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CHAPTER-4
RESULTS
4.1. STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF ROOT-KNOT
NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA ON COLEUS:
It is evident from the data presented in Table -1.0 that the reduction in
plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight, tuber weight, number of
tubers and forskolin content of coleus was directly proportional to the inoculum
levels of Meloidogyne javanica i.e. with increasing the inoculum level from 250 to
8000 second stage juveniles (J2) of M. javanica / kg soil, there was a
corresponding increase in the reduction of plant growth parameters of coleus
except at 250 and 500 J2 / kg soil, where number of tubers and fresh weight of
plants increased, respectively as compared to control (Fig. 1). Insignificant
variation in plant growth parameters was found at 250 and 500 J2 / kg soil.
However, the significant reduction in plant growth parameters was observed at
1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 J2 of M. javanica. The reduction in plant length was
recorded as 16.6, 21.4, 25.0 and 32.6%; fresh weight as 23.2, 28.8, 33.6 and
41.2%; tuber weight as 28.8, 36.1, 43.4 and 52.3%; number of tubers / plant as
23.8, 26.2, 31.7 and 36.5% and forskolin content in tubers as 25.8, 27.9, 35.3 and
46.7% in the corresponding inoculum levels of M. javanica. Moreover, it was
observed that the reduction in plant growth parameters was not significant
between the inoculum level of 1000 and 2000 J2, and 2000 and 4000 J2 / kg soil.
A significant linear relationship was found between the initial population
(Pi) and the final population (Pf) of M. javanica (Table - 1.1). The multiplication
of root-knot nematode reduced significantly with the increase in the inoculum
level. The reproduction factor was highest (18.9%) at the minimum inoculum
level (250 J2 / kg soil) and lowest (2.7%) at the maximum inoculum level (8000 J2
/ kg soil). Thus, the rate of nematode multiplication showed a declining trend with
an increase in the inoculum level, suggesting it to be a density dependent
phenomenon. Moreover, there was a significant increase in the number of galls
Table - 1.0. Effect of different inoculum levels of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica on plant growth and forskolin content in coleus,
Coleus forskohlii.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight
(g)
Inoculum level/kg soil
Shoot Root Total
Per cent decrease
over
control
Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Tuber
weight
(g)
Per cent
decrease
over
control
Number
of
tubers/Plant
Percent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Forskolin
content
in tuber
(%W/W)
Per cent
decrease
over
control
Control 59.5 22.4 81.9 - 744.1 245.3 989.4 - 174.6 - 12.6 - 0.563 -
250 J2 59.2 21.6 80.8 1.3 729.6 232.0 961.6 -2.8 163.6 6.3 13.0 +3.2 0.561 0.3
500 J2 57.8 20.6 78.4 4.3 767.0 226.9 993.9 +0.4 158.3 9.3 12.3 -2.4 0.503 10.7
1000 J2 51.7 16.6 68.3 16.6 586.7 173.1 759.8 -23.2 124.4 28.8 9.6 -23.8 0.418 25.8
2000 J2 48.7 15.7 64.4 21.4 539.1 165.3 704.4 -28.8 111.5 36.1 9.3 -26.2 0.406 27.9
4000 J2 46.3 15.1 61.4 25.0 502.9 154.0 656.9 -33.6 98.8 43.4 8.6 -31.7 0.364 35.3
8000 J2 42.4 12.8 55.2 32.6 447.6 134.1 581.7 -41.2 83.2 52.3 8.0 -36.5 0.300 46.7
C.D.(P=0.05) 4.54 58.19 16.40 0.98 0.063
C.D.(P=0.01) 6.37 81.59 22.99 1.37
0.088
88
Table- 1.1. Effect of different inoculum levels of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica on its reproduction factor and number of galls.
Population of root-knot nematode Inoculum level / kg soil
Juvenile(J2)/kg soil Female/g root Total
Reproduction factor (Rf=Pf/Pi)
No. of galls/root
system
Control – – – – -
250 J2 4,607 118 4,725 18.9 17
500 J2 7,481 169 7,650 15.3 32
1000 J2 12,038 362 12,400 12.4 75
2000 J2 17,387 413 17,800 8.9 94
4000 J2 19,928 472 20,400 5.1 132
8000 J2 21,057 543 21,600 2.7 148
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.09 9.32
C.D. (P=0.01) 2.93 13.07
Fig. 1. Effect of different inoculum levels of root- knot nematode, Meloidogyne
javanica on plant growth and disease development in coleus.
C= Uninoculated (Control)
1= Inoculated with 250 J2 / kg soil.
2= Inoculated with 500 J2 / kg soil.
3= Inoculated with 1000 J2 / kg soil.
4= Inoculated with 2000 J2 / kg soil.
5= Inoculated with 4000 J2 / kg soil.
6= Inoculated with 8000 J2 / kg soil.
Fig. 1
88
per root system with an increase in the inoculum level of M. javanica. The number
of galls/root system was recorded as 17, 32, 75, 94, 132 and 148 at the inoculum
levels of 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000 and 8000 J2 / kg soil, respectively.
The characteristic symptoms of the root-knot disease appeared on the
underground parts of the coleus particularly inoculated at and above 1000 J2 / kg
soil of M. javanica. Infected roots developed typical galls of varying size. In case
of multiple infections on the nearby tissues small galls may oftenly coalesced to
form large gall. The galls developed on both lateral as well as tuberous roots of
the plants. However, the occurrence of galls was more on the lateral roots as
compared to tuberous roots. The galls also appeared in the form of ring like
structures on some tuberous roots (Fig.1-B). Eggs were laid down by the adult
females in a gelatinous egg mass which was visible on the infected root surfaces.
Sometimes, the presence of spherical white females with egg mass on the surface
of fine roots was also noticed. Besides galling in roots, some other typical
symptoms in the form of forking of tuberous roots and appearance of galls at the
base of the stem near the soil level were also observed at and above 2000 J2 / kg
soil (Fig.1-A).
The nematode density particularly at 1000 J2 and above inoculum levels
also exhibited varying degree of stunted growth in plants accompanied with
premature yellowing, drying and shedding of leaves, giving the infected plants an
unhealthy appearance. Moreover, at the highest inoculum level, the diseased
plants showed temporary day time wilting during hot hours even in the presence
of enough soil moisture. The aerial symptoms (yellowing, drying and shedding of
leaves) appeared within 8 to 9 weeks at 1000 and 2000 J2, and 5 to 6 weeks at
4000 and 8000 J2 after inoculation. However, on the other hand the aerial
symptoms did not appear at all at lower inoculum levels of M. javanica (250 and
500 J2).
As significant reduction in plant growth parameters as recorded at and
above 1000 J2 inoculum level of M. javanica, the damaging threshold level of M.
javanica on coleus was determined as 1000 J2 / kg soil. Therefore, this inoculum
level i. e. 1000 J2 / kg soil was used in all the experiments of the present study.
Fig. 1-A. Galling in stem, tuberous and fibrous roots (A, B, D) and forking in tuberous
roots (C) caused by Meloidogyne javanica infection in coleus.
Fig. 1-B. Ring like structures developed on gall tuberous roots infected with
Meloidogyne javanica on coleus.
89
4.2. STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENICITY OF ROOT-ROT FUNGUS,
FUSARIUM SOLANI ON COLEUS:
The data presented in Table - 2.0 clearly revealed that there was no
significant variation in plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight,
tuber weight, number of tubers and forskolin content in the tubers of coleus
inoculated with different inoculum levels of F. solani (0.5 to 5.0g mycelium +
conidia / kg soil) as compared to control (Fig. 2). The inoculation of plants with
0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g fungus / kg soil resulted in +3.3, +1.9, -2.5,- 4.9,-
7.3 and -9.3 % either stimulation (+) or reduction (-) in plant length, respectively
as compared to control. Similarly, in the corresponding treatments the stimulation
/ reduction in plant fresh weight was recorded as +1.7, +1.1, -1.5, +0.8, -5.9 and
7.2 % ; in tuber weight as -2.8, +3.2, +4.5, - 4.6, -6.7 and -9.2%, number of tubers
as +8.7, +6.7, -2.7, -9.3, -6.7 and +2.0% and forskolin content as -0.3, -0.8, -1.5, -
1.9, -4.6 and -7.2 %. The aerial and underground symptoms were also not
observed in the coleus plants inoculated with different inoculum levels of F.
solani. Therefore, it can be concluded that F. solani was non pathogenic to coleus
plants.
4.3. STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL, CONCOMITANT
AND SEQUENTIAL INOCULATION OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE,
MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA AND ROOT-ROT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM
SOLANI ON PLANT GROWTH AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN
COLEUS:
The data presented in Table - 3.0 clearly showed that the inoculation of M.
javanica either individually or concomitantly with F. solani caused significant
reduction in plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight, tuber weight,
number of tubers and forskolin content as compared to uninoculated plants
(control). Moreover, individual inoculation of F. solani on coleus plants did not
show any significant variation on plant growth parameters as compared to control.
The highest reduction in plant growth parameters was caused by the simultaneous
inoculation of M. javanica and F. solani followed by sequential inoculation of M.
Table – 2.0. Effect of different inoculum levels of root–rot fungus, Fusarium solani on plant growth and forskolin content in coleus,
Coleus forskohlii.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g) Inoculum level/kg soil
Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Tuber
weight
(g)
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Number
of
tubers/Plant
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Forskolin
content
in tuber
(%w/w)
Per cent
decrease
over
control
Root-
rot
(%)
Control 59.8 19.5 79.3 - 634.1 296.6 930.7 - 196.4 - 15.0 - 0.583 - –
0.5 g fungus 63.6 18.3 81.9 +3.3 655.3 291.2 946.5 +1.7 190.9 -2.8 16.3 +8.7 0.581 0.3 –
1.0 g fungus 61.8 19.0 80.8 +1.9 651.5 289.7 941.2 +1.1 202.7 +3.2 16.0 +6.7 0.578 0.8 –
2.0 g fungus 58.8 18.5 77.3 -2.5 631.0 285.7 916.7 -1.5 205.2 +4.5 14.6 -2.7 0.574 1.5 –
3.0 g fungus 57.4 18.0 75.4 -4.9 645.5 292.7 938.2 +0.8 187.3 -4.6 13.6 -9.3 0.572 1.9 –
4.0 g fungus 55.8 17.7 73.5 -7.3 601.7 274.0 875.7 -5.9 183.2 -6.7 14.0 -6.7 0.556 4.6 –
5.0 g fungus 54.7 17.2 71.9 -9.3 597.0 266.6 863.6 -7.2 178.3 -9.2 15.3 +2.0 0.541 7.2 –
C.D.(P=0.05) NS NS NS NS NS
C.D.(P=0.01) NS NS NS NS NS
Fig.2: Effect of different inoculum levels of root - rot fungus, Fusarium solani on
plant growth and disease development in coleus.
