CDP Thematic Report

8/11/2019 CDP Thematic Report

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Written by CDPwww.cdp.net+44 (0) 207 970 [email protected]

Report analysis andinformation design for CDP by

How climate changeaction is giving uswealthier, healthier cities

Based on the CDP responses

from 110 global cities

In proudpartnershipwith


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Austin

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Key ndingsThe city government of Austin, Texas madethe above remark this year as part of itsresponse to CDPs annual questionnaireon climate change. The citys commentsuccinctly captures a feature that extendsacross many cities CDP responses in2013: the co-benets of taking action on

climate change in cities. Just as Austin nds

additional health and air quality advantages inreducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,many other cities around the world are nding

that tackling climate change yields similarco-benets, from improving efciency to

attracting new businesses.

In this report, CDP, C40 and AECOM presentthe results of our analysis of these benets,

based on the responses of 110 global cities

to the 2013 CDP questionnaire.1The citiesin this sample span the globefrom mega-cities like London, Tokyo, New York, andJakarta to the small city of Oristano in Italyand Ouagadougou, the capital of BurkinaFaso in West Africa. The sample includesmore than 80% of the membership ofC40 and represents the largest and mostcomprehensive collection of self-reporteddata on cities and climate change assembledto date by CDP.

The data from these cities makes clearthat the benet of taking action on climate

change at the city level is not limited toreducing emissions or adapting to warmertemperatures. The cities in the survey areengaged on the issue of climate change,and, as a result, are saving money, creatingmore attractive investment environments,and enabling citizens to live healthier lives.In short, climate change action by localgovernments around the world is creatingwealthier, healthier cities.

1. Climate change action is makingcities leaner and richer.One out of everytwo actions that cities are taking to reduce

emissions in their municipal operations isfocused on efciency. Cities report nearly

$40 million in savings per year from tacklingclimate change.

2. Emissions reduction activities by citiesare pro-business. 62% of actions that citiesare taking to reduce GHG emissions at thecity-wide level have the potential to attractnew business investment and grow theeconomy. Furthermore, 91% of cities believethat working to combat climate change will

lead to economic opportunities for their cities.Inaction could be costly98% of cities saythat climate change poses physical risks totheir cities, including impacts to business.

3. Reducing emissions and adaptingto climate change makes for healthiercitizens. More than half of reporting cities(55%) are undertaking emissions reductionactions that promote walking and cycling,which directly and indirectly lead to improvedpublic health. And over three-quarters ofcities reported adaptation actions will protecthuman health from the negative effects ofclimate change.

C40is a network of theworlds megacities takingaction to reduce GHGemissions. In 2013, CDPand C40 Cities ClimateLeadership Group (C40)mark three years ofpartnership on the effortto engage cities in climatechange data reporting.C40 Chair, New YorkCity Mayor Michael R.Bloomberg invited all 63C40 Cities to participatethrough CDPs reportingplatform 53 citiesresponded. CDP andC40 will publish specicanalysis on the C40 data

in this years sample later.For more information,please visit www.c40.org

A Note on the Text.Allanalysis and conclusionspresented in thisreport derive from datareported by 110 citiesin response to the CDPCities 2013 questionnaire,unless otherwise noted.Percentages are basedon the total number ofcities that responded to

the survey (110 cities),unless otherwise noted.Currency gures aregiven in US dollars.For question-by-question results of thesurvey, please see ouraccompanying report,CDP Cities 2013:Summary Report on 110Global Cities.

CDP invited 240 cities to report this year; 110 responded by thedeadline. To read the full-text response of any city in the survey,or for more information about any aspect of CDPs work withcities, please visit www.cdp.net. A full list of all reporting cities isavailable on page 16 of this report.

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By reducing greenhouse gasemissions and better managing waterresources, we will also have cleanercreeks, less air pollution, and otherancillary benets.

Austin USA

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In its drive to reduce its carbon footprint, theCity of Sydney in Australia recently turnedits attention to its electricity consumption.The city found that public lightingincludinglighting for streets, parks, and walkwaysaccounted for roughly a third of its totalelectricity use. As a result, the city becamethe rst in Australia to roll out new, energy

efcient LED lighting for its streets and

parks. Over the next few years, Sydney will

replace 6,450 conventional lights with LEDtechnology, reducing its GHG emissions fromlighting by 70%. The earths atmosphere isnot the only beneciarythe city expects to

save $800,000 per year on its electricity bill.

