Journal of Scientific Research and Studies Vol. 4(6), pp. 156-164, June, 2017 ISSN 2375-8791 Copyright © 2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.modernrespub.org/jsrs/index.htm

Full Length Research Paper `

Optimization of a hybrid-powered refrigerator system (solar cell + diesel engine) to traditional fishing vessels in Makassar

Soetyono Iskandar*, Muhsin Z and Lahming MS

Jl. Letjend, Hertasning Utara IIIB, No.15 Makassar South Celebes, Indonesia.

*Corresponding author. E-mail: soet_54mks@yahoo.com

Accepted 07 June, 2017

This Higher Education Research Grant is directed to the design of a hybrid-powered refrigerator system (solar cell + diesel engine) in future fishing vessels. The principal aim of this research is the utilization of renewable energy with the use of solar cell technology as a driver of cooling system on fishing vessels plus diesel engine. This research program is planned for a three-year period to design a hybrid-powered fish freezing device (solar cell + diesel engine) fishing vessel, yielding hybrid-powered fish storage products. In the first year, a series of design studies on the basic materials of refrigerator and solar cell was conducted and prototype solar-powered refrigerator system (laboratory scale) was created. In the second year, a study to design a hybrid-powered refrigerator (solar cell + diesel engine) was conducted with a laboratory scale by producing a prototype refrigerator-powered hybrid with laboratory scale. In the third year, application of refrigerator system of hybrid power (solar cell + diesel engine) on fisherman ship Poetere in Makassar, is expected to encourage and motivate fishing communities in developing and using this technology, so as to improve the quality of fish production and at the same time increase the economic value of fishing communities without using again ice block to cool the hold of fishing boat. The results of reconnaissance of cooling engine happened at 2.5°C with dividing valve in evaporator around 160 cm Hg and pressure in compressor around 20 Kgf/cm

2.

Key words: Hybrid power, solar cell, diesel engine, refrigerator, economy value.

INTRODUCTION Energy has an important role in the attainment of social, economic, and environmental goals for sustainable development, and is a supporter of national economic activities. Usage of energy in Indonesia is increasing rapidly in line with economic growth and resident increase; to fulfill requirement of energy that is increasing, developed various alternative energy, including renewable energy (solar cell), which until now has not been widely exploited.

Solar cell is one of the energies currently being developed today by the Government of Indonesia because as tropical state, the solar energy potency is big enough. Based on irradiation data of the sun mustered out of 18 locations in Indonesia, solar radiation in Indonesia can be classified as follows: for occidental area

and Indonesia east with distribution of irradiation in KBI around 4.5 kwh/m

2/day with monthly variation about 10%;

and in KTI around 5.1 kwh/m2/day with a monthly

variation of about 9%. Exploiting of solar cell by the way of radiation energy

conversion of sunlight becomes electric energy. Sunlight energy conversion into electric energy can be done with usage of solar cell called photovoltaics (Abubakar and Sudrajat, 2006). Usage of photovoltaic actually has long been applied in relation to get electric energy such as compilation of conventional panels on the roof or compilation in a wide area for Solar cell Alternator (Fauzi, 2009).

Fishery potency of deconvolution in Indonesia spreads over all part of water territories of the Indonesia Sea such

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157 J. Sci. Res. Stud. as in territorial sea waters, marine waters of the archipelago and marine waters Exclusive Economic Zone (ZEE). The width of water territory of Indonesia sea is estimated at 5.8 million km

2 with longest coastline in

world of 81,000 km and islands bunch of 17.508, having fish potency estimated at 6.26 million tons/year which can be managed everlastingly with details of 4.4 million tons can be catched in water territory of Indonesia and 1.86 million obtainable tons from water territory ZEEI.

The problems of traditional fisherman, especially fieldsman, still use hold with ice block media as haul fish preservative media. Besides applying big cost, also requires big storage space. While on the ship itself, it is very possible to install solar panels on the roof. So it enables scheme and making of hybrid power refrigerator. Energy yielded by solar cell hardly depends on weather and absorption time of energy which only happened in the day time. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct hybrid power research (solar cell + diesel engine) as energy for refrigerator on traditional fisherman ship (Ariawan, 2008).

Output

From the research Optimization of hybrid-powered refrigerator system (solar cell + diesel engine) to traditional fishing vessel in Makassar, the output which will be reached in this research, among others, refrigerator system model of hybrid power (solar cell + diesel engine) either laboratory scale and also real scale, yields International Journal of Engineering Research And Development, Articles, University Handing Out, teaching book, invited speakers, visiting lecturer, usage precise technology, and simple patent.