C= Uninoculated (Control)
1= Inoculated with 0.5g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
2= Inoculated with 1.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
3= Inoculated with 2.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
4= Inoculated with 3.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
5= Inoculated with 4.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
6= Inoculated with 5.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
Fig. 2
90
javanica 15 days prior to F. solani, F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica and
inoculation of M. javanica alone (Fig. 3). In corresponding treatments, the
reduction in length was recorded as 39.6, 37.4, 28.4 and 19.1%; fresh weight as
45.1, 42.8, 34.6 and 25.0%; tuber weight as 65.3, 63.3, 49.2 and 30.7%; number of
tubers as 42.9, 40.7, 31.4 and 21.4%; and reduction in forskolin content in tuber
was found as 50.2, 47.6, 37.2 and 28.3%. However, there was no significant
variation in plant growth parameters in between the plants when inoculated either
concomitantly with F. solani and M. javanica or sequentially with M. javanica 15
days prior to F. solani.
The root-knot nematode, M. javanica multiplication and the development
of galls / root system in coleus were significantly reduced in presence of root-rot
fungus, F. solani as compared to when the M. javanica was present alone. The
greatest reproduction factor (11.6) and number of galls (83.0) per root system
were recorded in the plants inoculated with M. javanica alone. However, on the
other hand, the reproduction factor was recorded as 4.8, 7.9 and 6.3 and number of
galls/root system was found as 38, 60 and 47 in the plants inoculated
concomitantly with nematode and fungus, nematode 15 days prior to fungus and
fungus 15 days prior to nematode, respectively (Table -3.1).
Individual inoculation of F. solani did not show any symptom on coleus,
whereas, distinct aerial and underground symptoms were produced by M.
javanica. These symptoms were similar to those as described in the results of
pathogencity of M. javanica in coleus (section 4.1). Coleus plants showed both
underground (root galling and root-rot) and above ground (collar-rot and crown-
rot) symptoms when both M. javanica and F. solani present together, irrespective
of whether they were inoculated simultaneously or one after another at 15 days
interval. Moreover, the severity of both underground and above ground symptoms
were more or less at par in the plants inoculated either concomitantly (M. javanica
and F. solani) or sequentially (M. javanica 15 days prior to F. solani). While, the
severity of symptoms was quite less in the plants inoculated with one of the
sequential inoculations i.e. F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica (Fig. 3). The
Table - 3.0. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani on plant growth
and forskolin content in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
→ = Indicate the sequence of nematode / fungus 15 days prior. + = Indicate simultaneous inoculation.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)
Treatment
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent decrease
over
control
Tuber
weight
(g)
Per cent
decrease
over
control
Number
of tubers/
Plant
Per cent increase (+) /
decrease (-)
over
control
Forskolin
content in
tuber
(%w/w)
Per cent
decrease
over
control
Control 66.3 26.3 92.6 - 745.6 250.6 996.2 - 182.3 - 14.0 - 0.576 -
F. solani (Fs) 67.9 27.3 95.2 +2.8 742.1 249.7 991.8 0.4 178.5 2.1 14.6 +4.3 0.538 6.6
M. javanica (Mj) 54.5 20.4 74.9 -19.1 570.7 176.4 747.1 25.0 126.3 30.7 11.0 -21.4 0.413 28.3
Fs → Mj 48.2 18.1 66.3 -28.4 499.7 152.3 652.0 34.6 92.6 49.2 9.6 -31.4 0.362 37.2
Mj → Fs 42.9 15.1 58.0 -37.4 435.5 134.3 569.8 42.8 66.9 63.3 8.3 -40.7 0.302 47.6
Fs + Mj 41.5 14.4 55.9 -39.6 419.0 127.9 546.9 45.1 63.2 65.3 8.0 -42.9 0.287 50.2
C.D. (P=0.05) 7.74 79.11 12.95 1.15 0.043
C.D. (P=0.01) 11.00 112.52 18.43 1.63 0.062
Table - 3.1. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani on disease
development in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
Population of root-knot nematode
Treatment Juvenile(J2)/kg soil
Female/g root
Total
Reproduction factor
(Rf=Pf/Pi)
No. of
galls/root
system
Root - rot
(%)
Collar - rot
symptom
appeared
(on the day)
Crown - rot symptom appeared
(on the day)
Control – – – – – – – –
F. solani (Fs) – – – – – – – –
M. javanica (Mj) 11,168 432 11,600 11.6 83 – – –
Fs → Mj 5,921 379 6,300 6.3 47 40 127 145
Mj → Fs 7,495 405 7,900 7.9 60 55 104 120
Fs + Mj 4,494 306 4,800 4.8 38 63 90 108
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.74 5.50 9.56 17.87 14.43
C.D. (P=0.01) 1.06 7.82 13.56 25.41 20.55
→ = Indicate the sequence of nematode / fungus 15 days prior.
+ = Indicate simultaneous inoculation.
Table- 3.2. Parasitism of Fusarium solani on the females, egg masses, eggs and
juveniles (J2) of M. javanica in concomitant and sequential
inoculation in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
→ = Indicate the sequence of nematode / fungus 15 days prior.
+ = Indicate simultaneous inoculation.
Parasitisation of Fusarium solani (%) Treatment
Females Egg masses Eggs Juveniles (J2)
M. javanica (Mj) - - - -
Fs → Mj 16 21 12 -
Mj → Fs 25 31 20 -
Fs + Mj 21 26 14 -
C.D. (P=0.05) 4.35 6.87 5.67
C.D. (P=0.01) 6.16 9.79 8.04
Fig. 3. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of root-knot
nematode, Meloidogyne javanica and root-rot fungus, Fusarium solani on
plant growth and disease development in coleus.
C= Uninoculated (Control).
F= Inoculated with F. solani.
N= Inoculated with M. javanica.
F→N=Inoculated with F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica.
N→F=Inoculated with M. javanica 15 days prior to F. solani.
N+F= concomitantly inoculated with M. javanica and F. solani.
Fig. 3
91
symptoms produced by the interaction of M. javanica and F. solani in various
combinations are described as follows:
The leaves present at the base of lower branches of the plant first showed
yellowing of leaves which later turned brown to black in colour followed by
drying (Fig. 3-A). These symptoms started from the margin and apex of leaves
extending inwardly and downwardly, respectively. Finally, it was followed by
premature withering and falling of leaves. The yellowing, drying and withering of
leaves gradually proceeded upward and then followed by appearance of dark
brown to black coloured spot on the stem near the soil line. Later, the spots
enlarged and extended upward on stem up to a considerable distance and covering
all around the circumference of the infected stem. Further, symptoms appeared in
the branches of the affected plants. It first appeared in the lower branches and later
to upper branches. Symptoms appeared in the form of brown to black colour spot,
which later extended upward and covered all around the circumference of the
infected branch (Fig. 3-B).
Underground symptoms were also observed in the lateral and tuberous
roots. Besides, galling on infected roots, it also exhibited the appearance of dark
brown to black coloured areas due to rotting leading to varying degree of
destruction and deterioration of tissues of lateral and tuberous roots (Figs. 3 & 3-
C). The infected tubers showing rotting also emitted bad odour. In presence of F.
solani the galls formed by the M. javanica also showed the symptoms of rotting
and deterioration (Fig. 3- D). When the infected branches and tubers were cut split
longitudinally, brown to black coloured internal tissues were also observed (Figs.
3-B1 & 3-C1).
The highest root-rot (63.0%) was recorded in the plants inoculated
simultaneously with M. javanica and F. solani followed by the plants inoculated
sequentially with M. javanica 15 days prior to F. solani (55.0%) and F. solani 15
days prior to M. javanica (40.0%). Similarly, the collar-rot symptoms was
recorded on 90th
, 104th
and 127th
and crown-rot symptoms was recorded on 108th
,
120th
and 145th
day after inoculation of plants with M. javanica + F. solani, M.
Fig. 3-A. Yellowing (A) and drying (B) of leaves of coleus infected with
Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Fig. 3-B. Rotting in branches of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica + Fusarium
solani.
Fig. 3-B1. Branches after splitting sowing rotting symptoms in the internal tissues.
Fig. 3-C. Rotting in tuberous roots of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and
Fusarium solani.
Fig. 3-C1. Tuberous roots of coleus after splitting showing rotting in the internal tissues due
to infection of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Fig. 3-D. Rotting and deterioration in gall (A) due to infection of Fusarium solani in
coleus.
92
javanica 15 days prior to F. solani and F. solani 15 days prior to M. javanica,
respectively (Table - 3.1).
The data presented in Table - 3.2 showed that the fungus, F. solani
parasitize the females, egg masses and eggs collected from the roots of coleus,
whereas, no parasitism was observed in second stage juveniles of M. javanica
isolated from the rhizospheric soil of plants inoculated with M. javanica and F.
solani either concomitantly or sequentially. In all the treatments, F. solani
exhibited maximum parasitism in egg masses followed by females and eggs of M.
javanica. The percentage of parasitism of F. solani in concomitant and two
sequential inoculations (M. javanica 15 days prior or later to F. solani) was
recorded as 26, 31 and 21 in egg masses, 21, 25 and 16 in females, and 14, 20 and
12 in eggs, respectively.
4.4. STUDIES ON THE INTERACTIVE EFFECT OF ROOT-KNOT
NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA WITH VARYING INOCULUM
LEVELS OF ROOT-ROT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SOLANI ON PLANT
GROWTH AND DISEASE DEVELOPMENT IN COLEUS:
It is evident from the data presented in Table - 4.0 that the inoculation of
M. javanica @ 1000 J2 / kg soil on coleus caused significant reduction in plant
growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber weight, number of tubers and
forskolin content. The Percentage reduction in corresponding parameters was
recorded as 21.4, 28.6, 33.3, 24.3 and 28.9, as compared to control. Individual
inoculation of M. javanica also showed distinct aerial and underground symptoms
in coleus. These symptoms were similar to those as described in results of
pathogenicity of M. javanica in coleus (section 4.1). However, on the other hand,
no significant variation in plant growth parameters was recorded in coleus
inoculated with different inoculum levels of F. solani (0.5 - 5.0 g
mycelium+conidia / kg soil). The aerial and underground symptoms were not
observed in the plants inoculated with these levels of F. solani (Fig. 4).