As cities like Sydney strive to reduce GHGemissions, they are undertaking a diversearray of actionsfrom promoting renewableenergy to expanding public transportation.

But the most common actions reported bycities focus on improving energy efciency.

Our research reveals that the three mostpopular activities to reduce emissions inmunicipal operations all focus on improvingenergy efciency:

1. Reducing energy demand in buildings;

2. Improving fuel efciency in municipaleets;

3. Lowering energy consumption andmaintenance costs of outdoor lighting.

These three specic activities alone comprise

25% of the more than 700 actions that citiesare undertaking to reduce emissions in theirmunicipal operations.2All together, one outof every two actions (54%) that cities aretaking to reduce emissions in their municipaloperations is focused on efciency.3

These efciency actions are leading to more

savings for local governmentsa powerfulmessage for political leaders to send totheir constituents. Los Angeles retrotted

4,400 trafc signals and more than 100,000

streetlights, saving $11 million per year inelectricity and repair costs. Houston replacedthe incandescent bulbs in its signalizedintersections, realizing $10,000 per day insavings. But it is not just LED street lightingthat delivers a paybackcities are alsocutting wasted energy from their buildings.Washington, DC, for example, began in2004 to retrot the 8,700 residential building

units owned by the DC Housing Authority.To date, the program has retrotted 5,400

units, saving $3.9 million in electricity costsannually, as well as another $2.4 million inoperations and maintenance costsall whileleading to warmer, less expensive homes forresidents. Cape Town has just secured morethan $1 million to invest in municipal building

Driving efciency

and cost savings

Note that the 700 actions referred to here are for municipalgovernment operations. City governments are often responsiblefor two types of emissions reduction actions: those focused onthe municipal governments own operational emissions, and thosefocused on reducing emissions in the city as a whole. CDP askscities to report these two types of activities in separate places.

We dene efciency as any action that is designed to accomplishthe same outcome with less input, usually in relation to energy.For a more complete denition, see Park, Chris, Dictionary ofEnvironment and Conservation,Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Reported annual energy efciency savings

By city ($USD)

Fig 1

Sydney $800,000So Paulo $1,400,000

Toronto $1,950,000

Atlanta $2,000,000

Houston $3,600,000

Berlin $4,161,000

Las Vegas $6,287,000

Washington, DC $6,300,000

Los Angeles $13,000,000

TOTAL $39,498,000Chart shows energy efciency projects for which cities reportedquantiable nancial savings. The $13 million saved by Los

Angeles includes $11 million in savings from LED technologyand $2 million in savings from reduced hauling costs.

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Only the most common actions are shown in detail above. Altogether 20 typesof actions were reported that focus on efciency.

energy efciency retrots over the next three

years, and St. Louis is in the process ofimproving the energy performance of its CityHall. Taken together, cities report that theyare saving or plan to save nearly $40 millionper year on energy efciency measures.

Data from these 110 cities shows that citiesactions to reduce GHG emissions also benet

the bottom line. In many places, these

savings will provide a much more persuasivemessage than reductions in GHG emissions.

EXPERT INSIGHT

Leveraging finance forsustainable growth.

The worlds cities face animmediate need to drivegreen growth, economicdevelopment, andbuild infrastructure thatmitigates the causes andrisks of climate change.

The nancing to do so,however, remains one oftheir most pressing needs and challenges.

Thats why last year C40launched the SustainableInfrastructure FinanceNetwork, chaired byChicago Mayor RahmEmanuel and co-chairedby Basel Mayor GuyMorin. This networkbrings together C40megacities and innovator

cities from around theworld to collaborate andbuild the capacity tomeet urban infrastructurenancing needs. Thenetwork has initiallyfocused on sharingthe successes andchallenges of severalcities, which haveleveraged public andprivate investment

these include ChicagosInfrastructure Trust,Londons Green Fund,and MelbournesSustainable MelbourneFund. The networkis also working withprivate nancialinstitutions, multilateraldevelopment banksand other investmentexperts to broker accessto existing funds, andshape city-focusednancial mechanisms for

the future. The dynamicexchange among citiesand partners within C40sSustainable InfrastructureFinance Network providescities with the contacts,concepts, frameworks,and relationships toaccess the nance theyneed to grow.

