CBVT4203

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Video Technology (CBVT4203)

Bachelor in Multimedia Communication

XXXXXXXXXX

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxOpen University Malaysia(Kelantan Learning Centre)

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1.0 Introduction about video technology

Video is the technology to capture recording, processing, and transmission and rebuild

the moving pictures, typically using celluloid film, electronic signals, or digital media.

Digital video technology can describe any method of recording, playing, capture, edit,distribute or projecting video and audio using digital video instead of analog video signals. The

popularity of digital video has led to a variety of technological and artistic innovations. A

distinguishing feature of digital video is that many copies can be made from a video recording

without changing or deteriorating quality of the clip.

Video can be interpreted as a combination some of the still image by the hundreds of

thousands or even millions of numbers that read regularly and sequentially in units of time with a

certain speed. The combination of a row of pictures with many of the mentioned frame, while the

speed of reading in a row the pictures in the video / film with a unit cost call Frame Rate quoted

fps (frames per second). Because the network is a row of pictures rotated with high speed, thenarise a subtle illusion of motion is effectively until stills image to be like real life, the higher the

frame rate of a video or film, the more subtle movements of images displayed.

1. Evolution of video technology in the first decade (1990s)

a) Digital Camera

A digital camera (or digicam) is a camera that encodes digital images and digital videos

and save them for later breeding. Most cameras sold today are digital and digital camera that is

inserted into a device that consists of a PDA and hand phone (dialed phone camera) for vehicles.

Digital cameras and film teamed optical systems, typically using the lens diaphragm

variable to give light to the pedestal image pickup device. Diaphragm and of the control

recognizes the correct amount of light for imager that, just as with film but the image pickup

device is electronic rather than chemical. Nevertheless, not as film cameras, digital cameras may

expose the image-image in the screen after recorded, and save the image-image and put out of

memory. Many digital cameras also may record sound switch moving video. Some of the digital

camera image may cut and sew and implement the principles of image editing. Below are listing

of the digital video in year 1990.

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CANON RV-311

Left : Digital Camera Prototype DC-90 Right : Digital Camera Prototype

DC-90

(Nickname: Ms. Atsuko) (nickname: Ms. Omoko)

One of the few players still produced video era to use video still mini discs used

to record still images with video (analog) cameras such as the Sony MVC-5000

and others.

CASIO DC-90 PROTOTYPES

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Two cameras Casio prototype has been developed, but not put into production.

This is a prototype to test the function "called Atsuko and Omoko" built by Casio

Casio has developed a computer as their first digital camera equipped with LCD

viewfinders. Atsuko tend to overheat, so a small fan mounted in the compartment

of the viewfinder, and the LCD screen has been replaced with a viewfinder

through-the-lens. Omoko nickname refers to the extra weight of the camera (Omo

mean weight in Japan) as a result of using the generic camera. Omoko weighed

2.75 kilograms, and Atsuko reached a temperature of 90 degrees C when

operated.

CHINON S-2000

2 X, 10-20mm f/2.7-3.8 zoom lens. Multi-infrared autofocus. Shutter 1/45 to

1/500 second. Inch 380K pixel CCD. "Hi-band Still Video on Floppy," Popular

Photography, May 1980, p56

DYCAM MODEL 1 / Logitech FotoMan

Dycam Model 1 (dark gray) and Fotoman (white) B & W cameras digicams is the

first fully digital users that are sold in the United Syarikat (both made by Dycam)

they saved 32 images compressed at depth 1MB RAM. 1/3-inch, 376 x 240 pixels

CCD at 256 gray stage. Pict 2 or TIFF format. 8mm fixed focus lens. Shutter 1/30

to 1/1000 second. Nurtured in a flash. They operate just like the Canon XapShot

unless they include digitizing hardware within the camera itself. The camera was

attached to a PC to transfer images (images by Jef Raskin). There is only one

button on camera, button of the control. To turn on the flash it is necessary to

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connect the camera to the computer and use a program that comes with the

camera. To turn the flash off is necessary to initially connect the camera to the

computer. MSRP $ 995. Digital Photography, Mikkel Aaland, 1992, P21.

Photography popular. December. P111 1991.

The picture on the right shows about what a good quality Dycam 1 picture might

look like on your computer at full size (100%), 376 x 240 pixels (.09 MP).

Doubling the size of the photo to 752 x 480 pixels will cause pixelization clear

images. Actual size 376 x 240 pixel image when printed on plain inkjet printer is

about 3/4 inch wide and 1 1/4 inches tall, or about the size of the image on the

right

The picture on the right shows roughly what good qualities Dycam 1 picture

might look like on the computer at full size (100%), 376 x 240 pixels (.09 MP).

Doubling size photos to 752 x 480 pixels will cause pixelization clear image. Size

truth 376 x 240 pixel image when printed on plain inkjet printer is approximately3/4 inches wide and 1 1/4 inches high, or roughly size image on the right.

HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE

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Hubble is the workhorse instrument Wide Field Camera planets and 2 (WFPC2)

and captured most of the pictures Hubble's most famous. He watched just about

everything, recording very sharp image distant objects in the view of the rather

extensive. 48 filter that allows scientists assess the precise wavelength of light and

for an imposing various wavelengths from ultraviolet to infrared light border.

WFPC2 not use film to record image-image it. In contrast, four postage stamp-

sized pieces of high-tech Charge-Coupled Devices (CCDs) collects edict rather

than stars and galaxies to create an image. Perceiver is extremely sensitive to very

weak light of distant galaxies. They can see the draw object one milliard times

more rugged than the eye can see and less sensitive CCDs now, in some of video

cassette Recorder and all the new digital cameras. CCDs are composed of

electronic circuit than picture elements sensitive to light (pixels). Each of the four

CCDs than Hubble contains 640,000 pixels. The light collected by each pixel is

translated into number. This numbers (all 2.56 million rather than them) delivered

based computer to the ground, which swapped them into the image.

KODAK STILL VIDEO CAMERA -.