The simultaneous inoculation of coleus plants with M. javanica and either
of the inoculum levels of F. solani i.e 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 g mycelium +conidia / kg
93
soil exhibited significant greater reduction in plant growth parameters as
compared to individual inoculation of M. javanica. Further, it was observed that
the reduction was increased with an increase in inoculum level of fungus. In the
corresponding treatment of concomitant inoculations, the percentage reduction in
plant length was recorded as 25.8, 33.1 and 43.6; fresh weight as 32.5, 39.1 and
51.9; tuber weight as 41.4, 48.5 and 68.1; number of tubers as 28.6, 38.6 and 55.0
and forskolin content was found as 38.4, 48.9 and 57.2. Coleus plants inoculated
with either by M. javanica alone or in combination with F. solani irrespective of
inoculum level of fungus, not only reduced the number of tubers and tuber weight
(tuber yield) but also reduced the forskolin content in tubers as compared to
control. The reduction in tuber weight is also indicative of the reduction in yield
of forskolin / plant. Moreover, there was no significant variation in the reduction
of plant growth parameters and percentage of root-rot between the plants treated
with M. javanica + 0.5g F. solani and M. javanica + 1.0g F. solani, when
compared together (Table- 4 & Fig. 5).
The number of galls / root system and reproduction factor of M. javanica
was significantly reduced in the presence of F. solani. Moreover, reduction in the
reproduction factor and number of galls was significantly increased with an
increase in the inoculum level of F. solani (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0g mycelium + conidia /
kg soil). The reproduction factor was recorded as 10.5, 6.2 and 5.6; and number of
galls / root system as 61, 49 and 42 in the respective treatments. However, as far
as root-rot was concerned it was found to increase with an increase in the
inoculum levels of F. solani when it was present alongwith M. javanica. The
percentage of root-rot was recorded as 35.0, 39.2 and 58.0 against the different
inoculum levels of the fungus i.e. 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0g mycelium +conidia / kg soil,
respectively (Table – 4.1).
The inoculation of M. javanica with either of the inoculum level of F.
solani (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0g mycelium + conidia / kg soil) showed
yellowing, drying and shedding of leaves. Moreover, the severity of these
symptoms gradually increased with the increase in the inoculum level of F. solani.
In addition to this, association of M. javanica with F. solani at or above 2.0g
Table- 4.0. Interactive effect of Meloidogyne javanica with varying inoculum levels of Fusarium solani on plant growth and forskolin content in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)
Inoculum level/kg soil Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over
control
Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over
control
Tuber weight
(g)
Per cent decrease
over control
Number
of tubers/ Plant
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over control
Forskolin content in tuber (%w/w)
Per cent decrease
over control
Control 58.3 17.0 75.3 670.5 208.3 878.8 168.4 14.0 0.558
M. javanica (Mj) 1000 J2 46.4 12.8 59.2 -21.4 486.0 141.4 627.4 -28.6 112.3 33.3 10.6 -24.3 0.397 28.9
F. solani (Fs) 0.5g 57.9 16.4 74.3 -1.3 677.7 203.0 880.7 +0.2 164.8 2.1 15.0 +7.1 0.552 1.1
Fs (1.0g) 59.2 16.6 75.8 +0.6 663.2 198.9 862.1 -1.9 166.9 0.9 13.3 -5.0 0.549 1.6
Fs (2.0g) 58.0 16.3 74.3 -1.3 660.9 197.6 858.5 -2.3 165.7 1.6 14.3 +2.1 0.550 1.4
Fs (3.0g) 57.1 16.0 73.1 -2.9 676.2 205.1 881.3 +0.3 161.1 4.3 12.6 -10.0 0.545 2.3
Fs (4.0g) 60.8 16.7 77.5 +2.9 667.0 200.3 867.3 -1.3 156.9 6.8 13.6 -2.9 0.539 3.4
Fs (5.0g) 56.6 15.9 72.5 -3.7 652.7 195.3 848.0 -3.5 152.9 9.2 13.0 -7.1 0.531 4.8
Fs (0.5g) + Mj (1000 J2) 43.6 12.3 55.9 -25.8 459.6 133.5 593.1 -32.5 98.6 41.4 10.0 -28.6 0.344 38.4
Fs (1.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) 40.6 9.8 50.4 -33.1 430.3 104.9 535.2 -39.1 86.8 48.5 8.6 -38.6 0.285 48.9
Fs (2.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) 33.9 8.6 42.5 -43.6 339.8 82.9 422.7 -51.9 53.7 68.1 6.3 -55.0 0.239 57.2
Fs (3.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Fs (4.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Fs (5.0g) + Mj (1000 J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
C.D. (P=0.05) 5.68 64.29 15.76 2.07 0.040
C.D. (P=0.01) 7.67 86.90 21.30 2.79 0.054
Table- 4.1. Interactive effect of Meloidogyne javanica with varying inoculum levels of Fusarium solani on disease development in coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
Population of root-knot nematode Treatment
Juvenile(J2)/k
g soil
Female/g root
Total
Reproduction factor (Rf=Pf/Pi)
No. of galls/root
system
Root - rot (%)
Collar - rot
symptom appeared (on the
day)
Crown- rot
symptom appeared (on the
day)
Mortality of the
plant (on the day)
Control – – – – – – – – – M. javanica (Mj) 1000 J2 11,783 417 12,200 12.2 94 - – – –
F. solani (Fs) 0.5g – – – – – – – – –
Fs (1.0g) – – – – – – – – –
Fs (2.0g) – – – – – – – – –
Fs (3.0g) – – – – – – – – –
Fs (4.0g) – – – – – – – – –
Fs (5.0g) – – – – – – – – –
Fs (0.5g) + Mj (1000 J2) 10,172 328 10,500 10.5 61 35.0 – – –
Fs (1.0g) + Mj (1000J2) 5,849 351 6,200 6.2 49 39.2 – – –
Fs (2.0g) + Mj (1000J2) 5,221 379 5,600 5.6 42 58.0 94 118 –
Fs (3.0g) + Mj (1000J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 50 61 78
Fs (4.0g) + Mj (1000J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 33 40 52
Fs (5.0g) + Mj (1000J2) PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 23 27 38
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.40 3.01 4.95 9.84 12.24 9.05
C.D. (P=0.01) 0.55 4.07 6.69 13.30 16.54 12.23
Fig. 4. Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica with
varying inoculum levels of root-rot fungus, Fusarium solani on plant
growth and disease development in coleus.
C= Uninoculated (Control)
1= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica
2= Inoculated with 0.5g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
3= Inoculated with 1.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
4= Inoculated with 2.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
5= Inoculated with 3.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
6= Inoculated with 4.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
7= Inoculated with 5.0g mycelium + conidia of F. solani / kg soil.
Fig. 4
Fig. 5. Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica with
varying inoculum levels of root-rot fungus, Fusarium solani on plant
growth and disease development in coleus.
C= Uninoculated (Control).
1= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica
8= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 0.5g mycelium + conidia of F. solani
/ kg soil.
9= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 1.0 g mycelium + conidia of F. solani
/ kg soil.
10= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 2.0g mycelium + conidia of F.
solani / kg soil.
11= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 3.0g mycelium + conidia of F.
solani / kg soil.
12= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 4.0g mycelium + conidia of F.
solani / kg soil.
13= Inoculated with 1000 J2 of M. javanica + 5.0g mycelium + conidia of F.
solani / kg soil.
Fig. 5
Fig.5-A. Cracking (A) and girdling (B) in stem of coleus infected with
Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
94
mycelium + conidia / kg soil not only induced the appearance of crown-rot and
collar-rot symptoms, but also reduced the number of days required for expression
of these symptoms with an increase in the inoculum level of F. solani (2.0, 3.0,
4.0 and 5.0g mycelium + conidia / kg soil). In the corresponding treatments, the
collar-rot symptom was recorded on 94th, 50th, 33rd and 23rd day, whereas, the
crown-rot symptom was recorded on 118th, 61st, 40th and 27th day after
inoculation.
Further, it was interesting to note that the coleus plants could not survive
when inoculated concomitantly with M. javanica and either of the higher
inoculum levels of F. solani (3.0, 4.0 and 5.0 g mycelium + conidia / kg soil).
Before mortality of plants, in addition to collar-rot symptoms, cracking and
girdling at the base of stem was also observed (Fig. 5-A) followed by toppling
down of the plants. Moreover, the duration of survival of plants also decreased
with the increase in the inoculum level of fungus. In the corresponding treatments,
the mortality of coleus plants was recorded on 78th, 52nd and 38th day after
inoculation (Tables - 4.0 & 4.1).
4.5. STUDIES ON THE LIFE-CYCLE OF ROOT-KNOT NEMATODE,
MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA ON COLEUS IN PRESENCE AND ABSENCE
OF ROOT-ROT FUNGUS, FUSARIUM SOLANI:
The data presented in Table - 5.0 clearly showed that the penetration of
second stage juveniles of M. javanica was observed after one day of inoculation.
The rate of penetration gradually increased with the passage of time and
maximum percentage of juveniles penetration into the roots of coleus was
recorded after 7 days of inoculation irrespective of whether nematode was either
present alone or with F. solani. Moreover, the significant higher percentage of
juveniles penetration was recorded in plants inoculated with M. javanica alone
after 5 days of inoculation as compared to concomitant inoculation of M. javanica
and F. solani. Mostly, in both the treatments the penetration of second stage
juveniles of M. javanica took place in the meristematic region but in some cases
the juveniles also penetrated into the root tips and oriented themselves near the
stelar region almost parallel to the longitudinal axis of the roots.
95
Table -5.0. The penetration of second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne javanica in coleus roots in presence and absence of Fusarium solani.
Treatment Day after inoculation Juvenile (J2) penetrated (%)
M. javanica 1 18.2
M. javanica + F. solani 1 15.4
M. javanica 2 24.6
M. javanica + F. solani 2 20.6
M. javanica 3 45.5
M. javanica + F. solani 3 47.3
M. javanica 4 56.7
M. javanica + F. solani 4 52.9
M. javanica 5 75.4
M. javanica + F. solani 5 59.4
M. javanica 6 81.8
M. javanica + F. solani 6 68.0
M. javanica 7 83.2
M. javanica + F. solani 7 69.7
C.D. ( P=0.05) 5.25
C.D. (P=0.01) 7.14
94
Table -5 .1. Studies on the life cycle of Meloidogyne javanica on coleus in presence and absence of Fusarium solani.
Developmental stages of root-knot nematode (%) /
Treatment
Treatment /
Days after
inoculation A B C D E
Adult Female Adult Male
C.D. (P=0.05) C.D.( P=0.01)
Mj Mj*+Fs** Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs Mj Mj+ Fs
7 7 83.2 69.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.26 6.02
9 11 3.4 10.2 72.6 55.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.92 8.05
13 17 0.0 5.6 6.9 19.3 72.4 35.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.66 4.78
19 22 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.8 8.1 12.3 61.8 34.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.43 7.13
23 29 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.7 0.0 9.8 63.5 30.3 2.4 9.3 1.45 5.65
Per cent of females formed 76.3 (Mj) and 43.4 (Mj+Fs) and males formed 2.9 (Mj) and 13.3 (Mj+Fs) Deposition of gelatinous matrix was recorded on 24th day (Mj) and 31st day (Mj+Fs) of inoculation Egg laying was recorded on 25th day (Mj) and 34th day (Mj+Fs) of inoculation Average number of eggs/ egg mass = 315 (Mj) and 168 (Mj + Fs) In soil, second stage juveniles (J2) was recorded on 27th day (Mj) and 37th day (Mj+Fs) of inoculation and the number of juveniles / kg soil was found as 1865(Mj) and 1044 (Mj+Fs), respectively. Mj* = Meloidogyne javanica, Fs** = Fusarium solani.
