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Dr. Per Christer Lund, Counsellor Science and Technology 

Norwegian Embassy in Tokyo

CCS overview‐ the global perspective

The CCOP CO2 Storage program (CCS‐M) Launching SeminarBali, Indonesia, April 29 2013

Reduce global warming Adaptation

Countermeasures Reduced needs Direct reduction

Remove CO2 from Supress Improved Capture Substitutionatmosphere effect efficiency point emissions energy sources

Biologic Fertilize Dust into Cons- Power & Under- Ocean Smaller Nuclear Renew-fixation the oceans the atmo- umption energy ground disposal C/H- power ablebiomass sphere supply storage ratio energy

Aquifers Oil fields Gas fields

The motivation for CCS

CCS Potential: up to > 20% of needed reductions

Definition:“Carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage” (CCS) or “carbon sequestration” is a family of methods for capturing and permanently isolating CO2 that otherwise would be emitted to the atmosphere and could contribute to global climate change.

CO2 Capture and Storage ‐ CCS

Source: NTNU/SINTEF

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CO₂separation

CO₂ compression & conditioning

N₂/O₂

CO₂

ShiftH₂

CO₂

Powerplant

Air Air seperation

O₂N₂

Air/O₂

Raw materials Product: Gas, Ammonia, Steel

CO₂

N₂/O₂CO₂ compression

& conditioning

Powerplant

Gasification

Reforming

CO₂separation

H₂

CO₂

CO/H₂

Air separation

Process +CO₂ Sep.

CO/H₂

Coa

l, O

il, N

atur

al G

as,

Bio

mas

s

Powerplant

Post‐combustion

Pre‐combustion

Oxy‐combustion

Other industries

Membrane technologies

Absorption

Absorp

tion

Adsorption

Adsorp

tion

Pathways to CO2 capture 

Source: NTNU/SINTEF

Post‐combustion separation

Source: NTNU/SINTEF

Post‐combustion separation

Source: NTNU/SINTEF

Main challenges with post combustion CO2 capture:

Low CO2 partial pressure

• Large processing plants

• High energy requirements

• Potentially high emissions of absorbents

Exhaust gas contaminants

Degradation and corrosion

Source: Technology Center Mongstad

Size matters: 400 MW NG fired power station (<1 Mton/yr)Exhaust gas rate:

2.106 m3/h flue gasTypical gas velocity: 2m/sTower cross sectional area:

280 m2

Diameter: 19 mHeight: 35 m

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Large energy consumption 

Amine reclaimer

Electrical energy

Reclaimer bottoms

Heat

Source: NTNU/SINTEF

Pre‐combustion separation

GasifierReformer

Coal

Shift

H2

CO

H2

CO2

CO2

capture

H2

CO2

1. Split the CxHy‐molecules (the fuel) into H2 and CO/CO2

2. Transfer heating value ( = fuel energy) from CxHy to H2

3. Separate CO2 from H2

4. Use H2 as fuel in the power plant

to combustion

Oxidizer

H2O

O2

Oil

Naturalgas

CxHy = hydrocarbon (natural gas, oil, coal)CO2 = carbon dioxide, CO = carbon monoxideH2 = hydrogen, O2 = oxygen, H2O = water

Source: NTNU/SINTEF

Post-combustion separation

Main technology for IGCC (Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle) power plants.

Main challenge is pure H2 as fuel:• Gas turbines not designed for H2-rich fuel; challenges with

respect to combustion area design; materials etc.

Post-combustions not suited for reengineering of existing power plant.

Suitable for alternative utilization of H2

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Coal Oxy‐combustion CO2 capture

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Storage of CO2 CO2 storage – leakage risks

Challenges in the Carbon Value Chain

Source Capture Transport EOR Storage Control

Complex value chain:  Market design and regulations

Cost Confidence

Technology development

Scale up & verify 

“First of its kind”

Methods

Demonstration

legislation

StatoilAker Kværner Statoil SINTEF

Source:Gassnova 16

Too costly?

Objective of contributing to 20% of CO2 reduction by 2050

100 full-scale CCS projects by 2020

2,000 projects by 2050

CAPEX per project (1Mton+)?

TCM/Longannet: >1BUS$; but significant learning curve potential.

Some US$25 billion on the table today in Europe, North Americas and Australia..

OPEX:

• About 30% energy penalty for efficient coal power plant IGCC (Integrated Gasification combined circle)

• US$ 120-180 / ton CO2 captured

• Compression, transport and storage in addition

• This translates to about 10-15 USCent/kWh added electricity cost.