Shown publicly in 1990 at Photokina in 1990, he may have been a ruse to confusethe status of Kodak digital competition. Digital DCS-100 has been shown under

the same privately at Photokina. SV camera shown above is the Nikon F3 with

still video back. This system is used utilized Winchester power carried by a

shoulder strap. Kodak stating that they aim to market the camera in 1991 at an

MSRP than $ 25,000. Photo at right shows a 1.3MP CCD served on the Nikon F3

back. The camera which created a rather chaotic layman, especially among

journalists photo fitting into the market that are reserved (Popular Photography

referred to as "bomb").Popular Photography, January 1991, page 56

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KODAK DCS-100 SLR DIGITAL CAMERA

Setting the DCS-100 is not the official position of Kodak, but emerged as a result

of the magazine article and the name stuck. The system is a commercial version

of the Kodak DSLRs 1987-1989 that shown in person at Photokina 90 with a

price of $ 30,000 Marketed in 1991. 1.3MP CCD (1024 x 1280 pixels) based on a

Nikon F3 body ISO 100. Nikkor interchangeable lens mount. The Manual focus:

Shutter 8 seconds to 1/2000 second. Reflex optical viewfinder, hot shoe, timer,

200MB of internal memory. The two versions - B & W and color. Plugged into a

large plastic bag, the system consists of a 200MB drive external hard drive with

battery, control panel, display mono, and cable, with a total weight of 55 pounds.

Click on the image to see a larger picture. The Items on the bottom right side of

the Kodak Professional Digital Back is the same year. History Kodak DCS

cameras from 1987-2004 can be found on James Garvey listed below. Mr. Garvey

is the main engineer for many Kodak cameras within that time period.

KODAK PHOTO CD SYSTEM.

The Photo CD has process negatives or slides to convert CD images. When

introducing the Kodak Photo CD system recorded up to 100 images on a single

CD. Each image was recorded at five different resolutions. Pixel Photography,

Robert McMahan, 1993, p11

OLYMPUS ESTILO

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Prototype camera has memory card. Popular Photography, January 1991, page 55,

states that ESTILO can record images in the mode field 38 or 18 frames per card

mode showing that it is a video camera is still, however, others claim that it and

the camera is shown on IC Card below is a digital camera because they use a

memory card. The ESTILO not marketed.

OLYMPUS VC-102.

V-102 is an ascending level of V-100. Hi-band, 10-27mm f/2.8 zoom, passive

auto focus with low light illumination. 1/2- inch 360K pixel CCD. Shutter 1/30 to

1/2000 second.Popular Photography May 1990. P56.

OLYMPUS IC CARD CAMERA

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The prototype camera with solid-state storage.Popular Photography, May 1990,

p57, stated that the camera used in data compression to save 29 or 52 still images

of video on a flash card about the size of a credit card and recorded in field mode

only. Mode field is a term applied to a video camera instead of a digital camera

with still shows that it is an analog still camera video from a digital camera.

Description with pictures and accompanying text also states that it is a video,

however, some sites say that it is a digital camera because it uses a digital camera

memory card now do. The camera was never marketed. Olympus VC-102 is an

example of the market and is still analog video cameras.

PENTAX EI-C70.

The still video camera is 3X 8mm to 24mm, f.2.8-5.6 zoom, with active infrared

automatic giving pedestal. Shutter 1/8 to 1/1000 second. Popular Photography,

May 1980, P56.

SAMSUNG SNAC

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That SNAC (New Age Samsung Cameras) is a Hi-band still video camera. 15mm

f/2.8 fixed focus lens. MOS Sensor 300k. 50 images of each disc. Popular

Photography, May 1990, P56.

SJSU NUA 356.

It is still video camera and Project students of San Jose State University. Kyle

Swen designed with surveillance cameras Tomasz Migurski. It was designed as a

concept of the future, not for manufacturing. Design premise is to introduce

camera images stored electronically rather than the use of standard films. The
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images are stored on 3.5 "floppy disk which can then be downloaded

electronically to a variety of formats.

SONY CVP-G500 - 1990.

Still video image capture device and printer combined into one unit. Popular

Photography, June 1991, p20.

SONY HYPERHAD.

HAD (Hole Accumulated Diode) sensor. Light focusing microlens (shown at left)positioned over each pixel gathers, concentrates and focuses light into the active

area of the photo imaging sensor. Light sensitivity is increased by one f / stop.

Digital Photography: Pictures of Tomorrow, John J. Larish, 1992, h.23

TOSHIBA MC200.

Memory card camera 2/3-inch, 400,000 pixel CCD. 18MB card, 6 high-

resolution images. 3X 9mm to 27mm f/2.0 lens. Shutter 1/32 to 1/512 second.

Built up in a flash, and auto-focus.Popular Photography, Disember, 1991, p111.

YASHICA SAMURAI V-70.

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Hi-band still video camera. 1/2-inch, 390k pixel CCD, 3x 9-27mm f/1.4 zoomlens, auto-focus through the lens.Popular Photography, May 1980, P56

b) The first MP3 player, the MPMan in 1998, is released

MPMAN music player, released by the South Korean company Saehan Information Systems,

began his career in Asia in March 1998, and is one of the large-scale solid-state players first

mobile digital audio.

Internal flash memory can be expanded, but there is no support for external memory. It isserved with a docking station. To put music into the device, the first music had to be encoded

in mp3 format encoders provided by the user, and then transferred via a parallel port

connected to the docking station with portable player devices.

On May 2, 1998 in Japan Akihabara "Akiba ~ we" store in Chuo, Tokyo began selling 32

MB and 64 MB model, the price of 39 800 (about 400 USD - $ 578.77 today) and 59 800

yen, respectively own.

In North America, this device South Korea began importing for sale by Michael Robertson Z

Company [2] in mid-1998. At the same time, Eiger Labs, Inc. imported and rebranded

players in two models, the Eiger MPMAN F10, and F20 Eiger MPMAN .

Eiger MPMAN F10 is a unit that is very basic and not user expandable, though owners can

upgrade the memory from 32 MB 64 MB to send the player back to Eiger Labs with check

69 + 7.95 USD shipping. Measuring 90 mm high by 70 mm wide by 16.5 mm thick and

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weighs approximately 65 grams, it is very compact. Price United States in 1998 for the F10

model with 32 MB of flash memory is around 200-250 USD.