Current Research

This Higher Education Research Grant is directed to the design of a hybrid-powered refrigerator system (solar cell + diesel engine) in future fishing vessels. The principal aim of this research is, the exploiting of renewable energy with the use of solar cell technology as coolant system at diesel engine fisherman ship. Fisherman ship at the moment still uses hold as haul repository by using ice block.

Limitation by using ice block, has shortage between it, implying to limited inclusion time because ice block durability is not long enough, the result of fish response is continous, so that ice block in the hold is not used, the happening of volume decrement at place, because the potting is occupied by ice block and place temperature unmatched to requirement.

Refrigerator design of solar cell also has constraints for example source of solar cell temperature is not continuant, because it hardly depends on weather. This constraint is overcome with hybrid power with diesel engine at fisherman ship. So this research designed a

refrigerator system of hybrid power (solar cell + diesel engine) to eliminate usage of ice block at its space.

With refrigerator system adjusment of technology of hybrid power (solar cell + diesel engine) to eliminate usage of ice block at its place, is expected to increase earnings of fisherman public economics. So it does not depend on again at availibility of ice block. Production of refrigerating machine usage precise technology, in space has not used State Electrical Company. LITERATURE REVIEW Refrigeration is the production or exploitation and keeping of level of temperature of a material or room at lower level than the ambient temperature or vinicity atmosphere by absorption from the material or room. Refrigration can be defined also as as a hot displacement process from a material or room to other material or room (Stoecker, 1972). Cooling or refrigeration is also a hot absorption process in one particular substance where this process happened because of vaporization process of coolant (refrigerant).

According to Arismunandar (1985), refrigeration is an effort to maintain low temperature; that is, a process of cooling the atmosphere so as to achieve temperature of matching with condition qualified to conditions of atmosphere from a certain room, temperature factor and temperature are instrumental in looking after fish freshness value.

Refrigration exploits thermal properties from refrigerant material while the material changes state from form of fluid to form of gas or vapour and vice versa from gas returning to become fluid (Bejan, 1995). Mechanical refrigeration basic principle includes: (1) Overview of mechanical refrigeration: Fundamental principle from mechanical refrigeration is the process of hot absorption from within a polythene room closed to be impervious and then removes and begins to exit temperature from the room. Refrigeration process of the room needs energy. Dissociation energy very suited for refrigeration is electric power to move compressor at refrigeration unit (Stoecker, 1972). 2. Process taking place in refrigeration system: In a system of mechanical refrigration, some simple physical processes take place. If it is evaluated from the angle of thermodynamics, the entire process of change is all the transformation power, grouped to vaporization, sensible heat, condensation and others.

According to Stoecker (1972), a cycle of refrigeration sequentially starts from compression, through condensation, expansion governing and ends at vaporization (evaporation). One cycle of refrigeration vapour compression is as follows as shown in Scheme 1: (a) Compression: Refrigerant vapour through

Soetyono et al. 158

Scheme 1. One cycle of refrigeration vapour compression.

temperature having temperature and low dividing valve coming from vaporization process is compressed by compressor to become vapour having temperature and highly pressured that can be easily moistened, and vapour returns to become fluid in condenser. (b) Condensation: Condensation process is the process of curing or hot displacement from refrigerant vapour having temperature and high pressured result of compression of compressor to condenser medium outside condenser. (c) Expansion: Expansion is processing opportunity governing for liquid refrigerant for expansion that hereinafter is vaporable in evaporator. (d) Vaporization: In this process, the liquid refrigerant stayed in evaporator metal pipe to boil and evaporates at permanent temperature; although it has permeated a large amount of temperature from vinicity area which flow matter and food in room and is closed by polythene. Absorbent temperature is named along side diesel engine, on ship which is mainspring hybrid (combination trap between mixtures of hydrogen as component of diesel engine burning, using "Solar Panels" and wind power turbine). "Solar cell various researches related to energy hybrid, among others, Muliani et al. (2003), conducted a research with title "energy," for food storage, temperature.

Pedersen et al. (2004) did a study titled "Solar Chill - a Solar PV Refrigerator without Battery". The authors said a solar chill has been developed in an international project entangling Greenpeace International, GTZ, UNICEF, UNEP, WHO, industrial partners and the Institute of Technology, Denmark. Whereas, Pramudya and Ketut Aria (2012) did a research titled "Initial Study of Expansion of Catamaran Fishing Boat with Actuator Hybrid", where full speed, scarce and expensive fossil

fuels are anticipated with screen sail reuse and recognition of form of environmental friendly.