95
It was observed that in the absence of F. solani, 83.2% juveniles were
found in “A” stage after 7 days of inoculation of M. javanica, whereas, only 3.4%
juveniles in “A” stage and 72.6% in “B” stage were recorded after 9 days.
Moreover, most of the juveniles were traced in “C” stage (72.4%), only a few in
“B” stage (6.9%), whereas, the juveniles of “A” stage was absent after 13days of
inoculation. Further, no juveniles of “A” and “B” stages were traced, but, only a
few juveniles could be traced as “C” stage (8.1%) and majority of the juveniles in
“D” stage (61.8%) of development were observed after 19 days of inoculation.
However, most of the developmental stages viz., “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” were
absent after 23 days of inoculation except the “E” stage (Adult females) of M.
javanica (63.5%). Adult males (2.4%) were also found after 23 days of
inoculation.
However, on the other hand, the presence of F. solani alongwith M.
javanica, not only decreased the percentage of penetration and occurrence of
different stages in the roots but also subsequently delayed the development of
different stages of the nematode in coleus. In presence of F. solani, the highest
percentage of “A” stage of juveniles (69.7%) were observed after 7 days of
inoculation and no other stages of nematode were seen. However, most of the
juveniles were found to be in “B” stage (55.3%) and very few in “A” stage
(10.2%) after 11 days of inoculation. The highest percentage of “C”
developmental stage of juveniles (35.3%) were recorded after 17 days of
inoculation, followed by “B” (19.3) and “A” (5.6%) stages. However, “A” stage
of the juveniles were not observed, while, very few stages of “B” (5.8%) and “C”
(12.3%) and maximum percentage of “D” stage (34.7%) of development were
recorded after 22 days of inoculation. The “E” stage i. e. adult males (9.3%) and
females (30.3%) could be differentiated after 29 days of inoculation, however,
some juveniles were also found in “C” stage (4.7%) and in “D” stage (9.8%) and
no juveniles were observed in “A” and “B” stage.
The plants inoculated with M. javanica alone, showed the deposition of
gelatinous matrix on 24th
day, egg laying in egg mass was recorded on 25th
day
96
and in soil, second stage juveniles were recorded on 27th day of inoculation.
However, on the other hand, the corresponding stages of M. javanica in presence
of F. solani were recorded on 31Ist, 34th and 37th day of inoculation. Fecundity of
the females was also found to be reduced with an average of only 168 eggs / egg
mass in M. javanica and F. solani inoculated plants as compared to 315 eggs per
egg mass in M. javanica alone inoculated plants. The highest number of juveniles
(1865 J2 / kg soil) was observed in plants inoculated with M. javanica alone,
followed by 1044 J2 / kg soil in presence of fungus. The percentage of male
formation of M. javanica was greater (13.3%) in presence of F. solani as
compared to when M. javanica was present alone (2.9%). These results showed
that the life cycle of M. javanica on coleus was completed in 27 days, whereas,
the duration of life cycle was adversely affected in the presence of fungus (F.
solani) and it took 37 days to complete the life-cycle. Thus, the presence of F.
solani delayed the life-cycle of root-knot nematode (M. javanica) by 10 days
(Table-5.1).
4.6. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CULTURE
FILTRATE OF FUNGI ON THE HATCHING OF EGGS OF ROOT-KNOT
NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA: The data presented in Table - 6.0 clearly revealed that generally, the
different concentrations of culture filtrates of all the test fungi after five days
showed significant inhibition in the hatching of eggs of root-knot nematode
(Meloidogyne javanica) to a varying degree. There was a relative decrease in the
egg hatching with the corresponding increase in the concentration of culture
filtrates except some of the culture filtrates viz., Curvularia pallescens and
Penicillium italicum (S/10), and Trichoderma koningii, T. hamatum, C. pallescens
and P. italicum (S/100), which showed stimulatory effect on juvenile emergence
from the egg in comparison to control (Distilled water).
Complete suppression of juvenile emergence of root-knot nematode was
observed in the culture filtrate of “S” concentration of P. lilacinus. In the same
concentration, the greatest inhibition in hatching of eggs was recorded in filtrate
of T. harzianum (87.1%) followed by T. viride (82.7%), T. aureoviride (81.1%),
T. lignorum (76.4%), T. pseudokoningii (71.8%), T. koningii (67.9%), T. hamatum
97
(62.7%), C. pallescens (28.5%), F. solani (26.3%) and P. italicum (17.3%).
Moreover, there was no significant difference in the inhibition of egg hatching
between the culture filtrates of T. viride and T. aureoviride; T. koningii and T.
pseudokoningii and C. pallescens and F. solani.
Similarly, complete suppression of hatching was also found in the culture
filtrate of P. lilacinus in “S/2” concentration. Inhibition in egg hatching was as
high as 64.1% in the filtrate of T. harzianum followed by T. viride (57.5%), T.
aureoviride (56.4%), T. lignorum (51.2%), T. pseudokoningii (41.3%), T. koningii
(29.3%), T. hamatum (19.7%), F. solani (11.5%), C. pallescens (9.3%) and P.
italicum (6.6%). However, no significant difference in the hatching was recorded
between the culture filtrates of T. viride and T. aureoviride; T. aureoviride and T.
lignorum; C. pallescens and P. italicum; C. pallescens and F. solani and P.
italicum and F. solani.
In “S/10” concentration, the significant highest inhibition in the emergence
of juvenile was recorded in the culture filtrate of T. harzianum followed by P.
lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii.
In the corresponding culture filtrates, the inhibition in hatching was recorded as
52.6%, 45.8%, 41.1%, 34.0%, 24.4%, 16.2% and 7.7%. Moreover, there was no
significant variation in hatching of eggs in the culture filtrates of T. hamatum, C.
pallescens, P. italicum and F. solani as compared to control.
Similarly, in the “S/100” concentration, the maximum inhibition in the egg
hatching was recorded in the filtrate of T. harzianum (38.1%) followed by P.
lilacinus (26.8%), T. viride (24.9%), T. aureoviride (20.8%), T. lignorum (11.2%)
T. pseudokoningii (4.7%) and F. solani (3.0%). However, on the other hand, it
was interesting to note that the lowest concentration (“S/100”) of T. koningii, T.
hamatum, C. pallescens and P. italicum filtrates significantly stimulated the
hatching of root-knot nematode by +4.1, +15.3,+20.5 and +27.9%, respectively in
comparison to control.
Table- 6.0. Effect of different concentrations of culture filtrate of fungi on the hatching of eggs of Meloidogyne javanica.
Concentrations of culture filtrate /
Number of juveniles (J2) emerged
from the eggs
Treatment
S S/2 S/10 S/100
C.D. (P=0.05)
C.D. (P=0.01)
Curvularia pallesens 261 331 371 440 43.03 65.23
(-28.5) (-9.3) (+1.6) (+20.5)
Fusarium solani 269 323 351 354 41.02 64.15
(26.3) (11.5) (3.8) (3.0)
Penicillium italicum 302 341 377 467 46.04 69.75
(-17.3) (-6.6) (+3.3) (+27.9)
Paeclomyces lilacinus 0 0 198 267 17.44 26.43
(-100) (-100) (-45.8) (-26.8)
Trichoderma aureoviride 69 159 241 289 24.03 36.40
(-81.1) (-56.4) (-34.0) (-20.8)
T. hamatum 136 293 361 421 37.51 56.83
(-62.7) (-19.7) (-1.1) (+15.3)
T. harzianum 47 131 173 226 21.80 33.02
(-87.1) (-64.1) (-52.6) (-38.1)
T. koningii 117 258 337 380 34.47 52.22
(-67.9) (-29.3) (-7.7) (+4.1)
T. lignorum 86 178 276 324 27.64 41.87
(-76.4) (-51.2) (-24.4) (-11.2)
T. pseudokoningii 103 214 306 348 30.62 46.39
(-71.8) (-41.4) (-16.2) (-4.7)
T. viride 63 155 215 274 22.37 33.89
(-82.7) (-57.5) (-41.1) (-24.9)
Control 365 - - - - -
(Distilled water)
C.D. (P=0.05) 15.90 21.65 18.17 12.83
C.D. (P=0.01) 21.69 29.52 28.35 23.41
Figures in parenthesis are percentage reduction (-) or stimulation (+) of hatching of eggs over control.
98
4.7. EFFECT OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CULTURE
FILTRATE OF FUNGI ON THE MORTALITY OF ROOT- KNOT
NEMATODE, MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA:
The data presented in Table - 7.0 clearly indicated that there was no
mortality of root-knot nematode in the distilled water in all exposure periods.
Mostly the different concentrations of culture filtrates showed nematicidal effect
of varying degree on root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. Percentage
mortality of nematode was directly proportional to the concentration of culture
filtrates and the period for which the nematode was exposed to each filtrate.
Usually, the rate of mortality was low in the beginning but an appreciable increase
was recorded after 24 hours of exposure. In general, the culture filtrate of T.
harzianum showed highest nematicidal effect to M. javanica followed by P.
lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii, T. koningii, T.
hamatum, C. pallescens, F. solani and P. italicum in different concentrations and
exposure periods.
The filtrate of “S” concentration of T. harzianum, P. lilacinus, T. viride
and T. aureoviride caused cent percent mortality of root-knot nematode after 96
hours. Similarly, the cent percent mortality was also recorded after 48 hours in the
T. harzianum. After 96 hours, the percentage mortality was recorded as 95%,
89%, 81%, 76%, 36%, 34% and 26% in the filtrates of T. lignorum, T.
pseudokoningii, T. koningii, T. hamatum, C. pallescens, F. solani and P. italicum,
respectively. Culture filtrates of T. lignorum, T. aureoviride, T. viride and P.
lilacinus showed 50-90% mortality of root-knot nematode after 48 hours of
exposure, whereas, 22-45% mortality was recorded in P. italicum, F. solani, C.
pallescens, T. hamatum, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii in the same exposure
period. However, on the other hand after 24 hours in the same concentration the
highest mortality of root-knot nematode was recorded in the filtrates of T.
harzianum (78%) followed by P. lilacinus (71%), T. viride (65%), T. aureoviride
(42%), T. lignorum (39%), T. koningii (37%), T. pseudokoningii (35%), T.
hamatum (28%), C. pallescens (21%), P. italicum (18%) and F. solani (11%). In
the corresponding culture filtrates, the mortality was recorded as 40%, 38%, 31%,
99
27%, 22%, 14%, 18%, 12%, 9% and 6% except in F. solani, where no mortality
was recorded after 12 hours of exposure.