Eiger MPMAN F20 is the same model used 3.3 V SmartMedia card for expansion, and run

on a single AA battery, not rechargeable NiMH batteries.

c) DVDs become available in the US in 1997 and rapidly increase, making video cassettes

obsolete.

Introduced in the U.S. in March 1997 DVD (Digital Video Disc) is home video the fastest

growing technology in history. As a format developed for both the computer and

entertainment system, a DVD has established a strong relationship with the film industry, a

relay platform in a few years the most important in the film to home video in the

international market. The reasons for this rapid development have been much analyzed in the

trade press from an economic point of view.

d) Plasma flat panel televisions become commercially available later in the decade,

competing against CRT televisions.

Large-screen television technology developed rapidly in the 1990s. Various thin screen

technologies are being developed, but only a liquid crystal display (LCD), plasma display

(PDP) and Digital Light Processing (DLP) has been issued in the public market. This

technology has almost completely displaced cathode ray tube (CRT) in television sales, due

to the bulkiness of the cathode ray tube. However, recent technologies such as organic light-

emitting diode (OLED) technology and not-yet released as surface-conduction electron-

emitter display (SED) or field emission display (FED) issued their way to replace the firstflat-panel technology picture quality. Diagonal screen size of a CRT is limited to about 40

inches for size requirements of cathode ray tubes, which fires three electron beams onto a

screen, creating an image that can be seen. A larger screen size requires a longer tube, a CRT

television with a large screen (50 to 80 inches) which is not realistic because of the size. The

technologies mentioned above can produce a big screen television thinner.

e) Full Color Flat Panel Computer monitors are released commercially to the public in the

mid-to-late 1990s.

By the early to mid-1990s, the need for video performance PC market has clearly run into the

limitations imposed by the VGA connector and cable used. In addition, there is an

expectation that the display would be a logical central computer system where to find many

of the functions of other human-interface - such as the audio input and output, keyboard

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connection, and other concerns led to the beginning of an effort, again the Video Electronics

standards Association (VESA), to develop a new standard display interface designed to

replace the ubiquitous 15-pin "VGA." Working group was formed in 1994 to develop an

enhanced video connector, and a standard VESA EVC was released in late 1995.

The EVC is based on a new connector design created by Molex, Inc. displays the set of

"pseudo-axial" contact, basically four pins arranged in a square and separated by a ground-

plane crossing structure (the pair of mating connectors) to control impedance and crosstalk

reduction. Performance of this structure, known as the "Microcross " by Molex,

approximately equal to that of a small coaxial connector 13W3, while allowing easy

termination of coaxial lines and, lower-cost solution that is much smaller. In addition to the

four "Microcross" contact, which has been defined as doing the video signal red, green, and

blue pixel clock options, the EVC provided 30 general-purpose connectivity in three rows of

ten pins each. This synchronization and display common ID function, but also add audioinput and output capabilities, pin to "S-Video" as the video input Y / C, and two general-

purpose digital interface: Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE-1394 high-speed serial

channels, also known as "FireWire ". EVC pin out is shown in Figure 9-11.

f) The first HDTV broadcast airs in 1990

Television high definition (HDTV) is a digital broadcasting system television with higher

resolution than traditional formats (NTSC, SECAM, PAL). Although some of the early

analog HDTV formats has been broadcast in Europe and Japans, HDTV is usually broadcast

digitally, you indulge television digital (DTV) broadcasting requires much less bandwidth.

HDTV technology first introduced in the United Syarikat during the 1990's by a group of

reputable electronic cal chairs the Digital HDTV Grand Alliance.

Television high definition initially awakened by Nippon Hs and was published in 1969.

Though however, the current system is not a prime so 1990s.

The terminology described above was invented for digital systems in the 1990s. The digital

signal to encode the color of each pixel, or dot on the screen as a series of numbers. Before

that, analog TV signals encoded value to a monochrome, or 3 color signals as they scannedthe screen continuously from line to line. For comparison, the radio sound to encode the

analog signal is sent to an amplified speaker, usually up to 20 kHz, but the video signal is in

the MHz range, which is why they are higher in the spectrum of the radio broadcast audio.

Analog video signal does not have a true "pixels" to measure horizontal resolution. Vertical

scan line count included off-screen scan lines with no picture information while the CRT

beam back to the top of the screen to begin another field. Therefore NTSC considered to

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have "525 lines" though only 486 of them have a (625/576 for PAL). Similarly, the Japanese

MUSE system called "1125 line", but only 1035i by today's measuring standards. This

change was made because digital systems do not require line of the trace is empty except for

the signal is converted to analog to drive a CRT.

g) Memory cards become available

A memory card or flash card is a flash memory data storage device used to store electronic

digital information. They are commonly used in many electronic devices, including digital

cameras, mobile phones, laptops, MP3 players and video game consoles. Most can

diminutive, re-recordable, and can store data without power.

PC Card (PCMCIA) among first commercial memory card formats (type I cards) to come out

in the 1990s, but is now used mainly in industrial applications and to connect I / O devices

such as modems. In the 1990s, a number of memory card formats smaller than PC Cardarrived, including CompactFlash, SmartMedia, and Miniature Card. The desire for smaller

cards for cell-phones, PDAs, and compact digital cameras drove a trend that has left the

previous generation of "compact" cards looking great. In digital cameras SmartMedia and

CompactFlash had been very successful

h) USB ports become popular in computers, although the USB flash drive wasn't available

until 2000

Before flash, prior to the USB drive, it is hard and difficult to move large amounts of data

from place to place. Technology CD-writing is almost no on personal computers until the late

1990s; existing common-largest media portable storage is the best floppy disk can hold 1:44

megabyte.