• 80 – 120 EURO/MWh

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7986

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Hardcoal wCCS Post

2017

Gas CCPPw CCS2017

Nuclear Hydro Geo-thermal

WindOnshore

WindOffshore

SolarThermal

Solar PV

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

CCS Competitiveness against other Low‐CarbonAlternatives in Europe in 2012‐17

€ / MWh

Reference case

Source : Alstom analysis 2012. CCS w Post amine 2017 costs, including on shore T&S & CO2 price (Flue Gas Recirculation for CCS Gas CC) CoE do not include “externalities” of Intermittent power (Back-up cost, balancing cost, grid enhancement if required)

EUROPE

Low case CSP Tower

with storage

Up to 45€cents/kWh

(82 for Ref CCS Oxy)

CO2 value chain with revenue streams income is needed!

Kyoto Mechanisms and emission trading schemes

Additional oil if CO2‐enhanced oil recovery feasible

CCS globally – where are we?

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Doers (significant R&D plus demonstrations):• USA; Canada; China; Korea; Japan; UK; Spain; Netherlands;

Australia and Norway

Hedgers (had much R&D but stopped):• Germany

Comers (significant R&D plans):• Brazil, Mexico, India, South Africa; Taiwan; Indonesia

Required CCS projects up to 2050 

Global CCS – projects: mostly on paper..

Source: Scottish CCS, Dec. 2012www.sccs.org.uk/storage/globalsitesmap.html

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Global CCS – projects: mostly on paper..

Source: Global CCS Institute Dec. 2012http://www.globalccsinstitute.com/projects/browse

Enhanced Oil Recovery with CO2 – 67 projects in Northern America + 10 in Trinidad 35 Mt CO2/year of which 3 Mt CO2/year from anthropogenic sources 

US/Canada: Enhanced oil recovery

Europe: power generation

Source: Global CCS Institute

CCS in China – taking off..

Focus on CCUS – including “utilization”:• Enhanced gas/oil recovery• Chemical and commercial use (feedstock, agriculture

growth, mineral carbonation, etc.).Government and industry commitment for the 11 FYP:

• Industry: 6 B RMB / government matching?• Roadmap for 8-10 integrated demonstration projects

Ongoing projects:• 19 R&D projects; many with international partners (US,

EU, Norway, Italy, Australia..)• 6 pilot/demonstration projects in operation• 14 pilot/demonstration projects in planning phase

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CCS in China – demo projects

Status Norwegian CCS technology development

27Source: Gassnova

‐Mapping of storage potential in North Sea 

The Norwegian CO2 Capture Research Structure

The Gas Technology Fund350 MUS$

The Technology Research Program CLIMIT35 MUS$

Industry50 US$/yr

Project support

Research Innovation Demonstration Commercialization

Source: Gassnova

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Norwegian CCS projects

Mongstad refinery & power plant

0,1 m ton/yr., 2011

1,4 mton/yr, 2016-18

Sleipner reinjection

1 million tonnes/yr since 1996

Snøhvit LNG

0,7 mill ton/yr, 2007

Hurum CO2 Field Lab

Land-based storage, leakage surveillance

CO2 storage Atlas

Mapping of Norwegian North Sea

Svalbard CO2 project

Storage from coal power

So where are we?

Technology is more or less available• Further cost/energy reduction/integration on capture• Better absorption chemicals – environment impact• Confidence on storage

Public/political acceptance• Public communication – perception of cost/benefit• Scientific evidence related to storage

Drivers for decisions• EU –political processes – slow!• US – economic drivers – fast!• China – central driven – fast!• Australia, Canada, Japan, Asia - ??

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Summary

• Carbon Capture and Storage is recognized as an important tool for combating climate change.

• Key technologies are available, but some major challenges:

• Large and costly plants

• High energy penalty – reducing energy efficiency

• Confidence in permanent storage

• A large number of project proposals world-wide, however very few actual large-scale pilots

• Lacking international funding structures/political agreement

• Norway is a frontrunner on CCS projects and demonstrations:

• The Sleipner CO2 storage project since 1996

• The Snøvit CO2 storage project since 2008

• The European CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad

• Norway is actively seeking international collaboration on research and demonstration projects and technology transfer on CCS.

Asia is regarded as one of the most interesting regions for CCS:

• Huge potential for CCS on coal-power plants

• Huge potential for CCS and EOR from CO2-rich gas fields

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Additional / backup slides

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How to get there? 

Mapping of CO2 storage potentials in Norwegian North Sea

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Prepared by the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate

Objective – to map possible sites for long‐term storage of CO2

Study of all geological formations and hydrocarbon fields on the Norwegian part of the North Sea:

•Accumulation of 40 years oil and gas exploration activity

•Huge amount of seismic data, exploration and production wells.