The hundred per cent mortality was also recorded in the
“S/2”concentration of culture filtrates of T. harzianum and P. lilacinus after 96
hours. However, on the other hand no mortality was recorded in the fungal
filtraets of C. pallescens, F. solani and P. italicum after 24 hours of exposure
period. Similar results were also obtained after 12 hours where no mortality was
recorded in the culture filtrate of T. hamatum. In the same concentration, the
filtrate of T. viride and T. aureoviride showed 93 and 89% mortality of root-knot
nematode, respectively after 96 hours of exposure period. In the same exposure
period, the mortality of nematode was recorded as 61%, 53%, 47%, 38%, 17%
20% and 16% in the culture filtrate of T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii, T. koningii,
T. hamatum, C. pallescens, P. italicum and F. solani, respectively. The
percentage of mortality of nematode after 48 hours in the filtrate of T.
harzianum, P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii,
T. koningii, T. hamatum, C. pallescens, P. italicum and F. solani was recorded as
72, 68, 61, 48, 43, 37, 38, 32, 11, 11and 8, respectively. After 24 hours of
exposure, the highest mortality of nematode was recorded in the culture filtrate
of P. lilacinus (64%) followed by T. harzianum (60%), T. viride (55%), T.
aureoviride (36%), T. lignorum (30%), T. pseudokoningii (20%), T. hamatum
(17%) and T. koningii (28%). The culture filtrate of T. harzianum showed highest
mortality of nematode followed by P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride, T.
lignorum, T. pseudokoningii and T. koningii after 12 hours of exposure period. In
the respective culture filtrates, the mortality was recorded as 28%, 22%, 19%,
17%, 15%, 9% and 8%.
In the “S/10” concentration after 96 hours, the significant mortality was
recorded only in the filtrate of P. lilacinus, T. aureoviride, T. hamatum, T.
harzianum, T. koningii, T. lignorum, T. pseudokoningii and T. viride. Among
these filtrates the highest mortality was recorded in T. harzianum (55%) followed
by P. lilacinus (48%), T. viride (40%), T. aureoviride (27%), T. lignorum (23%),
T. pseudokoningii (20%), T. koningii (13%) and T. hamatum (12%). After 48
Table- 7.0. Effect of different concentration of culture filtrate of fungi on the mortality of. Meloidogyne javanica
Concentration of culture filtrate percentage mortality of juveniles (J2)
Treatment
Exposure time
(hours) S S/2 S/10 S/100
C.D. (P=0.05)
C.D. (P=0.01)
Curvularia pallescens 12 9 0 0 0 - - 24 21 0 0 0 - - 48 32 11 0 0 2.24 3.39 96 36 17 4 0 2.34 3.54 Fusarium solani 12 0 0 0 0 - - 24 11 0 0 0 - - 48 24 8 0 0 1.91 3.12 96 34 16 3 0 1.84 2.43 Paecilomyces lilacinus 12 38 22 20 0 4.87 7.37 24 71 64 28 0 5.93 8.98 48 90 68 39 22 7.24 10.96 96 100 100 48 28 9.00 13.63 Penicillium italicm 12 6 0 0 0 - - 24 18 0 0 0 - - 48 22 11 0 0 1.75 2.66 96 26 20 0 0 1.82 2.76 Trichoderma aureoviride 12 27 17 2 0 2.82 4.27 24 42 36 10 0 3.35 5.08 48 59 48 18 0 4.63 7.02 96 100 89 27 0 8.12 12.30 T. hamatum 12 12 0 0 0 - - 24 28 17 4 0 2.09 3.16 48 40 32 6 0 3.10 4.70 96 76 38 12 0 5.21 7.88 T. harzianum 12 40 28 15 0 5.35 8.10 24 78 60 30 0 6.21 9.41 48 100 72 41 15 7.94 12.02 96 100 100 55 19 9.15 13.86 T. koningii 12 14 8 2 0 1.42 2.16 24 37 28 3 0 2.82 4.28 48 45 38 7 0 3.57 5.40 96 81 47 13 0 5.71 8.65 T. lignorum 12 22 15 4 0 2.16 3.27 24 39 30 7 0 3.17 4.80 48 50 43 12 0 4.03 6.11 96 95 61 23 0 6.89 10.43 T. pseudokoningii 12 18 9 2 0 1.71 2.58 24 35 20 3 0 2.84 4.30 48 42 37 9 0 3.39 5.13 96 89 53 20 0 6.32 9.58 T.viride 12 31 19 13 0 4.06 6.16 24 65 55 31 0 5.38 8.16 48 75 61 35 12 6.15 9.31 96 100 93 40 17 8.52 12.91 Distilled water 12 - - - - - - 24 - - - - - - 48 - - - - - - 96 - - - - - -
C.D. (P=0.05) 4.10 3.02 4.04 5.20 C.D. (P=0.01) 5.47 4.03 6.34 7.88
100
hours of exposure in the same concentration, the significant mortality was
recorded in the culture filtrate of T. harzianum (41%), P. lilacinus (39%), T. viride
(35%), T. aureoviride (18%), T. lignorum (12%) T. pseudokoningii (9%), T.
koningii (7%) and T. hamatum (6%). Similarly, after 24 hours the significant
mortality of nematode was recorded only in the culture filtrates of T. harzianum,
P. lilacinus, T. viride, T. aureoviride and T. lignorum. In the respective filtrates
the mortality of nematode was noticed as 30%, 28%, 31%, 10% and 7%.
However, on the other hand, after 12 hours of exposure period, the significant
mortality was recorded in the filtrate of P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride,
the filtrate of corresponding fungi showed mortality of nematode 20%, 15% and
13%.
In the “S/100” concentration no mortality was recorded in the filtrate of C.
pallescens, F. solani, P. italicum T. aureoviride, T. hamatum, T. koningii, T.
lignorum and T. pseudokoningii even after 96 hours exposure period. Similarly, in
the same concentration, the mortality of root-knot nematode was also not recorded
in the filtrates of P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride after 24 hours.
Moreover, the filtrate of P. lilacinus (22%), showed highest mortality of nematode
followed by T. harzianum (15%) and T. viride (12%) after 48 hours of exposure
period.Whereas, after 96 hours in the corresponding filtrates the mortality of
nematode was recorded as 28%, 19% and 17%.
4.8. MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SOLANI - MELOIDOGYNE
JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY USING A FUNGICIDE
AS BARE ROOT-DIP TREATMENT AND FUNGAL BIOCONTROL
AGENTS:
It is evident from the data presented in Table - 8.0 that out of eight fungal
biocontrol agents, the individual inoculation of only four biocontrol agents viz.,
Trichoderma aureoviride, T. harzianum, T. lignorum and T. viride showed
significant increase in plant growth parameters (except in number of tubers /
plant) as compared to uninoculated plants (control). The highest increase in the
plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber weight and forskolin
Table- 8.0. Effect of fungal biocontrol agents and Bavistin on plant growth parameters of coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)
Treatment
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent
increase
(+) and
decrease
(-) over
control
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over
control
Tuber weight
(g)
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over control
Number of tubers/
plant
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over control
Froskolin content in
tuber (%W/W)
Per cent increase (+) and
decrease (-) over control
Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -
Bavistin 60.3 24.5 84.8 -1.7 650.1 295.5 945.6 -1.0 196.2 +3.6 16.6 1.8 0.653 +4.5
P. lilacinus 62.1 25.3 87.4 +1.3 670.7 301.2 971.9 +1.7 192.3 +1.6 15.6 -4.3 0.629 +0.6
T. aureoviride 62.5 27.3 89.8 +4.1 701.6 306.5 1008.1 +5.5 203.6 +7.6 17.0 +4.3 0.658 +5.3
T. hamatum 60.9 24.2 85.1 -1.4 659.2 298.4 957.6 +0.25 187.5 -0.95 16.0 -1.8 0.622 -0.5
T. harzianum 63.9 30.8 94.7 +9.7 739.5 312.6 1,052.1 +10.1 222.7 +17.6 18.0 +10.4 0.721 +15.4
T. koningii 60.7 23.1 83.8 -2.9 670.1 302.5 972.6 +1.8 190.2 +0.5 16.3 0.0 0.619 -0.96
T. lignorum 62.3 27.8 90.1 +4.4 711.8 308.3 1,020.1 +6.8 210.2 +11.0 17.3 +6.1 0.685 +9.6
T. pseudokoningii 63.7 24.0 87.7 +1.6 665.9 299.9 965.8 +1.1 191.2 +1.0 15.3 -6.1 0.641 +2.6
T. viride 62.7 28.1 90.8 +5.2 728.3 310.2 1,038.5 +8.7 215.8 +14.0 17.6 +8.0 0.697 +11.5
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.70 18.60 7.30 1.89 0.03
C.D. (P=0.01) 3.33 30.30 12.20 2.04 0.05
101
content in tuber was observed in the soil treated with T. harzianum followed by T.
viride, T. lignorum and T. aureoviride. In the corresponding treatments, the
percentage increase in length was recorded as +9.7, +5.2, +4.4 and +4.1; fresh
weight as +10.1, +8.7, +6.8 and +5.5; tuber weight as +17.6, +14.0, +11.0 and
+7.6; number of tuber as +10.4, +8.0, +6.1 and + 4.3 and forskolin content was
found as +15.4, +11.5, +9.6 and +5.3, respectively. The increase in plant growth
parameters was significant only between the treatments of T. aureoviride and T.
harzianum, and T. harzianum and T. lignorum.
However, on the other hand, the plants inoculated with P. lilacinus, T.
hamatum, T. koningii, and T. pseudokoningii did not significantly affect the plant
growth parameters as against control. Similar results were also recorded in the
plants treated with a fungicide, Bavistin.
The data presented in Table - 8.1 clearly indicated that the collar-rot and
crown-rot symptoms and mortality of coleus plants were recorded on 56th
, 60th
and 73rd day, respectively after inoculation with M. javanica (1000 J2 / kg soil)
and F. solani (3g mycelium + conidia / kg soil). Similarly, the mortality was also
recorded in coleus plants even when grown in soil inoculated with T. aureoviride,
T. hamatum, T. koningii, T. lignorum and T. pseudokoningii. In the corresponding
treatments, the collar-rot symptom was recorded on 88th, 84th, 80th, 71st and 60th
day; crown-rot on 105th, 103rd, 94th, 82nd and 69th day; and mortality of coleus
plants was recorded on 129th, 124th, 118th, 102th, and 90th day after inoculation.
This showed that the corresponding treatments not only significantly
delayed the mortality of plants but also delayed the appearance of collar-rot
(except T. pseudokongii treated plants) and crown-rot symptoms as compared to
plants inoculated with M. javanica and F. solani. The significant difference in
delay of the appearance of the symptoms and mortality of plants was recorded in
between the treatments of T. koningii and T. lignorum; T. lignorum and T.
pseudokoningii, and T. koningii and T. pseudokoningii.