Large files (over 1.44 MB) had split across many floppy disks, or wear high-density disks are

expensive and rarely compatible, such as Zip disks. They are special, expensive hardware

required, which limited their popularity.

i)

Netflix is launched, offering DVDs mailed straight to your home, which you could select

in an online queue

Takes a look at the industrial, technological, and television production and consumption

changes from the late 1990s to the present through the lens of Netflixs history.Netflix was

founded in 1997 in Scotts Valley, California by Marc Randolph and Reed Hastings, who

previously worked together at Pure Software. Randolph is a co-founder of a company by the

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Exposure to crystalline liquid improved, in particular active-matrix TFT (Thin-Film

Transistor) LCD technology. Computer screens early usury is black and white, blue and

white, or gray scale, STN (Super Twist NEMATIK) passive-matrix LCDs were exposed to

heavy shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some computer screens are easy to over

expose sharper monochrome plasma , but this is too much during the draw for batterypower). Color STN screens needed for some time even though their eyesight is poor

qualities. With approximately 1991, two new color LCD technologies hit the market current

prime massively; Dual STN and TFT. Dual STN screens solved many problems STN

exposure at very affordable and TFT screens offered excellent visual qualities although

initially at a steep price. DSTN continued to offer advantages over TFT boarding is striking

that the mid-90s before declining to the point of boarding delta DSTN was no longer used in

computer usury. The increase in technology spending describing intended to be larger,

sharper, has a higher native resolution, faster follow-back period and may explain the color

with great precision, making them acceptable substitute for a traditional CRT monitor .

l) PDA(Personal Digital Assistants)

PDAs become popular in the mid-1990s with the release of the touch screen Apple Newton

in 1993, although it has a monochrome screen. Later in the late 1990s, the first full-color

PDAs are released, but they consume a lot of battery life

m)Digital Video Recorders, abbreviated as DVRs, are released in 1999.

A digital video recorder (DVR), sometimes referred to by the trade term personal videorecorder (PVR) is a consumer electronics device or application software that records video in

a digital format for disk drives, USB flash drives, SD memory cards, SSD or other local mass

storage device or network. The term includes set-top boxes (STB) with direct to disk

recording facility, portable media players (PMP) with recording, recorders (PMR) as

camcorders that record onto Secure Digital memory cards and software for personal

computers which enables video capture and playback to and from the hard drive.

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Consumer digital video recorders ReplayTV and TiVo were launched at the 1999 Consumer

Electronics in Las Vegas, USA. Microsoft also showed a unit with DVR capability, but this

does not become available until the end of 1999 for full DVR features in Dish Network

receiver DISHplayer. TiVo shipped their first units on March 31, 1999. ReplayTV won the"Best of Show" award in the video category with Netscape co-founder Marc Andreessen as

an early investor and board member, but TiVo was more successful commercially. While

early legal action by media companies forced ReplayTV to remove many features such as

automatic commercial skip and the sharing of recordings over the Internet, newer devices

have steadily regained these functions while adding complementary abilities, such as

recording to DVD and ease of programming and remote control using PDAs, networked PCs,

and web browsers

n) Satellite TV becomes commonplace.

Satellite television is a system delivering television programs with the means of

communication satellite. The signal received by an outside antenna, usually a parabolic

reflector is generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is

concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite tuner

module built into the television set. Satellite television tuner is also available as a card or

USB peripherals to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the world satellite

television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas that are not served

by terrestrial or cable providers.

In the early 1990s, four major cable companies launched PrimeStar, direct broadcast satellite.

Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Act of 1992 increased fines and jail

terms for anyone caught involved in the theft of $ 50,000 and a signal to the two-year

sentence. A repeat offender could be fined up to $ 100,000 and imprisonment for up to two to

five years. In 1994, Hughes DirecTV satellite system was introduced, and on March 4, 1996

EchoStar introduced Digital Sky Highway (Dish Network) using EchoStar 1 satellite.

EchoStar launched its second satellite in September 1996 to increase the number of channels

available on DISH Network to 170. This system provided a better picture and stereo sound

on 150-200 video and audio channels, and allow a small dish to use for the first time, greatly

reducing TVRO systems popularity. In the mid-1990s, began to move their broadcast

channels for digital television transmission using DigiCipher scrambling and conditional

access.

2. Evolution of video technology in the Second decade (2000s)

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a) Digital camerasbecame very popular due to rapid decreases in size and cost while photo

resolution steadily increased. As a result, sales of film reel cameras diminished greatly,

By the mid-2000s digital cameras had largely replaced film cameras, and higher-end cell

phones had an integrated digital camera.

a. Nikon

Once Nikon introduced affordable consumer-level DSLRs such as the Nikon D70

in the mid-2000s, sales of its consumer and professional film cameras fell rapidly,

following the general trend in the industry. Through the mid-2000s, Nikon's line

of professional and enthusiast DSLRs and lenses including their back compatible

AF-S lens line remained in second place behind Canon in SLR camera sales, and

Canon had several years' lead in producing professional DSLRs with light sensors

as large as traditional 35 mm film frames.

b. Kodak

Dan Carp became Kodak's CEO in addition to his responsibilities as President.

Kodak's Health Imaging unit introduced 45 new products during the year,

including, KODAK Insight Intraoral Dental Film; a dental radiography film that

helped dentists reduce radiation exposure to patients while delivering excellent

images; and two new digital radiography systems, the KODAK Direct View DR

9000 and Direct View DR 5000. Kodak's Entertainment Imaging unit and
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Qualcomm Inc. launched an initiative to collaborate on testing of core

technologies for the creation of a high-quality digital cinema system. At year-

end, Kodak completed the acquisition of Lumisys, Inc., a leading provider of

desktop computed radiography systems and x-ray film digitizers.

c. CAMEDIA C -700 Ultra Zoom

Launched in 2001, the CAMEDIA C-700 Ultra Zoom (2001) belongs to this solid

series Ultra Zoom. Agency has been fitted with a solid, high-achieving 10x

optical lens zoom bright. This 2.1 megapixel compact digital camera is made of

high power zoom photography easy. Olympus continues to awaken this series.

Including additional higher resolution, they form a more solid, and functioningbetter film.

b) Mobile phone

Integration into mobile phones increased greatly; sexting by teenagers also became a

controversial social issue, with teenagers and even in one case a school administrator who

investigated a sexting case being arrested.a. Nokia

Nokia 3310 is one of the best-selling phone of all time. Between 2000 and 2005

Nokia sold 126 million phones are the same and 3330.

As of 3210 it was effectively replaced, the 3310 is a mobile user with a bias

towards younger than the market was 12 to 25: teenagers and young
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professionals. Texting is very popular, but 3310 introduces new chat function

allows people to chat online with text.

