CDC - Diseases and Organisms in Healthcare Settings - HAI

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Diseases and Organisms in Healthcare Settings

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cinetobactercinetobacter[asz!in!e!toeback!ter] is a group of bacteria commonly found in soil and water

Outbreaks ofAcinetobacterinfections typically occur in intensive care units and healthcare settinghousingvery ill patients. While there are many types or species ofAcinetobacterand all can cauhuman disease,Acinetobacter baumannii[asz!in!e!toeback!ter b"maaneeie] accounts fabout 80% of reported infections.Acinetobacterinfections rarely occur outside of healthcareettings.

Additional information aboutAcinetobacterin healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/acinetobacter.html)

Burkholderia cepaciaBurkholderia cepacia [burk!h"ld!er!uh si!pay!shee!uh] isthe name for a group or "complex" bacteria that can be found in soil and water.Burkholderia cepaciabacteria are often resistant tocommon antibiotics.Burkholderia cepaciaposes little medical risk to healthy people; however, it a known cause of infections in hospitalized patients. People with certain health conditions, likeweakened immune systems or chronic lung diseases (particularly cystic fibrosis), may be moreusceptible to infections withBurkholderia cepacia. [Burkholderia cepacia is also called B. cepac

Additional information aboutB. cepaciain healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/bCepacia.htm

Acinetobacter(#a)Burkholderia cepacia(#b)Clostridium difficile(#c)Clostridium sordellii (#c1)

Enterobacteriaceae (Carbapenem-resistance)(#e)Hepatitis (#h)Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)(#h1)Influenza(#i)

Klebsiella(#k)

Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(#m)

Mycobacterium abscessus(#m1)Norovirus(#n)

Staphylococcus aureus(#s)Tuberculosis (TB)(#t)

Vancomycin-intermediateStaphylococcus aureusand Vancomycin-resistantStaphylococcuaureus(#v)

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)(#v1)
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Clostridium difficileClostridium difficile [klostrideeum difuhseel] is a bacterium that causes an inflammation he colon; this condition is called colitis. Diarrhea and fever are the most common symptoms of

Clostridium difficile infection. Overuse of antibiotics is the most important risk for gettingClostridium difficileinfection. [Clostridium difficile is also called C. difficile, C. diff, and CDIClostridium difficile infection), CDAD(Clostridium difficile-associated disease)]

Additional information about Clostridium difficilein healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/cdiff/Cdiff.html)

Clostridium SordelliiClostridium sordellii [klostrideeum soredelleeI] is a rare bacterium that causespneumonia, endocarditis, arthritis, peritonitis, and myonecrosis. Clostridium sordelliibacteremiaand sepsis (bacteremia is when bacteria is present in the bloodstream; sepsis is when bacteremia another infection triggers a serious bodywide response) occur rarely. Most cases of sepsis fromClostridium sordellii occur in patients with other health conditions. Severe toxic shock syndromeamong previously healthy persons has been described in a small number of Clostridium sordellii

cases, most often associated with gynecologic infections in women and infection of the umbilicaltump in newborns. [Clostridium sordellii is also called C. sordellii]

Additional Information about C. sordelliiin healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/cSordellii.htm

Enterobacteriaceae (Carbapenem-resistance)See more information about Public Health update of Carbapenem-Resistant EnterobacteriaceaeCRE) producing metallo-beta-lactamases (NDM, VIM, IMP) in the U.S. reported to CDC/HAI/organisms/cre.html)

HepatitisThe word hepatitis means inflammation of the liver and also refers to a group of viral infections thaffect the liver. The most common types are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C.

The delivery of healthcare has the potential to transmit hepatitis to both healthcare workers andpatients. Outbreaks have occurred in outpatient settings, hemodialysis units, long-term careacilities, and hospitals, primarily as a result of unsafe injection practices; reuse of needles,ingerstick devices, and syringes; and other lapses in infection control.