C40 Cities

Municipal emissions reduction actions focused on efciency% of actions

Fig 2

Energy efciency / retrot

measures.........................................21%

Improve fuel economy andreduce CO

2from motorized

vehicles...........................................15%

12%

9%

8%

7%

4%

3%3%

54%

Renewables on-site energygeneration.......................................

LED / CFL / other luminaire

technologies....................................

Building codes and standards..........

Building performance andreporting..........................................

Improve fuel economy and reduce CO2from

bus and/or light rail operations.....................

ESCO nancing...........................................

Smart lighting..............................................

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SPOTLIGHT

Decoupling GDP andGHG growth.

Saving energy inmunicipal operationsis not the only way thatcities can improve theirefciency. They can alsowork to decouple GDPgrowth from growth in

GHG emissions. Wesuggest one metric forcomparing efciencyacross citieswhat wecall economic efciency.CDP and AECOManalyzed cities in fourregions to determinewhich cities create wealthmost efciently. Weexamined the total GHGemissions of a city as

Economic efciency of greenhouse gas emissionsCity GDP in $USD / metric tonnes CO

2e

Fig 3

well as its GDP and notedwhich cities producedthe largest amount ofGDP per tonne of GHGemitted. Then we tookan average of the cities ineach region.

Our analysis reveals thatNorth American citieslag their European peerssignicantly in the amount

of wealth that theyproduce per unit of GHGemitted. North Americancities produce $5,550worth of GDP per tonneof GHG emitted, whileEuropean cities producemore than double thatamount. In fact, bothLatin American cities andEast Asian citiesthinkof Buenos Aires and

Montevideo, Seoul andTokyo also outperformNorth American citiesin terms of economicefciency per tonne ofGHG. As cities continueto invest in emissionsreduction activities, theycan expect to wring morewealth out of each tonneof emissions.

Europeancitiessample:Amsterdam, Athens, Barcelona, Basel, Berlin, Copenhagen, Greater London, Hamburg, Istanbul, Lisbon, Madrid, Greater Manchester, Milan, Naples, Oslo, Paris,Rotterdam, Stockholm, Turin, Venice, Vilnius, Warsaw, Zaragoza, Zurich.

Latin American citiessample:Belo Horizonte, Bogot, Buenos Aires, Cali, Caracas, Goinia, Mexico City, Montevideo, Rio de Janeiro, Santiago, So Paulo.

East Asian cities sample:Kaohsiung, Hong Kong, Taipei, Tokyo, Seoul, Yokohama.

NorthAmericancitiessample:Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Denver, Los Angeles, Miami, Minneapolis, Montreal, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Portland, San Diego,San Francisco, St Louis, Toronto, Vancouver.

Source: GDP data from https://cgidd.com/

$5,831$6,816$12,502

$5,550

European citiesAnnual economic output per tonne

of greenhouse gas emissions inEuropean cities

Latin American citiesAnnual economic output per tonne

of greenhouse gas emissions inLatin American cities

East Asian citiesAnnual economic output per tonne

of greenhouse gas emissions inEast Asian cities

North American citiesAnnual economic output per tonne

of greenhouse gas emissions inNorth American cities

Cities can workto decouple GDPgrowth fromgrowth in GHGemissions.

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Energy efciency alone is not enough to

create wealthier citiesthey also must attractand retain strong businesses that providejobs and grow tax revenue. In addition,cities must protect their existing businessesfrom the increasing risks associated with

warmer temperatures. CDPs review of cityresponses suggests that tackling climatechangethrough actions that both reduceGHG emissions and protect the city from theexpected effects of climate changeis alsohelping cities to attract and retain businessinvestment.

CDP, C40 and AECOM analyzed the morethan 800 individual actions that cities aretaking to reduce GHG emissions at the

Attracting newbusiness andinvestment

city-wide level to nd out how many of these

actions might make the city a more attractivelocation for business. We considered anactivity to be helpful in making a city moreattractive to business if academic researchsuggests that it can have an impact on

economic growth in a city.4For example,research shows that positive economicoutcomes often stem from investments inpublic transit, increasing green space, andbuilding infrastructure for walking and cycling,among other initiatives.5Our analysis showsthat 62% of all reported emissions reductionactivities being undertaken by cities have thepotential to make cities more attractive tobusinesses.

The Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), for example, denes greengrowth as: Green growth means promoting economic growth while reducing pol lution and GHGemissions, minimising waste and inefcient use of natural resources, and maintaining biodiversity. http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/48224539.pdf

See, for example, a 2007 study from California, which linked light rail development to an increase incommercial property values near the light rail stations. See also a recent study by CEOs for Cities, whichfound that walkability also directly correlates with higher real estate values. Research on a project-by-project basis is needed to determine if each individual emissions reduction project cited here will yieldeconomic benets. http://www.ceosforcities.org/research/walking-the-walk/http://trb.metapress.com/content/l832g82m232t4818/?genre=article&id=doi%3a10.3141%2f1805-02

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Emissions reduction actions that will make cities more attractive to business% of actions

Fig 4

Improve fuel economy and reduceCO

2from bus and/or light rail

operations......................................

13%

Waste prevention policies orprograms........................................

11%

Transportation demandmanagement..................................

10%

Greenspace and/or bio-diversitypreservation and expansion...........

8%

Recycling or compostingcollections and/or facilities............. 7%

Improve accessibility to publictransit systems................................

6%

Improve fuel economy and reduceCO

2from motorized vehicles..........

5%

Infrastructure for non-motorizedtransport.........................................

4%

Energy efciency/retrot measures

4%

62%

Only the most common actions are shown in detail above. Altogether 27 typesof actions were reported that make cities more attractive to business.

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City governments also anticipate that theseimprovements will make their cities betterplaces to invest. 91% of cities believe thatworking to combat climate change will resultin economic opportunities for their cities.The most frequently cited opportunity isthe development of new businesses in thecity63% of cities report that they anticipate

investment from businesses in new industries.

New York City, for example, reports that itsenergy efciency initiatives will result in new

clean tech businesses. Changwon expectsa similar co-benetthe South Korean city

hopes that its plans to utilize sewage sludgefor bus fuel and to install solar power plantsin unused areas will drive new businessgrowth. Houston expects that the plannedexpansion to its light rail (a $4 billion dollarinvestment) will bring economic benets for

both businesses and residents in the city,while Dallas sees the number of green jobs inthe city rising as GHG emissions fall. Nearlyevery reporting city this year understandsthat climate change action creates economicopportunitiesa powerful rebuke toconstituencies that associate climate actionwith economic harm.

Is the investment paying off for cities? Forsome, the payback in new business hasalready begun. In Greater Manchester,one of the UKs largest cities, some 2,000

businesses employing 37,000 peoplesupply low carbon goods and services inthe city. According to the city government,the low carbon and environmental goodsand services sectors are growing at over4%, despite the ongoing UK recession. So

Paulo, the largest city in Brazil and its nancial

hub, reports that the city has already seen

the arrival and development of an industrythat promotes environmentally friendly goodsand services, such as the clean energyindustry associated with ethanol and electricalvehicles. The Detroit Free Press recentlydocumented how growing interest in cyclingin Detroit and elsewhere has given rise to anew business industry in Detroitbicycle

manufacturing. The Press reports that oneof the entrepreneurs who launched a newbicycle manufacturing company was inspiredby urban planning trends.6

While tackling climate change presentsa great chance for cities to attract newbusiness, changes in the climate also bringabout serious risks. 98% of reporting citiesbelieve that their cities face physical risksfrom climate change, the highest percentageof cities in the three year history of the CDPquestionnaire. Cities classify nearly half (48%)of these risks as both near-term and serious/ extremely serious. Cities also believe that

many of these risks may directly threaten theability of businesses to operate. As a result,identifying and addressing these physicalrisks has an important co-benethelping

protect businesses and ensuring an attractivebusiness climate for the long-term.

The city of Belo Horizonte in Brazil, forexample, is currently experiencing anincrease in ooding due to storms. Among

other effects, these oods result in lossesfor small business operators in the city, wholose product as well as other investmentslike furniture. Storms and ooding also

snarl trafc, which prevents employees

from reaching their workplaces. If thissituation persists or gets worse, notes thecity government, it may alienate potential

Metro Detroit Draws 2-wheel Makers as Bicycling on the Rise, Detroit Free Press, 6 May 2013.http://www.freep.com/article/20130506/BUSINESS06/305060015/bicycle-making-detroit-bike-trend

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A city that is not paying attentionto climate change will not beable to attract investors becausethe business environment is notconducive for sustainability.PietermaritzburgSouth Africa