However, on the other hand, no mortality was observed in coleus plants
treated with Bavistin, P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride. The respective
Table- 8.1. Effect of fungal biocontrol agents and Bavistin on plant growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Bv = Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tau = Trichoderma aureovirde Thm = Trichoderma hamatum Thr = Trichoderma harzianum Tko = Trichoderma koningii Tli = Trichoderma lignorum Tpk = Trichoderma pseudokoningii Tvi = Trichoderma viride
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)
Treatment Shoot Root Total
Per cent reduction
over control
Shoot Root Total
Per cent reduction
over control
Tuber weight
(g)
Per cent reduction
over control
Number of
tubers/ Plant
Per cent reduction
over control
Forskolin content in tuber
(%W/W)
Per cent reduction
over control
Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -
Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Bv+Mj+Fs 26.0 9.2 35.2 59.2 223.7 92.4 316.1 66.9 50.9 73.1 6.3 61.3 0.186 70.2
Pl+Mj+Fs 29.9 11.0 40.9 52.6 262.2 112.2 374.4 60.8 66.4 64.9 7.3 55.2 0.216 65.4
Tau+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Thm+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Thr+Mj+fs 20.3 7.8 28.1 67.4 185.4 76.3 261.7 72.6 41.2 78.2 5.6 65.6 0.153 75.5
Tko+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Tli+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Tpk +Mj +Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Tvi+Mj+Fs 21.9 8.5 30.4 64.8 202.3 86.3 288.6 69.8 44.1 76.7 6.0 63.2 0.165 73.6
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.95 30.49 5.74 0.54 0.019
C.D. (P=0.01) 4.02 41.58 7.82 0.73 0.026
Table 8.2. Effect of fungal biocontrol agents and Bavistin on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Bv = Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tau = Trichoderma aureovirde Thm = Trichoderma hamatum Thr = Trichoderma harzianum Tko = Trichoderma koningii Tli = Trichoderma lignorum Tpk = Trichoderma pseudokoningii Tvi = Trichoderma viride
Population of root-knot nematode
Treatment Juvenile
(J2)/kg soil
Female/g
root
Total
Reproduction factor
(Rf=Pf/Pi)
Number of
galls/root
system
Root - rot (%)
Collar - rot
symptom
appeared
(on the day)
Crown - rot
symptom
appeared
(on the day)
Mortality of
the plant
(on the day)
Control - - - - - - - - -
Mj + Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 56 60 73
Bv+Mj+Fs 4,209 291 4,500 4.5 37.0 71.6 116 - -
Pl+Mj+Fs 4,002 298 4,300 4.3 33.0 65.0 118 - -
Tau+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 88 105 129
Thm+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 84 103 124
Thr+Mj+fs 4,919 281 5,200 5.2 43.0 81.2 111 - -
Tko+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 80 94 118
Tli+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 71 82 102
Tpk+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 60 69 90
Tvi+Mj+Fs 4,513 287 4,800 4.8 39.0 75.7 113 - -
C.D.(P=0.05) 0.26 1.74 3.90 6.38 8.66 11.96
C.D.(P=0.01) 0.35 2.38 5.32 7.74 11.86 15.23
102
treatments not only delayed the appearance of collar-rot symptom but also
completely suppressed the appearance of crown-rot symptom. In the
corresponding treatments, the appearance of collar-rot symptom was recorded on
116th, 118th, 111th and 113th day after inoculation. The significant highest
reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber weight,
number of tubers / plant and forskolin content was found in the plants treated with
T. harzianum followed by T. viride, Bavistin and P. lilacinus. In the
corresponding treatments, the reduction in length was recorded as 67.4, 64.8, 59.2
and 52.6%; fresh weight as 72.6, 69.8, 66.9 and 60.8%; tuber weight as 78.2, 76.7,
73.1 and 64.9%; number of tuber as 65.6, 63.2, 61.3 and 55.2% and forskolin
content in tuber was found as 75.5, 73.6, 70.2 and 65.4% as compared to control.
The significant variation in plant growth parameters was recorded in between the
treatments of Bavistin and P. lilacinus; T. harzianum and Bavistin, and T.
harzianum and P. lilacinus.
The minimum reproduction factor of root-knot nematode, number of galls
and percentage of root-rot was found in the plants treated with P. lilacinus
followed by Bavistin, T. viride and T. harzianum. In the corresponding treatments,
the reproduction factor was recorded as 4.3, 4.5, 4.8 and 5.2 and number of galls /
root system as 33, 37, 39 and 43 and percentage of root-rot as 65.0, 71.6, 75.7 and
81.2 (Table - 8.2).
4.9. MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SOLANI - MELOIDOGYNE
JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY USING OIL - CAKES:
The data presented in Table - 9.0 revealed that out of nine oil - cakes, the
individual application of only six oil - cakes viz., groundnut, karanj, linseed,
mohwa, neem and soybean significantly improved the growth parameters of
coleus as compared to plants grown in unamended soil (control).
The maximum increase in the plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh
weight, tuber weight, number of tubers and forskolin content was observed in the
soil amended with groundnut cake followed by cakes of karanj, neem, soybean,
linseed and mohwa. In the corresponding treatments, the percentage increase in
length was recorded as +14.1, +11.0, +10.2, +9.6, +8.0 and +5.3; fresh weight as
Table- 9.0. Effect oil - cakes on plant growth parameters of coleus, (Coleus forskohlii).
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g) Treatment
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent increase
(+) over
control
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent increase
(+) over
control
Tuber weight
(g)
Per cent increase
(+) over
control
Number of tubers/Plant
Per cent increase
(+) over
control
Forskolin content in tuber
(%W/W)
Per cent increase
(+) over
control
Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -
Castor cake 61.9 26.3 88.2 +2.2 682.5 296.1 978.6 +2.4 198.5 +4.9 17.3 +6.1 0.683 +9.3
Groundnut cake 70.2 28.3 98.5 +14.1 668.2 464.3 1132.5 +18.6 239.5 +26.5 19.0 +16.6 0.761 +21.8
Karanj cake 68.9 26.9 95.8 +11.0 688.1 423.1 1,111.2 +16.3 231.8 +22.5 18.6 +14.1 0.747 +19.5
Linseed cake 67.4 25.8 93.2 +8.0 697.4 354.2 1,051.6 +10.1 216.8 +14.5 17.6 +8.0 0.698 +11.7
Mohwa cake 65.3 25.6 90.9 +5.3 688.8 321.4 1,010.2 +5.8 211.2 +11.6 17.6 +8.0 0.688 +10.1
Mustard cake 63.8 23.5 87.3 +1.2 680.2 295.9 976.1 +2.2 195.2 +3.1 16.0 -1.8 0.639 +2.2
Neem cake 68.9 26.2 95.1 +10.2 686.7 409.7 1,096.4 +14.8 228.6 +20.8 18.3 +12.3 0.734 +17.4
Soybean cake 70.1 24.5 94.6 +9.6 687.9 375.8 1,063.7 +11.4 224.5 +18.6 18.0 +10.4 0.701 +12.2
Sesame cake 65.4 22.7 88.1 +2.1 684.1 291.2 975.3 +2.1 199.2 +5.2 16.6 +1.8 0.645 +3.2
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.1 25.9 10.5 1.23 0.061
C.D. (P=0.01) 4.3 43.5 18.0 2.10 0.084
103
+18.6, +16.3, +14.8, +11.4, +10.1 and +5.8; tuber weight as +26.5, +22.5, +20.8,
+18.6 +14.5 and +11.6; number of tuber as +16.6, +14.1, +12.3, +10.4, +8.0 and
+8.0; and forskolin content in tuber was found as +21.8, +19.5, +17.4, +12.2,
+11.7 and +10.1. Moreover, it was observed that the plant growth parameters were
significant only between the treatments of groundnut cake and linseed cake,
groundnut cake and mohwa - cake, and karanj - cake and linseed cake. However,
on the other hand soil amended with castor, mustard and sesame cake did not have
any significant effect on the plant growth parameters as compared to control.
The data presented in Table - 9.2 clearly revealed that the symptoms of
collar-rot and crown-rot, and mortality of coleus plants were recorded on 56th
, 60th
and 73rd
day, respectively after inoculation with M. javanica (1000 J2 / kg soil)
and F. solani (3g mycelium + conidia / kg soil). Similarly, the mortality was also
recorded in coleus even when grown in soil amended with oil - cakes of castor,
linseed, mohwa, mustard, soybean and sesame. In the corresponding treatments,
the collar-rot symptom was recorded on 59th, 68th, 54th, 74th, 61st and 53rd day;
crown-rot symptom was recorded on 63rd, 84th, 59th, 92nd, 76th and 64th day and
mortality of coleus plant was recorded on 76th, 100th, 71st, 112th, 94th and 78th day
after inoculation.
The soil amended with linseed cake, mustard cake and soybean cake,
significantly delayed the mortality of plants and appearance of collar-rot and
crown-rot symptoms as compared to unamended plants infected with M. javanica
and F. solani. The significant difference in the delay of appearance of symptoms
and mortality of plants was also recorded among plants treated with linseed cake
and mustard cake; mustard cake and soybean cake, and soybean cake and linseed
cake.