21 geological formations assessed –grouped into saline aquisfers

www.npd.no/Global/Norsk/3‐Publikasjoner/Rapporter/PDF/CO2‐ATLAS‐lav.pdf

CO2 Field Lab ‐ Hurum

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Norwegian/French/UK project to determine sensitivity of monitoring system for CO2 migration and leakage.www.sintef.no/co2fieldlab

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Project initiated by Univ. of Svalbard.

Phase 1 - identify storage areas:• sandstone layers with saline ground water• Three wells were drilled in 2007 and 2008• 4th well 2009 (970meters)

Phase 2 - injectivity tests of reservoir• Ongoing.

Phase 3 - Medium scale CCS • From the coal power plant in Longyearbyen• 2013 - 2017

Phase 4 - Full scale CCS • 2017 - 2025

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Partners:• ConocoPhillips, Statoil, Store Norske, Gassnova (Norwegian government), 

Statkraft, Lundin Norway and Leonhard Nilsen. 

Research and operational partners:• Univ. of Bergen, Univ. of Oslo, NTNU, SINTEF, NORSAR, IFE, NGI, NGU, Add Energy 

and BJ Services. 

co2‐ccs.unis.no/UNISCO2LabAS Joint Nordic approach to CCS

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The Sleipner experience – the starting point

• Started in 1996 – now 15 year of CO2‐injection

• Separating and injecting nearly 1 mill. tons CO2  annually

• Storing in saline aquifer above natural gas reservoir

•Conditions: 100 bar, 10% CO2 down to 2.5% CO2

•Uses an amine system, MDEA

• Driver: the ~45US$/ton CO2‐tax imposed in 1992

• Learning and confidence building through a series of large EU‐wide R&D programs Source: Statoil

Movie:Sleipner reinjection – 1:34

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Snøhvit LNG with CCS

• Piped CO2 separated from natural gas (5-8% CO2) in onshore LNG plant, and re-injecting in sandstone below natural gas reservoir

• 145 km subsea pipeline transport.

• CCS started April 2008 – capacity 700,000 ton/yr

4275.12% 20% 2.44% 2.44%

The CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad (TCM)

Norwegian CCS R&D clusters BIGCCS 

Co-ordinator SINTEF Energy Research

R&D providers• SINTEF, NTNU

• CICERO

• University of Oslo

• Deutsche Luft und Raumfahrt – DLR

• Technische Universität Munchen-TUM

• Co-operation with Sandia Nat. Labs Livermore

Funding (includes storage and EOR):• Approx 65/35 % funded by Research Council of Norway/Industry

• 2001- 2006: Total of approx. 13 M€• 2007 – 2011: 98 MNOK-12M€ (BIGCO2)

• 2007 – 2011: 107 MNOK- 13M€ (BIGH2)

• 2006 – 2012: 50 MNOK- 6M€ (BIGCLC)

Industrial consortium• Aker Clean Carbon

• GE Global Research (Münich-DE)

• Statkraft

• StatoilHydro

• ALSTOM (Zürich-CH)

• SHELL

• ConocoPhillips

• TOTAL

www.sintef.no/Projectweb/BIGCCS

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Vision of the BIGCCS Centre:

• to enable sustainable power generation from fossil fuels

• cost-effective CO2 capture,

• safe transport,

• underground storage of CO2.

The BIGCCS Centre is set to achieve the following goals:

• 90% CO2 capture rate

• 50% cost reductions

• Less than 6 percentage points fuel-to electricity penalty compared to state-of-the-art fossil fuel power generation

The BIGCCS Centre:

• develops new knowledge and technology required to accelerate deployment of large scale CCS,

• through international co-operation.

• Innovation and value creation is promoted throughout the CO2 value chain.45

www.sintef.no/Projectweb/BIGCCS SUCCESS

Vision

• To provide a sound scientific base for CO2 injection, storage and monitoring, to fill gaps in strategic knowledge, and provide a system for learning and development of new competency

• Budget 160 MNOK over 8 yrs

Partners:

• Christian Michelsen Research (CMR)

• Institute for Energy Technology (IFE)

• Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA)

• Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI)

• Unifob (CIPR)

• University of Bergen (UiB)

• University of Oslo (UiO)

• University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS) - UNIS CO2 LABResearch topics:

• Quantification and modelling of reactions and flow in storages

• Integrity and retention capacity of sealing materials

• Relation between flow, reactions and geomechanical response

• Flow and reaction in faults and fractures

• Test, calibrate and develop new monitoring techniques

• Ecological impact of CO2 exposure - marine monitoring methods

• Extensive high quality education for CO2 storage

www.fme‐success.no

Geological provinces

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Methodology – data collection, mapping and analysis

48www.npd.no/en/Regulations/Regulations/Petroleumactivities

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Summary of findings 

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www.npd.no/en/Publications/Reports/CO2‐Storage‐Atlas‐/

Demonstration Portfolio:CO2 Technology Centre Mongstad

Owners expectations:

• CO2 capture technology owned by vendors verified

• Reduced cost and risk

• Contribute to development of market 

• Contribute to International deployment

Photo 20 April 201275.12% 20% 2.44% 2.44%

Page 50Source: Gassnova

Testing activities at the Amine Plant

• Initial test period for 15 months with Aker Clean Carbon

• Focus on:• process performance, mainly energy efficiency• steam and electricity consumption• emissions monitoring.