The pursuit of advanced energyhas become a centerpiece ofeconomic development efforts inNortheast Ohio.Cleveland USA

Cities that sayclimate changepresents aneconomicopportunity% of cities

Fig 5

Yes91%

No4%

Dont know6%

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Physical risks reported as near-term and serious% of risks

Fig 7

Temperature increase / heatwaves..46%

Frequent / intense rainfall................22%

Drought............................................12%

Storms / oods................................12%

Sea level rise.................................... 4%

Other................................................. 4%

48%of risks are reportedas near-term andserious

Economic opportunities reported as a result of climate change# of cities

Fig 6

71

Development of new industries

cities

45

Increased attention to otherenvironmental concerns

cities

39

Increased efficiencyof operations

cities

38

Increasedinfrastructureinvestment

cities

32

Additional fundingopportunities

cities

31

Increased energysecurity

cities

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entrepreneurs. Guayaquil, Ecuadorslargest city, also reports that businesses in

the city center have suffered physical andinfrastructure damage as a result of adverseweather conditions. Even when storms andooding do not cause damage, they reduce

the ow of consumers, which has an adverse

effect on sales.

The governments of Belo Horizonte andGuayaquil are making special efforts toprotect their cities from the effects ofclimate change. Many of these effortsalso have the added benet of protecting

businesses. Belo Horizonte is working toimprove the citys storm water and transport

infrastructure, which will reduce oodingand keep its traders safer. San Franciscois undertaking studies to account for howclimate change may affect the city, thentaking action accordingly. The city will buildnew infrastructure to deal with storm surge,storm intensity, and sea level rise, ensuringmaximum resiliency for businesses, amongothers. Cities efforts to protect their residentsand infrastructure from climate change arekeeping cities safe for business.

EXPERT INSIGHT

Recovering fromHurricane Sandy.

When it comes to climate

change, New York Cityhas long been considereda leader in long-termsustainable planning, butHurricane Sandy was awake-up call to all NewYorkers. In December2012, Mayor Bloombergannounced the SpecialInitiative for Rebuildingand Resiliency (SIRR) andtasked it to address howNew York City can rebuildto be more resilient inthe wake of Sandy butwith a renewed focus on:

how to improve citywideinfrastructure and

building resilience in themedium and long term;and how to rebuild locallyin order to help Sandy-impacted communitiesbecome more resilient.SIRR addressesthese challenges byinvestigating three keyquestions:

1) What happened duringand after Sandy andwhy?

2) What is the likely riskto New York City as theclimate changes and thethreat of sea level rise,future storms and severeweather increases?

3) What do we do withcitywide infrastructure

and buildings? Andin Sandy-impactedneighborhoods?In New York City alone,direct and indirect lossesfrom Sandy amountedto around $19 billionin damages. Using thebest science availableto forecast long-termrisk, there will likely bea greater number of themost intense hurricanes.The probability of a stormcausing New York City asmuch economic damageas Hurricane Sandy willincrease by 17% by the2020s and by 40% bythe 2050s. In the faceof this incentive to act

now, SIRR has produceda comprehensive nal

report directed at mid-and long-term resiliencymeasures that presentspolicy recommendations,infrastructure priorities,and community plans,and identies sources oflong-term funding. Youcan nd the report onwww.nyc.gov/resiliency

New York CityOffice of Long-Term

Planning and Sustainability

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EXPERT INSIGHT

When it comes tosustainability andbusiness growth is thechoice still either/or?

City governments aroundthe globe must constantlybalance the need toimprove the environmentwhile driving businessgrowth. For a long time,there was the belief that

measures that addressedclimate change would bea burden on business.

But recent advancesin technology thatmake buildings smarterand more efcientare both good for theenvironment and equallygood for business.Internet technologythat transformedcommunications andcommerce is now

entering an industrialphase that will transformhow machinescommunicate andbuildings operate.

For example, we areproviding technologythat observes how abuilding is used. Withexible, dynamic workforces, buildings arentalways operating from9 to 5, Monday throughFriday. Smart Buildingtechnology enablesproductivity by waking upthe building when and ifemployees are presentand shifting to energysaving mode when theworkforce is away. SmartBuilding technology canalso observe the weatherand adjust lightinglevels to respond to asunny or gray day. Andby remotely monitoringbuilding systems and

equipment, we help drivecost effective, preemptiveequipment adjustmentsthat save energy. Allthis will drive importantcarbon reductions butwill also drive businessgrowth.