Yulianto (2012) undertook design of ship with good stability line and is good for trimaran ship. Scheme energy can be boosted up to condense on the condenser. At this compressor, because of its uncontinued solar cell, it can be overcome by coupling the ship actuator motor with compressor at refrigerator solar cell, so it is called refrigerator energy motor. Road map riset and technology Research to be executed has the character of theoretical study, experimental laboratory and application on fisherman ship, which is divided into 3 years. Execution step scheme of Research is presented in the form of road map research as shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Research road map provides an overview of interrelationship between previous research and research that is now proposed which has been executed by the research team. It started with research in year 2009 about study Refrigerant of hydrocarbon MC-22 on air cooler system. The study covers performance of the system and concordance of refrigerant MC-22 with coolant system which has existed. The results show better cooling system performance compared to the use of refrigerant R-22.

The design, manufacture, and testing of room refrigerating machine; having actuator solar energy have been conducted in the year 2010. In the year 2013, a research was done on the development of flat plate solar collector, applying circulation vapour calorie pipe, where the sun energy source is promising in Makassar. The year 2014 expansions of new refrigerant of area friendliness (Mixture R-134a and MC-600) were used in

159 J. Sci. Res. Stud.

Figure 1. Execution step scheme of Research.

Figure 2. Reserach road map.

the place of R-12 at System Refrigeration.

From former research circuit, it provides research road map to develop System Refrigerator of Hybrid energy

(solar cell) in Makassar. Solar panels, refrigerators, DC compressors, batteries and inverters were studied in the first year by Mudjiono (2003). After conducting the study,

Soetyono et al. 160

Figure 3. Systematic Way Research for 3 Years Research.

the solar-powered refrigerator was designed. So it yielded result scale in continuation, while result of this becomes initial (solar cell) with laboratory scale. This second year yields prototype (solar cell) with laboratory scale.

In third year, with results of testing (solar + diesel engine) with laboratory scale, further evaluation for application was done in Makassar (solar cell + diesel engine) to develop fisherman fishing boat hold.

Research Benefits

Fieldsman ship of ice block is to be eliminated. Some advantages of this research are as follows: (1) The fishing time is no longer dependent on the ice block capability, causing it to live longer in the middle of the sea and result of response can yield bigger.

(2) Shall no longer apply ice block at hold, so the number of fish obtainable is more and durable. (3) Fish response quality of earning is better guaranteed compared to applying hold with ice block base material.

This research also contributes to the development of the latest energy especially solar cell.

METHODOLOGY

Research type done is developmental research theoretical study, experimental (planning), and improvement of value research economy which will be executed within 3 (three) years starting in 2016 as shown in Figure 3.

The research methodology was done by calculating requirement of freezing device design based on

No

Yes

No

Yes

Start

Literature Study Solar Cell+Motor

Boat Dimension Data

Fisherman

Design Refrigerator System at Boat

Making Model Refrigerator System

Testing Refrigerator System

Yes or No

Analysis Result Refrigerator for Boat

Check Position Solar Cell for Boat

Refrigerator Characteristic Data

Make report First Year

Literature Study SystemMotor Boat

Design Refrigerator Hybrid Power

Instalation Refrigerator Hybrid Power

Set Up Testing

Testing Refrigerator System Hybrid Power

Yes or No

Analysis Result Testing Refrigerator Hybrid Power

Refrigerator Characteristic Data Hybrid Power

Make report Second Year

Make report Thrid Year

Finish

socialization of research benefit

exploiting result of research

Exploiting economics analysis result of research

161 J. Sci. Res. Stud.

Figure 4. Standard vapor compression cycle.

Scheme 2. Unit refrigerator at the laboratory.

Scheme 3. Record device result of refrigerating machine temperature.

assumptions in the field and existing reference, and hereinafter design analysis was done. To obtain data required to be made in design reference, some ways in collecting data was done, namely: field study (survey),

literature study, and interview with the fishermen using the devices as shown in Schemes 2-4.

Research of first year was executed following research systematic way path as shown in Figure 3. Beginning

Soetyono et al. 162

Scheme 4. Record device result of evaporator and compressor.

Figure 5. AC Input voltage and current.

with theoretical study like literature study of diesel engine, initial study of ship dimension data, behavior of fieldsman fisherman and coolant system applied. After conducting initial studies, calculation of fish hold coolant payload, fishing boat design, and refrigerator system of hybrid design were done. After calculation, then the making and assaying solar with laboratory scale were done.

The second year started with theoretical studies, observations, and planning refrigerator hybrid (solar cell) based on refrigerator characteristics data in the first year. Furthermore, book study of ship actuator system, results of circumstantial study, hence determines the detail design of energy hybrid refrigerator. Based on all studies which have been done, hence done by making and installation (solar cell + diesel engine), the study obtained hybrid (solar cell) with analysis result of testing and energetic refrigerator characteristic data of hybrid (energetic of solar + actuator motor).