However, on the other hand, there was no mortality in plants treated with
oil - cakes of groundnut, karanj and neem. The respective treatments also
significantly delayed the appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot symptoms of
coleus plants. In the corresponding treatments, the appearance of collar-rot
symptom was recorded on 94th
, 105th
and 99th
day and crown-rot symptom was
Table- 9.1. Effect of oil - cakes on plant growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Cc = Castor cake Gc = Groundnut cake
Kc = Karanj cake Lc = Linseed cake Mc = Mohwa cake Muc = Mustard cake
Nc = Neem cake Sc = Soybean cake Sec = Sesame cake
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)
Treatment Shoot Root Total
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Shoot Root Total
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Tuber
weight
(g)
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Number
of tubers
/plant
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Forskolin
content in
tuber
(%W/W)
Per cent reduction
over control
Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625
-
Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Cc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Gc+Mj+Fs 17.6 6.2 23.8 72.4 165.2 60.2 225.4 76.4 27.2 85.6 4.6 71.8 0.116 81.4
Kc+Mj+Fs 20.2 7.5 27.7 67.9 175.2 74.1 249.3 73.9 34.6 81.7 5.3 67.5 0.136 78.1
Lc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Mc+Mj+fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Muc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Nc+Mj+Fs 19.4 6.7 26.1 69.8 187.1 59.3 246.4 74.2 28.9 84.7 4.6 71.8 0.121 80.6
Sc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Sec +Mj +Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
C.D. (P=0.05) 2.85 29.62 5.35 0.61 0.017
C.D. (P=0.01) 3.89 40.40 7.30 0.97 0.037
104
Table- 9.2. Effect of oil - cakes on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solan
Population of root-knot nematode
Treatment Juvenile (J2)/kg
soil
Female/g root
Total
Reproduction factor
(Rf=Pf/Pi)
Number of galls/root
system
Root - rot
(%)
Collar - rot symptoms appeared
(on the day)
Crown - rot symptoms appeared
(on the day)
Mortality of plant (on the
day)
Control - - - - - - - - -
Mj + Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 56 60 73
Cc+Mj+Fs
PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 59 63 76
Gc+Mj+Fs 3,789 211 4,000 4.0
26.0 89.3 94 121
-
Kc+Mj+Fs 3,949 251 4,200 4.2
32.0 83.2 105 126 -
Lc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 68 84 100
Mc+Mj+fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 54 59 71
Muc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 74 92 112
Nc+Mj+Fs 3,397 203 3,600 3.6 23.0 85.6 99 126 -
Sc+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 61 76 94
Sec +Mj +Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 53 64 78
C.D. (P=0.05)
0.23 1.67 4.43 4.38 7.64 5.86
C.D. (P=0.01)
0.32 2.27 6.04 5.61 8.91 7.99
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani Cc = Castor cake Gc = Groundnut cake Kc = Karanj cake Lc = Linseed cake Mc = Mohwa cake Muc = Mustard cake Nc = Neem cake Sc = Soybean cake Sec = Sesame cake
104
recorded on 121st, 126th and 126th day after inoculation (Table – 9.2). The
significant reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh weight, tuber
weight, number of tuber/plant and forskolin content was highest in the plants
treated with groundnut- cake followed by neem-cake and karanj-cake. In the
corresponding treatments, the reduction in length was recorded as 72.4, 69.8 and
67.8%; fresh weight as 76.4, 74.2 and 73.9%; tuber weight as 85.6, 84.7 and
81.7%; number of tuber as 71.8, 71.8 and 67.5%; and forskolin content was found
as 81.4, 80.6 and 78.2% as compared to unamended and uninoculated plants. In
the respective treatments the reproduction factor was recorded as 4.0, 3.6 and 4.2
and number of galls / root system as 26, 23 and 32, respectively (Table – 9.1 &
9.2).
The plants grown in soil amended with groundnut cake, karanj cake and
neem cake showed 89.3, 83.2 and 85.6% root-rot, respectively. It appears that the
karanj cake showed highest reduction in root-rot followed by neem cake and
groundnut cake, whereas, maximum reduction in galling and reproduction factor
was recorded in neem cake followed by groundnut cake and karanj cake.
Moreover, there was no significant variation in plant growth parameters and root-
rot in between the treatments of karanj cake and neem cake, and groundnut cake
and neem cake (Table - 9.2).
4.10. MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SOLANI - MELOIDOGYNE
JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY USING CHOPPED
LEAVES OF SOME PLANTS:
The data presented in Table - 10.0 clearly revealed that the soil amended
with chopped leaves of three plants viz., french marigold, vasaka and white datura
significantly improved the plants growth parameters except the number of
tuber/plant as compared to coleus plants grown in unamended soil (control).
However, on the other hand the plants amended with chopped leaves of aak,
lantana, snake weed and wild senna, did not have any significant effect on the
plant growth parameters.
Table - 10.0. Effect of chopped leaves of some plants on the growth parameters of coleus, Coleus forskohlii.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g)
Tuber weight
(g)
Per cent increase
(+) / decrease
(-) over
control
Number of
Tubers/plant
Per cent increase
(+) / decrease
(-) over
control
Forskolin content in tuber
(%W/W)
Per cent increase
(+) / decrease
(-) over
control
Treatment
Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase
(+) / decrease
(-) over
control Shoot Root Total
Per cent increase
(+) / decrease
(-) over
control
Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -
Aak leaves 59.4 23.8 83.2 -3.6 644.1 292.3 936.4 -2.0 180.5 -4.6 15.6 -4.3 0.598 -4.3
French marigold leaves 65.7 26.3 92.0 +6.6 693.5 304.9 998.4 +4.5 202.1 +6.8 17.3 +6.1 0.658 +5.3
Lantana leaves
62.3 25.9 88.2 +2.2 669.7 295.1 964.8 +1.00 197.2 +4.2 16.3 0.0 0.639 +2.2
Snake weed leaves 60.7 24.0 84.7 -1.9 671.7 299.6 971.3 +1.7 193.1 +2.0 15.3 -6.1 0.615 -1.6
Vasaka leaves 67.1 29.3 96.4 +11.7 692.3 331.1 1023.4 +7.1 215.4 +13.8 17.6 +8.0 0.692 +10.7
White datura leaves 67.1 27.5 94.6 +9.6 690.1 315.8 1005.9 +5.3 209.6 +10.7 17.0 +4.3 0.679 +8.6
Wild senna leaves 66.2 23.4 89.6 +3.8 651.7 296.6 948.3 -0.7 182.3 -3.7 16.0 -1.8 0.643 +2.9
C.D.(P=0.05) 4.2 20.1 9.4 NS 0.030
C.D.(P=0.01) 4.9 36.3 12.5 NS 0.049
105
The maximum increase in the plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh
weight, tuber weight and forskolin content was observed in the coleus plants
grown in soil amended with vasaka leaves followed by white datura and french
marigold as compared to unamended soil. In the corresponding treatments, the
percentage increase in length was recorded as +11.7, +9.6 and +6.6; fresh weight
as +7.1, + 5.3 and +4.5; tuber weight as +13.8, +10.7, and +6.8 and forskolin
content in tuber was found as +10.7, +8.6, and+ 5.3, respectively. Moreover, it
was also observed that the significant variation in plant growth parameters of
coleus was recorded only between the treatments of vasaka and french marigold
leaves.
The data presented in Table - 10.2 clearly revealed that the symptoms of
collar-rot and crown-rot, and mortality of coleus plants were recorded on 56th
, 60th
and 73rd day after inoculation, respectively in the plant inoculated concomitantly
with M. javanica (1000 J2 / kg soil) and F. solani (3g mycelium + conidia / kg
soil). Similarly, the mortality was also recorded in coleus plant even when grown
in soil amended with chopped leaves of aak, french marigold, lantana, snake
weed, white datura and wild senna. In the corresponding treatments, the collar-rot
symptom was recorded on 61st, 57th, 54th, 59th, 55th and 63rd day, whereas, crown
ot was recorded on 67th, 62nd, 58th, 69th, 60th and 76th day and mortality of coleus
plant was recorded on 86th, 80th, 75th, 88th, 70th and 94th day after inoculation. This
showed that the amendments of leaves of these plants not only delayed the
mortality of plants but also delayed the appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot
symptoms as compared to plants unamended and infected with M. javanica + F.
solani.
The significant delay in the mortality caused by M. javanica and F. solani
was recorded in coleus plants grown in soil amended with chopped leaves of aak,
french marigold, snake weed and wild senna as compared to unamended soil.
However, on the other hand, significant delay in the appearance of collar-rot and
crown-rot symptoms was recorded in plants amended with wild senna only.
Table 10.1. Effect of chopped leaves of some plants on the growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani AL = Aak leaves FL = French marigold leaves LL = Lantana leaves SWL = Snake weed leaves VL = Vasaka leaves WDL = White datura leaves WSL = Wlid senna leaves
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g) Treatment
Shoot Root Total
Per cent reduction
over
control Shoot Root Total
Per cent reduction
over
control
Tuber weight
(g)
Per cent reduction
over control
Number of
Tubers/ plant
Per cent reduction
over control
Forskolin content in
tuber (%W/W)
Per cent reduction
over control
Control 61.2 25.1 86.3 - 655.9 299.3 955.2 - 189.3 - 16.3 - 0.625 -
Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
AL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
FL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
LL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
SWL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
VL+Mj+Fs 19.1 6.3 25.4 70.6 162.1 59.5 221.6 76.8 22.1 88.3 4.6 71.8 0.106 83.0
WDL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
WSL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
C.D. (P=0.05)
3.28 26.15 12.41 1.27 0.029
C.D. (P=0.01)
5.63 39.28 19.35 1.82 0.048
Table 10.2. Effect of chopped leaves of some plants on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani AL = Aak leaves FL = French marigold leaves LL = Lantana leaves SWL = Snake weed leaves VL = Vasaka leaves WDL = White datura leaves WSL = Wlid senna leaves
Population of root-knot nematode Treatment
Juvenile (J2) / kg soil
Female/g root
Total
Reproduction factor
(Rf=Pf/Pi)
Number of galls/root system
Root- rot (%)
Collar - rot symptom appeared
(on the day)
Crown - rot symptom appeared
(on the day)
Mortality of the plant
(on the day)
Control - - - - - - - - -
Mi + Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 56 60 73
AL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 61 67 86
FL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 57 62 80
LL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 54 58 75
SWL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 59 69 88
VL+Mj+Fs 4,125 275 4,400 4.4 34 92.4 91 117 -
WDL+Mj+fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 55 60 70
WSL+Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS - 63 76 94
C.D. P=0.05) 6.74 13.45 5.33
C.D. P=0.01) 7.09 14.64 6.99
106
Further, it was interesting to note that there was no mortality in the plants
amended with chopped leaves of vasaka into the soil. The amendments of vasaka
leaves also significantly delayed the appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot
symptoms. It was recorded on 91st and 117th day, respectively after inoculation. In
this treatment, the percentage reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length,
fresh weight, tuber weight, number of tuber and forskolin content was observed as
70.6, 76.8, 88.3, 71.8 and 83.0, respectively. Similarly, the reproduction factor
was recorded as 4.4, number of galls per root system as 34 and root-rot as 92.4%
in the plants grown in soil amended with vasaka leaves (Tables – 10.1 & 10.2).
4.11 INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF FUSARIUM SOLANI -
MELOIDOGYNE JAVANICA DISEASE COMPLEX IN COLEUS BY
USING FUNGAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS, OIL - CAKES, VASAKA
LEAVES AND BAVISTIN:
The data presented in Table - 11.0 clearly revealed that the coleus plants
did not survive beyond 81 days after simultaneous inoculation of M. javanica and
F. solani, @1000 J2 and 3g mycelium + conidia / kg soil, respectively as
compared to untreated and uninoculated plants (control). Moreover, the
integration of bare -root dip treatment with Bavistin, inoculation of fungal
biocontrol agent(s) viz., P. lilacinus, T. harzianum and T. viride and amendments
of either of the oil - cakes (groundnut cake, karanj cake and neem cake) or
chopped leaves of vasaka in different combinations in the soil, not only increased
the viability of coleus plants but also showed better plant growth by reducing the
intensity of disease development in terms of root galling and rotting in coleus.