At Jones Lang LaSalle,we believe that SmartBuildings are a no-brainer. First andforemost theyre goodfor business - which willultimately drive emissionsreduction too.

Dan ProbstChairman, Energy andSustainability Services

Jones Lang LaSalle

The economic damage ofooding will rise four-fold by

2050. Commercial and industrialsectors will suffer substantially.Bangkok Thailand

Chicago is investing in creatingjobs and economic growththrough sustainability. Buildinga healthier, more livable andeconomically vibrant city will be

aided by more than $8 billion inpublic and private investmentsbeing made over the nextdecade.Chicago USA

Bangkok

Chicago

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Natural disasters threaten business continuityin cities; more importantly, they pose seriousrisks to the health and safety of city residents.By taking steps to protect urban infrastructurefrom the impacts of climate change, citygovernments are also protecting theirresidents life and health. At the same time,city governments activities to reduce GHGemissions are encouraging healthier citizens.Taken together, our analysis shows that theefforts that city governments are making to

reduce their GHG emissions and adapt tothe effects of climate change are creatinghealthier cities.

CDP, C40 and AECOM rst examined the

efforts that cities are making to adapt tothe effects of climate change. We analyzedwhich of these efforts might also yield thewelcome co-benet of improving human

health or protecting human life. The analysisshows that more than three-quarters (77%)of reporting cities are undertaking actionsto adapt to climate change that will alsoprotect life and health. Cities are improvinginfrastructure, like storm water management,which is designed to reduce ooding, thereby

reducing the spread of contaminated water.Cities are also battling the poor air qualitythat comes with hotter days by, for example,restricting automobile use on certain days.Fewer automobiles on the road means fewerparticulate emissions, a leading cause ofasthma and other respiratory illnesses.7

Mexico City, for example, is confronting the

climate-related spread of disease head-on.The city expects more frequent heat wavesin the short-term; these events present anincreased risk of the spread of disease in thecity. So the city has worked to improve itsepidemiological monitoring during summers.This monitoring has helped the city touncover a major cause of gastrointestinalsickness: street food that is inadequatelypreserved during periods of warmertemperatures. The impact derived of warmer

Building healthier cities

days has been veried recently, reports the

city government. The local Secretary ofHealth reports more gastrointestinal casesin the population. The city has recentlyincreased its prevention actions during heatwaves to reduce the spread of these germs,especially among the elderly. As a resultof these efforts, residents will benet from

reduced risk of illness when heat wavesstrike.

NRDC Website, Asthma and Air Pollution. Accessed on 6 June2013. http://www.nrdc.org/health/effects/fasthma.asp

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Cities undertaking actions with health co-benets% of cities

Fig 8

77%

Adaptation actions thatprotect health

55%

Emissions reduction activitiesthat promote walking and

cycling

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Flooding also presents an immediate healthrisk for many city governments across theworld, and many cities are battling the healtheffects that accompany rising waters. CapeTown, for example, is experiencing ooding

as a result of increased rainfall and stormsurges. Flooding in informal settlements,notes the city government, is a major healthrisk as it increases the spread of water-bornediseases such as cholera and typhoid. Thecity is confronting this threat through stringent

no-development lines, coastal vulnerabilitymapping, and by maintaining its storm waterrunoff infrastructure.

Adaptation actions are not the only activitiesthat are helping local governments to createhealthier cities. Cities GHG mitigationactions are also leadingboth directlyand indirectlyto improved citizen health.More than half of reporting cities (55%) areundertaking emissions reduction actions thatdirectly or indirectly promote walking andcycling. These cities are building infrastructurefor pedestrians and cyclists, improvingaccess to public transit, and increasingdensity. Research shows that these typesof activities can have a direct impact on thehealth of city residents. For instance, a studyfrom the University of Utah showed that morewalkable cities reduce the risk of obesityin citizens.8And a study of New Yorkerscommuting habits showed that good healthwas more common among residents whowalked or biked to work.9

Buenos Aires has invested heavily ininfrastructure to promote cycling anddecrease private vehicle ownership. Thecity has installed more than 100km ofbicycle paths, which intersect with major

public transit access points. And the citysfree bicycle programlaunched in 2010currently features more than 1,000 availablebicycles, which can be accessed at 28docking stations. Porteos (as residentsrefer to themselves) make 4,200 trips aday using the system. According to the citygovernment, Bicycles are one of the mosteconomical means of transport, while at thesame time improving health.