You can customize your new baby into the Xpress Nokia with new covers, picture

your own screen and voice activated dialing. The mobile phone has become a part

of you. Just how much can a mobile phone means to individual revealed a sad

story of a man who hanged himself after losing his Romanian Nokia 3310.

Nokia 3310 gradually lost status but gained popularity. When Tesco launched its

own mobile phone service, a joint venture with O2 in 2003, 3310 is the cheapest

mobile phones, retailing at 44.99. By the end of 2003, Nokia 3310, already

considered old hat, is among the phones collected will be refurbished and

redistributed to the Third World.

There are still used today Nokia 3310s. As a phone that is reliable and foundationcan make calls and send and receive text, you can not beat it.

c) Graphic cards became powerful enough to render ultra-high-resolution (e.g. 2560x1600)

scenes in real time with substantial detail and texture.

a. NVIDEA Vanta LT

Nvidia Vanta LT released in 2000. Cards have Vanta LT AGP 4X interface and

comes with a core clock speed up to 80MHz. Best Specifications Vanta LT 8MB

maximum supported memory clock speed of 110MHz. The maximum memory

bandwidth is 0.8GB / s. Nvidia Vanta LT supported DirectX 6 and OpenGL

version 1.1.

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d) Flat panel displays began displacing cathode ray tubes. This was a dramatic change

during the decade, as very few flat panels were sold through the mid-2000s (decade) and

the majority of stores sell only flat panel TVs by the end of the decade.

Cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron gun (a source

of electrons or electron emitter) and a fluorescent screen used to view images. It has a

way to accelerate and deflect the electron beam (s) to the screen to create the images.

These images may represent electrical waveforms (oscilloscope), pictures (television,

computer monitor), radar targets and others. CRT has also been used as a memory device,

in which the visible light emitted from the fluorescent material (if any) are not intended

to have meaning to a visual observer (though the visible pattern on the tube face may

cryptically represent the stored data).

CRT uses an evacuated glass envelope large, deep (i.e. the length of the front panel to the

back), it's quite heavy, and relatively fragile. As a matter of security, the face is usuallymade of lead glass that is shatter-resistant thick and to restrict the emission of X-rays,

especially if the CRT is used in consumer products.

CRT has largely been replaced by newer display technologies such as LCD, plasma

displays and OLED, which has a lower manufacturing cost, power consumption, weight

and bulk.

e) Handheld projectors entered the market and were then integrated into cell phones.

A Handheld projector (also known as a pocket projector, portable projector, pico

projector or mini beamer) is the technology used in the image projector handheld devices.

It is a response to the emergence / development of compact portable devices such as

mobile phones, personal digital assistants, and digital cameras, which have sufficient

storage capacity to handle presentation materials but little space to accommodate the

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display screen attached. Handheld projectors involve miniaturized hardware and software

that can project digital images to any nearby viewing surface

f) The digital switchover started to be enforced for television.

Digital television transition, also known as digital or analog switches shift-off, is the

process in which analog television broadcasting is converted to and replaced by digital

television. This mainly involves the conversion of analog to digital terrestrial television

land. However, it also involves the conversion of analog cable to digital cable, and analog

to digital television.

In many countries where the service operates simulcast broadcast available to viewers in

both analog and digital at the same time. As digital becomes more popular, it is likely that

the existing analogue services will be removed. In some cases this has already happened,

where broadcasters are offering incentives to viewers to encourage them to switch to

digital. In other cases, government policies were introduced to encourage or force this

transition process, especially with regard to terrestrial broadcasts. Governmentintervention usually involves providing some funding for broadcasters and, in some cases

financial assistance to the audience, to allow the transition to occur in a given deadline.

The transition for individual countries varies; in some countries it is being implemented

in stages, such as in India and the United Kingdom, where each region has a separate date

for switching off. In others, the entire country is turning on a date, such as the

Netherlands, which turned off all analog services on December 11, 2006. Few countries

have different switches off stay dates for each channel, such as China, where CCTV

channels 1-5 will be switched off first.

g) The introduction of Digital video recorders (DVRs) allowed consumers to modify content

they watch on TV, and to record TV programs and watch them later, leading to problems

as consumers could fast-forward through commercials, making them useless, and save

TV shows for later viewing, causing a decline in live TV viewing. However, these

problems were already present with video tapes.

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A digital video recorder (DVR), sometimes referred to by the trade term personal video

recorder (PVR) is a consumer electronics device or application software that records

video in a digital format for disk drives, USB flash drives, SD memory cards, SSD or

other other local mass storage device or network. The term includes set-top boxes (STB)

with direct to disk recording facility, portable media players (PMP) with recording,

recorders (PMR) as camcorders that record onto Secure Digital memory cards and

software for personal computers which enables video capture and playback to and from

the hard drive. A television set with a built-in digital video-recording was introduced by

LG in 2007, followed by other manufacturers.

h) Internet usage surpassed TV viewing in 2004. Satellite TV and cable TV (with the

exception of digital cable) lost ratings as network television ratings gradually increased.

Satellite televisionis a system delivering television programs with the means ofcommunication satellite. The signal received by an outside antenna, usually a parabolic

reflector is generally referred to as a satellite dish, and as far as household usage is

concerned, a satellite receiver either in the form of an external set-top box or a satellite

tuner module built into the television set. Satellite television tuner is also available as a

card or USB peripherals to be attached to a personal computer. In many areas of the

world satellite television provides a wide range of channels and services, often to areas

that are not served by terrestrial or cable providers.

Direct broadcast satellite television comes to the general public in two distinct ways -

analog and digital. This requires either having an analog satellite receiver or a digital

satellite receiver. Analog satellite television is being replaced by digital satellite

television and the latter becoming available in a better quality known as high-definition

television.

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Cable televisionis a system of distributing television programming to paying subscribers

through radio frequency (RF) signals transmitted via coaxial cable or pulses of light

through fiber optic cables. This contrasts with traditional broadcast television, where

television signals are transmitted through the air by radio waves received by a television

antenna attached to the television. FM radio programming, high-speed Internet, phone

service, and non-identical television can also be provided through this cable.

i) TV networks started streaming shows online.