• Several hundred online instruments monitoring the plant

performance and emissions.

• An extensive lab programme with focus on monitoring solvent

performance, degradation and emissions to air and water.

• Goal: • energy efficient process • minimal emissions to air and water.

Testing activities at the Chilled Ammonia Plant

• Initial period of 18 months based on test program developed by Alstom.

• Focus on process optimization, including: • energy efficiency, • ammonia consumption and low emissions, • steady state and transient operations, • impact of flue gas impurities.

• The solvent developed by Alstom do not produce degradation products

and is based on a low cost and available solvent. • This design allow the development of reliable simulation tools, based on the tests, for

calculation of the heat and mass balances.

• Lab data, as well as sampling and third party verification measurements

will back up the online metering to enhance monitoring of a wide range

of emissions components.

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• Good response to invitation (RFI) to use the Amine plant, e.g. Aker, Siemens, Hitachi, Mitsubishi

• Available for other users towards the end of 2013/beginning 2014.

Future utilization of Amine plantFull‐scale CCS at Mongstadplanning process 

Full‐scale CO2 capture from gas fired power plant

•Important part of post‐combustion technology development

International competition

Technology qualification programme (TQP)

•Basis for technology selection 2nd quarter 2014

License agreement

•Open competition for qualified suppliers of chosen technology

FEED phase

•Basis for final investment decision (FID) 2nd quarter 2016 

100 % funded by the Norwegian State

•Gassnova represents the Norwegian State

•Statoil as project developerPage 54

Source: Gassnova

Five participating technology suppliers covering three technologies

•Amine technology

•Aker Clean Carbon

•Mitsubishi

•Powerspan /Huaneng Clean Research Institute 

•Chilled ammonia technology

•Alstom

•Amino acid salt technology

•Siemens

Full‐scale CCS at MongstadTechnology Qualification Programme

Page 55Source: Gassnova

More than 4000 visitors to dateMore than 4000 visitors to date

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Read more at www.tcmda.comRead more at www.tcmda.com

Priorities in Norway’s international climate policy

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) as an important technology for emissions reductions

• CCS in industry and power generation has the potential of reducing emissions as much as 20-28 per cent of the necessary CO2 global emissions reductions

• Norway has gained valuable experience of CCS through the Sleipner Field since 1996, storing 1 million tons of CO2 under ground each year

• To help develop larger scale technologies, Government has introduced a combination of financial support and regulation.

• Careful site selection and site monitoring are important to ensure safe storage

International agreements

Norway presses for inclusion of CCS in the Clean Development Mechanism

• Political breakthrough in Cancun; procedures and modalities to be developed (UN FCCC)

Supports the EU CCS financing scheme:

• Period 2009-2014

• Norway’s contribution 160 M€

• Focus on large-scale projects; Poland prioritized country.

Int. agreements:

• OSPAR and London-conventions on CO2 storage

• North Sea Basin Task Force: storage in the North Sea

CCS bilateral projects

China: bilateral MoU on environment cooperation.

• Increased focus on climate issues

• UNDP-led project on regional climate action plans in China

• Pledged 9.3 MUS$ support to NZEC (Near Zero Emission Coal) – partners with EU and UK.

South Africa:

• Support of CCS-center

• 200,000 US$ per year over 5 years (2009 – 2013)

• Sasol (chemical company) signed up as partner in Technology Center Mongstad

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Support to international organizations

Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF)

• 23 countries; including the largest emitters

• Norway support to CSLF Capacity building fund 0,85 MUS$

• Norway leads the Technical Group

Member of the Global CCS Institute

EU’s Zero Emission Platform (ZEP)

• Stakeholders include industry/commerce; government and NGOs

• Norway is active member

International Energy Agency (IEA)

• Hosts Greenhouse Gas International Summer School at Svalbard

• Support 85,000 US$ (2010)

Support to global CCS funds

World Bank CCS Trust Fund:

• Established 2009

• Norway as largest contributor: 6 MUS$

• Added another 3 MUS$ in 2010

• 12 developing countries getting support

UN Industrial Development Organization

• Global CCS Industrial Roadmap

• Norway’s support 0.3 MUS$

• Focus on large emission points for industry in developing countries

ADB CCS Capacity fund:

• Norwegian support of 6 MUS$