring activities topropose and implement measures thatmay reduce or eliminate any identifiedadverse impacts on biological diversity.

Ensure that recommendations andmitigating measures for reducing or

eliminating adverse environmentalimpacts arising from tourismdevelopment are implemented andmaintained.

LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND TRADI-TIONAL KNOWLEDGE

OBJECTIVE 2.5:Promote community-based sustainableuse of biodiversity, and recognize,document and promote the use oftraditional knowledge systems ofimportance to the conservation ofbiodiversity,

(ACTIONS

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Promote and establish community-based natural resource managementschemes in accordance with existingnational strategies and policies.

Monitor and audit the socio-economicand biodiversity impacts of community-based management schemes, andwhere necessary, adjust the activitiesand approaches of these schemes.

Promote the documentation and use oftraditional knowledge systems relevantto the conservation of Mozambique’sbiodiversity.

To establish ethical guidelines to ensurethat research related to ethnobiology iscarried out in cooperation with, and withthe consent of, the owners of traditionalknowledge. Wherever possible theresearch should be directed at providingtangible benefits to the communitiesproviding that knowledge.

Promote the integration of traditionalknowledge concerning biodiversity into

6.

7.

scientific research programmes and theas well as projects and activities thatinvolve the use and management ofbiological resources.

Ensure, through adequate legislationand regulations, that the communityrights to their traditional knowledge andpractices is secured, including thatcommunities gain royalty payments, orother forms of compensation, fromcommercial products using traditionalknowledge and/or from naturalresources belonging to these localcommunities.

Promote the integration of traditionalknowledge and management practicesinto conservation and sustainable usepolicies, plans and initiatives.

2.6. INTEGRATED

OBJECTIVE 2.6:Promote integrated managementplanning, where necessary on aregional basis, for the conservation andsustainable use of Mozambique’sbiodiversity.

1. Promote the use of IntegratedManagement Planning, including co-ordination and support to on-goingintegrated management planningactivities in relation to the conservationof biodiversity.

2. Provide for better co-ordination ofactivities related to intergrated coastalzone management, including definitionof institutional mandates, adjustment of

N A T I O N A L R E P O R T O N B IOLOGICAL D IVERSITY M O Z A M B I Q U E

mandates to avoid gaps, overlap ofpowers and conflicts, and definition ofcommon responsibilities and strategieson the management of the coastal area(MICOA in liaison with NCSD).

3. Promote the integratedCatchment Resources,with regional protocols.

Use of Sharedin accordance

AND CROSS-SECTORALINTEGRATION

OBJECTIVE 2.7:Integrate the conservation andsustainable use of biological diversityinto relevant and cross-

plans, ptogrammes andpolicies.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Ensure that that considerations relatedto the conservation and sustainable useof biodiversity are integrated into

plans, programmes andpolicies in accordance with the NEMP.

Establish a Biodiversity Unit withinMICOA in order to promote and co-ordinate the integration of biodiversityconsiderations into and cross-

planning and management.

Develop and promote integratedresource-use planning.

Promote sector legislation andestablishment of norms and criteria forsustainable use of the countries’ naturalresources.

Strengthen capacity to meetthe requirements stated in its mandate,

especially with regards to cross- issues related to biodiversity

conservation.

3. IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANDMINIMIZING ADVERSE IMPACTS

IMPACTASSESSMENT

OBJECTIVE 3.1:To develop guidelines for impact assessments and to ensurethat environmental impact asses-sments are conducted for projects andactivities, likely to have significantadverse effects on biodiversity.

1.

2.

3.

a)

b)

MICOA will draw up and submitregulations and guidelines forEnvironmental Impact Assessments inMozambique which will include clausespertaining to biodiversity conservation.This is currently being carried out bythe MICOA.

Strengthening of MICOA to a) draw up of Reference for related to

a variety of development projects b)Review EIA Reports c) Monitor theimplementation of mitigating measuresand the environmental management for

the conservation of biodiversity.

Draw up national emergency responsecapabilities to deal with:

environmental impacts arising from oilspills and other marine pollutants

terrestrial impacts arising spillage ofhazardous and toxic materials

definition of responsibilities related the control and eradication measures forrehabilitation of degraded habitat arising alien organisms that threaten biologicalfrom (a) and (b) above. diversity.review existing legislation andregulations with regards to culpability,compensation and indemnity in casesof environmental degradation resultingfrom oil spills, marine pollution andterrestrial pollution.