Web Television (TV short web) is produced original television content for broadcast over

the World Wide Web.

Web and television content including web series such as husbands (2011-present), my

roommate Gay; The original miniseries like Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog (2008);

animated shorts like those Homestar Runner; and exclusive video supplementconventional television broadcast.

Some of the leading distributors of television website as YouTube, Netflix, Newgrounds,

Blip.tv, and Crackle.

Some examples of television production companies website is: Next New Networks,

Vuguru, Revision3, and Generate LA-NY.

In 2008, the International Academy of Web Television (an organization headquartered in

Los Angeles) was established with the mission to organize and support a web televisionwriter, actor, producer, and executive. This organization administers the selection of

winners for riverine Award.

In 2013, Netflix made history for the first income Primetime Emmy Award nominations

web television web series House of Cards, Arrested Development, and Hemlock Grove at

the 65th Primetime Emmy Awards.

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Online Streaming

A broadband began to increase in speed and availability, to deliver high quality video

over the Internet into reality. Center Web TV, YouTube, Dailymotion and YouTube

launch their services to deliver original video. Shows like Rocketboom emerge and

network video post-dot-com-bust as ManiaTV!, ISTATION TV and Digital

Entertainment launched the cooking network. In 2003, The Spot executive producer and

head writer Stewart St. John is on the brand to an online audience with new actors, and

create a separate mobile series to air on the Sprint PCS Vision-enabled phone. [10] St.

John and partner Todd Fisher produced more than 2,500 videos per day American soap

first mobile phone, driving the story line across the platform to a web counterpart, spot

(2.0). By 2005, St. John-Fisher created and launches online drama of the first half-hour

script, California Paradise.

j) There was an increase in usage of online DVD rental services such as Netflix.

Netflixwas founded in 1997 in Scotts Valley, California by Marc Randolph and Reed

Hastings, who previously worked together at Pure Software. Randolph is a co-founder of

a company by the name of the computer mail order Micro Warehouse. Later he was

employed by Borland International as Vice President of Marketing. Hastings, once amath teacher, was founded Pure Software, which was recently sold for $ 700 million.

Hastings is investing $ 2.5 million in cash to start Netflix. The ideas of Netflix coming to

Hastings when he was forced to pay $ 40 in fines outstanding after the return of Apollo

13 even after the due date. Netflix website was launched on August 29, 1997with only 30

employees and 925 works can be rented and taken, the more traditional model of online

pay-per-hire (U.S. .50 c per hire U.S. postage; late fee applied). Netflix introduced the

monthly subscription concept in September 1999 and then dropped a single model hire in

early 2000. Since then the company has built a reputation in the business model of flat

fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees, shipping and handling fees, or daily

rental fee title.

k) DVDs, and subsequently Blu-ray Discs, replaced VCR technology as the common

standard in homes and at video stores, although inexpensive VCRs and videocassettes

could still be found at some thrift stores and discount stores.

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DVD(sometimes described as "digital video disc" or "digital versatile disc") is a digital

optical disc storage format, invented and developed by Philips, Sony, Toshiba, and

Panasonic in 1995. DVDs can be played in many different types of players, including

DVD players. DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the

same dimensions.

Pre-recorded DVDs are mass using molding machines that physically stamp data onto the

DVD. Such discs are known as DVD-ROM, because data can only be read and not

written or erased. Blank recordable DVD discs (DVD-R and DVD + R) can be recorded

once using a DVD recorder and then function as a DVD-ROM. DVD Rewritable (DVD-

RW, DVD + RW and DVD-RAM) can be recorded and erased multiple times.

DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and audio formats DVD-Audio consumer digital, and also to write a DVD disc in AVCHD format written

specially for holding high definition (often in conjunction with a camcorder AVCHD

format). DVDs containing other types of information can be referred to as DVD data

discs.

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Blu-ray Disc(BD) is an optical disc storage digital data format designed to supersede the

DVD format, because it is capable of storing high-definition video resolution (1080p).

Plastic disc is 120 mm in diameter and 1.2 mm thick, the same size as DVDs and CDs.

Conventional (pre-BD-XL) Blu-ray contain 25 GB per layer, with dual layer discs (50

GB) become the industry standard for feature-length video discs. Triple layer discs (100

GB) and quadruple layers (128 GB) are available for BD-XL drive re-writer. The name

Blu-ray Disc refers to the blue laser used to read the disc, which allows information to be

stored at a greater density than is possible with long-wavelength red laser used for DVDs.

The primary application of the Blu-ray is as a medium for film and video material such as

physical distribution of video games for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One.

Other hardware specifications, Blu-ray is associated with a set of multimedia formats.

The format allows the option of video and audio to be stored by definition larger than the

DVD.

High definition video can be stored on a Blu-ray with up to 1080p resolution (1920

1080 pixels) at up to 60 (59.94) fields per second. Older DVD discs have a maximum

resolution of 480p (NTSC, 720 480 pixels) or 576p (PAL, 720 576 pixels).

The format was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association, a group representing makers

of consumer electronics, computer hardware, and motion pictures. Sony launched its first

prototype Blu-ray in October 2000.

Video cassette recorder, a VCR, or video recorder is an electromechanical device that

records analog audio and analog video from broadcast television or other sources on,

videocassette magnetic tape, and can play back the recording. Use a VCR to record

television programs to play back at a more convenient time is usually referred to as time

shifting. VCR can also play back a prerecorded tape. In the 1980s and 1990s, until the

VCR was replaced by the DVD player and PVR, prerecorded video tapes are widely

available for purchase and rental, and blank tapes were sold for the recording.

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3. Evolution of video technology in the third decade (2010s)

A lot happened in 2010 as far as new technology. New developments make it difficult to

imagine how we used to survive in the pre-2010

2010 is great in terms of technology. Mobile applications are king, upstaging mobile

hardware. Google Android goes from strength to strength, even pleasant big iPhone.

Tablet was completely reinvented as a handheld device. People began to read books on

electronic devices. Cloud storage becomes a viable data backup destination. And

throwing birds at pigs round puffed a favorite pastime of over 50 million people!

In what was a very energetic, this is part of the development of the greatest when it

comes to technology, and the best tool is launched.