Emissions reduction activities can havebenecial effects for human health in other

areas as well. Air quality, for example, canimprove signicantly as cities close coal-

red power plants. Chicago has recently

announced that it will close two coal-red

power plantscalled Crawford and Fiskby the end of 2014, working in conjunctionwith public health groups. Similarly, othercities, including Stockholm, Oslo, Montreal,Baltimore and New York, are looking toreplace old, dirty fuel oil burning boilers inbuildings with natural gas burning appliances.Not only do these actions decrease GHGemissions but there are often considerableair quality and public health benets. Trafc

management is another win-win. Los Angeleshas synchronized 100% of its trafc lights

to reduce the amount of time drivers spendwaiting at red lights, saving one million tonnesof CO

2e and reducing particulate emissions.

By tackling climate change, city governmentscan also address some of the pressing healthissues in their cities.

This Old Healthy House: Obesity Linked to Newer, Less Walkable,Neighborhoods, University of Utah website. Accessed 6 June2013. http://unews.utah.edu/old/p/072808-1.html

New Report from the Health Department Links ActiveTransportation to Better Health, NYC.gov website. Accessed 6June 2013. http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/pr2009/pr077-09.shtml

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SPOTLIGHT

Maximizing wealth andhealth through masterplanning.

One of the methods thatcities use to manage theintersecting demands ofreducing GHG emissions,preparing for climatechange, and promotingand protecting healthylifestyles is through

master planning.Houston, for instance,is aiming to developmulti-use urban centersin many locationsthroughout the city.The city governmentexpects its plans to leadto improved air quality,reduced GHG emissionsand better public healthwhich results in anenhanced quality of lifefor all Houstonians.

Stockholm also uses

master planning topromote health andquality of life. The citygovernment writes thatan important basicidea within the citysMasterplan is that itshould be easy, safe andpleasant to walk in thecity. Overall, 64% ofcities (71 cities) reportthat they incorporateGHG reductions intotheir master planningprocess, suggesting that

many cities are alreadywell-placed to maximizebenets from emissionsreductions.

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Every ood that brings dirty

water inside houses will bring

the risk of some diseases likeleptospirosis, and even denguefever and, thus, more demandfor public health service.Belo Horizonte Brazil

Untreated waste water pollutessurface and underground watersources, which affects thecommunity health and business

activities.Hanoi Vietnam

The projected increase in heavyrainfall events will increase theprobability and impact of surfacewater and tidal ooding. This is

likely to impact on the health ofLondoners and visitors.Greater London UK

Bearing in mind the benets of

a city with fewer private carsand more bicycles, regardingtravel time, air quality, populationhealth, among others, the cityhas launched zero interest rateloans for bike purchase.Buenos Aires Argentina

Buenos Aires

Belo Horizonte

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Imagery and graphics credits

Aerial images of participating cities sourced by AECOM via Shutterstock.Graphic design and information charts by AECOM (Daniel Elsea).

Important notice

The contents of this report may be used by anyone providingacknowledgement is given to CDP. This does not represent a license torepackage or resell any of the data reported to CDP and presented inthis report. If you intend to do this, you need to obtain express writtenpermission from CDP before doing so. CDP and AECOM Technical

Services, Inc. (AECOM) prepared the data and analysis in this report basedon responses to CDP Cities 2013 information request. CDP and AECOMdo not guarantee the accuracy of completeness of this information. CDPand AECOM make no representation or warranty, express or implied, andaccept no liability of any kind in relation to the report including concerningthe fairness, accuracy, or completeness of the information and/or opinions

or other data contained herein. All opinions expressed herein by CDP and/

or AECOM are based on their judgment at the time of this report and aresubject to change without notice due to economic, political, industry, andrm-specic factors. Guest commentaries, where included in this report,

reect the views of their respective authors. CDP and AECOM and their

afliated member rms or companies, or their respective shareholders,

agents, members, partners, principals, directors, ofcers, and/or employees,

may have a position in the securities discussed herein. The securitiesmentioned in this document may not be eligible for sale in some statesor countries, nor are they suitable for all types of investors; their valueand the income they produce may uctuate and/or be adversely affected

by exchange rates. CDP refers to Carbon Disclosure Project, a UnitedKingdom company limited by guarantee, registered as a United Kingdom

charity number 1122330. AECOM is a global provider of professionaltechnical and management support services to a broad range of markets,including design, planning, environment and infrastructure. Through theirwork, they create, enhance and sustain the worlds built, natural and socialenvironments.

