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Cell Cycle: M Phase
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
Cell Division (M phase)
•Occurs in two stages–Mitosis (nuclear division)–Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)
Prophase (Pieces)
• Genetic material condenses/coils and duplicated chromosomes (sister chromatids) becomes visible
• Spindle (from centrioles) begins to form
• Nucleolus disappears• Nuclear envelope breaks
down• Centrioles move to opposite
ends of the cell– *Plant cells do not have
centrioles
Metaphase (Middle)
• Centromeres of duplicated CHX line up across the center of the cell• Spindle fibers connect to each
centromere
Anaphase (Apart)• Sisters chromatids
separate and begin to move apart – now individual CHX• Individual CHX move
along spindle fibers to the opposite ends of the cell• Anaphase is over when
CHX are completely separated into two groups
Telophase (Two)• Condensed CHX begin to
spread out and de-condense back into chromatin• Nuclear envelopes re-
form around each cluster of CHX• Spindle begins to break
apart• Nucleolus becomes
visible in each daughter cell
Mitosis is Complete
But the M phase is not…
Cytokinesis
• After mitosis is complete, all that remains of the M phase of the cell cycle is the process of cytokinesis.• Cytokinesis is the division of the
cytoplasm itself/splits one cell into two• Occurs concurrently with
telophase• Cell division is complete
The rigid cell wall will not allow the cell to pinch like an animal cell.
How are plant cells different from animal cells?
And how will this difference affect cytokineses?
PINCHING
How are plant cells different from animal cells?
• Plant cells form cell plates to divide the cell.
• The cell plates develop into cell membranes, separating the two daughter
cells• A cell wall forms in between the two new
membranes
• Difference between plant and animal cell cytokinesis:
• Animal cells pinch, forming cleavage furrow while…
• Plant cells form cell plates to divide the cell
CELL PLATE
Additional Notecards
• Cytokinesis• Interphase–G1–S–G2