Smartphones become smarter

Apple iPhone 4

It came, it saw and it conquered. That follows Apple that people are actually starting to

wonder if they were holding the phone wrong all these years. The iPhone 4 comes with a

face completely redone and new iOS4 operating system. Although it was not officially

enter the country again, that does not stop people from buying at a substantial premium

from the gray market.

Google Nexus S

Android is great now. Many Android phones are expected to be crowned 'phone of the

year'. But, in the nick of time, Google launched the Nexus S, the first phone with Android

2.3 (Gingerbread). Also, since this is Google's baby, no OEM customizations to the OS,

no skin and no application has been installed. Not available in India officially, but you

can still get it for about Rs 32,000.

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Blackberry Torch

The combination of touch screen, QWERTY keyboard and the new OS6 Blackberry is

supposed to bring the fight back against soaring popularity of iPhone and Android. The

second handset with OS6 (BlackBerry Bold 3) has been launched at a price of Rs 27 990.

HTC Desire HD and HTC Desire Z

Desire HD is a serious upgrade to the Desire and Desire Z brings QWERTY to complete

touch experience.

The Mobile OS Battle

The battle for mobile OS supremacy has been an interesting one. No one is leaving no

stone unturned to offer the best experience to the user. Apple unveiled iOS4 (parallel

with the launch of the iPhone 4), followed by the arrival of the first Symbian ^ 3 phone?

Nokia N8.

Blackberry OS6 launched revamped with more social features. Google, meanwhile, was

the most active with Android. They went from Android 2.1 to 2.2 with a few number of

features including the ability to share a data connection via Wi-Fi. Android 2.3 was

launched with the Nexus S, and now we're hearing about Android 3.0, which arrives next

year.

The Tablet has landed

If 2009 was the year of netbooks, tablet ownership in 2010. Not only the poor netbook

advanced as much as expected, but came up against a new enemy - the tablet. Applepulled out of form factors from obscurity, gave it some new functionality, add some

powerful applications and take the tech world by storm with the iPad.

Seeing the popularity rocketing, everyone jumps to bangwagon tablets, including

Samsung, Dell, BlackBerry, Motorola, ViewSonic and hundreds of unnamed Chinese

manufacturers. Safe to assume, 2010 is 'Year of the Tablet'.

Apple iPad

As of this writing, Apple has sold between 8-9000000 iPads since its launch in 2010.

Acceptance rate was the fastest ever in tech circles, surpassing even that of the original

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iPhone in 2007. Though not officially launched in India, the people who want to have

found ways to get products from overseas or gray market.

Samsung Galaxy Tab

Samsung Galaxy Tab arrived this year to grab a piece of the tablet pie. Seen as the firstreal competitor to the iPad, the Galaxy Tab does not slouch. Importantly, India is one of

the market launch of the Tab key. Originally priced at Rs 38,000, the market price has

fallen to Rs 32,000 with further drops likely before the iPad officially hits.

Dell Streak

Somewhere in between the phone and the tablet, this device has been carving out a sub

category for itself. We like to think of it more like a mini-tablet. It has a 5-inch screen

and Android 2.2. But cheap is not exclusive; you have to pay Rs 36,000 to the mini-

tablet/mega-phone device. And you'll be sure to turn some heads when you have pressed

against your ear during a call!

olive Olivepad

Striking the best balance between usability and value, Pass Olive has Android 2.2 for less

than Rs 25,000. Like the Galaxy Tab, it can act as a phone, but do not have a gun and

glamor.

ViewsonicViewPad 7 and 10

ViewPad 7 has a 7-inch screen and bears more than a passing resemblance to the Olive

Pad. Android 2.2 all the same features and similar design to Rs 32,000. ViewPad 10Meanwhile, a 10-inch screen, is powered by Intel Pine Trail processor and two boot

between Android 1.6 and Windows 7. Though Aero works fine in Windows 7! Cost Rs

38000.

Cloud Computing & Cloud OS

Imagine the scenario when your PC is not PC. You can access all your files, folders and

documents you store on a traditional hard drive. You can still run all the programs that

you are used to, play multimedia files, browse the web. PC boot up time will be a few

seconds.

All your files will be stored virtually, accessible wherever you go, without you having to

physically carry the machine around. This is the operating system of the future. Google

recently showed off Chrome OS to the world, and the idea does not seem so strange

anymore! It will take time to catch on, with broadband penetration (or lack thereof) is a

problem in many developing countries. But 2011 will see further tweaks to this concept.

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Advanced Motion Game

Nintendo Wii introduced us to him in 2005. But 2010 is where the big guns come out in

the form of Sony's PlayStation Move and Microsoft Kinect. Motion Games not only add

a new dimension to how we play the game, but also can add that little dose of good health

and family fun to experience!

Microsoft Kinect has opened up an important point here; introduce advanced hardware in

a down-to-earth price. With many Kinect hacks doing the rounds at the end of 2010, it is

not surprising that the game turned out to be a precursor to an advanced graphical

interface. It can mean the beginning of the end of the computer mouse.

E-book readers

Many people have flirted with the idea of reading a book on your PC and mobile phone.

But 2010 was the year when e-book readers are really getting popular. The ability to buy

books anytime, anywhere, thanks to the connected e-book reader and the ability to carry

hundreds of books in a device that weighs about 300 grams. Amazon Kindle rules the

roost here, and is available directly from Amazon. Others like Wink E-Reader and

Infibeam Phi is a significant competitor.

4. Conclusion

2.0 Introduction about DV

With increasing access to technology for people every day, things began to get digitalized:

digital camera, digital cable, digital sound, and digital video. It's no longer a case where the

video production can only be done for specific studio. The existence of multiple, inexpensive

user-friendly tool to move image reject individual computer owners.

Digital video refers to the capture, manipulation, and storage of moving images that can be run

on a computer screen (The Lycos Tech Glossary, 1999). This requires that moving images will

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be digitally controlled by a computer. Digital word refers to a system based on discontinuous

events, as opposed to analog, an ongoing event. Computers are digital systems; they do not

process the image the way the human eye does.

Before the Digital Era, to display analog video images on a computer monitor, the video signal is

first converted from analog forced into digital form. A special video digitalizing board overlay orhardware on the motherboard had to be installed on your computer to take the video signal and

convert it into digital information (Vaughan, 1998).