List of reporting cities in 2013:

City of Abidjan

Abuja, FCTAddis Ababa City Administration*Ansan Metropolitan GovernmentAntananarivoCity of Amsterdam*Municpio de AparecidaCity of Athens*City of AtlantaCity of Austin*City of BaltimoreBangkok Metropolitan Administration*

Ajuntament de Barcelona*Alcadia Distrital de BarranquillaBasel-Stadt*Municipality of Belo HorizonteCity of Berlin*Bogot Distrito Capital*Bornova MunicipalityCity of Buenos Aires*Municipality of CampinasMunicipality of Curitiba*

Santiago de CaliCity of Cape Town

Alcalda Metropolitana de Caracas*Changwon City*City of Chicago*City of ClevelandCity of Copenhagen*City of DallasCity of DenverCity of Detroit

Ville de DoualaDublin City CouncilCity of DurbanCity of EdinaCity of GoiniaSantiago de GuayaquilFree and Hanseatic City of HamburgHanoi City*Ho Chi Minh City*Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region*

City of Houston*Incheon Metropolitan GovernmentIstanbul Metropolitan Municipality*Prefeitura Municipal de JaguarJakarta City Government*City of Johannesburg*

Village of Kadiovacik

Kampala City

Kaohsiung City Government

City of Lagos*City of Las VegasMetropolitan Municipality of Lima*City of Lisbon

Greater London Authority*

City of Los Angeles*Ayuntamiento de Madrid*Municipalidad de Magdalena del MarGreater ManchesterCity of Melbourne*Mexico City*City of MiamiComune di Milano*City of Minneapolis

Ville de MontralMoscow Government*Municipalid de MontevideoComune di NapoliCity of New Orleans*New York City*Comune di OristanoCity of Oslo*Commune de OuagadougouCity of Paris*City of Philadelphia*City of Phoenix

Comune di PiacenzaCity of PietermaritzburgCity of Portland, Oregon*Municipality of Porto AlegrePrefeitura do Rio de Janeiro*Municipality of RecifeGemeente Rotterdam*City of SalvadorCity of San DiegoCity of San Francisco*City of San JoseSan SalvadorRegin Metropolitana de Santiago*Prefeitura de So Paulo*

City of St LouisSeoul Metropolitan Government*City of Stockholm*Singapore Government*Suwon Metropolitan GovernmentCity of Sydney*

Taipei City GovernmentTokyo Metropolitan Government*Comune di TorinoCity of Toronto*City of Vancouver*Comune di Venezia*

Vilnius City MunicipalityCity of Warsaw*Washington, DC*Wonju Metropolitan Government.City of Yokohama*City of ZaragozaStadt Zrich

*Denotes C40 city

Acknowledgements

CDP, C40 and AECOM would like to thank the following organizations fortheir assistance in developing this report: Dan Probst, Jones Lang LaSalle;New York City Ofce of Long-Term Planning and Sustainability


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Berlin

This paper has been carbon balanced.

What does this mean?

Carbon balancing tackles climate change through projects

that both offset carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and

conserve biodiversity.

Through land purchase of ecologically important standing

forests under threat of clearance, carbon is locked that

would otherwise be released. These protected forests

are then able to continue absorbing carbon from the

atmosphere. Referred to as REDD (Reduced Emissions from

Deforestation and forest Degradation), this is now recognised

as one the most cost-effective and swiftest ways to arrest

the rise in atmospheric CO2 and global warming effects.

This carbon balanced paper has, with the World Land Trust,

already saved 40,770 tonnes of CO2 protecting 1,677 acres

of threatened forest and natural habitat. Thats equivalent to

830 football pitches.

If you want to do more, specify paper thats been

carbon balanced.

You can fnd more about the World Land Trusts Carbon

Balanced programme at: www.carbonbalanced.org

PAPERProduct: ......................... Revive 100 White Offset 80 - 190

TotalTotal cost of Carbon Balance: ...................................0.00Carbon saved (kgs) by balancing this order: ................196Land preserved (sq. metres) by balancing order: .......16.46

CBP0004862905122806


18/18

Documents

CDP Thematic Report