Additional information about hepatitis in healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/hepatitis.html)

For more information visit CDCs Hepatitis website.(/hepatitis/Settings/HealthcareSettings.htm

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV/AIDS)Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the virus that can lead to acquired immune deficiencyyndrome (AIDS). HIV destroys blood cells called CD4+ T cells, which are crucial to helping the

body fight disease. This results in a weakened immune system, making persons with HIV or AIDSisk for many different types of infections. Transmission of HIV to patients while in healthcareettings is rare. Most exposures do not result in infection. [Human immunodeficiency virus is also
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also called MRSA]

For more information visit CDC's MRSA web site.(/mrsa/)

Mycobacterium abscessusycobacterium abscessus[m#k"baktaireeyum absessus] is a bacterium distantly relate

o the ones that cause tuberculosis and leprosy. It is found in water, soil, and dust. It has been

known to contaminate medications and products, including medical devices. Healthcare-associateycobacterium abscessuscan cause a variety of infections that require medical attention. Infectiodue to this bacterium are usually of the skin and the soft tissues under the skin. It can also causeung infections in persons with various chronic lung diseases. [Mycobacterium abscessus is also

called M. abscessus]

Additional information aboutM. abscessusin healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/mycobacterium.html)

NorovirusNoroviruses are a group of viruses that cause gastroenteritis [gas-tr"-en-ter-#-tis] in people.

Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, causing an acute onof severe vomiting and diarrhea. Norovirus illness is usually brief in people who are otherwisehealthy. Young children, the elderly, and people with other medical illnesses are most at risk formore severe or prolonged infection. Like all viral infections, noroviruses are not affected byreatment with antibiotics.

Additional information about Norovirus in healthcare settings (/HAI/organisms/norovirus.htm

Staphylococcus aureusStaphylococcus aureus [staf I l"-kok is aw ree us] (staph), is a bacterium commonly found on thkin and in the nose of about 30% of individuals. Most of the time, staph does not cause any harm

These infections can look like pimples, boils, or other skin conditions and most are able to bereated.

Additional information aboutStaphylococcus aureus in healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/staph.html)

Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis [tuhburkyool"sis] is caused by a bacterium called MycobacteriumtuberculosisTransmission ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis a recognized risk to patients and healthcarepersonnel in healthcare facilities. Transmission is most likely to occur from patients who have

unrecognized pulmonary tuberculosis or tuberculosis related to their larynx, are not on effectiveanti-tuberculosis therapy, and have not been placed in tuberculosis isolation. Transmission of

ycobacterium tuberculosisin healthcare settings has been associated with close contact withpersons who have infectious tuberculosis, particularly during the performance of cough-inducingprocedures such as bronchoscopy and sputum induction.MycobacteriumTuberculosis is spreadhrough air and can travel long distances. Cases of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB, whncludes extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis [XDR-TB]), have been recognized and are more

difficult to treat. [Tuberculosis is also called TB]
http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/staph.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/norovirus.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/mycobacterium.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/


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age last reviewed: November 24, 2010age last updated: March 25, 2011

Content source: Centers for Disease Control and PreventionNational Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion (DHQP)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1600 Clifton Rd. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA800-CDC-INFO (800-232-4636) TTY: (888) 232-6348, New Hours of Operation 8am-8pm ET/Monday-FridayClosed Holidays - [email protected]

Additional information about tuberculosis in healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/tb.html) .

Vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureusand Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureusVancomycin [vank"m#sin]-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus[staffulukawkus awreus] (also calledS. aureus) and vancomycin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusare specific staph

bacteria that have developed resistance to the antimicrobial agent vancomycin. Persons who develhis type of staph infection may have underlying health conditions (such as diabetes and kidneydisease), devices going into their bodies (such as catheters), previous infections with methicillin-esistantStaphylococcus aureus, and recent exposure to vancomycin and other antimicrobial agenVancomycin-intermediateStaphylococcus aureusis also called VISA and vancomycin-resistant

Staphylococcus aureusis also called VRSA]

Additional information about VISA/VRSA in healthcare settings(/HAI/organisms/visa_vrsa/visa_vrsa.html)

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE)

Vancomycin [vank"m#sin]-resistant Enterococci [enter"k"k#] are specific types ofantimicrobial-resistant bacteria that are resistant to vancomycin, the drug often used to treatnfections caused by enterococci. Enteroccocci are bacteria that are normally present in the humantestines and in the female genital tract and are often found in the environment. These bacteria cometimes cause infections. Most vancomycin-resistant Enterococci infections occur in hospitals.Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci is also called VRE]

Additional information about VRE in healthcare settings (/HAI/organisms/vre/vre.html)
http://www.hhs.gov/http://www.usa.gov/http://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/vre/vre.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/visa_vrsa/visa_vrsa.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/HAI/organisms/tb.htmlmailto:[email protected]://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/dhqp/index.htmlhttp://www.cdc.gov/ncezid/http://www.cdc.gov/

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CDC - Diseases and Organisms in Healthcare Settings - HAI