This integrated management methods also delayed / completely suppressed the
appearance of collar-rot and crown-rot symptoms in coleus.
The minimum reduction in plant growth parameters viz., length, fresh
weight, tuber weight, number of tubers and forskolin content in tubers; lowest
root-rot and overall, best protection against M. javanica and F. solani was
observed by integration of Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. viride followed by Bavistin
+ T. viride + neem cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. harzianum, Bavistin + P.
107
lilacinus + neem cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus +groundnut cake, Bavistin + P.
lilacinus + karanj cake, Bavistin + T. viride + T. harzianum, Bavistin + T. viride +
karanj cake, Bavistin + T. viride + groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +
groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum + karanj cake, Bavstin + T. harzianum +
neem cake, Bavistin + T. viride + vasaka leaves, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + vasaka
leaves and Bavistin + T. harzianum + vasaka leaves. In the corresponding
treatments the percentage reduction in plant length was recorded as 11.1, 12.2,
14.6, 16.3, 26.4, 29.5, 32.1, 39.3, 39.6, 42.3, 42.9, 49.4, 50.6, 51.1 and 54.8; in
fresh weight 16.9, 17.6, 19.3, 21.2, 32.8, 35.1, 38.3, 44.1, 44.0, 45.3, 47.3, 53.1,
53.6, 54.8 and 57.6; tuber weight 22.6, 23.4, 24.1, 25.7, 37.9, 41.4, 42.9, 48.2,
49.0, 49.3, 49.8, 55.2, 55.9, 56.9, and 60.2; number of tuber 13.1, 15.1, 17.7, 19.6,
30.7, 32.7, 37.3, 39.2, 45.8, 47.7, 50.3, 52.3, 54.3, 56.9 and 58.8; and forskolin
content was found as 19.2, 20.2, 21.5, 23.7, 34.7, 37.2, 41.9, 47.6, 48.3, 49.1,
49.4, 55.1, 56.9, 57.9 and 58.7 as compared to control.
Similarly, the lowest percentage of root-rot was recorded in plants treated
with Bavistin + P. lilacinus +T. viride followed by Bavistin + T. viride+ neem
cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. harzianum, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + neem cake,
Bavistin + P. lilacinus +groundnut cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus +karanj cake,
Bavistin + T. viride + T. harzianum, Bavistin + T. viride+ karanj cake, Bavistin +
T. viride+ groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +groundnut cake, Bavistin +
T. harzianum + karanj cake, Bavstin + T. harzianum + neem cake, Bavistin + T.
viride+ vasaka leaves, Bavistin + P. lilacinus + vasaka leaves and Bavistin + T.
harzianum + vasaka leaves. In the respective treatments, the percentage of root-rot
was found as 24.7, 25.3, 26.2, 28.5, 38.9, 40.3, 42.8, 47.2, 48.6, 49.7, 51.1, 57.8,
58.4, 60.3 and 61.5. However, on the other hand, in the corresponding treatments
the reproduction factor was noticed as 2.0, 2.4, 2.2, 2.0, 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9,
4.0, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7 and 4.5, and number of galls /root system was recorded as 20, 22,
20, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 28, 34, 35, 35 and 36 (Table - 11.1). These
treatments also showed the complete suppression of appearance of collar-rot and
crown-rot symptoms except in the plants treated with Bavistin +T. viride+ vasaka
leaves, Bavistin +P. lilacinus+ vasaka leaves and Bavistin + T. harzianum+
Table 11.0. Effect of fungal bioagents, Bavistin, oil-cakes and leaves of vasaka on the growth parameters of coleus infected with Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium solani.
Plant length (cm) Plant fresh weight (g) Treatment
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Shoot
Root
Total
Per cent
reduction
over control
Tuber
weight
(g)
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Number
of Tuber/
Plant
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Forskolin
content in root
(%W/W)
Per cent
reduction
over
control
Control
64.4
24.7 89.1 - 732.5 241.3 973.8 - 190.5 - 15.3 - 0.613 -
Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS
Bv+Pl+VL+Mj+Fs 32.4 11.2 43.6 51.1 336.4 103.7 440.1 54.8 82.1 56.9 6.6 56.9 0.258 57.9
Bv+Pl+Gc+Mj+Fs 48.1 17.5 65.6 26.4 500.6 153.7 654.3 32.8 118.3 37.9 10.6 30.7 0.400 34.7
Bv+Pl+Kc+Mj+Fs 46.1 16.7 62.8 29.5 486.6 145.3 631.9 35.1 111.6 41.4 10.3 32.7 0.385 37.2
Bv+Pl+Nc+Mj+Fs 54.8 19.8 74.6 16.3 584.9 182.4 767.3 21.2 141.5 25.7 12.3 19.6 0.468 23.7
Bv+Pl+Th+Mj+Fs 55.8 20.3 76.1 14.6 601.2 184.6 785.8 19.3 144.5 24.1 12.6 17.6 0.481 21.5
Bv+Pl+Tv+Mj+Fs 58.3 20.9 79.2 11.1 612.1 197.1 809.2 16.9 147.4 22.6 13.3 13.1 0.495 19.2
Bv+Th+VL+Mj+Fs 30.0 10.3 40.3 54.8 315.4 97.4 412.8 57.6 75.8 60.2 6.3 58.8 0.253 58.7
Bv+Th+Gc+Mj+Fs 38.0 13.4 51.4 42.3 414.7 117.7 532.4 45.3 96.5 49.3 8.0 47.7 0.312 49.1
Bv+Th+Kc+Mj+Fs 36.9 14.0 50.9 42.9 397.3 116.1 513.4 47.3 95.7 49.8 7.6 50.3 0.310 49.4
Bv+Th+Nc+Mj+Fs 32.9 12.2 45.1 49.4 348.1 108.6 456.7 53.1 85.3 55.2 7.3 52.3 0.275 55.1
Bv+Th+Tv+Mj+Fs 44.2 16.3 60.5 32.1 460.4 140.4 600.8 38.3 108.8 42.9 9.6 37.3 0.356 41.9
Bv+Tv+VL+Mj+Fs 32.8 11.2 44.0 50.6 343.9 107.9 451.8 53.6 84.1 55.9 7.0 54.2 0.264 56.9
Bv+Tv+Gc+Mj+Fs 39.4 14.4 53.8 39.6 423.0 122.3 545.3 44.0 97.1 49.0 8.3 45.8 0.317 48.3
Bv+Tv+Kc+Mj+Fs 39.1 15.0 54.1 39.3 406.6 137.3 543.9 44.1 98.6 48.2 9.3 39.2 0.321 47.6
Bv+Tv+Nc+Mj+Fs 57.4 20.8 78.2 12.2 609.9 192.5 802.4 17.6 145.9 23.4 13.0 15.0 0.489 20.2
C.D. (P=0.05) 5.36 54.96 10.04 0.88 0.034
C.D. (P=0.01) 7.25 74.29 13.53 1.18 0.046
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani BV = Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tv = Trichoderma viride Th = Trichoderma harzianum Kc = Karanj cake Gc = Groundnut cake Nc = Neem cake VL = Vasaka leaves
Table 11.1. Effect of fungal bioagents, Bavistin, oil-cakes and leaves of vasaka on the disease development in coleus infected with Meloidogyne
javanica and Fusarium solani
Population of root-knot nematode
Treatment Juvenile
(J2)/kg soil Female/g
root Total
Reproduction factor (Rf=Pf /Pi)
Number of galls/root system
Root – rot (%)
Collar - rot symptom appeared
(on the day)
Crown rot -symptom appeared
(on the day)
Mortality of the plant
(on the day)
Control - - - 0.0 0.0 0.0 - - Mj+Fs PARAMETERS WERE NOT RECORDED DUE TO MORTALITY OF PLANTS 53 65 81
Bv+Pl+VL+Mj+Fs 4,389 311 4,700 4.7 35 60.3 128 - - Bv+Pl+Gc+Mj+Fs 2,276 524 2,800 2.8 23 38.9 - - - Bv+Pl+Kc+Mj+Fs 2,781 219 3,000 3.0 24 40.3 - - - Bv+Pl+Nc+Mj+Fs 1,575 425 2,000 2.0 21 28.5 - - - Bv+Pl+Th+Mj+Fs 1,741 459 2,200 2.2 20 26.2 - - - Bv+Pl+Tv+Mj+Fs 1,581 419 2,000 2.0 20 24.7 - - -
Bv+Th+VL+Mj+Fs 4,182 318 4,500 4.5 36 61.5 123 - - Bv+Th+Gc+Mj+Fs 3,644 256 3,900 3.9 30 49.7 - - - Bv+Th+Kc+Mj+Fs 3,783 217 4,000 4.0 28 51.1 - - - Bv+Th+Nc+Mj+Fs 4,195 305 4,500 4.5 34 57.8 - - - Bv+Th+Tv+Mj+Fs 2,992 208 3,200 3.2 25 42.8 - - - Bv+Tv+VL+Mj+Fs 4,289 311 4,600 4.6 35 58.4 130 - - Bv+Tv+Gc+Mj+Fs 3,569 231 3,800 3.8 29 48.6 - - - Bv+Tv+Kc+Mj+Fs 3,485 215 3,700 3.7 28 47.2 - - Bv+Tv+Nc+Mj+Fs 1,987 413 2,400 2.4 22 25.3 - -
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.49 2.26 4.04 3.37
C.D. (P=0.01) 0.60 3.05 5.46 5.11
Mj = Meloidogyne javanica Fs = Fusarium solani BV=Bavistin Pl = Paecilomyces lilacinus Tv = Trichoderma viride Th = Trichoderma harzianum Kc = Karanj cake Gc = Groundnut cake Nc = Neem cake VL = Vasaka leaves
108
vasaka leaves where only the collar-rot symptoms appeared on 130th, 128th and
123rd day after inoculation, respectively.
It was interesting to note that most of the treatments showed more or less
same degree of efficacy in the management of M. javanica - F. solani disease
complex in coleus. The efficacy of such treatments were also statistically at par
for instance, there was no significant difference in the plant growth parameters
(except number of tuber) and disease development in terms of rotting in plants,
root galling and reproduction factor of M. javanica among the following set of
treatments:
1. Bavistin + P. lilacinus + vasaka leaves, Bavistin + T. harzianum +vasaka
leaves, Bavistin + T. harzianum + neem cake and Bavistin + T. viride
+vasaka leaves.
2. Bavistin + P. lilacinus + Groundnut cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus+ Karanj
cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +T. viride.
3. Bavistin + P. lilacinus +Neem cake, Bavistin + P. lilacinus +T. harzianum,
Bavistin + P. lilacinus + T. viride, Bavistin + T. viride + Neem cake.
4. Bavistin + T. harzianum + groundnut cake, Bavistin + T. harzianum +
karanj cake, Bavistin + T. viride + groundnut cake and Bavistin + T. viride
+ karanj cake.