The third year begins with the socialization of research utilization of hybrid power (solar cell) with laboratory scale in fishing communities, especially fishermen having fieldsman ship. Furthermore, this device later will be

installed of the size length, width and ship height successively as: 9 x 4 x 2 m. This measure is taken with fundamental consideration that the design is made in accordance with the ship scale used by the existing fishermen. In realizing energetic refrigerator device of hybrid power (solar cell), there is need to be realized things or criterions needed to every device in design concept phase. So energetic refrigerator device of hybrid (solar cell) has economic value posed at existence of improvement of public economics. RESULTS Refrigerating machine A standard vapor compression cycle develops 15 tons of Refrigerant 12 (Freon 12) with condensation temperature of 95°F and evaporator temperature of 20°F as shown in Figure 4. The AC input and output voltage and current are shown respectively in Figures 5 and 7. Furtermore, Figure 6 shows the system- AC Consumption in watts

163 J. Sci. Res. Stud.

Figure 6. System- AC Consumption (W).

Figure 7. AC Output voltage and current.

Figure 8. VE Bus DC Voltage and Current.

while Figure 8 presents the VE Bus DC Voltage and Current.

Calculate: (1) Refrigeration effect in Btu/lb? (2) Number of jettings refrigerant (circulation rate of refrigerant) lb/min?

(3) Power required by Hp compressor? (4) Volume flowing per ton cft/ton minute? (5) Power per ton? Solution

(a) Refrigeration effect h1 – h4 =79.4 – 29.9 = 49.5 Btu/lb (b) Circulating rate of refrigerant (refrigerant flow)

min/6.60/5.49

).min/200.(15lb

lbBtu

tonBtuton==

(c) Power required by compressor Hp? (W compressor) Refrigerate flow = 60.6 x (h2 – h1) = 60.6 x (88.8 – 79.4) = 570 Btu/min.

hphplbft

Btulbftx

Btu43.13

.min/.33000

/.778

min570 ==

(d) COP,

26.54.798.88

9.294.79

12

41=

−

−

=

−

−

=

hh

hhCOP

(e) Volume flowing perton cft/ton minute?

min.44.4

15

)/099,1min(/6.60

ton

cft

ton

lbcftlb==

1,099 cft/lb is a specific volume saturated vapor at 20°F. (f) Power per ton:

ton

hp

ton

hppower 893.0

15

4.13==

The results of reconnaissance of cooling engine happened at 2.5°C with dividing valve in evapotaror around 160 cm Hg and pressure in compressor around 20 Kgf/cm

2.

DISCUSSION Results from this article for evaporator and compressor must stay at average as follows: Refrigerator with COP = 5.26 and power = 0.893 hp/ton. Also, we can find cooling at -2.5°C. That must be arranged (-2°C till -6°C), evapotaror arranged (160 till 180 cm Hg) and pressure in compressor arranged (20 till 40 Kgf/cm

2). Also,

refrigeration was in Faculty of Technique Laboratory, Universitas Negeri Makassar (F.T.U.N.M.; Stoecker, 1972).

Soetyono et al. 164 Conclusion From the refrigerator at the laboratory, the study found out its results that happened at -2.5°C with dividing valve in evapotaror around 160 cmHg and pressure in compressor around 20 Kgf/cm

2.

REFRENCES Abubakar L, Sudrajat A (2006). Solar Electricity photovoltaic. Jakarta: BPPT

PRESS. Ariawan PR (2008). Preliminary Study of Hybrid System Between Diesel

Engine With Solar Cell On Fishing Vessel. Arismunandar W (1985). Solar Engineering Technology. Jakarta: PT. Pradnya paramita. Bejan A (1995). Convection Heat Transfer. John Wiley & Sons, New

York, 2nd edition. This book makes good use of scaling arguments. Fauzi F (2009). Utilization of Solar Cells As A Power Supply Of Lighting

Equipment On The Tanker Ship. Mudjiono U (2003). Thesis-Determination of Capacity And Alternative

Battery Charging System In Electric Propulsion Submarine. Muliani L, Sugandi G, Herlia E (2003). "Design of Mini Refrigerator

Solar" National Seminar on Development of Microelectronic R & D Program and Its Application. Bandung.

Pedersen PH et al. (2004). ”Solar Chill - a Solar PV Refrigerator without Battery”. Danish Technological Institute P.O.Box 141 2630 Taastrup, Eorosun, Denmark.

Pramudya IS, dan Ketut Aria PU (2012). "Preliminary Study of Fish Catamaran Shipbuilding with Hybrid Drivers", National Seminar on Food Sovereignty and Energy. Faculty of Agriculture. University of Trunojoyo Madura

Stoecker WF (1972). "Regeration and Air Condition " New Delhi, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.

Yulianto T dkk (2012). "Designed to Build a Reliable and Efficient Trimaran Hybrid Ship" Presented 29-30 Nov 2012. Proceeding InSINas 2012.