To do this, however, requires a very powerful computer to be able to read and digitalized every

frame repeatedly. So the next step in the evolution of digital video is to eliminate analog video

tape. Thus, the entire procedure, including video capture, is in form. First digital cameras and

microphones to capture images and sound of a video session and sends an analog signal to the

adapter board video capture. Only capture half the board the number of frames per second of

film used to reduce the amount of data to be processed. Second, there is a chip analog-to-digital

converter on a video capture card adapter, and it converts the analog signal (wave) to the digitalpattern (0 and 1s). Third, the chip compression / decompression of data or software to reduce the

minimum level necessary to create a video signal (White, 1999). In this procedure, there is no

analog is involved, making the process more efficient.

3.0 Analysis of the first popular DV format used in video technology

5 Most Common Video File Formats:-

AVI (Audio Video Interleave)

Developed by Microsoft and introduced to the public in November 1992 as part of

its video for Windows technology, AVI format is one of the oldest video formats.

It is widely accepted that many people consider it the de facto standard for storing

video and audio information on a computer. Due to the simple architecture, AVI

files can be run on several different systems, such as Windows, Macintosh, Linux;

also supported by all popular browsers. AVI files to store data that can be

encoded by several different codecs, even the most familiar with the M-JPEG or

DivX codec. This means that all AVI files, while they may look the same on the

outside, differ significantly from one another on the inside.

FLV (Flash Video Format)

FLV video files are encoded in the Adobe Flash, usually with codecs following

the Sorenson Spark or VP6 video compression formats. They can be played by

Adobe Flash Player web browser plug-in or one of several third-party programs.

Because nearly everyone has a player installed on their browser, it has become a

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platform to watch online videos are most commonly used on the Web today.

Because almost all video-sharing sites like Youtube video streaming in Flash,

practically all browsers support and is compatible with Flash Video format and

can play videos with ease. In addition to being an online video view formats,

Flash video format is also what a lot of video sharing sites to convert video from

formats that have been uploaded by their users in something other than Flash.

This is because the video in FLV format to remain in high quality even after

compression for smaller file sizes, which means that the burden of a video on the

Web quickly and will not spend a lot of time using the bandwidth. Some notable

users of the Flash Video is YouTube, Yahoo! Video, VEVO, Hulu and Myspace

among others

WMV (Windows Media Video)

Developed by Microsoft, WMV originally designed for web streamingapplications, as a competitor to Real Video, but it can now meet more specific

content. WMV file is the smallest video files on the Web, their file size decreased

significantly after compression, which results in poor video quality. However, one

advantage of a small file size is that it may be the only video file format which

allows users to upload and share their videos via e-mail. For Microsoft, Windows

Media Player is the main application used to play WMV files on all Microsoft

Windows operating system, but there are also players available for free WMV to

Macintosh operating systems.

MOV (Apple QuickTime Movie)

Developed by Apple. Inc., the QuickTime file format is a popular video sharing

and viewing format among Macintosh users, and is often used on the Web, and to

store movies and video files. In recent years, Apple came up with a new version

called QuickTime X, is now available in Mac OS X Snow Leopard, Lion and

Mountain Lion. MOV files most often reached through the Apple QuickTime

Player for Macintosh Operating System. However, MOV files are not just limited

to being played on an Apple computer, as there is a free version of QuickTime

player is available for Windows Operating System among many other players.

Considered one of the best looking file format, high-quality MOV files and are

usually large in file size.

MP4 (Moving Picture Experts Group 4)

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MP4 is short term for MPEG-4 Part 14, a standard developed by the Motion

Pictures Expert Group which is responsible for setting the industry standard of

digital audio and video, and is commonly used for sharing video files on the Web.

First introduced in 1998, MPEG-4 video format uses separate compression for

audio and video tracks; video is compressed with MPEG-4 or H.264 video

encoding; and audio compressed using AAC compression. MP4 file format is also

another large format file sharing to the Web, the MP4 file size is small but the

quality is still high even after compression. Standard MP4 is also becoming more

popular than FLV for sharing videos online, as it is compatible with both

browsers and mobile online and also supported by the new HTML5.

4.0 Analysis of the second popular DV format used in video technology

Shockwave Flash Movie

Animation created with Adobe Flash; may contain text as well as both vector andraster graphics; also may include interactive actions written in Action Script; play

in a web browser that has the Flash plug-in installed.

Flash was originally developed by Macromedia, which was acquired by Adobe

Systems in 2005. Consequently, Macromedia Flash is now called Adobe Flash.

3GP

Audio and video container format developed by the project of the 3rd Generation

Partnership (3GPP); designed as a multimedia format to transmit audio and video

files between 3G cell phones and over the Internet; commonly used by mobile

phones that support video capture.

MPEG Video File

Common digital video format standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group

(MPEG); typically incorporates MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video

compression; often used for creating movies that are distributed on the Internet.

3GPP2 Multimedia Files

The format audio / video developed by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

(3GPP2); designed to transmit multimedia files through the Internet; basically the

latest version .3 GP format used by mobile phones to store video files.

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6.0 Students own analysis about DV formats used in video technology.










outside, differ significantly from one another on the inside.

MPEG Video File

Common digital video format standardized by the Moving Picture Experts Group(MPEG); typically incorporates MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 audio and video

compression; often used for creating movies that are distributed on the Internet










outside, differ significantly from one another on the inside

MP4 (Moving Picture Experts Group 4)

MP4 is short term for MPEG-4 Part 14, a standard developed by the Motion

Pictures Expert Group which is responsible for setting the industry standard ofdigital audio and video, and is commonly used for sharing video files on the Web.

First introduced in 1998, MPEG-4 video format uses separate compression for

audio and video tracks; video is compressed with MPEG-4 or H.264 video

encoding; and audio compressed using AAC compression. MP4 file format is also

another large format file sharing to the Web, the MP4 file size is small but the

quality is still high even after compression. Standard MP4 is also becoming more

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popular than FLV for sharing videos online, as it is compatible with both

browsers and mobile online and also supported by the new HTML5.

7.0 Conclusion

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