Promote, and collaborate in, regionalinitiatives for the control of alien speciesin shared ecosystems.

6. Promote the use of indigenous flora andfauna for the rehabilitation and vegetation of degraded areas or areasprone to erosion.

SPECIES AND MODIFIEDORGANISMS

OBJECTIVE 3.2:Control the introduction and spread ofalien species and genetically modifiedorganisms that threaten or have thepotential to threaten Mozambique’sbiological diversity.

1.

2.

3.

4.

Review, revise and formulate policy,legislation and programmes related tothe control, introduction, translocationand management of alien species thatmay adversely affect ecosystemprocesses and/or biological diversity.

Ensure that projects involving theintroduction and management of alienorganisms (such as re- andafforestation and fresh water and marineaquaculture) are subject to a proper

in accordance with theEnvironmental Law.

Promote research into the extent natureand impacts introduced alien organismsthat threaten or have the potential tothreaten Mozambique’s biologicaldiversity.

Develop and implement appropriate

7. Promote, through the dissemination ofinformation, public awareness regardingthe risks of introduction of alien species.

SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE AND

CAPACITY

OBJECTIVE 4.1:Improve the knowledge of importantcomponents of Mozambique’s diversity

2.

3.

4.

Promote the compilation, synthesis andanalysis of existing biodiversityinformation, and ensure that thisinformation is disseminated in a usableform, in order to facilitate theconservation and sustainable use ofbiodiversity.

Identify a focal point institute tasked withthe activities referred to in action 1 above.

Promote the training of scientists andtechnicians from relevant institutions tocarry out research into and inventoriesof Mozambique’s biodiversity.

Promote research programmes, as well

F I R S T N A T I O N A L

as individual surveys and inventoriesrelevant to the knowledge aboutimportant components of biodiversity,and secure that, where necessary,activities are carried out using a multi-disciplinary approach.

5. PUBLICAWARENESSANDEDUCATION

OBJECTIVE 5.1:Improve the knowledge of importantcomponents of Mozambique’s

1.

2.

Establish and implement, through theNational Biodiversity Unit, a coordinatedprogramme, to enhance publicawareness and education related toconservation and sustainable use ofbiodi-versity.

Encourage institutes and organizationinvolved in research into andconservation of biodiversity to embarkupon public awareness building andeducation through stimulating aninterest in biodiversity related issues.

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

OBJECTIVE 6.1:To ensure the prioritised and co-ordinated participation of Mozambique,internationally and regionally, ininitiatives aimed at the conservationand sustainable use of biologicaldiversity

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Review Mozambique’s participation inregional and international agreementsrelevant to the conservation andsustainable use of biodiversity, andensure that efforts are well coordinatedand prioritised.

Contribute to the formulation anddevelopment of new bilateralagreements relevant to conservation ofbiodiversity.

Promote accession to, and ratificationof, regional and internationalagreements relevant to biodiversityconservation will be promotedespecially the RAMSAR Convention forthe Protection Wetlands of InternationalImportance and the ratification of theCITES convention.

In accordance with internationalconventions and agreements identifysites of natural, biological or scenicvalue and promote the recognition ofthese sites according to internationalstatus for example Natural HeritageSites, RAMSAR Sites, BiosphereReserves etc.

Maintain and strengthen Mozambique’sparticipation in international organisationsconcerned with sustainable developmentand biodiversity conservation.

Participate actively in agreements,protocols and activities of internationalorganisations.

Review, and if necessary revise, existinglegislation in Mozambique to ensure thatnational legislation complies with theobligations and objectives of internationaland regional conventions and agreements.

VIII.4 INTEGRATION OF BIODIVERSITYCONSIDERATIONS INTO

POLICIES AND

It is recognized that the integration ofbiodiversity considerations into plans, policies and programmes will be oneof the major challenges in implementingmany of the actions outlined in the Strategy.

The Ministry for the Coordination ofEnvironmental Affairs (MICOA) has beentasked to promote and co-ordinate theimplementation of sound environmentalpolicies. For this purpose the Ministry hasdrawn up the National EnvironmentManagement Programme (NEMP) which isthe environmental master-plan forMozambique.

The NEMP consists of Plans, forthe medium and long term, which areintended to lead to sustainable developmentof Mozambique. MICOA has been given theauthority to oversee the implementationNEMP. In this regard MICOA will evaluateplans and policies of other ministries as wellas their capacity to promote and implementsound environmental policy.

The Law of the Environment, proposed byNEMP, was passed by the MozambicanParliament in 1997 -this will facilitate andstrengthen the role of MICOA.

A National Commission for SustainableDevelopment (NCSD) was created by aprovision in the Environmental Law. TheNCSD is a consultative body directly linkedto the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) andwill ensure that that considerations relatedto the conservation and sustainable use ofbiodiversity are integrated into plans, programmes and policies at thehighest level. In addition a Biodiversity Unitwithin MICOA will be created in order to

promote, co-ordinate and guide thisintegration.Objective 2.7 of Mozambique’s Strategydirectly addresses this issue. In addition, theobjectives and associated actions relatedto agriculture, forestry, fisheries, wildlife andtourism recognize the need to review andevaluate legislation, policies andprogrammes with regards to theincorporation of biodiversity considerationsinto these sectors.

VIII.5 ESTABLISHMENT OF CLEARINGHOUSE MECHANISM

Mozambique has received support during1997 from the United Nations EnvironmentalProgramme (UNEP) to establish a ClearingHouse Mechanism to promote and facilitatescientific and technical cooperation.However, the necessary equipment andstaffing structure is not yet place in order tocarry out CHM operations. Once theequipment is installed MICOA will coordinatethe establishment of fully functional CHMin Mozambique.

IX. REFERENCES

Dutton, T.P. and Dutton, E.A.R. (1975) Reconhecimento preliminar das montanhas deChimanimani e zonas adjacentes corn vista duma area de

Vet. 123-203.

Gove, D. Magane, S. (1996). The status of sea turtle conservation and research inMozambique. Proceedings from the Workshop on the Role of Research in Coastal ZoneManagement, Maputo, 24-25 April, 1996. Published by: Departamento de Biologicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane.

Guissamulo, A. (1993). e abundancia de golfinhos e Dugongos e sua corn algumas pescarias nas baias de Maputo e Bazaruto. Trabalho de

Licenciatura. Maputo, 93pp.

Hughes, G.R. (1971). Preliminary report on the sea turtles and dugongs of Mozambique.

(1982). Conservation of the coastal and marine ecosystems and livingresources of the East African region. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies 11.68

(1985). Management and conservation of renewable marine resources inthe Eastern African Region. Regional Seas Reports and Studies 66.

Saket, M. and Matusse, R.M. (1994). Estudo de da de Deflorestamentoda de em Unidade de Florestal, Departamento Florestal, de Florestas e Fauna Ministeno da Maputo.

Smithers, R.H.N. and J.L.P.L. (1970) Check List and Atlas of the Mamals ofMocambique. Museum Number

CBD

CEF

CITES

CHM

COP

DNFFB

EMU

GOM

NEMP

NCSD

NGO

NPGRC

SADC

SEMOC

SPFFB

TFCA

UNEP

ZACPLAN

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS APPEARING IN THE TEXT

Convention on Biological Diversity

Centro de (Forestry Research Centre)

Convention on the International Trade of Endangered Species

Clearing House Mechanism

Conference of the Parties

de Florestas e Fauna (National Directorate ofForestry and Wildlife

Environmental Impact Assessment

Eduardo Mondlane University

Government of Mozambique

lnstituto de Agronomica (National Institute forAgronomic Research)

Ministerio a de Ambiental (Ministry for theCoordination of Environmental Affairs)

Ministerio de Comercio e Turismo (Ministry of Industry,Commerce and Tourism)

National Environmental Management Programme

National Commission for Sustainable Development

Non-Governmental Organization

National Plant Genetic Resources Centre

Southern African Development Community

Sementes de (Mozambique Seed Company)

das Florestas e Fauna (ProvincialForestry and Wildlife Services)

Transfrontier Conservation Area

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development

The United Nations Environmental Programme

Zambezi River Basin Action Plan